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Cuando derivamos la funcin F (x) se obtiene una nueva funcin representada por F(x).
Ahora nos interesa a partir de f(x) retornar a la funcin antes de derivarse F(x).
F(x) f(x)
DEFINICIN
Dx
Si para todo x I se cumple la ecuacin
F(x) = f(x), la funcin F(x) es la
primitiva de f(x) sobre dicho intervalo.
Antd
F(x)
DEFINICIN
La antiderivada o funcin primitiva de f(x) se denota por Antd (f(x)) y su valor est dada por:
El problema de calcular la anti derivada o funcin primitiva de f(x) es un problema que tiene
infinitas soluciones. La solucin y = F(x) + K es conocido como anti derivada general,
geomtricamente esta funcin primitiva es una familia de curvas paralelas, como se observa
en el siguiente grfico.
y=F(x)+K
Solucin
Antd ( f ( x)) F ( x) c ; y F ( x) c
Como se verifica F ( xo ) yo
y F ( x) c
yo F ( xo ) c c 0
y F ( x) 0
y F ( x)
Geomtricamente La solucin es una sola curva que pasa por el punto Q( xo , y o ) como se
puede ver en la siguiente figura.
y=F(x)
Yo
Xo
X
()1
F(x) = Antd(()+25)
()1
1
F(x) =
Antd( ()+25 )
Como D x F ( x) f ( x)
1
F(x) = Ln|() + 25| + k
2. Calcula: Antd((4 +62 +25)3 )
Solucin
Como D x F ( x) f ( x)
V ' ( x)
D x Arctg (V ( x))
V 2 ( x) 1
2 1 2 2
Antd ((2 +3)2 +42 ) = 2 Antd((2 +3)2 +42 )
1 tg2 x+3
F(x) = 8 Arctg ( 4
)+ k
e2x
3. Calcula: Antd ( )
e4x 7
Solucin
Ordenando la funcin derivada para identificar de que funcin primitiva se ha
derivado.
1 2e 2 x
f ( x) ( ) Antd ( f ( x))
2 e2x
7 ( )2 1
7
1 2 2
F(x) = 2 Antd( )
2 2
7 ( ) 1
7
V ' ( x)
D x Arg cosh(V ( x))
V 2 ( x) 1
1 e2x
F ( x) Arg cosh( ) K
2 7
() = ()
F(x) f(x) dx
A d1 B
= () +
f(x). dx (0 ) = 0
Solucin
f(x).dx F ( x) K
y F ( x) K
y o F ( xo ) K K 0
y F ( x) 0
y F ( x)
Ejemplo:
1
Calcula: (5 + 3)5 . 2 (3)
Solucin
1 1 5 6
(5 + 3)5 . 2 (3). 3 = (5 + 3)5
3 18
5 6
= 18 (5 + 3)5 +
Ejemplo
3
[( 3 )] 12 2
Calcula ( 1 6
)
Solucin
= ( 3 )
() = (( 3 ))
() = 3
= 3
+
2 1
= 3
2 +1
2 1 = 3 2 + 3
2 (1 3 ) = 1 + 3
1+ 3
2 = 13
1+ 3
2 = ln ( )
1 3
1 1+ 3
= 2 ln (1 3 )
1 1+ 3
( 3 ) = 2 ln (13 )
1 1
(( 3 )) = (2 ln(1 + 3 ) 2 ln(1 3 ))
1 32 1 32 1 32 35 +32 +35
(( 3 )) = 2 (1+3 ) + 2 (13 ) = 2( 16
)
3 2
(( 3 )) = 1(3 )2 ; 1 ( 3 )2 0
()
(()) = ; |()| < 1
1 2 ()
()
(()) = 3 21 2 () ; |()| > 1
3 ))
(( = 1 6
3 2
(4[( 3 )]3 . 1(3 )2 )
() = [( 3 )]4 +
Ejemplo
Calcula: ( )
2(1 2 )11 2
Ejemplo
1
Calcula: ((+) ) , > 0; > 0
+
Solucin:
1
( )
(()+)+
1
( )
((+)+)+
1
( )
( (+) +)+
1
( )
( (+)+ )+
1
( 2 )
+
(( ) + )+
2
( 2 )
+
(( ) +1)2+
+ .
( ) =
.2+
2
( 2 )
+
..(( ) +1).2+
2
( .2+
2 )
. +
(( ) +1)
2
() = ( + ) +
.
Ejemplo
Solucin:
1 1
( 2 )
1
( )
2
[] []
( )
2
([ ])= +
= +
Pero la funcin pasa por el punto (, 2) , reemplazamos el punto para hallar el valor de k
2 = +
2 = 2 +
=0
Entonces la funcin es la siguiente:
=
Para graficar la funcin encontramos sus puntos crticos y tomamos lmites
2
2
Observamos que en x= se produce el
cambio del signo de la segunda derivada de
F(x), entonces en el punto ( 2 , 0.5 2 )
se presenta un punto de inflexin
Con los datos que conocemos ya podemos bosquejar la grafica de la primitiva F(x)
P. de inflexin
Mnimo en (e,e)
( 2 , 0.5 2 )
Asntota vertical
x=1
0 1 e 2 X
Ejemplo
Calcula
[ ]
2(1 2 )11 2
Solucin
Ordenando
[ ]
4
2(1 2 )1( 1 2 )2
3
4 1
( 1 2 ) = (1 2) 4 (2)
4
() =
1 2
3
1
(1 2 ) 4 (2) 4
[ 4
1 ] = ( 1 2 ) +
4
(1 2 )4 1( 1 2 )2
4
() = ( 1 2 ) +
1 1
1
= (1 2 )4 = 4 (1 2 )4 (2)
[ ] = [() ] = +
1()2
4
() = ( 1 2 ) +
Ejemplo
1
Calcula: ( ) ; >>0
+2
Solucin:
1
(
)
1+2
2
2 = 2
2 = 1 2
cos
(
) , > 0
2 +2
cos
2
1+1 2
( )
1 cos
11+(1 )2
( )
()
( ) =
()
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
2
1+(() )
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
( 1 sen )
() =
( 1 sen )
() = +
Propiedades:
1.- () = () , =
2.- (1 1 () 2 2 ()) = 1 1 () 2 2 ()
3.- () = () +
4.- () = ()
() = d(F(x) + k) = () = ()
5.- () = ()
()
6.- si () = () + () = +
1
= + 7 = 7 cosh(7) +
7.- si () = () + ( + ) = ( + ) +
(+)
8.- si () = () + ( + ) =
+
Ejemplo
Calcula:
2 xdx
1 x 4 arc sen x 2
Solucin
2x
2 xdx 1 x 4 dx dLn arc sen(x 2 ) Ln arc sen(x 2 ) k
1 x 4 arc sen x 2
arc sen x 2
I Ln arc sen(x 2 ) k
Ejemplo
x
I - tg 8 x ctg dx
2
x x
cos cos
x - sen 8 x 2 dx sen 8 x dx
I tg 8 x ctg dx
2 dx
2 cos 8 x x cos 8 x x
sen sen
2 2
1 x
cos
1 8sen 8 x 2 dx 1 Ln cos 8 x 2 Ln sen x k
I dx 2 2
8 cos 8 x x 8 2
sen
2
1 cos 8 x
I Ln k
8 x 16
(sen )
2
Ejemplo
4e 6 x 4e 4 x 8e 2 x
Calcula: e 8 x 3e 4 x 4 dx
Solucin
2(e 4 x e 2 x 2)2e 2 x
(e8 x 4e 4 x 4) e 4 x dx
2(e 4 x e 2 x 2)2e 2 x
(e 4 x 2) 2 e 4 x dx
2(e 4 x e 2 x 2)2e 2 x
(e 4 x e 2 x 2)(e 4 x e 2 x 2) dx
2e 2 x
2 dx
(e 4 x e 2 x 2)
2e 2 x
2 dx
1 7 2
(e 4 x e )( )
2x
4 2
2e 2 x
2 dx
1 2 7 2
(e 2 x ) ( )
2 2
4 7 2e 2 x 1
F ( x) Arctg ( )K
7 7
Ejemplo
()()[1+ +1 ]
1+ 1
Solucin
1+ +1
1+ 1
1+ 1 1+
+ 2
ln( )
1 + +
1
1+
= 1 1+ =
ln( )
1
2 1
1 1
= () = () =
*(). ()
() ()
= () . ()
= .
[()]2 1 [()]2 +1
2
=
( 2 1 . 2 +1 ) ( 2 )21
1
= 2 ln[ 2 + 4 1 ] + ;
= 2 +
Ejemplo
[( 2 +)( 2 +)]( 2 + 2 )+.(+2)
= (2 +.22 )
Solucin
= () = ()
= ()
= ()
Factorizando el denominador
(2 + . 22 )
( + 2)( )
( 2 + ) ( 2 + )
2 . +
2 . 2 . 2 .
2 ( ) 2 ( )
( ). ( 2 2 )
=
+2 +
(1)
1 2
1 = +2 =
= 3 1 = 2 3 +
+ + +
2 2 2 2
2 3 2
1 = 2 3 2+1 = 2 = (3 )
3 (3 ) +1 3
2 =
2
2 = (1) = 1
2 = (ln|1 |)
2 = ln|1 |
2
= (3 ) + ln|1 | +
3
Ejemplo
= 92
+12+12
3.
= 92 d
+12+12
1 1 32
= 92 + 12 + 12 + ( )+
3 3 4
Ejemplo
Solucin
(5).5.cos(5)+2 5
22 (5)
1
10
(5)5. (5) + (5) 2 (5). 5. 5
1
= (5. (5))
10
(5.(5))
= +
10
Ejemplo
Calcula:
ln ..ln
..2
Solucin
() = +
ln
1. = +
+1
2. = +1
+ ; 1
3. 1 =
= ln|| +
4. = +
5. = ln +
6. = +
7. = +
8. = ln|| + = ln|| +
9. = ln|| +
10. 2 = +
11. 2 = +
12. . = +
13. . = +
14. = ln| + | +
15 = ln| | +
1 1
16. 3 = 2 . + 2 ln| + | +
1 1
17. 3 = . + ln| | +
2 2
18. = ( ) +
2 2
1
19. = () +
|| 2 2
1
20. 2 +2 = () +
1
21. 2 2 = 2 ln |+| +
1 + 1 1
22. 2 2 = 2 ln || + = () + (|| < 1) = () + (|| > 1)
23. = +
24. = +
25. = ln|| +
26. = ln|| +
27. 2 = +
28. 2 = +
29. . = +
30. . = +
31. = 2( ) +
32. = |(2 )| +
33. = ln| + 2 + 2 | + = () +
2 +2
34. = ln| + 2 2 | + = ( ) +
2 2
35. ln = (ln( ) 1) +
36. = ( 1) +
1
37. 2 2 = 2 (2 2 + 2 ()) +
1
38. 2 + 2 = 2 (2 + 2 + 2 ln| + 2 + 2 |) +
1
39. 2 2 = 2
( 2 2 2 ln| + 2 2 |) +
40. = 2 +2 ( ) +
41. = 2 +2 ( + ) +
Ejercicios
Ejemplo
9 (1+ 10 )
Si 3 + 1 = 0 , calcula
2
1 1 .
1 1
16+ [ + ( ) ] ( + ( ) )
Solucin
1
2 3 + 1 = 0 2 + 1 = 3 + = 3
1 1
1 1
[ + () ][ + () ]
1 1 1
1 1 1
+ + + + + ()+ = 3 + ( )3 + 2
Elevando a la potencia 3
1
( + )3 = 27
1 1 1 1
3 + ( )3 + 3( + ) = 27 3 + ( )3 = 27 9 3 + ( )3 = 18
1
3 + ( )3 + 2 = 20
9 + 19 1 10 9 1 20 19
= 20 = ( 10)2 +4 2
+
+16 10 20 20 +4 2
1 10 1
=
40
(
4
) + 20 | 20 + 16| +
1 10 1
=
40
(
4
) + 20 ( 20 + 16) +
Ejemplo
2 6 6 4 +6 2
Calcula:
8 +5 4 +9
Solucin
2 6 6 4 +6 2 (2 6 2 4 +6 2 )4 4
= 8 +5 4 +9
= ( 8 +5 4 +9+ 4 4 )
( 4 2 +3)2 2 4 4 ( 4 2 +3)2 2 4 4
= ( 8 +6 4 +9) 4 )
= ( 4 +3)2 4
( 4 2 +3)2 2 4 4
= ( 4 2 +3)( 4 + 2 +3)
( 4 2 +3)2 2 4 4
= ( 4 2 +3)( 4 + 2 +3) ( 4 2 +3)( 4 + 2 +3)
2 2 4 4
= ( 4 + 2 +3) ( 4 2 +3)( 4 + 2 +3) .(1)
1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 +1
1 = ( 4 + 2 +3) = 1
= ( ) (2)
11
( 2 + )2 +( )2 11 11
2 2
2 2 1 1
2 = (( 4 2 +3)( 4 + 2 +3))2 2 = ( 4 2 +3 4 + 2 +3) 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 = 4 2 +3 4 + 2 +3
2 2 2 2
2 = 2 2
1 11 1 11
( 2 )2 +( ) ( 2 + )2 +( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 1 2 2 2 +1
2 = 11
( 11 ) 11 ( 11 ) .(3)
4 2 2 +1 2 2 2 1
= ( ) ( )+
11 11 11 11
Ejemplo
Calcula: 5 (( ))(( ))
( 720 )( 2133 ) = 1
1
( 720 ) = 1 ( 720 ) = ( 2133 )
( 2133 )
720 = 2133 7 20 = 21 33
40
41 = 40 = 41
41
40
9
9
= 41
9
1 1 32 4
=
= 41
40 = 40 = 5
41
1
4 4 4
= (2 (5 ))2 2 (5 ) (5 )
1
4 4 4
= (1 2 (5 ))2 2 (5 ) (5 )
1
4 4 4 4
= (1 2 2 (5 ) + 4 (5 )) 2 (5 ) (5 )
1 5 9
4 4 4 4 4 4
=
(5 ) (5 ) 2
2
(5 ) (5 ) +
2
(5 ) (5 )
2
1 2 3
3
1 4 3
5 4 4 4 5 2 (5) 5 4
1 = 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) = 3 = 2 ( )
4 5 5 5 4 6 5
2
7
5 4 7
5 4 4 32 5 2 (5) 5 4
2 = 2. 4 2 (5 ) (5 ) 40 = 2 7 = 7 2 (5 )
2
11
9 32 11
5 4 4 4 5 2 (40) 5 4
3 = 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) == . 11 = 2 ( )
4 5 5 5 4 22 5
2
3 7 11
5 4 5 4 5 4
= 2 ( ) + 2 ( ) 2 ( ) +
6 5 7 5 22 5
Ejemplo
Halla 1 y 0 para t>0 si (0) = 2 en el siguiente circuito
1
2ohms 3mHr
m
+ 8 8ohms
3
-
Solucin
Planteando la cada de tensin en la malla
La cada de tensin en la bobina de L henrios es: =
6 + 3. 103 = 3
3 + 3. 103 = 0 + 103 =0
+ 103
= 0
+ 103 = = 103 = 1 1000
2 = 0 0 0 = 2
= 2 1000
1 = = 3. 103 (2000 1000 ) = 6 1000
Ejemplo
(. ).( +) (. )( ) + (. )( )
]
. +. (. )
Solucin
(. )
4 1
( 2 + +) 2
2 ( 2 )
2
=
+ + +
4+ 4 (4+ 4 )( 2 )
1
1 2
3
2
9
(16 8 )2 8
+
4
( 2 + +) 2 1 3
1 = = 3 2 ( 2 + + )
4+ 4
44 24 ++4
2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 ( )
2 2 + + + 2 2
(( + + )) = = = =
2 + + 2 + + 2 + + +
(. )
4 (. )
2 = 1
=
(4+ 4 ) ( 2 )
2
4 1 2 4(1 2 )
2 ( 2 ) 1 2
2 2
3 = = 2
2 4 1
3 = 5 5 (2 2 )
9 9 11
1 1
4 = (16 8 )2 8 = 8 (16 8 )2 (8 8 ) = 44 (16 8 ) 2
3 9
1 (. ) 2 4 1
= 3 2 ( 2 + + ) + + 5 5 (2 2 ) (16 8 )2 +
Ejercicios
Calcula las siguientes integrales indefinidas
) 5 7 3 7
3 3 3 3
) (
4
)
31 2
c) (3 2 )33
Ejercicios complementarios
Ejemplo:
1
Antd [ ]
33 3
(1 )(( 2)) 2
Solucin:
Sabemos que:
3
(( 2) ) 3
3 ( 2)
(( 2) ) =
1
3 = =
2+1 3 3
2.( 1)(( 2) )
1
(3 2)
2.( 31)(( 32) )
1
(3)( 2/3) 1
= =
3 3 3 3 3
2.( 1)(( 2) ) 6.((1 )(( 2) )). 2
Entonces, en el problema:
1
F(x) = -6Antd[ ]
3 3 3
6.((1 )(( 2) )). 2
Por lo tanto:
3
() = 6( ( 2) ) +
Ejemplo
Calcula sin utilizar integral indefinida ni mtodos de integracin:
1
Antd [ ]
()()
Solucin:
1 1
Antd [ ] = Antd [ ]
(+)() (()()
1 1
Antd [ ] = 2.Antd [ ]
2
()(1)() ()(1( ) )()
Por lo tanto:
1
Antd [ ] = 2 ( )+
()()
() = 2 ( )+
Ejemplo
1
Hacer la grfica de la funcin: ( ) (1) = 0
2
Solucin
1 1
[ 2 ] = +
(1) = 0
1
( ) = +
0 = 1 + =
1
F(x) =
1) D(F) = {0}
0= e =e x = 1,
= 0,es la ecuacin de la asntota vertical
1 1
lim+ -e= 0 = +
0
1 1
lim -e= 0 =
0
Asntota horizontal:
1 1
lim -e= = 1
1 1
lim -e= = 1
Ecuacin de La sintota horizontal
. : = 1
y
x
1
1e
-e
-e
e
Ejemplo:
22 2
Graficar la Antd [ ] si la curva pasa por el punto Q (1,1) (sin usar
2 2
integral indefinida).
Solucin:
22 2 2 2 2 2
Antd [ ] = Antd [ ] = Antd [2 2 ]
2 2 2 2 22
()
Antd [2 2 + ] = Antd [2 2 + x.(2 2 ) ]
22
F(x)= x. 2 2 + c
Como Q (1,1) a F(x), entonces:
1=1. 2 12 + c c = 0
Luego:
F (x)= x. 2 2
22 2
F(x)=f(x)=
2 2
Hallando los mximos y mnimos:
22 2
= 0 2 2 2 = 0 x = 1
2 2
Ejercicio:
Calcule Antd [ ]
(4 2 )(4 2 )(2 (4 2 +16)(5 2 )
Solucin:
Antd [ ]
(4 2 )(4 2 )(2 (4 2 +16)(5 2 )
= Antd [ ]
(42 ) 2 (42 )
16.(4 2 ) 4
( 16
+1)(5 2 )
Antd
= [ ]
16 (42 ) (42 ) 2
(4 2 ) [( ) +1](5 2 )
4 4
Pero:
()
D(x) ArgCsch [ V(x) ] =
|()|()2 +1
Entonces:
((4 2 )
Sea V(x) =
4
Luego:
((42 )
((4 2 ) ( )
ArgCsch [ ]=
4
4 ((42 ) (42 ) 2
| 4
|.[( 4
) +1]
((4 2 ) 4(4 )52
2
[Csch [ ] ]=
4 ((42 ) (42 ) 2
( 4
)[( 4
) +1]
=
(42 ) 2
(4 2 )(4 2 )[( ) +1](5 2 )
4
En el problema:
1
Antd [ ]
4 (42 ) 2
2 2
(4 )(4 ) [( 2
) +1](5 ) 4
1 ((4 2 )
F(x)= Antd [ArgCsch ( )]
4 4
Finalmente la funcin primitiva es:
1 2
1 ((4 )
( ) = [ ] +k
4 4
Ejemplo
x
Demuestre que csc xdx ln | tg 2 | K
Solucin
x
sec2
1 1 1 1
senx dx x x
dx
x
dx
2 x
2 dx
2 sen cos 2 sen tg
2 2 2 . cos2 x 2
x 2
cos
2
x
sec 2
x 1 x x x
) ln | tg | K csc xdx ln | tg | K
d ln | tg | 2 dx d (ln tg
2 2 x 2 2 2
tg
2
Ejemplo
2 2
x 3tg x 2 sec 2
Calcula: Ant ( x x)
2
x
Solucin
() = (2 ) 2 (2 )
2
F ( x) x 2 tg
x
2 2 2
d ( F ( x)) (2 xtg x 2 (sec ) 2 .( 2 ))
x x x
2 2
d ( F ( x)) 2( xtg sec 2 )
x x
() = 12(22 2 2 (2)22 )
() = 12 2 (2 )
Ejemplo:
Calcula:
1
1
( 2 ) = +
1
() = +
Ejemplo
La curva F(x) pasa por el punto M(1,-Ln4) y la ecuacin de la recta tangente en un punto de
3
abscisa nula es = 3 + ; y se verifica que: () = +1 .calcula la funcin primitiva
y el valor de b.
Solucin
1
(1) = 4 ; (0) = 3
3 (+1)( 2 +1)1
() = +1 = +1
3 (+1)( 2 +1)1 1
() = +1 = +1
= ( 2 + 1) +1
1
() = ( 2 + 1)
+1
1
() = ( 2 + 1) +
+1
3 2
() = 3
2
+ | + 1| + ; (0) = 3
0 0
3 = + 0 |1| + = 3
3 2
3 2
() = + | + 1| + 3
3 2
3 2
() = ( + | + 1| + 3)
3 2
4 3 2 65
() = + + 3 ( + 1)(ln( + 1) 1) + ; =
12 6 2 12
M(1,-Ln4)
1 1 1 65
4 = 12 6 + 2 + 3 (2)(ln(2) 1) + = 12
4 3 2 65
() = 12 6
+ 2
+ 3 ( + 1)(ln( + 1) 1) 12
53
(0) =
12
53 53
= 3 12 ; = 12
Ejemplo
Calcule la antiderivada de la funcin
g(x)=
Solucin:
g(x) =
1)
= =
esto comparando con g(x) para hallar G(x), Ant 4 (g(x)) = G(x)
Problema:
Solucin
dv =
v(0)= 0
0 = 40Ln1+ C C = 0
v = 40Ln| + 1|
v = 40Ln|3 + 1|
v = 40Ln4 55 palabras
Ejemplo
Calcule la antiderivada de la funcin:
Solucin
f(x) = ctgx sen3x +
F(x) = 2 sen x + Ln
F(x) = 2 sen x + Ln ln 2 + C,
K=C + |t + 1|
EJEMPLO:
Antd
Solucin:
Antd
F(x)
EJEMPLO
Calcula:
cos
2
1+1 2
( )
Solucin
1 cos
11+(1 ) 2
( )
( 1 sen )
() =
( 1 sen )
() = +
Ejemplos
3 x x
1.
x 4 dx
Solucin
3 x x
x 4 dx
1
I 6 x x2 x k
10
x 2 dx
2.
x
Solucin
3 5
1
x
2 2 3
x dx x x 2
x2
2 x5 2x2 x
1
dx x dx
2
k k k k
x 3 5 5 5
2 1
2 2
1 4
3. 2 2 dx Sol: 1 8 2 x k
x x x x x
1
3
4
I 2 2 dx ( x 2 4 x 2 2)dx I 1 8 2 x k
x x x x x
1 8
I 2x k
x x
2 1 2 5 2
2 1 2
x 3 x dx x x 3 dx ( x 2 x 3 x 3 ).dx
4
8 1
x5 x3 x3
I 2 K
5 8 1
3 3
8 1
1 5 3 3 1 3 3
I x x 3.x 3 K x 5 x 8 3.3 x K
5 4 5 4
1 5 3 23 2
I x x . x 3.3 x K
5 4
1
tg x sec xdx tg 2 x k
2
4.
2
5.
sen 2
x cos x dx
sen 3 x
sen x cos x dx
2 k
3
6.
cos 3
x sen x dx
cos 4 x
cos 3 x sen x dx cos
x (
3
sen x ) dx k
3
4
f f'
7.
x x 2 1 dx
Solucin
1
( x 2 1) 3 k
3
3
( x 2 1) 3
1 ( x 2 1) 2
1
1
x x 2 1 dx 2x ( x 2 1) dx
2
k k
2 f'
2 3 3
1/ 2
f
2
xdx 1
8. Sol: 2x2 3 k
2x 3
2
2
1
1 ( 2 x 3)
1 2
xdx 1 1 2
4x ( 2 x 2 3) dx 2
k 2x2 3 k o
2x 3
2 4 f' 4 1 2
f 1 / 2
2
1
xdx 2 4 xdx f'
dx f k 2x2 3 k
2x2 3 4 2 2 x 2 3 2 f 2
x 2 dx 2
9. Sol: x3 1 k
x 1
3 3
1
1 ( x 3 1) 2
1 1
x 2 dx 1 2
x 2 ( x 3 1) dx 3 x 2 ( x 3 1) 2 dx
2
k x3 1 k
x3 1 3 3 1 3
2
2 3
x 2 dx2 3 x 2 dxf'
dx f k x 1 k
x 1 3
3
2 x 1 2 f
3
3
cos x 1
10. dx Sol: k
sen2 x sen x
sen1 x
cos x 2 1
dx cos
x sen
x dx
k k
2
sen x f' f 2 1 sen x
Sol: ( x 1) k
2 5
11. x ( x 2 1) 4 dx
10
1 1 ( x 2 1) 5 ( x 2 1) 5
x ( x 2 1) 4 dx 2x ( x 2 1) 4 dx k k
2 f ' 4 2 5 10
f
sen x 1
12. dx Sol: k
cos 3 x 2 cos 2 x
cos 2 x
sen x 3 1
dx sen x
cos x dx k k
cos 3 x f' f 3 2 2 cos 2
x
2
tg x
13. dx Sol: tg x k
cos 2 x 2
tg x 1 tg 2 x
dx tg
x cos 2 x dx 2 k
cos 2 x f1
f'
2
cotg x
14. dx Sol: cotg x k
sen2 x 2
cotg x 1 cotg 2 x
dx cotg x dx k
sen2 x sen2 x 2
1
15. dx Sol: 2 tg x 1 k
cos x tg x 1
2
(tg x 1)
1
1 1 2
dx (tg x 1) 2
dx k 2 tg x 1 k
cos x tg x 1
2
cos 2 x 1
2
Ln ( x 1)
Sol: Ln ( x 1) k
2
16. x 1 dx 2
Ln ( x 1) 1 Ln 2 ( x 1)
x 1 dx 1
Ln ( x 1)
x 1
dx
2
k
f
f'
2sen x 1 k
17. cos x Sol:
dx
2sen x 1
1
1 (2sen x 1)
1
cos x 1 2
2sen x 1
dx 2cos
2
f'
x (
2sen
x 1
1 / 2
) dx
2
2
1
k 2sen x 1 k
f
2
sen 2 x 1
18. dx Sol: k
(1 cos 2 x ) 2 2(1 cos 2 x )
1 (1 cos 2 x ) 1
sen 2 x 1 2
dx 2sen 2 x (1 cos 2 x ) dx k
(1 cos 2 x ) 2 2 2 1
1
k
2(1 cos 2 x )
sen2 x
19. dx Sol: 2 1 sen2 x k
1 sen x 2
1 1
sen2 x
dx sen2 x (1 sen2 x ) 2 dx x cos
2sen
1 sen2 x ) 2 dx
x (
1 sen2 x
f'
f 1 / 2
(1 sen x )
2 2
k 2 1 sen2 x k
1
2
tg x 1
20.
2
cos x
dx Sol:
2
3
(tg x 1) 3 k
3
tg x 1
(tg x 1)
1 2
1 2
2
dx (tg x 1) 2
2
dx k (tg x 1) 3 k
cos x cos x 3 3
2
cos 2 x 1 1
21. dx Sol: k
( 2 3sen 2 x ) 3 12 ( 2 3sen 2 x ) 2
1 ( 2 3sen 2 x ) 2
cos 2 x 1 3
dx 6 cos 2 x ( 2 3sen 2 x ) dx k
( 2 3sen 2 x ) 3 6 6 2
1 1
k
12 ( 2 3sen 2 x ) 2
sen 3 x 1
22. dx Sol: k
3 4 3
cos 3 x cos 3 x
4
sen 3 x 1 1 cos 3 x 1 3
dx
3sen
3
x cos
3
x dx
3 k 3 k
3 4
cos 3 x 3 3 1 cos 3 x
f' f 4 / 3
3
Ln 2 x dx 3
23. Sol: Ln x k
x 3
Ln 2 x dx 1 Ln 3 x
Ln x dx
2
k
x x 3
arc sen x dx 2
24. Sol: arc sen x k
1 x2 2
arc sen x dx arc sen2 x
1
arc sen x dx k
1 x2 1 x2 2
arc cos 2 x dx 3
25. Sol: arc cos x k
1 x2 3
arc cos 2 x dx 1
arc cos 3 x
arc cos x 2
dx k
1 x2 1 x2 3
2
arc tg x
26. dx Sol: arc tg x k
1 x2 2
arc tg x 1 arc tg 2 x
dx arc tg x dx k
1 x2 1 x2 2
2
arc ctg x
27. dx Sol: arc ctg x k
1 x2 2
arc ctg x 1 arc ctg 2 x
dx arc ctg x dx k
1 x2 1 x2 2
x 1
28. dx Sol: Ln ( x 2 1) k
x 12
2
1
x 1 2x f'
dx dx dx Ln f k Ln ( x 2 1) k
x 12
2 x 1
2
f 2
1 x Sol: Ln 1 x k
dx
29.
dx 1 f'
dx dx Ln f k Ln 1 x k
1 x 1 x f
3x 7
dx 1
30. Sol: Ln 3x 7 k
3
1
dx 1 3 f'
dx dx Ln f k Ln 3 x 7 k
3x 7 3 3x 7 f 3
dx 1
31. Sol: L 5 2x k
5 2x 2
dx 1 2 f' 1
dx dx Ln f k Ln 5 2 x k
5 2x 2 5 2x f 2
x 1 1
32. dx Sol: L x2 2x 3 k
x 2x 3
2
2
x 1 1 2( x 1) 1 2x 2 1
dx dx dx L x 2 2 x 3 k
x 2x 3
2
2 x 2x 3
2
2 x 2x 3
2
2
dx
33. Sol: Ln Ln x k
x Ln x
1
dx
x
dx f'
dx Ln | f | k Ln | Ln x | k
x Ln x Ln x f
34.
tg x dx Sol: Ln cos x k
1
35. tg 2 x dx Sol: L cos 2 x k
2
36. ctg x dx Sol: Ln sen x k
1
37. ctg (5 x 7) dx Sol: L sen (5 x 7) k
5
cos(5 x 7) 1 5 cos(5 x 7) 1
ctg (5 x 7) dx dx dx Ln sen (5 x 7) K
sen (5 x 7) 5 sen (5 x 7) 5
ctg 3 x
dx 1
38. Sol: L cos 3 x k
3
dx sen 3 x 1 3sen 3 x 1
tg 3 x dx dx dx Ln cos 3 x K
ctg 3 x cos 3 x 3 cos 3 x 3
x
k
x
39. ctg dx Sol: 3L sen
3 3
x 1 x
cos cos
x 3 dx 3 3 3 dx 3 Ln sen x K
ctg dx
3 x x 3
sen sen
3 3
40.
(ctg e x
)e x dx Sol: L sen e x k
(cos e x )e x
(ctg e x )e x dx x
dx Ln sen e x K
sen e
x 1 x
41. tg 4 x ctg dx Sol: Sol : Ln cos 4 x 4Ln sen k
4 4 4
x x
sen 4 x cos cos
x 4 dx sen 4 x 4 dx
tg 4 x ctg dx dx
4 cos 4 x x cos 4 x x
sen sen
4 4
1 x
cos
1 4sen 4 x 4 4 dx 1 Ln cos 4 x 4 Ln sen x k
dx 4
4 cos 4 x x 4 4
sen
4
cos x 1
42. dx Sol: Ln ( 2sen x 3) k
2sen x 3 2
cos x 1 2 cos x 1
dx dx Ln ( 2sen x 3) k
2sen x 3 2 2sen x 3 2
dx
43. Sol: Ln arc tg x k
(1 x 2 ) arc tg x
1
1 x 2 dx Ln arc tg x k
dx
(1 x ) arc tg x
2
arc tg x
dx 1
44. Sol: Ln ( 3tg x 1) k
cos x ( 3tg x 1)
2
3
1 3
dx cos 2 x dx 1 cos 2 x dx 1 Ln ( 3tg x 1) k
cos x ( 3tg x 1)
2
3tg x 1 3 3tg x 1 3
dx
45. Sol: Ln arc sen x k
1 x 2 arc sen x
dx 1 x2
dx Ln arc sen x k
1 x 2 arc sen x arc sen x
cos 2 x 1
46. dx Sol: Ln 2 3sen 2 x k
2 3sen 2 x 6
1 2x
47. e 2 x dx Sol: e k
2
1 1
e 2 x dx 2e 2 x dx f ' e f dx e f k e 2 x k
2 2
e dx
x
48. 2
Sol: 2e k
2
x x x
1 2
e dx 2
2
e dx f ' e dx e k 2e 2 k
f f
49.
e sen x
cos x dx Sol: e sen x k
e sen x cos x dx f ' e f dx e f k e sen x k
a
2
ax
50.
x2
x dx Sol: k
2L a
1 1
a x x dx k
2 2
x2
ax2 x
Ln
a dx a
2Ln a x2
2Ln a
D( a )
e dx
x
51. a
Sol: ae k
a
x x x
1 a
e dx a
a
e dx ae a k
a
e dx
1 4x
52. 2x 2
Sol: e k
4
e dx e
2x 2 1 1 4x
4x
dx 4e 4 x dx e k
4 4
1 3 x
53. e 3 x dx Sol: e k
3
1 1
e 3 x dx ( 3)e 3 x dx e 3 x k
3 3
5x e x
54. 5 x e x dx Sol: k
Ln 5 1
1 1 5x e x
5 x e x dx (5e ) x dx (5e ) x Ln(5e )dx (5e ) x k k
Ln(5e ) Ln(5e ) Ln 5 1
1 5x a5x
Sol: e k
55.
e 5x
a 5x
dx 5 L a
e
1 1 1 5x 1
5x
a 5 x dx 5e 5 x dx 5a 5 x Ln a d x e a5x k
5 5 Ln a 5 5 Ln a
1 5x a5x
e k
5 L a
1 x 2 4 x 3
4 x 3
( x 2) dx k
2
56. ex Sol: e
2
4 x 3 1 4 x 3 1 x 2 4 x 3
( x 2) dx 2( x 2) dx k
2 2
ex ex e
2 2
x x
a b
(a x b x ) 2
Sol: a 2x k
b
57. dx
a xb x LaLb
a 2x ax bx
(a x b x ) 2 a 2 x 2a x b x b 2 x b2x
dx dx x x x x 2 dx x x 2 dx
a xb x a xb x a b a b b a
a x b x x x
1 a 1 b
2 dx 2x k
Ln
b a a b b a
Ln
b a
x x
1 a 1 b
2x k
Ln a Ln b b Ln b Ln a a
x x x x
a b a b
b a 2x k
b a 2x k
Ln a Ln b Ln a Ln b LaLb
ex 1
58. dx Sol: Ln ( 3 4e x ) k
3 4e x 4
ex 1 4e x 1
dx dx Ln ( 3 4e x ) k
3 4e x
4 3 4e x
4
1
59. cos 5 xdx Sol: sen 5 x k
5
1 1
cos 5 xdx 5 cos 5 xdx f ' ( x ) cos f ( x )dx sen f ( x ) k sen 5 x k
5 5
x x
60. sen dx Sol: 3 cos k
3 3
x 1 x x
sen dx 3 sen dx f ' ( x ) sen f ( x )dx cos f ( x ) k 3( cos ) k
3 3 3 3
x
3 cos k
3
1
61. sec2 (7 x 2)dx Sol: tg (7 x 2) k
7
1
sec2 (7 x 2)dx 7 sec2 (7 x 2)dx f ' ( x ) sec2 f ( x )dx tg f ( x ) k
7
1
tg (7 x 2) k
7
1
62. x cos 3 x 2 dx Sol: sen 3 x 2 k
6
1 1
x cos(3 x 2 )dx 6 x cos(3 x 2 )dx sen ( 3 x 2 ) k
6 6
63.
tg 2
x dx Sol: tg x x k
tg 2
x dx
(sec x 1)dx sec x dx dx tg x x k
2 2
cos Ln( x)
64.
x
dx Sol: sen Ln(x) k
cos Ln( x)
1
dx cos Ln( x) dx sen Ln(x) k
x x
2
65. tg 3 x dx Sol: tg x Ln cos x k
2
tg 3 x dx tg x tg 2 x dx tg x (sec2 x 1) dx tg
x sec
x dx tg x dx
2
f1 f
tg 2 x sen x tg 2 x sen x tg 2 x
dx dx Ln cos x k
2 cos x 2 cos x 2
cos 2 sen x k
66. dx Sol:
x
x
dx 1 1
cos x cos x dx 2 cos x dx 2 sen x k
x x 2 x
x 1
67. dx Sol: arc sen x 2 k
1 x 4 2
arc sen f ( x ) k
x x f '( x)
dx dx dx
1 x4 1 ( x 2 )2
1 ( f ( x )) 2 arccos f ( x ) k
1 2x f ' ( x )dx 1
dx arc sen ( x ) k
2
2 1 (x )
2 2
1 ( f ( x ))
2
2
dx 1
68. Sol: arc sen (2 x ) k
1 4x 2 2
dx dx 1 2dx f ' ( x )dx 1
arc sen (2 x ) k
1 4x2 1 (2 x ) 2 2 1 (2 x ) 2
1 ( f ( x ))
2
2
dx 1 2x
69. Sol: arc sen ( ) k
9 4x 2
2 3
2
dx
3 1 2 x
dx dx dx 1 dx 1 3 3
9 4x 2
4x 2 2 3 2x
2 3 2 2x
2
9(1 ) 1 1
9 3 3 3
2
dx
1 3 f ' ( x )dx 1 2x
arc sen ( ) k
2 2x
2
1 ( f ( x )) 2
2 3
1
3
dx 1 bx
70. Sol: arc sen ( ) k
a b x
2 2 2
b a
b
dx
a
dx dx dx 1 dx 1 a a
a b x
2 2 2
b x 2 2
bx
2 a bx
2 a b bx
2
a (1
2
) 1 1 1
a2 a a a
b
dx
1 a f ' ( x )dx 1 bx
arc sen ( ) k
b bx
2
1 ( f ( x )) 2
b a
1
a
ex 1
71. dx Sol: Ln ( 3 4e x ) k
3 4e x 4
f '( x) 1
ex 1 4e x
dx dx dx Ln ( 3 4e x ) k
3 4e x
4 3 4e x f ( x) 4
e2x 1
72. dx Sol: Ln ( 2 e 2 x ) k
2 e2x 2
f '( x) 1
e2x 1 2e 2 x
dx dx dx Ln ( 2 e 2 x ) k
2e 2x
2 2 e2x f ( x) 2
ex
73. dx Sol: arc tg (e x ) k
1 e 2x
ex ex f '( x)
dx dx dx arc tg f ( x ) k arc tg (e ) k
x
1e 2x
1 (e )
x 2
1 ( f ( x ))
2
1 2x
dx 1
74. 2
Sol: arc tg ( 2 x ) k
2
1
dx dx 1 2 dx f '( x)
dx arc tg ( 2 x ) k
1 2x2 1 ( 2 x)2 2 1 ( 2 x ) 2 1 ( f ( x )) 2 2
dx 1 x
75. Sol: arc tg ( ) k
4 x2 2 2
1
dx
4 x 4(1 x ) 4
dx dx 1 dx 1 2 1 x
2 2 2
2 2
arc tg ( ) k
x 4 x 2 2
1 1
4 2 2
xdx 1 x2
76. Sol: arc tg ( )k
x a4
4
2a 2 a2
2x
dx
xdx xdx 1 xdx 1 xdx 1 a2 a2
4 4
x a4
4
x 4
a x 4
a x2
2
a4 2 x2
2
a 4 ( 4 1) 1 4 1 2 1 2
a a
a a
2x
dx
1 a2 1 x2
arc tg ( )k
2a 2 x2
2
2a 2 a2
1 2
a
cos xdx 1 sen x
77. Sol: arc tg ( )k
a sen2 x
2
a a
1 sen x
cos xdx cos xdx 1 cos xdx 1 cos xdx
2 2
a sen2 x
2 2
sen x a 2
sen x a 2
a 2 (1 2
) 1
a a2 a
1 1
cos xdx cos xdx
1 a 1 a 1 sen x
2 a 2
2
arc tg ( )k
a sen x a sen x a a
1 1
a a
x 1 Ln ( x)
dx
78. Sol: arc sen (Ln( x )) k
2
1
dx
x
dx x f ' ( x )dx
arc sen (Ln( x )) k
1 Ln 2 ( x ) 1 (Ln ( x )) 2
1 ( f ( x ))
2
arccos x x
79. dx
1 x2
arccos x x arccos x x
I dx dx dx
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
1 2x
I arccos
x dx dx
f 1
1 2
x 2 1 x2
f'
1
I (arccos( x)) 2 1 x 2 k
2
4x arctg x 2
80.
1 x2
dx
Solucin:
4x arctg x 2dx
I dx dx
1 x 2
1 x 2
1 x2
3
I 2Ln(1 x ) ( Arctgx ) 2 Arctgx
2 2
1
f '( x) 1
dx f 1 f ' dx Ln( 1 x 2 ) (arctg x ) 2 k
f ( x) 2 2
Ejemplo
[ (. ) . ( + ) . ( ) + (. )( )] .
. + . (. )
}
Ejemplo
Calcula
2 10+29 .2
Solucin
2
(5)2 +2
= ln| 5 + 2 10 + 29 | +
Ejemplo
Halla
2 1 2 2 1 2 +22
4 +4 2 = 2 ( 2 +2)2 22 = 4 ln | 2 +2+2| +
1 2
= 4 ln | 2 +4| +
Ejemplo
Halla:
7()
2 1
Solucin
7()
= +
ln 7
()
sta integral indefinida en caso de ser no integrable por concepto o formulas bsicas de
integracin, hacemos el siguiente cambio de variable = () que es una funcin derivable
() = (()). ()
= () +
Retornando la funcin dela variable independiente x de integracin
= ( ()) +
= ( ()) +
() = +
()
= + , simplificando
(. ) = +
= (. )
=
En el mtodo de integracin por partes depende de la eleccin ptima por el estudiante de los
elementos: u, dv para que se genere una nueva integral del 2 miembro manejable o fcil de
calcular si esta integral se complica hacer una nueva eleccin de los trminos: u, dv.
A continuacin mostramos algunas Integrales que se presentan con frecuencia que no son
integrables utilizando funciones elementales.
2
ln ; 2 ;
;
; 1 ;
( 2 ) ; ( 2 ) ; 2 + 3 ; . ; 3
3
2+
4
Algunas integrales tradicionales donde se usa el mtodo de integracin por partes para
+ ) ; (
( + ) ; (
+ ) ()
; (
+ ) ()
( + )
( + ) ;
2 ;
3
2
5
2 ; ()
; ()
Ejemplo
(. ).( +) (. )+( ) + (. )( )
]
. +. (. )
Solucin
(. )
4 1
( 2 + +) 2
2 ( 2 )
2
=
+ +
4+ 4 (4+ 4 )( 2 )
1
1 2
3
2
9
(16 8 )2 8
+
4
( 2 + +) 2 1 3
1 = = 3 2 ( 2 + + )
4+ 4
44 24 ++2
2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 ( )
2 +
+ + 2 2
(( 2 + + )) = = = =
+ +
2 2 + + 2 + + +
2 2 2
= ( 2 + + ) =
=
+ +
1 = ( 2 + + )
(. )
2 (. )
2 = 2 1
= 2
(4+ 4 ) ( 2 )
2
+
= (. ) =
=
(. ) (+ ) (. )
(. )
2 =
4 1
2 ( 2 ) 1 1 1
2 2 2 4 1
2
3 = = 2 ( (2 2 ))4 = 5 5 (2 2 )
2 4 1
3 = 5 5 (2 2 )
11
1
4 = 44 (16 8 ) 2
1 3 2 4 1 9
= 2 ( 2 + + ) + (. ) + 5 ( 2 ) (16 8 )2 +
3 5 2
Ejemplo
4
1+ +15
Calcula: 1
Solucin
4
1+ +15
= 1
4 = + 15 4 3 =
4 = + 15 = 4 15
Reemplazando os datos en la integral original
(1+)4 3 4 3 4
= 4 16
= 4 16 + 4 4 16
4 16+16
= | 4 16| + 4 4 16
= | 4 16| + 4 + 16 4 16
= | 4 16| + 4 + 16 (2 4)(2 +4)
1 1
= | 4 16| + 4 + 16 (2 4 2 +4)
= | 4 16| + 4 + 8 2 4 8 2 +4
2
= | 4 16| + 4 + 2 |+2| 4 (2) +
2
= | 4 16| + 4 + 2 |+2| 4 (2) +
Ejemplo
Calcula:
3 3 3
2 (1 )( 2)
Solucin
2 = 2 = 2
3 3
3
2 = + 2
3
1 2 = 1 Diferenciando:
2
1
2 = 3 3 6 = 2
3
= 6 2 +1 = 6()
= 6 ( 2) +
3
Ejercicios
1.-Calcula:
(1)(22).42 +83
Calcula
(22)
((2 2)) =
2(1)1(22)2
2
=
2(1)4 2 +83
1
2 1
= (1)(22).4 2 = ( (2 2))
+83 (1)1(22)2
1
= [2((2 2))2 ]
1
= 2((2 2))2 +
3 2 3
2.-Calcula: (ln ln ) 4. (1 + 2 )
3 1 (3) 1 1 3
(ln ) = . = (1 + )
ln 2 2
3 2 3
(ln ln ) 4. (1 + 2 )
1 3 3 2 3 3 2
= [(ln ) (ln ) 22 4 ln |(ln )+ (ln ) 22 |] +
2 ln ln ln ln
Ejemplo
3
(1)( 2 +1)( 3 +1) 1 1
= 3 [3 3 ]
5 + 3 +1 2
Solucin
Ordenando el integrando
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
5 2 + 2 + + 1 = 2 (( )3 1) + ( 2 + + 1)
5 + + 1 =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 (( )3 1) + ( 2 + + 1) = 2 ( 1)( 2 + + 1) + ( 2 + + 1)=
3 3 3 3 3
5 + + 1 = ( 2 + + 1)( 2 + 1)
3 3
(1)( 2 +1)( 3 +1) (1)( 2 +1)( 3+1) 3
(1)( +1)
3
1)( +1)( 1)
3
3
3 = 3 3 3 = 3 3 = = 2 1
5 + 3 +1 ( 2 + +1)( 2 +1) ( 2 + +1) 1
1 2 2 1
3 1 3
3 1 1 3 2
= 2 1 [ 3 3 ] =
( ) 1
3
2
1 2
1 2
1 = ( 3 )2 1 3
1 2
1
= 3 = 3
3
3 3
1 = 3 ()2 1 = 2 2 1 2 | + 2 1|
1 2 2 2
1 = 2 3 3 1 2 | 3 + 3 1|
3 3
2 1
2 = 3 1 3
2 1 1
2 3
3 1 = 3 3 = 3 = 2
1 3 2
3
2 = 2 2 = 2 = ( 3 1)3
2
2 = ( 3 1)3
Reemplazando
1 2 2 2 2
= 2 3 3 1 2 | 3 + 3 1| ( 3 1)3 +
3 3
Ejemplo
+ 4
Calcula:(
5 )
Solucin
2
=
4
4
4
5
1 2 3
3 = 4
5
= = ( + 2 )
1
= 4 5 = 4
Reemplazando
( + 2 )
3 = 4
+ 4
( ) 2
3 = 4
4
+ 4
Reemplazando
2 ( ) 2
=
+ +
4 4 4 4 4
1 2
= 4
+
Ejemplo
La curva F(x) pasa por el punto M(1,-Ln4) y la ecuacin de la recta tangente en un punto de
3
abscisa nula es = 3 + ; y se verifica que: () = .calcula la funcin primitiva
+1
y el valor de b.
Solucin
1
(1) = 4 ; (0) = 3
3 (+1)( 2 +1)1
() = +1 = +1
3 (+1)( 2 +1)1 1
() = +1 = +1
= ( 2 + 1) +1
1
() = ( 2 + 1) +1
1
() = ( 2 + 1) +1 +
3 2
() = 3
2
+ | + 1| + ; (0) = 3
0 0
3 = 3 2 + 0 |1| + = 3
3 2
() = 3
2
+ | + 1| + 3
3 2
() = ( 3 2
+ | + 1| + 3)
4 3 2 65
() = 12 6
+ 2
+ 3 ( + 1)(ln( + 1) 1) + ; = 12
M(1,-Ln4)
1 1 1 65
4 = 12 6 + 2 + 3 (2)(ln(2) 1) + = 12
4 3 2 65
() = + + 3 ( + 1)(ln( + 1) 1)
12 6 2 12
53
(0) = 12
53 53
= 3 12 ; = 12
Ejemplo
Halla:
= [ ( ) ( + )]
2
Solucin
( )(
= [ ] 2
+
) (1)
= ( )( 2
+
)
+
= ( )( )
2 2
= ( ) = ( + cosh )
=
+ 1
= =
2 2
= .(2)
= +
Ejemplo
(9 2 3+)
Encuentre el valor de K para que la siguiente integral sea
(3 4 +2 4 )4
integrable utilizando funciones elementales.
Solucin
(9 2 3 + ) (9 2 3 + )
= 4
(3 4 + 2 4 )4 (3 + 2)
(3 + 2)2 = 9 2 + 12 + 4
9 2 3 + = 9 2 + 12 + 4 12 3 4 +
9 2 3 + = (3 + 2)2 15 10 + 10 4 +
9 2 3 + = (3 + 2)2 5(3 + 2) + 6 +
ex (9x2 3x+k)
I= dx
(3x+2)4
ex [(3x+2)2 5(3x+2)+6+k]
I= dx
(3x+2)4
ex ex ex
I= dx - 5 dx + (6 + k) (3x+2)4 dx.(1)
(3x+2)2 (3x+2)3
I1
ex
I1 = dx
(3x+2)2
6
u = (3x + 2)2 du =(3x+2)3 dx
dv = ex dx ; v=- ex
ex ex
I1 = - 2
6 dx..(2)
(3x+2) (3x+2)3
dv = ex dx v= ex
ex ex
IA = 9 (3x+2)4 dx ..(4)
(3x+2)3
ex
+(6 + k) dx
(3x + 2)4
ex 11ex ex ex
I=- 2
+ 3
+ 99 ( dx + (6 + k) dx
(3x+2) (3x+2) 3x+2)4 (3x+2)4
ex 11ex ex
I=- 2
+ 3
+ (105 + k) ( dx
(3x+2) (3x+2) 3x+2)4
ex (3x+9)
= 2 +C
(3x+2)
Ejemplo
Calcula:
( 1)
= (2 +2 + 2 )
Solucin
(+ 1)
= (2 +2 + 2 )
(+ ) (+ )
=
(+ )2
(+ )
= .(1)
(+ ) (+ )2
1 2
(+ )
2 = (+ )2
= =
(+ ) 1
= =
(+ )2 +
2 = +
+ + (2)
= +
+
Nota
(+ ) (+ )
= (+ )2
= (+ ) = (+ ) +
= +
(+ )
Ejemplo
Calcula:
4 2
= 4
(2 + 2 ) 2
Solucin:
= 5 2
= 3 22 2
=
u=3 2 du=-63 22
1
dv=2 2 v= 2
2
1
= 2 3 22 3 3 22 2
2 2 2 2 = 1; 2 2 1 = 2 2 2 2 = 1 + 2 2
1
= 3 22 3 3 2(2 2 + 1)
2
1
= 3 22 3
5 2 3 3 2
2
1
4 = 2 3 22 3
3 2
1 3
= 8 3 22 4 ..(1)
= 3 2 = 22 2
u= 2 du=-2 22.
1 1
dv=- 2 2 2(2) v=- 2 2
1
= 2 2 22 2
2
1
= 2 2 2(2 2 + 1)
2
1
= 2 2 2
2
1 2
2= 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1
= 4 2 2 2 ( 2 )2 1 = 4 2 2 4 ln | 2 +1|
1 1
= 4 2 2 4 ln | + |
1 1
= 4 2 2 4 ln|| (2)
(2)Reemplazando en (1)
1 3
= 8 3 22 4
1 3 3
= 3 22 + 2 2 + ln|| +
8 16 16
Ejemplo
Calcula:
= sec x tan5 x dx
Solucin
9 5 1
(sec 2 x 2sec 2 x + sec 2 x) tan x dx
9 5 1
sec 2 x 2sec 2 x + sec 2 x
I= sec x tan x dx
sec x
7 3 1
I = sec 2 x sec x tan x dx 2 sec 2 x sec x tan x dx + sec 2 x sec x tan x dx
2 9 4 5 1
I= sec 2 x sec 2 x + 2 sec 2 x + k
9 5
5) Calcula:
csc6 3
3 cot 3
Solucin:
= cot 1/3 3 (csc 2 3)2 csc 2 3 = cot 1/3 3 (cot 2 3 + 1)2 csc 2 3
1
= cot 3 3 (cot 4 3 + 2 cot 2 3 + 1) csc 2 3
14 8 2
1 cot 3 3 2 cot 3 3 1 cot 3 3
= +
3 14 3 8 3 2
3 3 3
1 14 1 8 1 2
= ctg 3 3 ctg 3 3 ctg 3 3 +
14 4 2
Ejemplo
2 +4
Calcula por mtodo de integracin por partes:
[ 2 +6 +13]3
Solucin:
( 2 + 6 + 13) = 2 2 + 6
1 2 2 +8 1 (2 2 +6 )+2
= [ 2 =
2 +6 +13]3 2 [ 2 +6 +13]3
1
= 2 [ 2 + 6 + 13]3 . (2 2 + 6 ) + [ 2 +6 +13]3
1
= + [ 2 (I)
4[ 2 +6 +13]2 +6 +13]3
Completando cuadrados
= [ 2 3
=
+6 +13] [( +3)2 +22 ]3
= + 3 =
Reemplazando
= [ 2 +4]3
1 (4+ 2 2 )
= 4 [ 2 +4]3
1 1 2
= 4 [ 2 +4]2 4 [ 2 +4]3 ..(1)
= . [ 2 + 4]3 .
= =
1 1
= [ 2 + 4]3 . 2 =
2 4[ 2 +4]2
1
= 4[ 2 +4]2 + 4 [ 2 +4]2 (2)
3
= 16( 2+4)2 + 16 [ 2 +4]2 ..(3)
= [ 2 +4]2
1 (4+ 2 2 )
= [ 2 +4]2
4
1 1 2
= 4 2 +4 4 [ 2 +4]2 ..(4)
= . ( 2 + 4)2
= =
1 1
= 2 ( 2 + 4)2 2 = 2(2 +4)
=
1
= + ( 2 .(5)
2( 2 +4) 2 +4)
1 1 1 1
= 8 ( 2 +4) + 8( 2 +4) = (2) + 8( 2+4) (6)
16
(7 ) Reemplazando en (I)
+ +
= + (( +) +) + ( ) + ((+) +) +
( + +)
Ejemplo
Calcula:
5
2 + 2 + 4 25 + 5 2 + 25 + 5 2 25. 3
Solucin
1
I=
2
2 2 + 5 + 2( 2 5)( 2 + 5) + 2( 2 5)5 + 2( 2 + 5)5 . 3
1
I=
2
(( 2 5) + ( 2 + 5) + 5)2 . 3
1
I= ( ( 2 5). 3 + ( 2 + 5) . 3 + 5. 3
2
I1= ( 2 5). 3
5 4
I3 =
42
I= I1+ I2+ I3
3 3 3 3
1 1 2 2 2 1 2 5 4
I= ( ( 5)2 15 ( 2 5)2 ) + 3 2 ( 2 + 5)2 15 ( 2 5)2 +
2 3 2 2 42
+
Ejemplo:
Calcula:
4() 4 .
Solucin
=
= () => = 1()2 =
= 4 4 => = 4 3 . . = 4
I = 4 ()
5 (1)
IA= 5
IA= 3 2
= 3 => = 3 3
= 2 => =
IA= 3 3 3 2
IA= 3 3 3 ( 2 1)
IA= 3 3 5 3
+ 3
4 IA= 3 + 3 3
1 3
IA=4 3 + 4
3 ..(2)
IB= 3
IB= 3
= => =
= 2 => =
IB= 2
IB= ( 2 1)
3 +
IB=
2IB= +
1 1
IB= 2 + 2 | + | ..3)
Ejemplo
Calcula
[ 2 36+2 3] 2
9 2 6+1
:
[33]2 2
I=
(31)2
1 1 1 1
3 3 = 2 3 + 2 3 2 3 + 2 3 = 3
I = 6 (31)2
1
1
I = 6 ( + 3 )2
3 3 1
1
1 2 9
I = 6 ( + + )
9 9(3 1) (3 1)2
1 2 6 1 6
I = 6 + +
9 9 3 1 9 (3 1)2
Io
6
Io=
(31)2
= 6 => = 6 6
1 1
= (3 1)2 3 => =
3 3(3 1)
6 6
Io=- 2
3(31) (31)
Reemplazando en I:
6 2 6 1 6 2 6
I= +
54 9 3 1 27 (3 1) 9 (3 1)
6
1 6
I= +
54 27 3 1
Ejemplo
3
Calcula:
2
Solucin
3
= 2
2 (1)
=
=
= =
= = ( 1)
( 1)
= ( 1)
= ( 1) +
= ( 1) +
..(2)
= ( 1) + 2
= ( 1) +
= ( 1) + +
Ejemplo
1
Calcula:( 1 )2
Solucin
1 ()2
( 1 )2 = (
)2 = ()2
()2 2 + 2 2
= ()2 = ()2
2 + 2 2 2 2
= = ()2 + ()2 2 ()2 (1)
()2
1 2 3
2
1 = ()2
( ) = ( + ) =
( )2
=
= 2
1
= ( )2 =
1 =
()
+ 2
1 = ()
+ 2
1
1 = ()
.(2)
2
2 = ()2
( ) = ( + ) =
=
2 =
( )2
.
= = 2
1 1
= ( )2 = =
2 = ..(3)
()
3 = ()2
( ) = ( + ) =
1 1
3 = =
1
3 = ..(4)
Ejemplo
Solucin
= =
= = 2( )
Reemplazando los datos en la frmula de integracin por partes
= 2 ( ) 2
( ) .(1)
( )
=
=
= ( ) = 2 +1
= =
Reemplazando los datos en la frmula de integracin por partes
2
= ( )
2 +1
1
= ( ) 2 ( 2 + 1) (2)
= 2 ( ) 2 ( ) + ( 2 + 1) +
Ejemplo
Calcula
. (+ ) . . . . . .
( .
+
)
Solucin
2 2 2
x. ex (1 + x 2 ) x 3 . ex . Cosh x 2 x 3 . ex . Sen x 2
I = ( + ) dx
Cos x 2 . Senh x 2 Cos x 2 . Senh2 x 2 cos2 x 2 . Senh x 2
2 2 2
x. ex (1 + x 2 ). Cos x 2 . Senh x 2 x 3 . ex . Cosh x 2 . Cos x 2 + x 3 . ex . Sen x 2 . Senh x 2
( ) dx
(Cos x 2 . Senh x 2 )2
2 2 2
1 Cos x 2 . Senh x 2 (2xex + 2x 3 . ex ) 2. x 3 . ex (Cos x 2 . Cosh x 2 Sen x 2 . Senh x 2 )
dx
2 (Cos x 2 . Senh x 2 )2
I
2 2 2
1 Cos x 2 . Senh x 2 (2xex + 2x 3 . ex ) x 2 . ex (2x. Cos x 2 . Cosh x 2 2x. Sen x 2 . Senh x 2 )
= dx
2 (Cosh x 2 . Senh x 2 )2
2 2
1 x 2 . ex 1 x 2 . ex
I = d( ) = +k
2 Cos x 2 . Senh x 2 2 Cos x 2 . Senh x 2
2
x 2 . ex
I= +k
2Cos x 2 . Senh x 2
Ejemplo
Calcula:
4 2 2 2(2tanh(2))2
2 = 2
2 4((2tagh 2)(2coth 2))
Resolviendo la integral 1
2 2
1 = 2 2(2tagh 2)2 = (2 cosh 2senh 2)2
=
1 senh 22 cosh 2
= =
4 senh 2 4 2 2
1
= (2 cosh 2 senh 2)2 4 senh 2 = senh 22 cosh 2
1
1 = 4 senh 2(senh 22 cosh 2) 4 2 2
1
1 = 4 senh 2(senh 22 cosh 2) + 8 2
Resolviendo la integrales I2
udv = uv vdu
1 x cosh 2x2x senh 2x
u = 4 cosh 2x du = 4cosh2 2x
dx
1
dv = (2x senh 2x cosh 2x)2 4x cosh 2x dx v = cosh 2x2x senh 2x
x 1 dx
I2 =
4 cosh 2x(cosh 2x2x senh 2x) 4 cosh2 2x
x 1
I2 = 4 cosh 2x(cosh 2x2x senh 2x) 8 tanh2x
I = I1 I2
x 1 x 1
I = 4 senh 2x(senh 2x2x cosh 2x) + 8 coth2x 4 cosh 2x((cosh 2x2x senh 2x)) + 8 tanh2x + k
Ejemplo
Calcula:
333 tan
= ( 1998
+2 999 +1) 666
Solucin
= 333 = 333 333 333 = 333
3 +1 3
= (3 +1)2 3 = ( 3 +1)2 3
= (3 +1)3 (3 +1)2
1 1 3 +1 3
= (3 3 +1) ( 3 +1)2
3
= 3 3 +1 3 +1 (3 +1)2
3 2 2
= 2 ( + 1)
3 3 +1
1
1 = ( 3 + 1)2 2
=
= =
1 1
= 3 ( 3 + 1)2 3 2 = 3(3 +1)
1
1 == 3(3 +1)2 3 3 +1
1 3 21 (+1)2
= 22 2 3
arctan 3 2 (2 +1) ( 3 + 1)2 2
1 23 21 1 (+1)2
= 3(3 +1)2 9 (3 +1) 27
arctan ( 2 +1
)
3 27
1 3 21 (+1)2
= 22 2 3
arctan 3 2 (2 +1)
Ejemplo
Calcula
[2( 4 2 3 )+5 ++ 3 ] 3
I=
8 4 6 +6 4 4 2 +11
Solucin:
( 2 1)4 = ( 2 )4 ( 2 )3 . 1 ( 2 )2 . 12 ( 2 )1 . 13 + 14 = 8 1
= (4 + 1)(2 + 1)(2 1)
2 6 ( 2 2) + (4 + 1) 3 + 4 (2 1)
=
(4 + 1)(2 + 1)(2 1)
22 (2 1) (4 + 1)(2 + 1)
= + + 2
(4 + 1)(2 + 1)(2 1) (4 + 1)(2 + 1)(2 1)
2 . 3 1 .2
= 3 + (2 1) = = 2 tg 1 (2 ) + ln | +2 | +
4 +1 22
3 1 .2
= 2 tg 1 (2 ) + ln | +2 | +
22
(x, 2 + + )
2 + +
( 2 + + )
2 2
( 2 + + 42 + 42 )
42 42
( + 2)2 + 42
, 42
= 2
+ 2 = ; =
42
(x, ( + 2)2 + 42
)
(V-
2
, 2 + 2 )
= tg
(, + ) =
= 2
v
2 +2 = 2 2 +2 = 2 + 2
= sec =
(, )
= . v
2 2 = 2 2 2 = 2 2
a
SUSTITUCION HIPERBOLICA
R(x, 2 + + )dx
42 42
( + 2)2 + 42
;2 = 42
=
(, ) =
= 2
2 2
2 2 = 2 2 2 =
=
=
(, + ) =
= cosh
2 + 2
2 +2 = 2 2 +2 =
=
=
(, ) =
=
2 2
2 2 = 2 2 2 =
=
Ejemplo
Calcula:
= (3 + 2)5 9 6
Solucin
1
= 27 (3 + 2)5 22 (3 + 2)2
Solucin
(3 + 2) = 2
2
= 3
22 (3 + 2)2 = 2
Reemplazando
2 27 27
= 25 5 . 2. 3 = 3
5 2 = 3
(1
27
2 )2 2 = 3
(1 2 4 2
2 + ) =
27
3
( 2 2 4 + 6 )
27 1 28 27
= 3
128 2 3.128 4 + 3.128 6
1 3 25 7
= 3[ 3
+ 5
7
]+
3 5 7
I = 9x 2 12x + 9x 2 12x 9x 2 12x + K
Ejemplo
Demostrar
1
I = x 2 + a2 dx = (xx 2 + a2 + a2 ln|x + x 2 + a2 |) + k
2
Solucin
x
x = a tan z tan z = a
dx = a sec 2 z dz
2 + 2
x 2 + a2 = a2 tan z 2 + a2 = a sec z
a sec z a sec 2 z dz x
I = a2 sec 3 z dz
a
I0 = sec z sec 2 z dz
dv = sec 2 z dz v = tan z
I0 = sec z tan z sec z tan2 z dz = sec z tan z sec 2 z (sec 2 z 1) dz
1 1
I0 = sec z tan z + ln|sec z + tan z |
2 2
a2 a2 a2 x 2 + a2 x a2 x 2 + a2 x
I= sec z tan z + ln|sec z + tan z | = + ln | + |+k
2 2 2 a a 2 a a
Ejemplo
324(+5)
Calcule:
(4 2 25)3
Solucin:
1
+5
= ( ) => = 3
2
=
3 1(+5) 4 2 25
9
3
= 162(4 2 25) (2)( + 5)
81
=
(4 2 25)2
+5
81( )
I= 2
3
2
+ 81
(4 25) [(32 (+5)2 ]5
IA=
[(32 (+5)2 ]5
Sustitucin trigonomtrica
+ 5 = 3
= 3
32 ( + 5)2 = 3
3
IA=81 35 5
IA= 4 = 2 2
IA=(1 + 2 ) 2
IA= 2 + 2 2
3
IA=+ 3
+5
81( ) 3
= 3
+ + +
(4 2 25)2 3
Ejemplo
Solucin
81.7X 45 7X
I= 4 dx 2 dx
(72X 2.7X 2) 8 (72X 2.7X 2)
81.7X 45 7X
I= dx 4 dx
8 8 2 2
2 2 (7X 1) 3
((7X 1) 3 )
(7X 1) = 3coshw
3
7X Ln7dx = 3senhwdw 7X dx = senhwdw
Ln7
Reemplazando en la integral
813 senhw 453 senhw
I= Ln7
8 dw
8Ln7
4 dw
(3senhw) (3senhw)
3 53
csch7 w dw 8Ln7 csch3 w dw
I = Ln7
Ia = csch7 w dw = 5 2
udv = uv vdu
Ia = csch5 wcothhw 5
csch7 w dw 5 csch5 w dw
Ib = csch5 w dw
udv = uv vdu
u = csch3 w du = 3csch3 wcothwdw
Ib = csch3 wcothhw 3
csch5 w dw 3 csch3 w dw
3 53
I = Ln7 csch7 w dw 8Ln7 csch3 w dw
1 9(7X 1) 15 (7X 1)
I = 2Ln7 (72X 2.7X 2)3 + 8Ln7 (72X 2.7X 2)2 + k
Ejemplo
Calcula utilizando sustitucin hiperblica
27 5(x2 2x+5)2
I= dx
(x2 2x+5)4
Solucin
27 5(x2 2x+5)2 dx dx
I= dx = 27 dx 5
(x2 2x+5)4 (x2 2x+5)4 (x2 2x+5)2
dx dx
I= 27 2 dx 5 2
(x 2x+5)8 (x 2x+5)4
I1 I2
dx dx
I = 27 5
(x1)2+22)8 ((x1)2+22)4
I1 I2
x1
x 1 = 2senhz senhz =
2
dx = 2coshzdz
(x 1)2 + 22 = 2coshz
Reemplazando los datos en la integral original
2coshzdz 2coshzdz
I = 27
5
28 cosh8z 24 cosh4 z
I1 I2
dz 5 dz
I=
cosh7z 8 cosh3 z
5
sech7 zdz + 8 sech3 zd z
I=
I1
I1 = sech5 zsech2 zdz
u = sech5 z du = 5sech5 ztghzdz
dv = sech2 zdz v = tghz
I1 = sech5 ztghz 5 sech5 z tgh2 zdz
I1 = sech5 ztghz + 5 sech5 z(1 sech2 z) dz
I1 = sech5 ztghz 5
sech7 zdz + 5 sech5 z dz
I1
6I1 = sech ztghz + 5 sech5 z dz
5
1 5
I1 = 6 sech5 ztghz + 6 5
sech z dz
IB
IB = sech5 z dz = sech3 zsech2 dz
1 3
IB = 4 tghzsech3 z + 4 sech3 zdz
Reemplazando
1 5 1 3
I1 = 6 sech5 ztghz + 6 (4 tghzsech3 z + 4 sech3zdz)
1 5 5
I1 = 6 sech5 ztghz + 24 tghzsech3 z + 8 sech3zdz
1 5 5 5
I = sech5 ztghz + tghzsech3 z + sech3 zdz sech3 zdz
6 24 8 8
1 5
I= sech5 ztghz + 3
tghzsech z
6 24
x1 2
tghz = ; sechz =
x2 2x+5 x2 2x+5
16 (x1) 5 (x1)
I= + +k
3 (x2 2x+5)3 3 (x2 2x+5)2
Ejemplo
5
I=16 (25x 2 + 10x 3)3 dx
Solucin
5
I= ((5x + 1)2 22 )3 dx
16
5x + 1 = 2Coshz
= 4
I = (2 )2
2 1 2
I = ( )
2
1
I = (2 2 22 + 1 )
4
1 1 1
I = 2 2 2 +
4 2 4
1 4 + 1 1 1
I = ( ) 2 +
4 2 4 4
1 1 1 1
I = 4 + 2 +
8 8 4 4
1 3 1
I= Sen4z + 2 +
32 8 4
Ejercicios complementarios
Ejemplo
dy
y2 y2 7
Solucin
1
y 2 . (y 2 7) 2 dy
1 1 3
u = (y 2 7) 2 du = (y 2 7) 2 dy
2
u2 = (y 2 7) (7 + u2 )1 = (y 2 )1
3
u3 = (y 2 7) 2
y2 .udu
= 2 3
(y2 7) 2
du
= 2 1
u2 (7+ 2 )
u
du 2 du 27
= 2 7u2 +1 = 1 2
= Arctg(7u)
7 u2 +( ) 7
7
27 7
I= Arctg ( 2 ) + k
7 y 7
Ejemplo
2 +1+
Halla = 3
+1
Sol:
+ 1 = 6 + 1 = 6
= 65
2
(6 1) +6
= 3 . 65
6
= 63 . [12 126 + 1 + 3 ]
= [615 129 + 63 + 66 ]
16 10 4 7
=6 12 +6 +6
16 10 4 7
3 8 6 5 3 2 6 7
() = 8 ( + 1) 3 5 ( + 1) 3 + 2 ( + 1) 3 + 7 ( + 1) 6 +
Ejemplo
Calcula =
1+
Solucin
= 2 = 43
43
=
1+2
= du = 2
3 . 2
= 4 = 4 3 .
= 4 ( 2 1)
= =
= 4 ( 2 1)
4
= 3 4 +
3
4
= ()3 4 +
3
4 3
= 3 [1 + 2 ] 41 + 2 + = 4
4 3
= 3 [1 + ] 41 + +
Ejemplo
[(+1)]
Halla =
(+1)
Solucin
( + 1) = ( + 1) =
().
= (+1).(+1)
= ()
.
= () =
1+ 2
= =
=
1 2
= ()
2 1+ 2
1
= () 2 ln|1 + 2 | + = ( + 1)
1
= ( + 1)(( + 1)) 2 ln|1 + 2 ( + 1)| +
Solucin
.
= ln() =
=
= 2 =
= . ln() .
= . ln() ( 2 1)
= . ln() 2 +
= . ln() + +
Ejemplo
Calcula
(. ( ) . + ( ) )
Solucin
Ordenando el problema
1
2. Antd ( 2 )
2.x.(Argtgh 1x2 )(1Argtgh1x2 )(1x2 )
Evaluamos:
2x
(Argtgh 1x2 ) (1(1x2 ))21x2 1
(Argtgh 1 x 2 ) = = =
2.Argtgh 1x2 2Argtgh 1x2 2.x (Argtgh1x2 )(1x2 )
F(x) = 2. ( ArcsenArgtgh1 x 2 ) + k
Ejemplo
Calcula
( . ( ) . ())
Solucin
4
Arctg z z2 4
Arctg z z2
= 2
sec 2 (Arctg z) sen (Arccos z) 1 + (Tg(Arctg z)) 2
1 (Cos(Arccos z))
4
Arctg z z2
=
1 + z2 1 z 2
1 1 z 2
I = arctg 4 z. . dz + . dz
1 + z2 1 z 2
1 1 4 5
I1 = arctg 4 z. 2
. dz = Arctg 4 z
1+z 5
z 2 (1 z 2 ) 1 1 z2 1
I2 = dz = dz = dz dz
1 z 2 1 z 2 1 z 2 1 z 2
dz
= 1 z 2 dz
1 z 2
1 1
I2 = z1 z 2 + Arcsen z Arcsen z
2 2
4 5 1 1
I= Arctg 4 z + z1 z 2 Arcsen z + k
5 2 2
Ejemplo
Calcula
. (+ ) . . . . . .
( .
+
)
Solucin
2 2 2
x. ex (1 + x 2 ) x 3 . ex . Cosh x 2 x 3 . ex . Sen x 2
I = ( + ) dx
Cos x 2 . Senh x 2 Cos x 2 . Senh2 x 2 cos2 x 2 . Senh x 2
2 2 2
x. ex (1 + x 2 ). Cos x 2 . Senh x 2 x 3 . ex . Cosh x 2 . Cos x 2 + x 3 . ex . Sen x 2 . Senh x 2
( ) dx
(Cos x 2 . Senh x 2 )2
2 2 2
1 Cos x 2 . Senh x 2 (2xex + 2x 3 . ex ) 2. x 3 . ex (Cos x 2 . Cosh x 2 Sen x 2 . Senh x 2 )
dx
2 (Cos x 2 . Senh x 2 )2
I
2 2 2
1 Cos x 2 . Senh x 2 (2xex + 2x 3 . ex ) x 2 . ex (2x. Cos x 2 . Cosh x 2 2x. Sen x 2 . Senh x 2 )
= dx
2 (Cosh x 2 . Senh x 2 )2
2 2
1 x 2 . ex 1 x 2 . ex
I = d( ) = +k
2 Cos x 2 . Senh x 2 2 Cos x 2 . Senh x 2
2
x 2 . ex
I= +k
2Cos x 2 . Senh x 2
Calcula
+
Solucin
Realizamos el cambio de variable
4
z = t + 16 z 4 = t + 16 t = z 4 16 dt = 4z 3 . dz
z 3
z4 z 4 16 + 16 1
I= 4
. 4z dz = 4 4
dz = 4 4
dz = 64 4 dz + 4 dz
z 16 z 16 z 16 z 16
1 1 1
I = 4z + 64 dz = 4z + 8 ( 2 2 ) dz
(z 2 2
4)(z + 4) z 4 z +4
dz dz
= 4z + 8 2 2
8 2
z 2 z + 22
z2 z
I = 4z + 2 ln | | 4 Arctg ( ) + k
z+2 2
4 4
4 t + 16 2 t + 16
I = 4. t + 16 + 2 ln | 4 | 4 Arctg ( )+k
t + 16 + 2 2
Ejemplo
Calcula:
= +
Calcula
+ .
.
Solucin
x
e2 5e3
I= x( ) dx
5 8
x
5e3
x ( )
5e3 8
u = x du = dx ; dv = ( ) dx v= 5e3
8 Ln( )
8
x
5e3
e2 x ( 8 ) e2 5e3
x
I= ( ) dx
5e3 5e3 8
5Ln ( 8 ) 5Ln ( 8 )
x x
5e3 5e3
e2 x ( ) e2 ( )
8 8
I= 5e3
5e3
+k
5Ln( ) 5Ln2 ( )
8 8
Ejemplo
Calcula
4 2 2 (2)(2coth 2)2 4 2 2 2(2tanh(2))2
= [ 2 2 ]
2 4((2tanh 2)(2coth 2)) 2 4((2tanh 2)(2coth 2))
Solucin
4 2 2 (2)(2coth 2)2
1 = 2
2 4((2tanh 2)(2coth 2))
4 2 2 2(2tanh(2))2
2 = 2
2 4((2tanh 2)(2coth 2))
Resolviendo la integrales 1
2 2
1 = 2 2(2tanh 2)2 = (2 cosh 2senh 2)2
=
1 senh 22 cosh 2
= 4 senh 2 = 4 2 2
1
= (2 cosh 2 senh 2)2 4 senh 2 = senh 22 cosh 2
1
1 =
4 senh 2(senh 22 cosh 2) 4 2 2
1
1 = 4 senh 2(senh 22 cosh 2) 8 2
Resolviendo la integrales 2
4 2 2 2(2tanh(2))2 2
2 = 2 = (2 senh 2cosh 2)2
2 4((2tanh 2)(2coth 2))
1
2 = 4 senh 2(senh 22 cosh 2) 8 2
= 1 2
1 1
= 4 senh 2(senh 22 cosh 2) 8 2 4 senh 2(senh 22 cosh 2) + 8 2 +
Ejemplo
= (cos + csc )2
2
= (cos + csc )2
2
= (sin x)2
(cos + csc )2
(sin x)2
2 (csc )2
= (cot + (csc )2 )2
cot + (csc )2
u= =
cot (cot )2
1
dv=(cot + (csc )2 )2 (-2x) (csc )2 cot = cot + (csc )2
1 (cot + (csc )2 )
I=-2 ( cot (cot + (csc )2 ) + (cot + (csc )2 ) (cot )2
1
I= ( + tan ) +
2 cot (cot + (csc )2 )
Ejemplo
3 4
2 +8+16
= 16+4
3
+4
I = 2 4
(+4)
1
I= (4 + )1/2
4
binomio diferencial
1 1 +1 1+1
m=1, n=2 , = 2
= 1 =4
2
4+ 1/2 = 2 = + 4
1
1/2 = 2 4 2 1/2 dx = 2zdz dx = 4z 1/2 dz
1
I=4 xz 1 4z 1/2 dz = ( 2 4)3 = ( 6 12 4 + 48 2 64)
1 12 5 1 12
I=7 7 5
+ 16 3 64+kI = 7 ( + 4)7 5 ( + 4)5 + 16( + 4)3 +
64 + 4+k
EJEMPLO4
sin cos
Z=tan 2
2
dx=1+2
2
sin = 1+2
1 2
cos =
1+ 2
2
2 12
(1+ 2 )( )
1+2 1+2
2 2 2
2 +21= (+1)2 2 = (+1)2 (2)2
1 +1+2
I= ln | +1 2 | +
2
1 tan +12
I= 2 ln | 2 |+
tan +1+2
2
Problema 1
Calcule: I = 5 (3)
I = 3 (3) . 2 (3) dx
u = 3(3) du = -93(3) (3)
1
v = 2 (3) dx v = - 3 ctgh(3x)
1
I=- 3 (3) ctgh(3x) 3 3 (3) . (2 (3) + 1)
3
1
I=- 3 (3) ctgh(3x) 3I 3 3 (3)
3
1 3
I=- 3 (3) ctgh(3x) 3 (3)
12 4
U = csch(3x) dU = -3.csch(3x).ctgh(3x) dx
1
dV = csch(3x) dx V = - 3 ctgh(3x)
1
IA = - csch(3x) ctgh(3x) - csch(3x) . ctgh2 (3x)
3
1
IA = - csch(3x) ctgh(3x) - csch(3x) . (csch2 (3x) + 1)
3
1
IA = - csch(3x) ctgh(3x) - IA - csch(3x)
3
1
2IA = - csch(3x) ctgh(3x) - csch(3x)
3
1 1 2 1 1 33
IA = - csch(3x) ctgh(3x) 3 3 = - csch(3x) ctgh(3x) 2
6 2 6 3 3 1
1 1 3 1
IA = - csch(3x) ctgh(3x) - 6 | |
6 3 +1
1 1 1 3 1
Por lo tanto: I = - 3 (3) ctgh(3x) + csch(3x) ctgh(3x) + | 3 | +
12 8 8 +1
Ejemplo
(9x2 3x+m)
Encuentre el valor de m para que la siguiente integral
x
x dx sea
(3e 4 x+2e 4 )4
integrable utilizando funciones elementales.
2 (9x2 +12x+412x3x4+k)
x (9x 3x+k)
I=e dx = ex dx
(3x+2)4 (3x+2)4
2 2
x [(3x+2) 15x4+k] x [(3x+2) 15x10+6+k]
I=e dx = e dx
(3x+2)4 (3x+2)4
2
x [(3x+2) 5(3x+2)+6+k]
I=e dx
(3x+2)4
ex ex ex
I= dx - 5 dx + (6 + k) (3x+2)4 dx
(3x+2)2 (3x+2)3
ex 6
I1 = dx ; u = (3x + 2)2 du =(3x+2)3 dx; dv = ex dx v = ex
(3x+2)2
ex ex
Sea I1 : I1 = 2
+ 6 dx
(3x+2) (3x+2)3
ex ex ex
I = (3x+2)2 + (3x+2)3 dx + (6 + k) (3x+2)4 dx
ex 9
Sea IA : (3x+2)3 dx, donde: u = (3x + 2)3 du =
(3x+2)4
dx
dv = ex dx v= ex
ex ex
IA = + 9 dx
(3x + 2)3 (3x + 2)4
ex ex ex
I = (3x+2)2 + (3x+2)3 + (6 + 9 + k) (3x+2)4 dx
ex (3x+2)
Por lo tanto: I = +k
(3x+2)2
() () ()
= [() + ] = () +
() () ()
..
Ejemplo
Calcula
2 3 + 2
2 6 + 11
Solucin
2 3 + 2 51 134
= 2 + 12 +
2 6 + 11 2 6 + 11
51134
= (2 + 12) +
2 6+11
..
134
= 2 + 12 + 51 2 6+11
51
Ejemplo:
Calcula:
8 7 +28 3
8 +6 4 +25
Solucin:
1 x4 +3
I = ln(x 8 + 6x 4 + 25) + Arctan ( ) +K
4 4
Ejemplo:
Calcula:
3x5 +16x3 +23x
dx
x4 +4x2 +5
Solucin:
3 5 +16 3 +23 4 3 +8
= 3 + 4 +4 2 +5
4 +4 2 +5
3 5 +16 3 +23 4 3 +8
= = 3 + 4 +4 2 +5
4 +4 2 +5
3 2
= + ( 4 + 4 2 + 5) +
2
Primer caso
Si ()
()
(1 +1 )(2 +2 )(3 +3 ).( + )
=
1 2 3
= ( + ( + ( + + (
1 +1 ) 2 +2 ) 3 +3 ) + )
()
2 = ( )(
| x= 2
1 +1 3 +3 )( + ) 2
.
()
= ( | x=
1 +1 )(2 +2 )(3 +3 )(1 +1 )
( , )
(, )[()()(+)(+)]
Solucin
1
= [(5)(7)(+6)(+4)504]
1 (3)3 (+7)
= 750 |(+2)3 (8)| +
Ejemplo
(2 4 + 6 2 )
8 + 6 6 5 4 42 2 + 40
Hacemos el siguiente cambio de variable:
= 2 (1)
= 2 2
=
2 2
Reemplazamos:
(2 2 + 6)
( 4 + 6 3 5 2 42 + 40)(2)
Por el mtodo de Ruffini factorizamos el denominador:
1 6 -5 -42 40
1 1 7 2 -40
1 7 2 -40 0
-4 -4 -12 40
1 3 -10 0
2 2 10
1 5 0
-5 -5
1 0
Factorizando tenemos
( + 3)
=
( 1)( + 4)( 2)( + 5)
Fracciones parciales:
(+3)
(1)(+4)(2)(+5)
= 1 + +4 + 2 + +5
= ( + + + )
1 +4 2 +5
Hallamos A, B, C y D
( + 3) 2
= | = 1 =
( + 4)( 2)( + 5) 15
( + 3) 1
= | = 4 =
( 1)( 2)( + 5) 30
( + 3) 5
= | = 2 =
( 1)( + 4)( + 5) 42
( + 3) 2
= | = 5 =
( 1)( + 4)( 2) 42
= ( + + + )
1 +4 2 +5
Reemplazamos A, B, C y D
2 1 5 2
= + + +
15( 1) 30( + 4) 42( 2) 42( + 5)
2( 1) ( + 4) 5( 2) 2( + 5)
= + +
15 30 42 42
1 ((2)25 (+5)10 )
= | (1)28 (+4)7 | + .(2)
210
1 (( 2 2)25 ( 2 + 5)10 )
= | |+
210 ( 2 1)28 ( 2 + 4)7
Ejemplo:
Solucin
(2)
(+2)
(cosht2)senhtdt
senh2 t(cosht+2)
; senh2 t = cosh2 t 1
(cosht2)senht dt
(cosht1)(cosht+1)(cosht+2)
z = cosht dz = senhtdt
(z2)dz
(z1)(z+1)(z+2)
z2 1 1
A= | z=1 A= =
(z+1)(z+2) 2.3 6
z2 3 3
B = (z1)(z+2) || z=1 B = (2).1 = 2
2 4 4
= (1)(+1) || =2 = (3).(1) = 3
2 1 1 3 1 4 1
(1)(+1)(+2)
= 6 . 1 + 2 . +1 3 . +2
1 3 4
= (1) + (+1) (+2)
6 2 3
1 3 4
= 6 ln| 1| + 2 ln| + 1| 3 ln| + 2| +
1
= 6 ln| 1|1 . | + 1|9 . | + 2|8 +
1 (+1)9
= ln | |+
6 (1)(+2)8
1 (+1)9
= 6 ln |(1)(+2)8 | +
Ejercicio
Calcula:
2 4 +6 2
8 +6 65 442 2+40
Segundo Caso
( )
Si q y m son enteros positivos
()
(1 ) (+2 ) (+3 )(+4 )
1
= (1 )
+ (2 )2 + (3 3 + + ( ) +
1 1) 1
1 3
+ (+2 )
+ (+2 )2 + (+2 )3
+ + (+2 )
+
2
1
+ (+ )
+ (+2
3 4)
Ejemplo:
Calcula
6dx
x(x2 1)3 (x4 +x2 +1)3
Solucin:
Ordenando el integrando
6x5 dx
x6 (x6 1)3
= 6 = 6 5
Remplazando en la integral original
(1)3
1 = ( 1)3 + ( 1)2 + ( 1) +
= 0 1 = + 0 + 0 + 0 = 1
= 11 =0+0+0+ =1
= 1 1 = 8 4 + 2 1 2 + = 3 . ()
= 2 1 = 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + = 0 . . ()
() (): 3 = 3 = 1 ; = 1
1 1 1 1 1
(1)3
=
+ 1 + (1)2 + (1)3
= (1)3 =
+ 1 (1)2 + (1)3
1 1
= ln|| + ln| 1| + (1) 2(1)2 +
1 2(1)1
= ln | | + 2(1)2 +
1 23
= ln |
| + 2(1)2 +
6 1 2 6 3
= ln | 6 | + 2( 6 1)2
+
Ejemplo
Calcula:
3+3 2+3 +1
Solucin:
( 3+3 2+3 +1)
1
= + + 2 +
(+1)3 +1 (+1) (+1)3
1 1 1 1 1
= 2
(+1)3 +1 (+1) (+1)3
I= ( + 1)2 ( + 1)3
+1
1 1
I=|| | + 1| + + +
+1 2(+1)2
2+2+1
= | |+ +
+1 2(+1)2
2 +3
= | |+ +
+1 2( +1)2
Tercer caso:
()
()
( + + )( + + )( + + )( + + )
=
+ + + +
= (
+(
+(
++ ( + + )
+ + ) + + ) + + )
() = (1 + 1 )(2 2 + 2 + 2 )(3 2 + 3 + 3 ) ( 2 + + ) +
(2 + 2 )(1 2 + 1 + 1 )(3 2 + 3 + 3 ) ( 2 + + ) +
+( + )(1 2 + 1 + 1 )(2 2 + 2 + 2 ) (1 2 + 1 + 1 )
1 , 2 , 3 ; 1 , 2 , 3 .Se calculan algebraicamente, ordenando
el polinomio del segundo miembro en forma decreciente y al comparar los respectivos
coeficientes se forman un sistema de ecuaciones que nos permiten calcular los coeficientes
desconocidos.
CUARTO CASO:
()
()
(1 2 +1 +1 ) (2 2 +2 +2 )
=
1 + 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 +
2
+ 2 2
+ 2 3
+ + +
1 + 1 + 1 (1 + 1 + 1 ) (1 + 1 + 1 ) (1 + 1 + 1 )
2
1 + 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 +
+ 2
+ 2 2
+ 2 3
+ +
2 + 2 + 2 (2 + 2 + 2 ) (2 + 2 + 2 ) (2 2 + 2 + 2 )
= 2 4()() < 0
1 , 2 , 3 ; 1 , 2 , 3 ; ; 1 , 2 , 3 ; 1 , 2 , 3 . Se
calculan algebraicamente.
Criterio de Hermite
Se igualan los numeradores para formar un sistema de ecuaciones que nos permitan
calcular los valores de los coeficientes desconocidos. En la nueva integral al reemplazar
los coeficientes hallados se calcula por fracciones parciales que es mucho ms simple
que la integral original.
Ejemplo
Calcula utilizando criterio de Hermite
3 +1
I= dx
( 2 +2)2
Solucion:
Por Hermite se cumple:
3 +1 + +
= +
( 2 +2)2 2 +2 2 +2
3 + 1 = 2 + 2 2 2 2 + ( + 1)( 2 + 2)
3 + 1 = 2 + 2 2 2 2 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 2
3 + 1 = 3 + ( + ) 2 + (2 + 2) + (2 + 2)
C=1
-A+D=0 D=A
1
-2B+2C=1 -2B+2=1 B=2
1 1
2+2D=-1 4A=-1 A=- 4 , D= - 4
1 1 1
3 +1 +
( 2 +2)2dx= 4
2 +2
2
+ 2 +2
4
dx
1 1
3 +1 + 1 1
( 2 +2)2dx= 4
2 +2
2
+ 2 +2 4 2 +2dx
2 1 1
= + ln ( 2 + 2) arctg ( )+k
4( 2 +2) 2 42 2
Ejemplo
Calcula:
2
( 8 +8 6 +24 4 +32 2 +20)2
Solucin
2
I=
[( 2 +2)4 +4]2
Haciendo el siguiente cambio de variable
= 2 + 2 = 2
Reemplazando en la integral original
=
( 4 +4)2
1 4+ 4 4 1 1 4
= = 4 4 2 .(1)
4 ( 4 +4)2 4 +4 4 ( +4)
Calculando
4
=
( 4 +4)2
= =
1 1
= ( 4 + 4)2 4 3 =
4 4( 4 +4)
1
= + 4 .(2)
4( 4 +4) 4 +4
3
= +
16( 4 +4) 16 4 +4
Calculando
=
4 +4
4 + 4 = 4 + 4 2 + 4 4 2 = ( 2 + 2)2 4 2 = ( 2 2 + 2)( 2 +
2 + 2)
Utilizando la tcnica de la descomposicin en sus fracciones sencillas
1 + +
= + ; 1 = 4 4(1)(2) = 4 < 0
( 2 2+2)( 2 +2+2) ( 2 2+2) ( 2 +2+2)
1 = ( + )( 2 + 2 + 2) + ( + )( 2 2 + 2)
1 = ( + ) 3 + (2 + 2 + ) 2 + (2 + 2 + 2 2) + (2 + 2)
+ = 0 =
2 + 2 + = 0 4 + + = 0
2 + 2 + 2 2 = 0 =
1 1
2 + 2 = 1 4 = 1 = ; =
4 4
1 1
4 + + = 0 4 + 2 = 0 = ; =
8 8
1 1 1 1
1 + +
= 8 4
+ 8 4
4 +4 2 2+2 2 +2+2
1 1 1 1
1 8+4 8
+4
4 +4 = 2 2+2 + 2 +2+2
1 2 1 +2
= 2 + 2
8 2+2 8 +2+2
1 222 1 2+2+2
= + 2
16 2 2+2 16 +2+2
1 22 1 1 1 2+2
= + 2 + 2 +
16 2 2+2 8 2+2 16 +2+2
1
8 2 +2+2
1 1 1
= | 2 2 + 2| + 2 + | 2 + 2 +
16 8 (1) +1 16
1
2| +
8 (+1)2 +1
1 2 +2+2 1 1
= | | + ( 1) + ( + 1) +
16 2 2+2 8 8
Ejemplo
Calcula:
15 12 +9 6 +3 1
[ 9 + 2 ]2
6 3 +1
Solucin
( 15 12 + 9 )( 6 3 +1)
9 + 2
6 3 +1
9 ( 6 3 +1)( 6 3 +1)
9 + 2
6 3 +1
( 6 3 +1)( 9 1)
9 + 2 = 9 1 9 + 2 = 2 1
6 3 +1
= (0)(1)2
(+1)2
Utilizando el mtodo de descomposicin de fracciones parciales
1
(0)(1)2 (+1)2
= + + + +
1 (1)2 (+1) (+1)2
1
= 1 1 = (1)(4) = 4
9 1
= 2 1 = 9 + 18 + 2 + 6 2 12 = 18 + 6 3 + = 2.(1)
1 9
= 2 1 = 9 + 6 2 + 18 + 2 12 = 6 + 18 + 3 = 2..(2)
1 1
Restando: 8 = 4 = ; =
2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1
(0)(1)2 (+1)2
= + 2
+ 4
+ 2
+ 4
1 (1)2 (+1) (+1)2
(0)(1)2 (+1)2
1 1 1 1
= + 2
+ 4
+ 2
+ 4
1 (1)2 (+1) (+1)2
1 1 1 1
= || | 1| | + 1| + +
2 4(1) 2 4(+1)
1 2 2
= | | +
2 2 1 4( 2 1)
Ejemplo
Calcula por el mtodo de Hermite la siguiente integral indefinida
2+4+2 2 4
=
6 +8 4 +16 2
Solucin
6 + 8 4 + 16 2 = 2 ( 4 + 8 2 + 16) = 2 ( 2 + 4)2
2+4+2 2 4 2 ++ 2 ++
(0)2( 2+4)2 = ( 2 +4)
+
( 2 +4)
2+4+2 2 4
=
2 ( 2 +4)2
2 4 + 3 +8 2 +43 4 4 2 3 3 43 2 4+( 2 ++)( 3 +4)
2 ( 2 +4)2
2+4+2 2 4
=
2 ( 2 +4)2
=
2 4 + 3 +8 2 +43 4 4 2 3 3 43 2 4+ 5 +4 3 + 4 +4 2 + 3 +4
2 ( 2 +4)2
4 + 2 2 + 4 + 2 = 5 + ( + ) 4 + (2 + 4 + ) 3 +
(4 3 + 4) 2 +
(4) + (4)
=0
+ = 1 = 1
2 + 4 + = 0 = 2
4 3 + 4 = 2
1
4 = 4 =1 =2
1
4 = 2 =
2
1
4 3 + 4 = 2 4 + 4 = 2
= 1 = 1
1 9 9 7
4 + 4( 1) = 2 8 = 2 = 16 ; = 16
9 2 1 1 7
2+4+2 2 4 + +1
(0)2( 2+4)2 = 16 2
( 2 +4)
2
+
16
( 2 +4)
.(1)
7
16+1
=
( 2 +4)
7
16+1 +
= +
( 2 +4) 2 +4
7
+ 1 = 2 + 4 + 2 +
16
7
+ 1 = ( + ) 2 + + 4
16
+ = 0 =
7
=
16
1 1
4 = 1 = ; =
4 4
1 1 7
416
= + 4
2 +4
1 1 7
= | | ( 2 + 4) ( )
4 8 32 2
1 2 7
= | | ( ) ..(2)
8 2 +4 32 2
Ejemplos
Calcula:
8
a) (ln8 16)
3 3
4( )4 7( )2 +4
b)
3 3 3
([16 ( )8 17( )4 +16] 2 )
Solucin:
8
a) = (ln8 16)
=
4 4
4 +4
1 2
1 = 4 4 ; 2= 4 +4
1 = (2 2)(2 +2)
1 1 1
1 = 4 ( 2 2 2 +2)
1 1
1 = 4 2 2 4 2 +2
1 ln 2 1
1 = ln | | 4 2 ( )
82 ln +2 2
2 ln 2 2 2ln
1 = 16 ln |ln + 2| 8
( 2
)
2 = 4 +4 = (2 2+2)(2 +2+2)
4 + 4 = 4 + 4 2 + 4 4 2 = ( 2 + 2)2 4 2
4 + 4 = ( 2 2 + 2)( 2 + 2 + 2)
1 = ( + )( 2 + 2 + 2) + ( + )( 2 2 + 2)
1 = ( + ) 3 + (2 + 2 + ) 2 + (2 + 2 + 2 2) + (2 + 2)
+ = 0 =
2 + 2 + = 0 4 + + = 0
2 + 2 + 2 2 = 0 2 + 2 2 2 =
1 1
2 + 2 = 1 4 = 1 = 4 ; = 4
1 1 1
4 + 2 = 0 = 8 ; = 8
1 1 1 1
1 + +
( 2 2+2)( 2 +2+2)
= 8 4
+ 8 4
2 2+2 2 +2+2
1 +2 +2
( 2 2+2)( 2 +2+2)
= + 2
8( 2 2+2) 8( +2+2)
Integrando
1 2 1 +2
2 = (2 2+2)(2 +2+2) = 8 2 2+2 + 8 2 +2+2
1 24 1 2+4
2 = 16 2 2+2 + 16 2 +2+2
1 (22) 1 2 1 (2+2) 1 2
2 = 16 2 2+2 16 2 2+2 + 16 2 +2+2 + 16 2 +2+2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 = 16 ln| 2 2 + 2| + 8 2 2+2 + 16 ln| 2 + 2 + 2| + 8 2 +2+2
1 2 +2+2 1 1
2 = 16 ln |2 2+2| + 8 (1)2 +1 + 8 (+1)2 +1
1 2 +2+2 1 1
2 = 16 ln |2 2+2| + 8 ( 1) + 8 ( + 1) +
1 ln2 +2 ln +2 1 1
2 = 16 ln |ln2 2 ln +2| + 8 (ln 1) + 8 (ln + 1) +
Remplazando 1 2 en
2 ln 2 2 2ln 1 ln2 + 2 ln + 2 1 1
= ln | | ( ) ln | 2 | (ln 1) (ln + 1
16 ln + 2 8 2 16 ln 2 ln + 2 8 8
+
3 3
4( )4 7( )2 +4
b) 3
3 3
[16 ( )8 17( )4 +16] 2
Solucin
2
3 3 1 3
= = =
3
4 4 7 2 +4
= 3 8
16 17 4 +16
16 8 + 32 4 + 16 17 4 32 4 = (4 4 + 4)2 49 4
(4 4 7 2 + 4) (4 4 + 7 2 + 4)
4 4 7 2 +4
(4 4 7 2 +4) (4 4 +7 2 +4)
= 3 4 2 (1)
(4 +7 +4)
4 4 + 8 2 + 4 2 = (2 2 + 2)2 2 = (2 2 + 2)(2 2 +
+ 2)
= (2)
(2 2 +2)(2 2 ++2)
1 + +
= +
(2 2 +2)(2 2 ++2) 2 2 ++2 2 2 +2
1 = ( + )(2 2 + 2) + ( + )( 2 2 + + 2)
1 = (2 + 2 ) 3 + ( + 2 + + 2) 2 + (2 + 2 +
) + (2 + 2)
2 + 2 = 0 =
+ 2 + + 2 = 0 2 + 2 + 2 = 0 + +
=0
2 + 2 + = 0 =
1 1
2 + 2 = 1 4 = 1 = ; =
4 4
1 1
= ; =
2 2
1 1 1 1
+ +
= 2
2
4
+ 2
2
4
2 ++2 2 +2
1 2+1 1 21
= 2 2
4 2 ++2 4 2 +2
1 4+1+1 1 411
= 2 2
8 2 ++2 8 2 +2
1 4+1 1 +1
= 2 + 2
8 2 ++2 8 2 ++2
1 41 1 1
2 + 2
8 2 +2 8 2 +2
1
= |2 2 + + 2| +
8
Ejemplo
Calcula:
tanh tanh3
1) tanh4 4 tanh3 19 tanh2 46 tanh +120
Solucin:
Haciendo un cambio de variable
u = tanhx
= sech2x dx ; 1 tanh2x = sech2x.
4 + 43 192 46 + 120
Factorizando el denominador por Rufini:
1 4 -19 -46 120
2 2 12 -14 -120
1 6 -7 -60 0
3 3 27 60
1 9 20 0
2 + 9 + 20 = (u + 4)(u + 5)
(u 2)(u 3)(u + 4)(u+5)
= + + +
(2)(3)(+4)(+5) 2 3 +4 +5
A=
(3)(+4)(+5)
U=2
1 U=2
A=
21
B=
(2)(+4)(+5) u=3
3 3 U=3
B= =
(1)(7)(8) 56
2 5
C = ,D=
21 56
1 3 2 3 5
I = 21
+ 56
+ 21
+ 56
+ 56
2 3 +4 +5 +5
1 3 5 2
I = Ln| 2| + Ln| 3| + Ln| + 4| - Ln| + 5| +K
21 56 56 21
1 (3)9 (+4)15
= | |+ +.
21.18 (2)8 (+5)16
Ejemplo
Calcula:
3+3 2+3 +1
Solucin:
3
( + 3 2 + 3 + 1)
Haciendo cambio de variable
ex=Z ex dx= dz
1
( 3+3 2+3+1) = (+1)3
1
= + + +
(+1)3 +1 (+1)2 (+1)3
1 = ( + 1)3 + ( + 1)2 + ( + 1) +
= - - ( + 1)2 - ( + 1)3
+1
1 1
I = Ln|| - Ln| + 1| + + +K
+1 2(+1)2
1 1
= | |+ + +
+1 +1 2( +1)2
Ejemplo
Calcula la siguiente integral indefinida
32
= 4 4
( 7 +64 3 )(64)
Solucin
32
= 4 4 ..(1)
( 7 +64 3 )(64)
= 4 = 4 .(2)
= 4 3 ..(3)
Reemplazando (2),(3) en (1)
32.4 3 128
= =
( 7 +64 3 )( 4 64) ( 4 +64)( 4 64)
1 1 1 1
= [ ] =
4 64 4 +64 4 64 4 +64
1 2
1 1 1 1
1 = 4 = 2 = [ 2 2 ]
64 ( 8)( 2 +8) 16 8 +8
1 1
1 = 2(2 2+(2
16 2 )2 16 2 )2
1 22 1
1 = | | ( )
642 +22 322 22
4 4
1 22 1
1 = | 4 | ( )
642 +22 322 22
1
2 =
4 +64
4 + 16 2 + 64 16 2 = ( 2 + 8)2 16 2 = ( 2 4 + 8)( 2 + 4 + 8)
1 + +
= +
( 2 4+8)( 2 +4+8) 2 4+8 2 +4+8
1 = ( + )( 2 + 4 + 8) + ( + )( 2 4 + 8)
1 = ( + ) 3 + (4 + 4 + ) 2 + (8 + 4 + 8 4 ) + (8 +
8)
+ = 0 =
4 + 4 + = 0
8 + + = 0
8 + 4 + 8 4 = 0
=
8 + 8 = 1
1 1
8 + 8 = 1 16 = 1 = ; =
16 16
2 1 1
8 + =0 = =
16 64 64
1 1 1 1
+ +
2 = 64 16
+ 64 16
2 4+8 2 4+8
1 4 1 (2+4)+4
2 = + 2
64 2 4+8 64 4+8
1 (24)4 1 (2+4)+4
2 = 24+8 + 128 24+8
128
1 (2 4) 1 1 1 (2 + 4)
2 = 2 +
128 4 + 8 32 ( 2)2 + 22 128 2 4 + 8
1 1
+
32 ( + 2)2 + 22
1 1 2 1
2 = | 2 4 + 8| + ( )+ | 2 + 4 + 8| +
128 64 2 128
1 +2
( )+
64 2
4 4 4
1 +4 +8 1 2 1 +2
2 = | 4 |+ ( )++ ( )+
128 4 +8 64 2 64 2
4 4 4
1 22 1 1
+ 4 + 8
= | 4 | ( )+ | |
642 + 22 322 22 128 4
4 + 8
4 4
1 2 1 +2
+ ( )+ ( )+
64 2 64 2
Ejemplo
Solucin
( 2 )3 + 4( 2 )2 + 13( 2 )1 + 18
1 4 13 18
-2 -2 -4 -18
1 2 9 0
6 + 4 4 + 13 2 + 18 = ( 2 + 2)( 4 + 2 2 + 9)
9 1 2
= =
( 2 +2)( 4 +2 2 +9) 2 +2 4 +2 2 +9
1 2
= ( )
.(1)
2 2 4 +2 2 +9
1
2
1 = 4 2
+2 +9
2 + +
= +
( 2 2+3)( 2 +2+3) 2 2+3 2 +2+3
2 = ( + )( 2 + 2 + 3) + ( + )( 2 2 + 3)
2 = ( + ) 3 + (2 + 2 + ) 2 + ( 3 + 2 + 3 2 ) + 3 +
3
+ = 0 =
2 + 2 + = 1 4 + + = 1
3 + 2 + 3 2 = 0 =
1 1
3 + 3 = 0 = ; = = 0; = ; =
4 4
1 1
2
= 4
4
( 2 2+3)( 2 +2+3) 2 2+3 2 +2+3
2 1 (22) 1 1 (2+2)
(2 2+3)(2 +2+3) = 8 2 2+3 + 4 (1)2+( 2 +
2 )2 8 +2+3
1
4
2
(+1)2 +2
1 1 1 1
1 = ( 2 2 + 3) ( 2 + 2 + 3) + ( )+
8 8 4 2 2
1 +1
+ ( )
4 2 2
1 2 2+3 1 1 1 +1
1 = ( )+ ( )+ ( ) (2)
8 2 +2+3 4 2 2 4 2 2
1 1 1 1 +1 1 2 2+3
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 8 2 +2+3
Mtodo prctico
()
I=
()
()
= 0 () ; 0 () = ( )
()
1 [0 ()]
= | ; = 1, 2, 3 , ( 1)
( )! =
Ejemplo
Calcula la siguiente integral indefinida:
x2
I= dx
(x 2)4
Solucin:
2 1 2 3 4
= + + +
( 2) 4 2 ( 2) 2 ( 2) 3 ( 2)4
2
4 = ( 2)4 (2)4 = 4
2
1 43 [ 2 ]
3 = (43)! | = 2 = 4
43 =2
1 2 [ 2 ]
2 = (42)! | =1
2 =2
1 3 [ 2 ]
1 = (41)! | =0
3 =2
0 1 4 4
= + + +
2 ( 2)2 ( 2)3 ( 2)4
1 2 4
= + + +
2 ( 2) 2 3( 2)3
Ejemplo
Calcula la siguiente integral indefinida:
2 4 + 5
=
2 ( 2 9)
Solucin:
2 4 + 5 2 4 + 5 1 2 3 4
= = + 2+ +
( 9)
2 2 ( 3)( + 3)
2 3 +3
2 4 + 5 13
4 = ( + 3) =
3 ( 3)( + 3)
2 27
2 4 + 5 1
3 = ( 3) =
3 ( 3)( + 3) 27
2
2 4 + 5 5
2 = ( 2 ) =
0 ( 3)( + 3)
2 9
1 2 4 + 5
1 = [ ]|
(2 1)! ( 2 9)
=0
( 2 9)(2 4) (2)( 2 4 + 5) 4
1 = | =
( 2 9)2 9
=0
4 5 1 13
= 9 + 9 + 27 + 27
2 3 +3
4 5 1 13
= ln|| + + ln| 3| ln| + 3| +
9 9 27 27
Ejemplo
Calcula la siguiente integral indefinida:
2
=
( 2 4)2
Solucin:
2 2 1 2 3 4
= = + + +
( 2 4)2 ( 2)2 ( + 2)2 ( 2)1 ( 2)2 ( + 2)1 ( + 2)2
2 1
4 = ( + 2)2 =
2 ( 2) ( + 2)
2 2 4
1 2
3 = [ ]|
(2 1)! ( 2)2 =2
2 1
2 = ( 2)2 =
2 ( 2) ( + 2)
2 2 4
1 2
1 = [ ]|
(2 1)! ( + 2)2 =2
24256 1 1
4 + 4 ]
= [ +
( 2)1 ( 2)2 ( + 2)2
24 1 1
= ln| 2| + +
256 4( 2) 4( + 2)
Ejemplo
2x4 x3 +2
Halla la siguiente integral indefinida:I = x2 (x2 +1)2 dx
Solucin:
2x 4 x 3 + 2 (2x 4 + 2x 2 ) (x 3 + x) (2x 2 + 2) + (x + 4)
= 2 2 dx = dx
x (x + 1)2 x 2 (x 2 + 1)2
2x 2 (x 2 + 1) x(x 2 + 1) 2(x 2 + 1) x+4
I = [ 2 2 + ] dx
x (x + 1)2 x 2 (x 2 + 1)2 x 2 (x 2 + 1)2 x 2 (x 2 + 1)2
2 1 2 x+4
I= dx 2 dx 2 2 dx + 2 2 dx
(x2 + 1) x(x + 1) x (x + 1) x (x + 1)2
1 x 1 1
I = 2 Arctg(x) ( )dx 2 ( 2 2 )dx + I4
x x2 +1 1 x x +1
1 x dx dx
I = 2Arctgx dx + 2 dx 2 2 + 2 2 + I4
x x +1 x x +1
1 2
I = 2Arctgx ln|x| + ln|x 2 + 1 |+ + 2Arctgx + I3
2 x
x 2
I = 4arctgx ln | | + + I3
1 + x 2 x
x+4
I3 = 4 dx
x 2 (1 + x 2 )
x = tan
dx = sec 2 d
1 + x 2 = sec
tan + 4 tan + 4
I3 = sec 2 d = d
2 4
tan sec tan2 sec 2
sen
+ 4 d = cos d + 4cos d
3 4
I3 = cos
sen2 1 sen sen2
2 2
cos cos
cos (1 sen2 ) 4cos 2 (1 sen2 )
I3 = d + d
sen sen2
cos cos 2
I3 = [ cos sen ] d + 4 [ 2 cos 2 ] d
sen sen
x 2 1 x2 4 x
I = 2 arctan(x) ln | | + + 2 arctan(x) + ln | |+
1 + x 2 x
1 + x 2 4(1 + x 2 ) x
2x
6arctan(x)
1 + x2
2x x 1 x2 4
I = 4arctgx ln | | + + ln | |+ 2
6arctan(x)
1 + x 2 x 1 + x 2 4(1 + x ) x
2x
1 + x2
2 x2 + 8x 1
I = 2 arctan(x) +k
x 4(1 + x2 )
1) Calcula
Solucin:
(ln5 ln4 +ln2 ln +1) ln 2 (ln5 ln4 +ln2 ln +1) 2ln
(ln7 +ln2 +1)(ln2 ln +1)
= (ln7 +ln2 +1)(ln2 ln +1)
Reemplazando en la integral
( 5 4 + 2 +1)2 ( 5 4 + 2 +1)2
( 7 +2 +1)(2 +1) = ( 7 4 + 4 + 2 +1)(2 +1)
( 5 4 + 2 +1)2 ( 5 4 + 2 +1)2
( 4 (3 1)+(4 +22 +1) 2 )(2 +1) = (4 (1)(2 ++1)+(2 +1)2 2 )(2 +1)
( 5 4 + 2 +1)2
( 4 (1)(2 ++1)+(2 +1)( 2 ++1))(2 +1)
( 5 4 + 2 +1)2 ( 5 4 + 2 +1)2
( 4 (1)+2 +1)(2 ++1)( 2 +1) = ( 5 4 +2 +1)(2 ++1)( 2 +1)
2 1 1
( 2 ++1)(2 +1) = ( 2 +1 2 ++1) = 2 +1 2 ++1
2 21 2 2+1
2 2 = ( 3 ) 3 ( 3 ) +
1 2 3 1 2 3 3
( ) +( ) (+ ) +( )
2 2 2 2
Ejemplo
Calcula
2
4 + 0.75 22+44
Solucin:
2 2 2
4(4+32+4) = 4+32+4)
2
I=
4 +3 2 +4
B=0
1
C= 2
;D = 0
1
I = 2 + 12 2
2 ++2 +2
1 (2+1)1 1 21+1
I= + 2
4 2 ++2 4 +2
1 1 1 21 1
I = ln| 2 + + 2| + 1
+ 2 + 1
4 4 (+ )2 +( )2 4 +2 4 ( )2 +( )2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2+1 1 1 21
I = ln| 2 + + 2| + ( ) + ln| 2 + 2| + ( ),
4 27 7 4 27 7
z = tanx
1 1 2+1 1
I = ln|2 + + 2| + ( ) + ln|2 + 2| +
4 27 7 4
1 21
( )
27 7
Reduciendo:
1 2 +2 1 2+1 1 21
= ln | |+ ( )+ ( )+
4 2 ++2 27 7 27 7
Ejemplo:
Calcule
( 2 2+1)2
Solucin:
2 ++ +
4
= + dx
(1) (1)3 (1)
1=2A 3 2 2 + 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 + 4 3 3 +
3 2 + 3 3 2 + 3
1=D 4 + ( 3 + ) 3 + (2 2 + 3 3) 2 +
( 3 + 3)
D=0
-A-3D+E=0E=A
5
-2A-2B+3D-3E=0 -5A=2B B=-
2
5 11 11
-B-3C-D+3E=0 -3C+3A=0 =3C C=
2 2 6
E = - 1; D = 0
5
A= - 1 B=
2
11
C= -
6
5 11
2 +
2 6
= -
( 2 2+1)2 (1)3 (1)
6 2 +1511 1 1
I= - ( )
6(1)3 1
6 2 +1511
I= - lnx-1 +lnx + k
6(1)3
6 2 +1511
I= + ln(1) +
6(1)3
Ejemplo
Calcula
2
1+3 3
4 2 1
3 216 3 +32 3
Solucin:
2 2
( 3 + 3) 3
2 1 1
( 2 3 16 3 + 32) 3
( 2 +3)3
( 3 2 2 16+32)
( 2 +3)
3 (2)(4)(+4) = + 2 + 4 + +4
2 + 3 3
= | =
( 2)( 4)( + 4) = 0 32
2 + 3 7
= | =
( 4)( + 4) = 2 24
2 + 3 19
= | =
( 2)( + 4) = 4 64
2 + 3 19
= | =
( 2)( 4) = 4 192
3 7 19 19
= 3[ + ]
32 24 2 64 4 192 + 4
9 7 57 19
= ln|| ln| 2| + ln| 4| ln| + 4| +
32 8 64 64
9 7 57 19
= ln||32 + ln| 2|8 + ln| 4|64 + ln| + 4|64 +
9 57
||32 |4|64
= ln 7 19 +
|2|8 |+4|64
57
3 1 64
||32 | 3 4|
= ln 7 19 +
1 8 1 64
| 2| | +4|
3 3
Ejercicio:
Calcula
2 +1
( 2 +2+2)2
Solucin:
= (2)2 4(2)(1) < 0
2 +1 + +
= + 2 +2+2 + ( 2 +2+2)2
( 2 +2+2)2
2 + 1 = ( 2 + 2 + 2)2 + ( + )( 2 + 2 + 2) + ( + )
2 + 1 =
( + ) 4 +
(4 + 2 + ) 3 + (8 + 2 + 2 + ) 2
0 0
+ (8
+ 2 + ) + 4
0
1
+ = 0 = =
4
1
4 + 2 + = 0 = 2 = = 1
2
1
8 + 2 + 2 + = 1 = 1 2 = 1 2 =
2
1
4A=1 = 4
1 1 1 1
= 4 + 2 4 2 + 2 1
+ 2 + 2 ( 2 + 2 + 2)2
1 1 2 1 2
= 2 + 2
4 4 + 2 + 2 2 ( + 2 + 2)2
ln|| 1 (2 + 2) 1 1 (2 + 2)
= 2 + 2
4 8 + 2 + 2 2 ( + 1) + 1 4 ( + 2 + 2)2
2
3
[( + 1)2 + 1]2
ln|| 1 1 1 1
= ln| 2 + 2 + 2| tg 1 ( + 1) ( 2 ) 3 4
4 8 2 4 + 2 + 2 2 + 1]
[( + 1)
= 4
[( + 1)2 + 1]
+ 1 =
= 2
( + 1)2 + 1 = sec
+1
=
( + 1)2 + 1
1
cos =
( + 1)2 + 1
2 1 1 tg 1 ( + 1) +1
= = (1 + cos 2) = ( + cos ) = +
4 2 2 2 2( 2 + 2 + 2)
ln|| 1 1 6+7
= 8 ln| 2 + 2 + 2| 2 tg 1 ( + 1) 4 ( 2 +2+2)
4
(, , , , , )
= = 1
Reemplazando en la integral irracional, se obtiene una nueva integral de una funcin racional
en la nueva variable t que ya fue estudiada.
()
()
+ + + +
(, ( ) ,( ) ,( ) ,,( ) )
+ + + +
+ +
= = +
+
(+)(+) +
(+)
= 1 (+)
= 1
()
()
+ (+)(+)
( ) = 1 = 1
+ (+)2
Ejemplo
Calcula la siguiente integral irracional
14
1 + 7 7
= 7 14
14( 8 15 )
Solucin
Calculando M.C.M de:2,7,14 es:14
Haciendo el siguiente cambio de variable
14
= 14 =
= 1413
Reemplazando los datos en la integral irracional
1 + 2 7 2 13 [ 1 + 2 ( 7 1)]14 13
= 14 =
14( 16 15 ) 14 15 (1)
7 1
= 3 +
(1) 1
1 2
1
1 = 3 = 3 (1) = 3 + 2 (1)
(1)
(1)
1 = 3 2 (1) = 3 2 +
(1)
1 1
1 = + ( )
3 2 1
1 1
1 = + + | 1| || +
2 2
1 1 1 14
1 = 2 + + | | + ; =
2
14
1 1 1
1 = 7 + 14 + | 14 |+
2
7 1
2 =
1
2 = ( 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + + 1)
7 6 5 4 3 2
2 = + + + + + + + ;
7 6 5 4 3 2
14 7 14 6 14 5 14 14 3 14
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )4 ( ) ( )2 14
2 = + + + + + + +
7 6 5 4 3 2
14 14 14 6
1 1 1 ( )7 ( )
= 7 + 14 + | 14 | ++ +
2 7 6
14 14 4 14 14 2
( )5 ( ) ( )3 ( ) 14
+ + + + + +
5 4 3 2
Ejemplo
Calcula las siguientes integrales irracionales
6
(2+)
a) 3
2+
3 2
b) 2
+1
Solucin
6
(2+)
a) 3
2+
1 1
6
(2+) (2+ 2 ) 6
3 = 1
2+ 2+ 3
(2,3,6) = 6
6
= 6 =
= 6 5
(2+ 3 )
2+ 2
6 5
(2+ 3 ) 6 22
6 = 6 ( ) 6
2+ 2 2+ 2
22
= 6 7 6 2+2 6
3
3 (( 2 ) +23 )23
= 4 8 6 (2 2) 2 +2
3 8
= 4 8 6 (2 2) [ 4 2 2 + 4 2 +2]
3 16 16
= 4 8 6 2 5 4 3 + 8 2 +2 2 4 + 4 2 8 + 2 +2
3 12 5 96
= 8 2 6 + 6 4 24 2 + 48 ln| 2 + 2| + 8 3 + 48 ( ) +
4 5 2 2
36 8 6 6 6 4 6 2 6 2 12 6 5 6 3 6
= 4 2 + 6 24 + 48 ln | + 2| + 5
8 + 48
6
96
( 2 )+k
2
33 4 3 2 3 3 12 6 5 6
= 4 2 + 6 24 + 48 ln| + 2| + 5
8 + 48
6
482 ( )+
2
3 2
b) 2 +1
1
3 2 3 2 2
2+1 = ( 2+1)
3 2 3 2
2 = ; =
2 +1 2 +1
2 3
2 =
2 +1
4
2 = (1 )
2 +1
4
2 + 1 =
2 +1
4
2 + 1 =
2 +1
4
2 = 1 +
2 +1
8
2 = ( 2
+1)2
4
= ( 2
+1)2
1
2
3 2
= ( )
2 +1
1
2 )2 4
= ( ( ( 2 )
+1)2
.2
= 2 ( 2 2
+1)
=
= =
1
= ( 2 + 1)2 2 =
2 +1
1 1
= ( ) 2+1
2 +1
1
= +
2 +1 2 +1
= + ()
2 +1
2
== 2() +
2 +1
3 2
2 2 3 2
+1
= 32
2( ) +k
+1 2+1
2 +1
2( 2 +1)(3 2 ) 3 2
= 4
2( 2 +1) +k
2 +1 .3 2 3 2
= 2
2 ( 2 +1) +
EJEMPLO
x4x
dx
x x
Calcula
3
SOLUCIN
. . . (2 , 4) = 4
Haciendo el siguiente cambio de variable
= 4 = 4 3 , = 4
4 8 2
= ( 4 2 )3 (4 3 ) = 4 6 ( 2 1)3 = 4 ( 2 1)3
2
= 2 ( 2 1)3 = 20
0
2
0 = 2
( 2 1)3
=
= =
2 1 1
= ( 2 = ( 2
1)3 2 1)2
1
0 = 2 + 2 2
2(2 1) (2 1)
2 1 2 1 2
= ( 2 1)2
= 2 1 + 2 ( 2 1)2
= =
2 1
= ( 2 1)2 = 2 1
1
= 2 1 + 2 ( 2 1 + 2 1)
1 1
= 2 2 1 2 2 1
Reemplazando 0
1 1
= ( 2 1)2 2 2 1 2 2 1
1
= ( 2 1)2 2( 2 1) 2 2 1
1 t1
= ( 2 1)2 2( 2 1) 2 Ln |t+1| +
4
Finalmente, regresamos a la variable original =
4 4 4
1 1
= 2 2( 1)
2
Ln | 4 | +
(1) +1
2) Ejemplo
Calcula:
3
2
3
2 2+2
Solucin:
3 3 3
2 2 2
I= 23
= 3 3 2 = 3 3 3
2(2) 2( 2 2 ) 2( 2)(+ 2)
3 3
2(+ 2)
Hacemos un cambio de variable
3
= 2 3 = 2 3 2 =
Reemplazando en la integral
3 2 3 3
( 3 ++2) = ( 3 ++2) = (+1)( 2 +2)
+ = 0 =
+ = 3 2 + = 3
2 + = 0 = 2
3 3 3
2 2 = 3 4 = 3 = ;= ; =
4 2 4
3 3 2+4
= 4 ln|t + 1| + 8 2 +2
3 3 21+5 3 3 21 5
= 4 ln( + 1) + 8 2 +2 = 4 ln( + 1) + 8 [ 2 +2 + 2 +2 ]
3 3 21 15
= 4 ln( + 1) + 8 2 +2 + 8
2 +2
3 3 15
= 4 ln| + 1| + 8 ln(| 2 + 2|) + 2
8 1 2 7
( ) +( )
2 2
3 3 15 21
= 4 ln| + 1| + 8 ln| 2 + 2| + 4 7
( 7 )
3 3 3
3 | 2 2 2 +2| 15 2 2 1
I = 8 ln ( 3 )+4 ( )+
( 2 +1)2 7 7
Ejemplo
Calcula
4 316 2
2
2 +2
Solucin
= 2
= 2 2
1 4 3 16
=
2 +2
316 4 316
4 = +2 = +2
4 + 2 4 = 16 + 3 16 + 4 = 3 2 4 ( 4 + 16) = 3 2
32 4
=
4 +16
( 4 +16)(8 3 )(32 4 )4 3
= ( 4 +16)2
8 7 128 3 12 3 +8 7
= ( 4 +16)2
140 3
= ( 4 +16)2
1 4 3 16
=
2 +2
140 4 35 4 3
= ( 4 +16)2 =
( 4 +16)2
2 2
= =
4 3 1
= ( 4 +16)2 = 4 +16
35 35
=
4 +16
2 4 +16 2
= 4 +16
4 + 16 = 4 + 8 2 + 16 8 2 = ( 2 + 4)2 8 2
4 + 16 = ( 2 22 + 4)( 2 + 22 + 4)
1
( 2 22+4)( 2 +22+4)
1 + +
= +
4 + 16 ( 2 22 + 4) 2 + 22 + 4
1 = ( + )( 2 + 22 + 4) + ( + )( 2 22 + 4)
1 = ( + ) 3 + (22 + 22 + ) 2 + (4 + 22 + 4 22) + 4 + 4
1
+ = 0 = 42 = 4
22 + 22 + = 0 42 + + = 0
4 + 22 + 4 22 = 0 =
1 1
4 + 4 = 1 8 = 1 =8 =8
1 1 1
42 = 4 = 162 = 162
1 1 1 1
+ +
162 8 162 8
= ( 2 22+4)
+
2 +22+4
1 22 1 + 22
= +
162 ( 2 22 + 4) 162 2 + 22 + 4
1 222 1
= + 2 +
322 ( 2 22+4) 16
22+4
2 2
(2) +2
1 2+22
322
2 +22+4 +
1
+ 2 +22+4
16
2 2
(+2) +2
1 2 + 22 + 4 1 2
= ln | |+ tan1 +
322 2 22 + 4 162 2
1 + 2
+ tan1 ( )+
162 2
35 35 2 +22+4 35 2
= ( 4 +16)
ln | | tan1 ( )-
2 642 2 22+4 322 2
35 +2
tan1 ( ) +
322 2
Reemplazando:
4 316 2
= 2 +2
4 3 16 2 2 2
3 216 + 22 3 216 + 4
4
35 2 + 2 35 +2 +2
= 2 ln || ||
2 3 16 642 3 16 2 4 3 16 2
( 2 + 16) 2 22 2 +4
+2 +2 +2
2 2
3 216 2 3 216 + 2
4 4
35 + 2 35 +2
tan1 tan1 +
322 2 322 2
[ ] [ ]
Ejemplo
1 3 t
Calcula: 3
t2 3 t7
dt
Solucin
2
3 1 13
1+ 13 3
1
= 13 = 3 23 3 = 23
3 1 3 1
= 1+ 3 = 3 1+
3 3
3 1 1
= = 3
1+ 1+
6 2
= ( 3 +1)2
6 2 3 2
= 3 ( 3 2 = 6
( 3 2
+1) +1)
=
= =
1
= ( 3 + 1)2 3 2 = ( 3 +1)
6
= 6 ( + ) = 3+1 6 3+1
3 +1 3 +1
=
3 +1
1 +
(+1)( 2 +1)
= +
+1 2 +1
1 = ( 2 + 1) + ( + )( + 1)
1 = ( + ) 2 + ( + + ) + ( + )
+ = 0 =
+ + = 0 = 2
1 1 2
+ =1 = 3 = 3 =3
1 1 2
= 2
3 +1 3 +1
1 1 21 1
= 3 ln| + 1| 6 2 +1 + 2 2
1 2 3
( ) +( )
2 2
1 1 1 21
= 3 ln| + 1| 6 ln| 2 + 1| + tan1 ( )
3 3
Reemplazando en
6 1 1 1 21
= 3 +1 6 (3 ln| + 1| 6 ln| 2 + 1| + tan1 ( 3 )) +
3
6 2 +2+1 21
= 3 +1 ln | 2 +1 | 23 tan1 ( )+
3
Sustitucin Reciproca
dx
x ax 2 bx c
1 1 1
z x dx dz
x z z2
Ejemplo
Calcula:
dx
x 1 x n x 2n
Solucin
1 1 1
z x dx 2 dz
x z z
zdz z n1dz
I 2n
z2
1 1
1 n 2n z zn 1
z z
z n 1dz
I
1 3
( z n )2 ( )2
2 2
1 1
I ln z n z 2n z n 1 k
n 2
1 1 1 1 1
I ln 1 k
n xn 2 x 2 n xn
1 1 1 1 1
I ln 1 k
n xn 2 x 2n x n
Ejemplo:
Calcula
x3 x2
dx
3
( x 2)( x ( x 2) )
2 3 2 3
dx
3
x 2(x 3 x 2)
x 2 z3 x z3 2
dx 3z 2dz
3z 2 dz 3z 3zdz
z ( z 3 z 2) ( z 3 z 2) ( z 1)( z 2 z 2)
z 3 z 2 z 3 1 z 1 ( z 1)( z 2 z 1) z 1
z 3 z 2 ( z 1)( z 2 z 2)
3z A Bz C
2
( z 1)( z z 2) z 1 z z 2
2
3z2=Az2-Az+2A+Bz2+Cz+Bz+C
3 dz 3 z2
I 2
4 z 1 4 z z 2
dz
(, + + ) .(1)
+ + ; > 0
2 + + = +
= 2 + + +
Elevando al cuadrado
2 + + = +
2 + + = 2 2 + 2
2
( + 2) = 2 = +2 ..(2)
(+2)2( 2 )(2)
= 2
(+2)
2 2 +2+2
= 2 (3)
(+2)
2 + + = +
2
2 + + = (+2 )
2 2 + 2 +
2 + + = +2
2 ++
2 + + = +2
.............(4)
Remplazando (2),(3) y (4) en (1) se obtiene una nueva integral de una funcin
racional en z.
()
()
b)Segundo caso:
+ + ; > 0
2 + + =
2 + + =
Considerando uno de los signos
2 +++
Entonces =
Elevando al cuadrado
( 2 + + )2 = ( )2
2 + + = 2 2 2 +
2 + = 2 2 2
2 + = 2
2 +
= 2
( 2 ) 2 (2 +)2
=
( 2 )2
2 2 + 2 ++
2 + + = 2
= 2
D) Tercer caso:
+ + ; + + = ( )( + )
+ + , es factorizable en R
+ + = ( )( + )
(+)
2 + + = ( ); =
( )( + ) = ( )
Elevando ambos miembros al cuadrado
( )( + ) = ( )2 2 ( + ) = ( ) 2
+ 2
+ = ( ) 2 + = 2 2 =
2 1
+ 2
=
2 1
2( 2 1)(+ 2 )2 2(+)
= ( 2 1)2
= ( 2
1)2
2 + + = ( )
+ 2
2 + + = ( 21 ) = (+)
2 1
Ejemplo
Calcula por el segundo caso de la sustitucin de Euler, considerando la raz negativa de
c,en la siguiente integral irracional.
Solucin
2 2 +3+1
Solucin
2 +3+1+1
C=1>0; 2 + 3 + 1 = 1 =
2 + 3 + 1 = ()2 2 + 1
2 + 3 = 2 2 2
3 + 2 = 2 (2 + 3) = ( 2 1)
2+3
=
2 1
2 2 2(2+3)2 2 2 62 2( 2 +3+1)
= ( 2 1)2
= ( 2 1)2
= ( 2 1)2
2 2 +3 2 1 ( 2 +3+1)
2 + 3 + 1 = 1 = 2 1
2 1 = 2 1
3 5
= 2 4 ln|4 2 + 12 + 9| + 2(2+3)
2
2 + 3 + 1 + 1 3 2 + 3 + 1 + 1 2 + 3 + 1 + 1 5
= + ln |4 ( ) + 12 ( ) + 9| + +
2 4 2 + 3 + 1 + 1
2(2 { } + 3)
Ejemplo:
Calcular por el tercer caso de la sustitucin de Euler, considerando el factor de raz
positiva.
( 2 1)
Solucin
2 1 = ( + 1)( 1) = ( 1)
+ 1 = 2 2
1+ 2 2
= 21 = 1 + 2 1
4
= ( 21)2
2
( + 1)( 1) =
2 1
4( 2 1)
1+2 2
( 2 1)2 (1+ 2 )( 2 2 )
1 1
4
(1+ 2 )(1)2
4 +
(1+ 2 )(1)2
= (1) + (1)2 + 1+ 2
4 = ( 1)(1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 ) + ( + )( 1)2
= 0; = 2; = 0; = 2
2 2
= (1)2 + 1+ 2
2
= 1 + 2() +
2 +1
= +1
+ 2 (1) +
1
1
Ejemplo
Solucin
2 (2 4) ..(1)
2 + + = 2 4 = 1 > 0 , = 0 , = 4
Realizamos el cambio de variable sugerido por el primer caso de Euler
2 4 = 1 + = + 2 4
Elevando ambos miembros al cuadrado
2 4 = 2 2 + 2
2 +4
= 2
(2)
2(2)( 2 +4)2 2 4
= 4 2
= 2 2
(3)
2 4 2 4
2 4 = + 2 4 = (4)
2 2
1 ( 2 +4)8 1 2
= 2 ( 2 +4)2
= 4 2 +4 2 ( 2 + 4)2 2
1 2
= 4 ln| 2 + 4| + 2 +4 +
1 2 2
= 4 ln |( + 2 4) + 4| + 2 +
(+ 2 4) +4
Ejemplo
Halla la siguiente integral indefinida por el segundo caso de la sustitucin de Euler considerar
.
=
[1+ 2 +4] 2 +4
Solucin
= (1)
[1+ 2 +4] 2 +4
2 + 4 ; = 4 = 4 = 2
Haciendo la sustitucin del segundo caso de la sustitucin de Euler
2 + 4 = 4
2 + 4 = 2 .(2)
2+( 2 +4 )
= (3)
2 + 4 = 2 2 4 + 4 2 = 2 2 4
1 = 2 4 = 4 1 ( 2 1) = 4 1
41
= ..(4)
2 1
2(2 2 +2)
= ( 2 1)2
.(5)
2 + 4 = 2
4 2 2 2 +2
2 + 4 = 2 1
2 = 2 1
2 2 +2
2 + 4 = 2 1
...(7)
(41)((2 2 +2) 41
= (2) 32 +1 22 +2
= (2) (2 1)(32 +1)
( 2 1)( 2 1)2 [ ] 2
2 1 1
41
= (2) (2 1)(32 +1) .(8)
41
(2 1)(32 +1)
4 1 = (3 2 + 1)( + ) + ( 2 1)( + )
4 1 = (3 + ) 3 + ( + 3 + ) 2 + ( ) + ( )
3 + = 0 = 3
+ 3 + = 0
= 4 4 = 4 4 = 4 12 3 = 12
= 1 = + 1
+ 3 + = 0
4 + 12 + 4 = 0
4 = 4
4
11 + 4 = 0 11 + 4( + 1) = 0 15 = 4 = 15
+1
4 11
= 15 ; = 15
11 71 213
4 = 4 4 = + 4 = ; =
15 15 15
71 11 213 4
41 + +
( 2 1)(3 2 +1)
= 152 15
+ 15 15
1 3 2 +1
1 71+11 1 213+ 4
= 15 2 1
15 32 +1
1 71 1 11 1 + 4
= 15 2 1 + 15 2 1 15 32 +1
24
1 71 1 11 213 61+1+ 213 213 4
= 15 2 1 + 15 2 1 90
32 +1 90.6 32 +1
237
1 71 1 11 213 61 213
= 15 2 1 + 15 2 1 90
32 +1 90
32213
+1
71 11 1 213 237 1
= 30 | 2 1| + 30 |+1| 90
|3 2 + 1| + 90.3 1 1
2 +
3 3
71 11 1 213 237 1
= 30 | 2 1| + 30 |+1| 90
|3 2 + 1| + 90.3 1 1 1
( )2 +
6 36 3
71 11 1 213 237 1
= | 2 1| + | | |3 2 + 1| +
30 30 +1 90 90.3 1 11
( 6)2 + ( 6 )2
2+( 2 +4 )
=
Ejemplo
Solucin
2 +2
= ..(1)
+ 2 +2
2 + 2 ; = 1 > 0
Utilizando el primer caso de la sustitucin de Euler
1 2 + 2 =1 + ;z es la nueva variable
2 + 2 = + = + 2 + 2
Elevando al cuadrado ambos miembros
( 2 + 2)2 = ( + )2
2
2 + 2 = 2 2 + 2 2 = 2 + 2 = 2(+1)
2
= 2(+1) .(2)
1 (+1)2 2 (1) 1 2 +2
= 2 (+1)2
= 2 (+1)2
1 (+2)
= 2 (+1)2 .(3)
2 + 2 = +
2 2 2 +2 2
2 + 2 = 2(+1) = 2(+1)
(+2)
2 + 2 = 2(+1) (4)
1 2 (+2)2
= (+1)2 2
2 [2 +2]
1 (+2)2
= 4 (+1)3
.(5)
Resolviendo (5)
1 (+2)2 1 ((+1)+1)2
= 4 (+1)3
= 4 (+1)3
1 ((+1)2 +2(+1)+1)2
= 4 (+1)3
1 1 1
= 4 (+1) + 2 (+1)2 + 4 (+1)3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 4 4 (+1) + 2 (+1) 2 (+1)2 + 4 (+1)2 4 (+1)3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + (+1) + (+1)2 + (+1)3
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
= 4 + 4 | + 1| + 4(+1) + 8(+1)2 + ; = + 2 + 2
Ejemplo
Solucin
(+ 2 +4)
2 +4 (2 +4) (1)
2 + 4 ; = 4 > 0 4 = 2
Haciendo el cambio de variable sugerido en el segundo caso de la sustitucin de Euler
2 +4+2
2 + 4 = 4 = 2 =
( 2 + 4)2 = ( 2)2 2 + 4 = 2 2 4 + 4 1 = 2 4
41
4 1 = = 2 1 (2)
4 2 48 2 +2 2(2 2 +2)
= ( 2 1)2
= ( 2 1)2
2(2 2 +2)
= ( 2 1)2
(3)
2 + 4 = 2
4 2 4 2 2 2 +2
2 + 4 = 2 1
2 = 2 1
2 2 +2
2 + 4 = 2 1
.(4)
41 22 +2
( 2 + 2 )(2(2 2 +2))
1 1
= 22 +2 41 22 +2
( 2 1)2 ( )( 2 2 )
2 1 1 1
2 + 1 = ( 1)2 + (2 3)( 1) + (2 3)
= 1; 3 = = 3
3
= 2;4 = 4
= 16
= 0; 1 = 16 + 3 + 9 = 8
16 8 3 6
= 2 ( 23 + 1
+ (1)2 ) = 16|2 3| 16| 1| + 1 +
2 + 4 + 2 2 + 4 + 2 6
= 16 |2( ) 3| 16 | 1| + +
2
+ 4 + 2
1
(2 2 +3+1) + +
( 2 1)(2 2 5+3)
= +
2 1 2 2 5+3
2 2 + 3 + 1 = ( + )(2 2 5 + 3) + ( + ) ( 2 1)
2 2 + 3 + 1 = (2 + ) 3 + (5 + 2 + ) 2 + (3 5 ) + (3 )
(2 + )
5 + 2 +
3 5
3
Ejemplo
(+ 2 +23)
(1)(1 2 +23) , considerando > 1
SOLUCIN
(+ 2 +23)
(1)(1 2 +23) (1)
2 + 2 3 = ( + 3)( 1)
> 1 ( 1)
+3
( + 3)( 1) = ( 1) = 1
( + 3)( 1) = ( 1)2 2
+ 3 = 2 2
2 +3
= 2 1 .(2
4
1=
2 1
8
= (2 (3)
1)2
2 +3 4
( + 3)( 1) = (
2 1
1) 2 + 2 3 = 2 1
4
2 + 2 3 = 2 1 ..(4)
( + 2 + 2 3)
( 1)(1 2 + 2 3)
2 +3 4
( 2 + 2 ) 8 ( 2 +4+3)
1 1
= 8 4 4 = 4 (2 1)(2 41)
( 2 1)2 2 (1 2 )
1 1
(+1)(+3) 2 +3
= 2 (+1)(1)(2 41) = 2 (1)(2 41) (5)
2 +3
= (1)(2 41) ..(2)
2 + 3 = ( 2 4 1) + ( + )( 1)
2 + 3 = ( + ) 2 + (4 + ) + ( )
+ =1 =1
4 + = 3 4 1 + + = 3 = 4 + 3
= 0 =
4 3 = 0 = 1 =2 =1
2+1
= 1 + 2 41
24
= + + 5 2
1 2 41 (2)2 5
2 41 5 25
= ln | 1
| + 2 ln |2+5| +
1 ( 2 41)2 (25)5
= 2 ln | |+
(1)2 (2+5)5
+3
Regresamos a la variable original =
1
+3 2 +3 +3
(( ) 4 1 1 )2 ( 25)5
1 1
= 2 ln || | + ..(3)
1
+3
2
+3 |
(11) (1 2 +5 )5
+3 2 +3 +3
(( ) 4 1 1 )2 ( 25)5
1 1
= ln || 2
|+
|
+3 +3
(11) (1 2 +5 )5
Ejemplo
Calcula utilizando el primer caso de la sustitucin de Euler
= 2
[ 2 4]
Solucin:
= .(1)
2 [ 2 4]
2 4 ; = > 0
2 4 = 1 +
2 4 = + ; = + 2 4
2 4 = 2 2 + 2 2 = 2 + 4
2 +4
= (2)
2
4 2 2 2 8
=
4 2
2 4
= (3)
2 2
2 +4 2 4
2 4 = =
2 2
2 4
2 4 = (4)
2
4 2 ( 2 4)
=
2 + 4 2 4
( 2 + 4)2 2 2 ( )
2 2
1 ( 2 4) 1 ( 2 + 4 8) 1 2
= 2 = = 2 2 2
2 ( + 4) 2 2 ( + 4)
2 2 2 +4 ( + 4)2
1 2
= ln| 2 + 4| + 2 +
4 +4
1 2 2
= 4 ln |( + 2 4) + 4| + 2 +
(+ 2 4) +4
Ejemplo
Calcula la integral por el tercer caso de Euler
3
( 2 3+2)
(2)3
, > 2
n
3
( 2 3+2)
= (2)3
.(1)
>22>0
2 3 + 2 = ( 2)( 1)
1
( 2)( 1) = ( 2) =
2
( 1) = 2 2 2
2 2 1
= ..(2)
2 1
( 2 1)4 (2 2 1)2
=
( 2 1)2
2
= ( 2 1)2 (3)
2 2 1
2 3 + 2 = ( 2
2) = 2
1 1
2 3 + 2 = 2 1 .(4)
2 2 1
== 2 2 ( 2 1)2
2
= 2 2 2 1 2 ( 2 1)2 ..(5)
: =
= =
1 1
= 2 ( 2 1)2 2 = 2( 2 1)
1
= 2( 2 1) + 2 2 1 ..(6)
= 2 2 + +
2 1 2 1 2 1
= 2 2 +
1 2 1
1
= 2 ln |+1| + 2 1+k
(1) 1
1
1 2 2
= 22 ln |[ ] |+ 1 +
(1)
1 1
2
2
(1)
1
1 2
= 22 ln |[ ] | + 2 3 + 2 +
(1)
1
2
1
= =
1
1
= 1
=
Reemplazando los datos en la integral indefinida que est en estudio
1
1 1
( + )
+1
1 1
( + )
Remplazando los datos, se obtiene una nueva integral de una fraccin racional
en la nueva variable w.
()
()
b) Segundo caso:
+1 +1
= ; ( 1) Z Z
c) Tercer caso:
+1
,
+ +
= + = =
Diferenciando: 2 = 1
Resumen:
( + )
PRIMER CASO
= , =
1 2
. . : 1 , 2 ""
2. SEGUNDO CASO
+1
Z , =
La sustitucin que se hace es:
+ =
1 = 1
Reemplazando los datos en la integral del binomio diferencial
Se obtiene la integral de una funcin racional en la variablet
()
()
1.-TERCER CASO
+1
( +) ; =
La sustitucin que se hace es:
+ =
+ = = =
+1 1
+1 = 1 =
Ejemplo
Calcula:
111(cosh )221 sinh
3
((csch )333 +4)4
Solicin
= (sech )111
111(cosh )221
(3 +4)4/3 (sech )112
(3 +4)4/3 3
3 ( 3 + 4)4/3
Integral binomial
4+ 3 = 3 3
3
4+(sech )333
t= (sech )111
4 3 + 1 = 3
4
3
= 3 1
4
3 = 3 1
-12 4 = 3 2
1
= 4 4 2
1 1 2
= 4 3 4 4 4 2 = 4 3
1 3 1 1
= ( 2 )
4 4 2 16
2 1
= 32
16 +
3 2
( 4+(sech )333 ) 1 (sech )111
= 32(sech )222
16 3 +
4+(sech )333 )
Ejemplo
Calcula:
3
1 3 3 2
3 [ 7 + 4 + 2 (1 + )4 (1 + 2 )4 + 1+2+]
Solucin
Ordenando la integral indefinida dada inicialmente
1 1 2 4 1 2
= [(1 + 3 )3 + 3 3 (1 + 3 )3 + 3 ( + 1) ]
1 4 1 2
(1 + 3 )3 +
= 1 (1 + 3 ) 3 +
3 ( + 1)
1 2 3
1
1
1 = (1 + 3 )3 ; =1 , =3 , =3
+1 1+1 2
= =3
3
+1 2 1
+ = 3+3 =1
1 + 3 = 33
3
1+3
=
1 1
+ 1 = 3 3 = 3 1
3
1 3 2
3 = 3 1 3 2 = ( 3 1)2
2 2
= ( 3 1)2
1
1 = (1 + 3 )3
2 2
1 = ( 3 1)2
3
1 = ( 3 1)2 = ( 3 1)2 2
= =
1 1
= 3 ( 3 1)2 3 2 = 3( 31)
1
1 = 3( 3 1) + 3 ( 3 1)
= ( 3 1)
1=A( 2 + + 1) + ( + )( + 1)
1=A( 2 + + 1) +( + )( 1) = ( + ) 2 + ( + ) + ( )
+ = 0 =
+ = 0 = 2
1
= 1 3 = 1 = 3
1
=3
1
= 3
2
= 3
1
1 +2
= (1)
3
3 ( 2 ++1)
1 1 2+1 2
= 3 ln| 1| 6 ( 2 ++1) 2
3 1 2 3
(+ ) +( )
2 2
1 1 2 2+1
= 3 ln| 1| 6 ln| 2 + + 1| tan1 ( )
3 3
1 2 2 2+1
= 6 ln|(1)
2 ++1| tan1 ( )
3 3
1 21 1 2+1
1 = 3(31) 18 ln|(1)
2 ++1| + 33 tan ( )%
3
3 2 3
3
1 + 3 1 + 3 1 + 3 3
1 + 3
[ ] + +1 2 +1
1 | | 1
1 = + ln + tan1 ( )
3
1 + 3
3 18 | 3
1 + 3
2 | 33 3
3 ([ ] 1) ( 1)
4
4
2 = 1 (1 + 3 ) 3 ; = 1 , = 3 , = 3
+1 1+1 0
= =3=0
3
3 2 = 3 2 = 2 2
3 1
2 = 1 4 2 2 = 2
= 2(31) = 2(3 1)
( 3 1) 3
2 = = 2 + ( 3 1)
2 ( 3 1)
= ( 3 1)
+
(1)( 2 ++1)
= (1) + ( 2 ++1)
Z=A( 2 + + 1) +( + )( 1) = ( + ) 2 + ( + ) + ( )
1
=
3
1
= 3
1
=3
1 1 1
+ 1 1 1
= (1)
3
+ ( 23++1)
3
= 3 (1) 3 ( 2 ++1)
1 1 2+1 1
= 3 ln| 1| 6 ( 2 ++1) + 2 2
1 2 3
(+ ) +( )
2 2
1 1 1 2+1
= 3 ln| 1| 6 ln| 2 + + 1| + tan1 ( )
3 3
1 (1)2 1 2+1
= 6 ln | 2 ++1| + tan1 ( )
3 3
Reemplazando:
1 (1)2 1 2+1
2 = 1 + 6 ln | 2 ++1| + tan1 ( )
3 3
3 2
( 1+ 3 1) 3 1
1 1 2 1+ 3 +1 1
2 = 3
1
+ 6 ln | 3 2 3
|+ tan1 ( ) 3 = 3 ( 2 +
1+ 3
1+ 3 + 1+ 3 +1 3 3
2
1) ; = 2
3 , 2 6
= 6 = 6 5
3 = 2 ( 3 + 1)2 65
2 ( 3 + 1)2
5 3
3 = 2
=
u= 25 = 10 4
1
= 3 2 ( 3 + 1)2 = 3 +1
25 4 25
3 = 3 +1 + 10 3 +1 = 3 +1 + 10 10
3+1
0
0= 3+1 = (+1)( 2 +1)
(+1)( 2 +1)
= (+1) + +
2 +1
z=A ( 2 + 1) + ( + )( + 1)
z=(A+B) 2 + ( + + ) + ( + )
A+B=0 =
+ + = 1 2 + = 1
+ = 0 =
3 = 1 = 13; C=13; B=13
0= 13 +1
+ 13 2+1
+1
1
0= 13| + 1| + 6 21+3
2 +1
25 1 2 +1 1 2+1
3 = 3 +1 + 10 + 6 ln | |+ tan1 ( )
(1)2 3 3
25 5 2 +1 10 2+1
3 = 3 +1 + 5 2 3 ln | | tan1 ( )
(1)2 3 3
6 5 6 2 6 6
2( ) 2 5 ( ) +1 10 2 +1
tan1 (
6
3 == 6 3 + 5( ) 3 ln | | )
( ) +1 6 2 3 3
( 1)
= 1 + 2 + 3
EJERCICIO
3 4 2
[ 5 + 2 + 2 + + (1 + ) ]
3 6 4
SOLUCIN
1
1 1 1 4 1 1 2
3 )3
=
(1 + +
(2 + ) +
2
(1 + )
3 2 4
1 2 3
Calculando 1
1
1 = (1 + 3 )3
1 +1
= 1 , = 3 , = ( + )
3
3 4 = 3 2 = 4 2
Reemplazando en 1
1 = 4 2 = 6 3 = ( 3 )2 3
3 1
1 = (3 1)2 = 3 ( 3 1)2 3 2
= =
1
= ( 3 1)2 3 2 = 3 1
1 1
1 = ( + ) =
3 3 1 3 1 3( 3 1) 3 3 1
= 3 1
1 +
(1)( 2 ++1)
= 1 + 2 ++1
1 = ( 2 + + 1) + ( + )( 1)
1 = ( + ) 2 + ( + ) + ( )
+ = 0 =
+ = 0 = 2
1 1 2
=1 =3 = 3 = 3
1 1 +2
= 3 1 3 2 ++1
1 1 2+1 1
= 2 2
3 1 6 ++1 2 1 2 3
(+ ) +( )
2 2
1 1 1 2+1
= 3 ln| 1| 6 ln| 2 + + 1| tan1 ( 3 )
3
1 2 2+1 1 2+1
= ln |
6 2 ++1
| 3 tan1 ( 3 )
Reemplazando en 1
1 1 2 2+1 1 2+1
1 =
3( 3 1)
( ln |
3 6 2 ++1
| 3 tan1 ( 3 ))
3
1 2 2+1 1 2+1 1+ 3
1 = 3(3 1) 18 ln | 2 ++1 | + 3 3
tan1 ( ); =( )
3
3 2 3
3 1+3 1+3
1+3
(
)+1 ) 2(
( )
1 | 3 |+
1 = 3 3 18
ln 1+3 2 3
1+3
1+3 ( ) +(
)+1
3(( ) 1)
3
1+3
1 2( )+1
1
+3 tan (
)
3 3
1
1 1 4
2 = (2 + )
2 4
1 1 1 +1
= 2 , = 4 , = 4 (
)
1
4 = 4 2
1 3 3
4
4 = 4 3 = 16 4 3
Reemplazando en 2
1 3 5
2 = 16 2 4 3 = 16 4 4 = 16 ( 4 2)5 4
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
+ +
= + 280 12 + 1280 8
512 4
16 160 21 640 17 1280 13 1280 9 512 5
2 = 25 25 21
+ 17
13
+ 9
5
4
= ( 2 + )
4
Calculando 3
1 1 2
3 = 3 (1 + 2 )
1 1
= 3 , = 2 , = 2
. . . (3,2) = 6
= 6 = 6 5
Reemplazando en 3
3 = 2 (1 + 3 )2 6 5 = 2 5 (1 + 3 )2 3 2
= 5 = 5 4
1
= (1 + 3 )2 3 2 = 1+3
5 4
3 = 2 ( 1+3 + 5 1+3 )
2 5 4
3 = + 10
1+ 3 1+ 3
2 5 2 5
3 = 1+3 + 10 ( 1+3 ) = 1+3 + 5 2 10
1+3
= 1+3
+
(+1)( 2 +1)
= + 2
+1 +1
= ( 2 + 1) + ( + )( + 1)
= ( + ) 2 + ( + + ) + ( + )
+ = 0 =
+ + = 1 = 2 + 1
1 1 1
+ =0 = 3 = 3 =3
1 1 +1
= + 2
3 +1 3 +1
1 1 21 1
= 3 +1 + 6 2 +1 + 2 2
1 2 3
( ) +( )
2 2
1 1 1 21
= 10( 3 ln| + 1| + 6 ln| 2 + 1| + tan1 ( 3 ))
3
2 10 21
= 10 ln |(+1)
+1
2 | tan1 ( )
6 3 3
2 5 2 10 21
3 = 1+3 + 5 2 10ln |(+1)
+1
2 | tan1 ( 3 )
6 3
6 5 6 2 6 6
2( ) 2 5 ( ) +1 10 2 +1
tan1 (
6
3 = 6 3 + 5( ) 3 ln | | )
( ) +1 6
2 3 3
( 1)
Finalmente, reemplazando en
= 1 + 2 + 3 +
Ejemplo
20 5 5 4
3 (+ 4 ) 3 +( 4 +1) 6 .[( 3 +1)( 4 +1)]3 + 2 2 3 (1+ 3 )
Calcula: I = 3
3 . (1+ 3 )4
1 4
I= 3 ( 4 + 1)2
2 (1 + 3 )3 + 1 (1 + 3 )
+ 3
1 2 3
1
1
2 6 (1 +
3 ) 3 = 2 (1 + 3 )3 = 6 (1 + 3 )2
4
1
= 3 (4 + 1)2 .(2)
m =- 3, n = 4, p =
+ +
=
=
+1 1 1
[
+ ] = 2 + 2 = 0
+ = . (3)
+
=
4 + 1 = 2 4 = 2 1
1
4
1
= 2 1 4 = 2 1
x5 z
4x 5 dx = 2zdz dx = 2
dz(4)
1 1 1 1 1
I2 = 2 = | |
2 2 1 2 4 +1
+ +
I2 = | |
+ +
1
I3 = 6 (1 + 3 ) 3 .(1)
1
m = -6, n = 3, p = 3
+1 6+1 5
= 3
= 3
+1 5 1
[
+ ] = 3 3 = 2
1 + 3 = 3 3 ..(2)
3
1+3
=
1 1
3
+ 1 = 3 3 = 3 1
3 2 2 2
3 2 = ( 3 1)2 = ( 3 1)2 (3)
5 2
I3 = (4 ) = 5
+ 2
4
= x1 (1 + x3 ) 3 dx.(4)
4
m = -1, n = 3, p = 3
m+1 1+1 0
n
= 3
= 3
=0 Z
1 + x 3 = z 3 .(5)
x3 = z3 1
3
z = 1 + x 3 ;
3x 2 dx = 3z 2 dz dx = x 2 z 2 dz..(6)
1 1 1 1
I4 = ( 2 ) + +
3 ++1 3 1
1 2 + 1 3 1 1
I4 = ( 2 ) + +
6 ++1 3 1
1 2 + 1 1 1 1 1
I4 = ( 2 ) + + +
6 ++1 2 1 2
3
2 3 1
( + ) + (
2 2)
1 1 1 2 + 1 1
I4 = |2 + + 1| + | 1| + ( )+
6 3 3 3
3
1 3 2 3 1 3 1 21 + x 3 + 1
I4 = | 1 + x 3 + 1 + x 3 + 1| + | 1 + x 3 1| + ( )
6 3 3 3
1
+3
1 + x 3
3 2 3
1 (1 + x 3 ) 1 1 21 + x 3 + 1 1
I4 = | 2 | + ( )+ 3
6 3 3
1 + x 3 + 1 + x 3 + 1 3 3 1 + x 3
I = I1 +I2 + I3 + I4 +
= 2
2dz
= 1+z2 .(2)
senx = 2sen ( ) cos ( )
2 2
2sen (2) cos (2) 2 (2) 2
senx = = =
2 (2) + 2 (2) 1 + 2 (2) 1 + 2
2
= 1+2(3)
= 2 ( ) 2 ( )
2 2
[12 ( )] 1 2
= 2 ( ) [1 2 ( )] = 2
=
2 2 [1+2 ( )] 1+ 2
2
1 2
cosx = 1+2 (4)
2 1 2 2dz ()
H(1+2 ; 1+2 ) 1+z2 ()
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
H(2 ; 2 ) ; + .(1)
Haciendo el siguiente cambio de variable
z = tgx
x = Arctgz
dz
dx = 1+z2 ..(2)
1 + 2
z
x
1
Calculando las funciones trigonomtricas a partir del tringulo rectngulo
2
senx = sen2 x = (3)
1+ 2 1+ 2
1 1
cosx = cos 2 x = 1+2 .(4)
1+ 2
2 1 dz A(z)
H(( ) ;( ) ) 2 dz
1+ 2 1+ 2 1+z B(z)
Ejemplo:
Demostrar que:
= | | +
Solucin:
dx 2dz dz
I= = = = Ln|z| + C
senx 2z z
(1 + z 2 )
1 + z2
x x x 1
x sen (2) sen (2) . cos (2) sen(x)
I = Ln |tg ( )| = ln | x | = Ln | x | = Ln | 2 |=
2 cos (2) cos2 (2) 1
(1 + cos(x))
2
sen(x)(1 cos(x)) sen(x)(1 cos(x)) 1 cos(x)
| | = Ln | | = Ln | | = Ln|cscx ctgx|
(1 cos2 (x)) sen2 (x) sen(x)
Ejemplo
Calcula:
cos sin +1
Solucin:
2 2 1 2
= 2 +1 ; sin = 2 +1 ; cos = 2 +1
2
2
+1
12 2+2 +1
2 +1
2
22 = 1 = ln| 1| +
= ln | 2 1| +
Ejemplo
Calcula la siguiente integral indefinida:
dx
sen2 xcosx
Solucin
dx
sen2 xcosx ..(1)
Haciendo la sustitucin
x
z = tg 2
2dz
dx = 1+z2 ..(2)
2z
Senx = 1+z2 ..(3)
1z2
Cosx = 1+z2 ..(4)
2(1+z2 )dz
(z4 +4z2 1)
A + C = 0 C = A
B+D=2
2+5
(2 + 5)A + (2 5)C = 0 C = (25)A
C=A=0
(2 + 5)B + (2 5)D = 2
D=2B
51 5+1
2(1+z2 ) 5 5
= z2 +25
+ z2 +2+5
(z2 +25)(z2 +2+5)
51 5+1
5 5
I = z2 +25 dz + z2 +2+5 dz
51 5+1
5 5
I= dz + dz
z2 (52)2 z2 +(5+2)2
51 z52 5+1 z
I= Ln | |+ Arctg ( )+k
252 5 z+52 55+2 5+2
x x
51 tg( )52 5+1 tg( )
I= Ln | 2
x |+ Arctg ( 2
)+k
252 5 tg( )+52 55+2 5+2
2
Ejercicio
Calcula:
dx
(4senx+3cosx)(2+senx+2cosx)
Solucin
dx
(4senx+3cosx)(2+senx+2cosx) ..(1)
Haciendo la sustitucin
x
z = tg 2
2dz
dx = .(2)
1+z2
2z
Senx = 1+z2 .(3)
1z2
Cosx = 1+z2 .(4)
(1+z2 )dz
2 (4+4z2 2z+33z2 )(2+2z2 +2z+22z2 )
(1+z2 )dz
(z2 2z+7)(z+2)
1 2 2
z
I = z+2
3
dz + z232z+7
3
dz
1 1 2z 2
I = | + 2|+ 2 dz
3 3 z 2z+7
1 1
I = 3 | + 2|+3 |z 2 2z + 7| +
1
I = 3 |( + 2)(z 2 2z + 7)| +
1 x x x
I = |(tg + 2)(tg 2 2tg + 7)| +
3 2 2 2
Ejercicio
Calcula
(1+tgx)dx
sec2 x(sen4 x+7sen2 cos2 x+16cos4 x)
Solucin
Ejemplo
Halla la siguiente integral indefinida:
( cos 5 +2+1 ) sec2
( ++1 )(2 +22 )
Solucin:
( cos 5 +2+1 )
= (
++1 )(1+2 )2
( cos 5 +2+1 )
= ( ++1 )(1+2 )(12 )
= ( + (1+2
++1 ) )(12 )
1 = ( ++1 )
2
= 1+ 2
2
= 1+ 2
1 2
= 1+ 2
2 +1 1 +1 1
1 = ( 2 = ( ) = ( ) ( )
+1)(+1) 2 +1 +1 2 +1 +1
+1 1 2
1 = ( ) ln( + 1) = 2 + 2 ln( + 1)
2 +1 2 +1 +1
1
1 = ln( 2 + 1) + () ln( + 1) = ln 2 + 1 + () ln( + 1)
2
2
1= ln tg 2 + 1 + (tg 2) ln(tg 2 + 1)
1 = ln (sec 2) + (tg 2) ln(tg 2 + 1)
1 1 1
I2= (1+2 )(12 ) = 2 (1+2 + 12 )
1 1 1 1
I2= 2 1+2 + 2 2 = 2 1+2 + 2 tg
2
= tg = 1+2 , = 2 = 1+2
1+ 2
Reemplazamos en la integral 2
1 1 1 1
2 = 2 2
+ 2 tg = 2 1+22 + 2 tg
(1+ 2 )(1+ )
1+2
1 2 1 1 1
2 = 2 + 2 tg = 2 (2 ) + 2 tg
2 1+(2)2 2
= 1 + 2
(sec ) 1 1
= ln |
2
| + (tg 2) + 2 (2 tg ) + 2 tg +
tg +1
2
2
sin 1 ( 1)
= + 2 ( cos ) 2 cos
2
= 2; = 2
2 sin 2 1 1
= + ( cos 2) cos 2
2 2 2
2 sin 2 1 1
= + ( cos 2) sin 2 +
2 2 4
Ejemplo
( + )
=
=
= ( + ) = ( + )1
1
= =
1
= ( + ) +
( + )1 (1)
1
1
1 = ( + )
= ( + )1 = ( 1)( + )2
1
= =
1 1 (1)
1 = ( + )
( + )2 .(2)
Reemplazando (2) en (1)
1 1
= ( + ) + ( ( + )1
(1)
( + )2 )
1
= ( + ) + ( + )1
2
(1)2
2
( + )2
Calculando: 2 = (2 + 3)2 2
Identificando los parmetros:
= 2; = 2; = 3; = 2
1
2 = (2 + 3)2 2 + 2(2 + 3) 2 2
2
1
2 = (2 + 3)2 2 + 2(2 + 3) + 2 +
2
Ejemplo
Halla la frmula de reduccin para:
=
=
1
= 1 = ( 1) 2
1
= = +1
+1
1 1 +1 1
=
+1
+
+1
+1 2
1 1
= 1 +1 + +2 2
+1 +1
1 1
= 1 +1 + 2 (1 2 )
+1 +1
1 1
= 1 +1 + 2
+1 +1
+1
+1 1 1 1
(
+1
+
+1
) = +1 1 +1 + +1
2
+ 1 1
( ) = 1 +1 + 2
+1 +1 +1
1 1
= 1 +1 + 2
+ +
Ahora calculando 2
2 = 2 3 2 3
= 3 = 3 =
3
1 2 2
2 = ; = 2 ; = 2
3
1 1 1
2 = ( 3 + 2 0 )
3 4 4
1 1 1 12
2 = ( 3 + )
3 4 4 2
1 1 1 1
2 = ( 3 + 2)
3 4 8 8
1 1 1 1
2 = ( 3 + 2)
3 4 8 16
1 1
2 = ( 33 3 + 6) +
12 8 48
Ejemplo
Halla la frmula de reduccin para la siguiente integral indefinida:
= ()
Con la frmula hallada, calcula:
3 = 3 (2)
Solucin:
= () = [2 () 2 ()]
csch(2x). ctgh(2x) 1
I3 = csch(2x) dx
4 2
csch(2x). ctgh(2x) 1 2
I3 = 2 dx
4 2 2
csch(2x). ctgh(2x) 1 2 1
I3 = ln | 2 |+
4 4 +1
csch(2x). ctgh(2x) 1
I3 = ln | |+
4 4 +
csch(2x). ctgh(2x) 1
I3 = ln | |+
4 4 +
csch(2x). ctgh(2x) 1
I3 = ln|| +
4 4
Ejemplo:
1 +1 +1
=
(1)
+
1
2 (1 2 )
1 +1 +1 +1
= +
(1) 1 +2 1
+1 1 +1 +1
(1 + )= + +2
1 (1) 1
+ 1 +1 +1
( )= + +2
1 (1) 1
1 +1 +1
= + +2
(+) +
Haciendo el siguiente cambio en el parmetro q para que q sea decreciente:
=2
(1) +1 1
2 = +
(+2) +2
(1)+1 1
2 + =
(+2) +2
1 (1) +1
= 2 +
+2 (+2)
(1) +1 +2
= (1)
+
1
2
2
(1) +1 +2
= + 2 + ; 1
(1) 1
Regresando a las funciones en que fue planteado la integral indefinida inicialmente
(1) 1 +2
=
(1)
+
1
2 + ; 1
Ahora aplicando la frmula de reduccin hallada
4 = 3 2 4 2
Identificando los parmetros
= 4, = 3; = 2
3 2 2 2 5
4 = + 3 2 2 2 ...(1)
6 3
2
Identificando los parmetros
= 2, = 3; = 2
2 2 2
2 = + 3 3 2
2
2 2 2 1 1
2 = + 3( 22 + |2 2|) (2)
2 4 4
Ejemplo
Halla la frmula de reduccin para la integral indefinida:
Iq = (mx + n)q abx dx .Y con la frmula deducida calcula 2 = (2x + 3)2 . 2x dx
Solucin
Iq = (mx + n)q abx dx
udv = uv vdu
u = mx + n du = mq(mx + n)q1 dx
abx
dv = abx dx v = bLna
(mx+n)abx mq
Iq = bLna
bLna (mx + n)q1 abx dx
(mx+n)abx mq
Iq = bLna bLna Iq1 + k
Utilizando la frmula hallada
I2 = (2x + 3)q 2x dx
q = 2 ,m = 2 ,n = 3 ,a = 2 y b = 1
(2x+3)2 2x 4
I2 = Ln2
(2x + 3) . 2x dx (1)
Ln2
I1
I1 = (2x + 3) . 2x dx
q = 1, m = 2, n = 3 , a = 2 y b = 1
(2x+3)2x 2.2x
I1 = Ln2
(Ln2)2 + k .(2)
(2x+3)2 2x 4 8
I2 = (2x + 3)2x + 2x +k
Ln2 (Ln2)2 (Ln2)3
Ejemplo
Solucin
= (sinh ) (cosh )
((cosh )2 (sinh )2 )
= (sinh ) (cosh )
= (sinh ) (cosh )2 (sinh )2 (cosh )
=
= (sinh )2 (cosh )
1 (1)
= (1)(sinh
)1 (cosh )1 (1) (sinh ) (cosh )2
1
= (sinh + (1)(sinh +
) (cosh )2 )1 (cosh )1
(1)
(1) (sinh ) (cosh )2
1 +2
= (1)(sinh +( ) (sinh )(cosh )2
)1 (cosh )1 1
1 3
3 = 2 sinh (cosh )2 + (2) (1)
= (sinh )2 cosh
(sech )3
= (tanh )2
(1(tanh )2 ) sech
= (tanh )2
sech
= (tanh )2 sech
cosh
= (sinh sech
)2
1
= sinh tan1(sinh ) (2)
1 3 1 3
3 = 2 sinh (cosh )2 (2) sinh (2) tan1(sinh ) +
Ejemplo
Halla la frmula de reduccin para I = y usando la frmula hallada
( 2 +2 )
calcula I3 = 2 3
( +9)
Solucin
1 2 1 ( 2 + 2 ) 2
I = = =
( 2 + 2 ) 2 ( 2 + 2 ) 2 ( 2 + 2 )
1 1 2
I =
2 ( 2 +2 )1
2
( +2 )
2 (1)
x2
= (x2 +b2 )q dx = x(x 2 + b2 )q . x dx
u = x du = dx
q+1
1 (x2 +b2 )
dv = (x 2 + b2 )q . xdx v =
1
=
2 q+1 2(1)( 2 +2 )1
1
I = + (2)
2(1)( 2 +2 )1 2(1) ( 2 +2 )1
1 1
I = +
2 ( 2 + 2 )1 2 2 ( 1)( 2 + 2 )1 2 2 ( 1) ( 2 + 2 )1
1 1
I = + 2 (1 ) 2
2 2 ( 2
1)( + 2 )1 2( 1) ( + 2 )1
23
I = +( ) ( 2+2)1 +
22 (1)( 2 +2 )1 2(1).2
23
I = 2 (1)( 2 +( ) . I1 + ; 1
2 +2 )1 2(1).2
= 3, = 3
1 1
I3 = + = + I (1)
36( 2 +9)2 12 ( 2 +9)2 36( 2 +9)2 12 2
= 2, = 3
1 1
I2 = + ( 2 = + ( )(2)
18( 2 +9) 18 +9) 18( 2 +9) 54 3
1
I3 = + + ( ) +
36( 2 +9)2 216( 2 +9) 648 3
Mtodo prctico
()
I= ()
()
= 0 () ; 0 () = ( )
()
1 [0 ()]
= | ; = 1, 2, 3 , ( 1)
( )! =
Ejemplo
calcula la siguiente integral indefinida:
2
=
( 2)4
Solucin:
2 1 2 3 4
= + + +
( 2) 4 2 ( 2) 2 ( 2) 3 ( 2)4
2
4 = ( 2)4 (2)4 = 4
2
1 43 [ 2 ]
3 = (43)! | = 2 = 4
43 =2
1 2 [ 2 ]
2 = (42)! | =1
2 =2
1 3 [ 2 ]
1 = (41)! | =0
3 =2
0 1 4 4
= + + +
2 ( 2)2 ( 2)3 ( 2)4
1 2 4
= + + +
2 ( 2)2 3( 2)3
Ejemplo
Calcula la siguiente integral indefinida:
2 4 + 5
=
2 ( 2 9)
Solucin:
2 4 + 5 2 4 + 5 1 2 3 4
= = + 2+ +
( 9)
2 2 ( 3)( + 3)
2 3 +3
2 4 + 5 13
4 = ( + 3) =
3 ( 3)( + 3)
2 27
2 4 + 5 1
3 = ( 3) =
3 ( 3)( + 3) 27
2
2 4 + 5 5
2 = ( 2 ) =
0 ( 3)( + 3)
2 9
1 2 4 + 5
1 = [ ]|
(2 1)! ( 2 9)
=0
( 2 9)(2 4) (2)( 2 4 + 5) 4
1 = | =
( 2 9)2 9
=0
4 5 1 13
= 9 + 9 + 27 + 27
2 3 +3
4 5 1 13
= ln|| + + ln| 3| ln| + 3| +
9 9 27 27
Ejemplo
Calcula la siguiente integral indefinida:
2
=
( 2 4)2
Solucin:
2 2 1 2 3 4
= = + + +
( 2 4)2 ( 2)2 ( + 2)2 ( 2)1 ( 2)2 ( + 2)1 ( + 2)2
2 1
4 = ( + 2)2 =
2 ( 2) ( + 2)
2 2 4
1 2
3 = [ ]|
(2 1)! ( 2)2 =2
2 1
2 = ( 2)2 =
2 ( 2) ( + 2)
2 2 4
1 2
1 = [ ]|
(2 1)! ( + 2)2 =2
24256 1 1
4 + 4 ]
= [ +
( 2)1 ( 2)2 ( + 2)2
24 1 1
= ln| 2| + +
256 4( 2) 4( + 2)
2 4 3 +2
Ejemplo 05: Hallar la siguiente integral indefinida: = 2 ( 2 +1)2
Solucin:
2 4 3 + 2 (2 4 + 2 2 ) ( 3 + ) (2 2 + 2) + ( + 4)
= 2 2 =
( + 1)2 2 ( 2 + 1)2
2 2 ( 2 + 1) ( 2 + 1) 2( 2 + 1) +4
= [ 2 2 + ]
( + 1)2 2 ( 2 + 1)2 2 ( 2 + 1)2 2 ( 2 + 1)2
2 1 2 +4
= 2 2 + 2 2
(2 + 1) 2
( + 1) ( + 1) ( + 1)2
1 1 1
= 2 () ( ) 2 ( 2 2 ) + 4
2 +1 1 +1
1
= 2 + 2 2 2 + 2 2 + 4
+1 +1
1 2
= 2 ln|| + ln|x 2 + 1 |+ + 2 + 3
2
2
= 4 ln | | + + 3
1 + 2
+4
3 = 4
2 (1+ 2 )
= tan
= sec 2
1 + 2 =
tan + 4 2
tan + 4
3 = sec =
tan2 sec 4 tan2 sec 2
sen
+ 4 = cos + 4cos
3 4
3 = cos
sen2 1 sen sen2
2 2
cos cos
cos (1 sen2 ) 4cos 2 (1 sen2 )
3 = +
sen sen2
cos cos 2
3 = [ cos sen ] + 4 [ 2 cos 2 ]
sen sen
2 1 2 4
= 2 () ln | | + + 2 arctan() + ln | |+ 2
1 + 2 1 + 2 4(1 + )
2
6()
1 + 2
2 1 2 4
= 4 ln | | + + ln | |+ 6()
1 + 2 1 + 2 4(1 + 2 )
2
1 + 2
2 2 + 8 1
= 2 () +
4(1 + 2 )
SUSTITUCION RECIPROCA
dx
x ax 2 bx c
1 1 1
z x dx dz
x z z2
Ejemplo
Calcula:
dx
x 1 x n x 2n
1 1 1
z x dx 2 dz
x z z
zdz z n1dz
I 2n
z2
1 1
1 n 2n z zn 1
z z
z n 1dz
I
1 3
( z n )2 ( )2
2 2
1 1
I ln z n z 2n z n 1 k
n 2
1 1 1 1 1
I ln 1 k
n x n 2 x 2 n xn
1 1 1 1 1
I ln 1 k
n xn 2 x 2 n xn
Ejemplo:
Calcula
x3 x2
dx
3
( x 2)( x (3 x 2) )
2 2 3
dx
3
x 2(x 3 x 2)
x 2 z3 x z3 2
dx 3z 2dz
3z 2 dz 3z 3zdz
z ( z 3 z 2) ( z 3 z 2) ( z 1)( z 2 z 2)
z 3 z 2 z 3 1 z 1 ( z 1)( z 2 z 1) z 1
z 3 z 2 ( z 1)( z 2 z 2)
3z A Bz C
( z 1)( z 2 z 2) z 1 z 2 z 2
3z2=Az2-Az+2A+Bz2+Cz+Bz+C
3 dz 3 z2
I 2
4 z 1 4 z z 2
dz
Ejemplo:
Calcula
1 2senh 2 ( x / 2)
I senhxdx
2 2 cosh 2 ( x / 2)
Solucin
2 cosh x
I senhxdx
3 cosh x
z=coshx dz=senhxdx
2 z 2 z 2 z
I dz t2 t
3 z 3 z 3 z
z2 5
t2 t 2 1
z 3 z 3
5 10t
z 3 dz 2 dt
t 1
2
(t 1)2
EJEMPLO
Calcule:
Calcule:
5
x + 2 ( x + 2)
6
x+1 x+1
dx
x + 2
3
x+1
Solucin:
El M.C.M de 2, 3, 6 es 6
Haciendo un cambio de variable para transformar el integrando en una funcin racional en la
variable z
+2 6 +2
= 6 =
+1 +1
1 1 1
1+ = 6 = 6 1 + 1 = 6
+1 +1 1
6 5
=
( 6 1)2
Reemplazando en la integral original
3 5 (6) 5
= 6 ( 6 1)2 6 5
2 ( 6 1)2
Utilizando integracin por partes =
= 6 = 6 5
1
= ( 6 1)2 6 5 =
6 1
6 6 5
= ( + )
6 1 6 1
6
= ln| 6 1| +
6 1
+2 +2
= ln | 1| +
+2 +1
( + 1) ( 1)
+1
= + 2 + ln| + 1| +
Ejemplo
Calcula
( 2 2 + 1)2
Solucin
2 + + +
4
= 3
+
( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
Derivando ambos miembros:
1 = 4 ( 3 + ) 3 + (2 2 + 3 3) 2 + ( 3 + 3)
=0
3 + = 0 =
5
2 2 + 3 3 = 0 2 = 5 =
2
5 11
3 + 3 = 0 3 + 3 = 0 =
2 6
= 1 ; = 0
5
= 1 ; =
2
11
=
6
5 11
2 + 2 6
2 2
= 3
( 2 + 1) ( 1) ( 1)
6 2 + 15 11 1 1
= 3
( )
6( 1) 1
6 2 +1511
= 6(1)3
ln| 1| + ln|| +
6 2 +1511
= 6(1)3
+ ln |1| +
Calcula
3 +1
( 2 +2)2
Solucin
Utilizando Hermite
3 +1 + +
( 2 +2)2 = 2 +2
+ 2 +2
3 + 1 = 2 + 2 2 2 2 + ( + )( 2 + 2)
3 + 1 = 2 + 2 2 2 2 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 2
3 + 1 = 3 + ( + ) 2 + (2 + 2) + 2 + 2
=1
+ = 0 =
1
2 + 2 = 1 2 + 2 = 1 = 2
1 1
2 + 2 = 1 4 = 1 = 4 ; = 4
1 1 1
3 +1 +
( 2 +2)2 = 4
2 +2
2
+ 2 +2
4
2 1 1
= + ln| 2 + 2| ( ) +
4( 2 +2) 2 42 2
Ejemplo
Halla:
[(cosh )4 cosh +2 cosh +3].sinh .
=
cosh 2 cosh 2 2 cosh 3
Solucin:
Reemplazando:
= cosh = sinh
= [ 2 + 2 2 3] .
( 3)( + 1) = ( + 1).
3 2 +1
= +1 ; = 2 (12 ) + 1
8
= (12 )2 .
3 32 2
= 3
+ (12 )3 . + 1
2
= (12 )3 .
= sec 5 . sec 3 .
sec .tan |sec +tan |
= sec 5 . [ 2
+ 2
]+ 2
= (sec )5 .
= sec 2 . = tan
Reemplazando:
= (sec )3 . tan tan . 3 (sec )3 . tan .
3
(cosh )3 cosh +1 cosh 3
= 3
+ 8 ( 4 ) . 4 (cosh + 1). (cosh 3)
cosh +1 cosh 3
4 | + |+
4 4
2) Hallar el integral
2(cos sin ).(sec )2 .
=
(sin +cos )(tan 1)2
Cambio de variable
= tan = (sec )2 .
2
(tan 1)2
= sin +cos
cos sin
sin +cos 2
cos sin
= 1 + 1tan
2
(1)2
= 2
1+
1
Cambio de variable
2 2
=1+ =
1 (1)2
=
= || +
+1
= | |+
1
3) Halla
1+sin 4
= sin 3
. cos .
Cambio de variable
= sin = cos .
1+ 4
= 3
.
1
3 . (1 + 4 )2 .
Integracin de un binomio diferencial.
1
= 3 ; = 4 ; = 2
+1
(
+ )
1 . 3 .
4 = 2 1 ; = 2( 2 1)
1 4 . 2 .
=
2 ( 2 1)2
1 2 .
= 2
2 1
1 1
= 2
2 2 1
3
+4
I = 2 4
(+4)
1
I=4 (4 + )1/2
binomio diferencial
1 1
m=1, n=2 , = 2
+1 1+1
= 1 =4
2
4+ 1/2 = 2 = + 4
1/2 = 2 4
1 1/2
2
dx = 2zdz dx = 4z 1/2 dz
1
I=4 xz 1 4z 1/2 dz = ( 2 4)3 = ( 6 12 4 + 48 2 64)
1 12 5
I=7 7 5
+ 16 3 64+k
1 12
I = 7 ( + 4)7 5
( + 4)5 + 16( + 4)3 + 64 + 4+k
EJEMPLO4
sin cos
Z=tan 2
2
dx=1+2
2
sin = 1+2
1 2
cos = 1+2
2
2 12
(1+ 2 )( )
1+2 1+2
2 2 2
2 +21= (+1)2 2 = (+1)2 (2)2
1 +1+2
I= ln | | +
2 +12
1 tan +12
= ln | 2
|+
2 tan +1+2
2
5) Hallar la integral.
4
= cosh 110 (1 + 4 cosh 66 ) 3 . (22 cosh 21 . sinh ).
Cambio de variable
= (cosh )22 = 22. cosh 21 . sinh
4
5 (1 + 43 ) 3 .
Donde
4
= 5; = 3; =
3
Es el II caso de binomio diferencial.
3
1 + 43 = 3 = 1 + 43
5 2
5 . = [ ] .
16 16
5 2 2
4 [ ] . = ( ) .
16 16 16 16
3 1
= (1 + 4 cosh 66 )2 + 3
161 + 4 cosh 66
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
1)
3 4
+ + 2
(2,3,4) = 12
= 12
= 1211
Reemplazando
1211
3 4
12 + 12 + 212
11
12
6 + 4 + 23
8
12
3 + + 2
32 6 8
12 (5 3 22 + + 4 + )
3 + + 2
12 5 12 3 24 2 + 12 + 12 4
32 6 8
+ 12
3 + + 2
12 5 12 3 24 2 + 12 + 12 4 + 12
= 26 34 83 + 242 + 48 + 12
32 6 8
= 3
++2
32 + 1 6 9
= 3
+ 3
++2 ++2
2 + 3
= ln|3 + + 2| 3
3 + + 2
= ln|3 + + 2| 3
2 + 3 2 + 3
= =
3 + + 2 ( + 1)(2 + 2)
1 1
= 2 +
(2 + 2) ( + 1)(2 + 2)
1
= 2 +
1 2 3
( ) +
2 4
1
2 2
= ( ) +
3 3
2 2
43 2 1
= ( ) +
3 3
1
=
( + 1)(2 + 2)
1 +
2
= + 2
( + 1)( + 2) + 1 + 2
1 (2 + 2) + ( + )(2 + 2)
=
( + 1)(2 + 2) ( + 1)(2 + 2)
1 ( + )2 + ( + + ) + 2 +
=
( + 1)(2 + 2) ( + 1)(2 + 2)
+ = 0; + + = 0; 2 + = 1
1 1 1
= ; = ; =
4 4 2
1 +
= 2
= + 2
( + 1)( + 2) +1 +2
1 1 1
4 4 + 2
= +
+ 1 2 + 2
1 1 2
= 2
4 +1 4 +2
1 1 1 1
= ln| + 1| 2 + 2
4 4 +2 4 +2
1 1 2 1 1
= ln| + 1| 2 +
4 8 +2 8 1 2 3
( ) +
2 4
1
1 1 1 1
= ln| + 1| ln|2 + 2| + . ( 2)
4 8 8 3 3
2 2
1 1 3 2 1
= ln| + 1| ln|2 + 2| + ( )
4 8 12 3
43 2 1
= ( ) +
3 3
43 2 1 1 1 3 2 1
= ( ) + ln| + 1| ln|2 + 2| + ( )
3 3 4 8 12 3
= ln|3 + + 2| 3
2 1 3 3
= ln|3 + + 2| 43 ( ) ln| + 1| + ln|2 + 2|
3 4 8
3 2 1
( )
4 3
3
(3 + + 2)(2 + 2)8 173 2 1
= ln | 3 | ( )
4 3
( + 1)4
= 26 34 83 + 242 + 48 + 12
3
(3 + + 2)(2 + 2)8
= 26 34 83 + 242 + 48 + 12 ln | 3 |
( + 1)4
2 1
513 ( )+
3
2)
cos sin + 1
= tan 2 =
2
2 2 1 2
= ; sin = ; cos =
2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1
Reemplazando
2
2+1
1 2 2
+1
2 + 1 2 + 1
2
2+1
1 2 2 + 2 + 1
2 + 1
2
= = ln| 1| +
2 2 1
3)
4
1 + 4
3
1 + 4 = 4 4 3 = 43 =
3
4
= 4 1
4
1 + 4
3
3
4
4
3 2 3
3 = 3 = 2 (4 1)4
4 4
4 1 4 1
2+1 3
=0
4 4
4 1 = 4 4
1
1 4 = 4 =
1 4
4 4 4
1 + 4 = 4 = 1 1 + 4
4
= 1 (1 + 4 )1
45 = 4 3 = 5 3
3
2 ( 4 4 )4 5 3
1 1
4 = 4
=
1 (1 )(1 + 2 )
2
1 1 1
2
+
2 1 1 + 2
1 1
+
2 1 2 2 1 + 2
1 1 1
ln | | + arctan() +
2 +1 2
4
= 1 (1 + 4 )1
4
1 1 (1 + 4 )1 1 1 4
= ln | 4 | + arctan (1 (1 + 4 )1 ) +
2 4 1
1 (1 + ) + 1 2
4) Calcula:
5 1
3 1+
1
5 1
= 3 (1 + 1 )5
3 1+
3+1
1
=2
1 + 1 = 5
5 4
2 = 54 =
2
1
5 4
= 3 (5 )5 ( 2
) = 5 1 3 = (5 1)3 = 3 8
4 9
3 8 = 4
9
+
Ejemplo
Calcula:
dx
x4 x2 x2 ; x , 1
1 1 1
z= x= dx = dz
x z z2
dz z2 .dz z3 .dz
I = = =
1 1 1 2 2z2 z+1
z2 4 2 2 1z2z
z z z z2
z3 .dz dz
I0 = = (Az 2 + Bz + C)2z 2 z + 1 + D
2z2 z+1 2z2 z+1
Derivando:
z 3 . dz (4z 1)(Az 2 + Bz + C) D
= (2Az + B)2z 2 z + 1 + +
2z 2 z + 1 22z 2 z + 1 2z 2 z + 1
2z 3 = 12 A z 3 + (5A 8B)z 2 + ( 4A 3B 4C)z + (2B C + 2D)
1 5 47 29
A= B= C= D=
6 48 192 128
1 5 47 29 dz
I0 = ( z + z ) 2z 2 z + 1
6 48 192 128 2z 2 z + 1
dz dz 1 2 . dz
IA = = =
2z 2 z + 1 2 2 2
9 2 (z + 1) 2
8 4 ( 3 ) (2 (z + 1))
22 4
1 4z + 1
IA = Arcsen ( )
2 3
Reemplazando
1 5 47 29 4z + 1
I0 = ( z + z ) 2z 2 z + 1 Arcsen ( )
6 48 192 1282 3
Como : I = I0
29 4z + 1 1 5 47
I= Arcsen ( )+( z z+ ) 2z 2 z + 1
1282 3 6 48 192
Ejemplo
Calcule utilizando el segundo caso de sustitucin de Euler
2 ++24 2 +4+4
=
2 ( 4 + 3 + 2
Solucin:
2 ++22 2 ++1
=
3 2 ++1
2
( 2 ++11)
=
3 2 ++1
2 ++11
=
3 2 ++1
= 3 2
++1( 3 )
2
sabemos que: 3 = y decimos que = 2
2 2 ++1( 3 )
2 =
2 ++1( 3 )
c=1>0
2 + + 1 = 1
2 + + 1 = 1
2 + + 1 = 2 2 2 + 1
x + 1 = xz 2 2z
2z+1
2z + 1 = x(z 2 1) x = z2 1
2 2 + 2 1 2 ++1
2 + + 1 = 2 1
2 1
2 + + 1 = 2 1
( 2 1)(2) (2+1)(2) 2 2 22
= ( 2 1)2
= ( 2 1)2
dz
2( 2 ++1)
= ( 2 1)2
19
z2 +2z+ A B C
0 = (2z+1)3
8
= 2z+1 + (2z+1)2
+ (2z+1)3
de donde tenemos :
19
z 2 + 2z + 8 = (2 + 1)2 + (2 + 1) +
obtenemos:
1 3 9
= , = , =
4 2 8
reemplazando en 2
19 3 9
2 3 z2 +2z+ 2 3 1 8
2 = 2 (16 16 z) (2z+1)3
8
dz = 2 (16 16 z) (2z+14 + 2
(2z+1)2
+ (2z+1)3
)dz
2 3 1 3 9
8
2 = 2 (16 16 z) ( 2z+14 + 2
(2z+1)2
+ (2z+1) 3 )dz
2 3 1 2 3 2 9 2
2 = 2 ( z) ( + + )
16 16 8 2z+1 4 (2+1)2 16 (2+1)2
2 3 1 3 1 9 1
2 = 2 (16 16
z) ( 8 ln(2z + 1) + 4 ( 2z+1) + 16 ( 2(2z+1)2 ))
2 ++1+1
pero como 2 + + 1 = 1 =
entonces
2
x2 +x+1+1
( ) 3 x2 +x+1+1 1 x2 +x+1+1 3 1 9
I2 =2 ( x
- ( )) -(- ln (2( )+1) + (- x2 +x+1+1
)+ (-
16 16 x 8 x 4 16
2( )+1
x
1
2 ))
x2 +x+1+1
2(2( )+1)
x
Reemplazando I2 en I
= 3 2
2
x2 +x+1+1
1 ( ) 3 x2 +x+1+1 1 x2 +x+1+1 3 1 9
I=- 2 -[2 ( x
16
- 16 ( x
)) -(- 8 ln (2( x
)+1) + 4 (- x2 +x+1+1
) + 16 (-
2x
2( )+1
x
1
2 ) )]
x2 +x+1+1
2(2( )+1)
x
2
x2 +x+1+1
1 ( )
I=- -[2 ( x
-
2x2 16
3 x2 +x+1+1 1 x2 +x+1+1 3 1 9 1
16
( x
)) + 8 ln (2( x
)+1) + 4 ( 2 ) + 16 ( 2) ]
x +x+1+1 x2 +x+1+1
2( )+1 2(2( )+1)
x x
Problema:
Calcule por el tercer caso de Euler considerando el factor (x-1) la siguiente integral
indefinida:
2
( 2 4+3+ +2)
=
2 5 2 4+3
5
1 1 2
= 2 2 +
2 2 2 4+3
+ 2 2 2
4+3
1 3 1
= 2 + (2 + 1)
2 2 2 2 4+3
llamaremos =
2 2 4+3
3
( 1)( 3) = ( 1) =
1
( 1)( 3) = ( 1)2 2
2 3
=
2 1
2
2 4 + 3 = 2 1
4
=
( 2 1)2
Reemplazando en IA:
2
4z(z2 1) (z2 1)
IA = (z2 1)2 (z2 3)2 (2z) dz
2z2 +2
IA = dz
(z2 3)2
Derivando
2 2 +2 ( 2 3)(+)2 +
( 2 2)2
= ( 2 3)2
+ 2 3
2 2 +2 2 23+( 3 +1) 2 33
(2 3)2 = ( 2 3)2
2 2 + 2 = 3 + ( + ) 2 + (2 3) + (3 3)
de donde se obtiene:
+ = 2 = 2
2 3 = 0 = 0
3 3 = 2
2
=
3
2 4
= 2
3( 2 3) 3 3
2 2 3
= 3(2 |+ 3|
3) 33
3 3
2 2 3
1 1
= 3 33
| |
3( 3)
3
+3
1
1
3
1 1 2 2
1 331
= 3 + (2 + 1)[ 3 | 3+ 3 1|] +
3 2 2 3(
1
3) 33
Ejemplo:
Calcule ( 2 2+1)2
Solucin:
2 ++ +
= + dx
(1)4 (1)3 (1)
1=2A 3 2 2 + 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 + 4 3 3 + 3 2 + 3
3 2 + 3
1=D 4 + ( 3 + ) 3 + (2 2 + 3 3) 2 + ( 3 + 3)
D=0
-A-3D+E=0E=A
5
-2A-2B+3D-3E=0 -5A=2B B=- 2
5 11 11
-B-3C-D+3E=0 2
-3C+3A=0 2
=3C C= 6
E = - 1; D = 0
5
A= - 1 B= 2
11
C= - 6
5 11
2 +
2 6
(2 2+1)2 = (1)3
- (1)
6 2 +1511 1 1
I= 6(1)3
- (1 )
6 2 +1511
I= - lnx-1 +lnx + k
6(1)3
6 2 +1511
I= 6(1)3
+ ln(1) +
Ejemplo
: 9 2 12 = 22 (3 + 2)2
. : 3 + 2 = 2
3 = 2
2
=
3
22 22 2 = 2 cos
2
: = 25 5 . 2 cos . cos
3
27
= 5 . 2
3
27
= (1 2 )2 . 2 .
3
27
= (1 2 2 + 4 ). 2 .
3
27
= 2 . 2 4 . + 6 .
3
27 3 5 7
= ( +2 )+
3 3 5 7
3 5 7
27 (9 2 12) 2 (9 2 12) 2 (9 2 12) 2
= ( + )+
3 24 160 7(128)
7
16 3 8 5 (9 2 12) 2
= (9 2 12) 2 + (9 2 12) 2 +
3 15 7(128)
Ejemplo
Calcule utilizando sustitucin hiperblica la integral
[ ( . ) ]
( . )
Solucin
81. 7 45 7
=
(72 2.7 2)4 8 (72 2.7 2)2
81. 7 45 7
=
2 4 8 2 2
((7 1)2 3 ) ((7 1)2 3 )
81. 7 45 7
=
2 4 8 2 2
2
((7 1) 3 ) 2
((7 1) 3 )
81. 7 45 7
= 8 8 4
2 2
((7 1)2 3 ) ((7 1)2 3 )
: 7 1 = 3 cosh
7 7 = 3
7 = 3
7
32 3 = 3
=
.
=
813 453
= 8 +
7 3 8 87 34 4
= +
Dividimos en dos integrales
= 5 . 2
= 5 = 55 .
= 2 =
= 5 . 5 5 . 2 / + =
= 5 . 5 7 5
1 5
= 5 . 5
6 6
= 3 . 2
= . 3 3 5 . 2
= . 3 3 5 3 3
1 3
= . 3 3
4 4
Reemplazando en
= . + +
Reemplazando en I
3 53 53
= 67 5 . 247 3 + 87 3
53
87 3 +
9 7 1 15 7 1
= 27 (72 2.7 2)3 + 87 (72 2.7 2)2 +
Ejercicios
Ejemplo
1 8 cos 4x. sen 4x
I= dx
2 sen4 4x (1 + sen2 4x)2
Solucin
= 2 4
= 2 4. 4. cos 4
=
. ( + )
1
= + + +
2 + ( + 1)2 2 + 1 ( + 1)2
1 = ( + 1)2 + ( + 1)2 + 2 ( + 1) + 2
=0 1=
= 1 1 =
= 1 1 = 4 + 4 + 2 + 1; + 2 = 2
= 2 1 = 2 + 1 4 + 4; 2 + = 2
= 2; = 2
= + + +
+ ( + ) + ( + )
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ( + 1)2
+1
1 1
= 2|| + 2| + 1| +
+1
+1 2 + 1
= 2 | | +
( + 1)
1 + 2 4 22 4 + 1
= 2 | | +
2 4 2 4(1 + 2 4)
Ejemplo
Calcule por el criterio de Hermite
+
() (+)
Solucin
+ + + +
() (+)
= ()
+ ()(+)
+ () ( + )( + + )() +
() (+)
= ()
+()(+)
Resolviendo
9 3 24 2 + 48 = (1 + 22 )( 2 2) (0 + 1 + 2 2 )(3 +
3)+(3 + 4 )( 3 6 2 + 12 8)
9 3 24 2 + 48 = 4 4 + (2 64 + 3 ) 3 (52 21 63 +
124 ) 2 + (30 41 42 + 123 83 ) + (21 30 83 )
Calculando los valores delos coeficientes:
4 = 0
2 + 3 64 = 9
52 21 63 = 24
30 41 42 + 123 = 48
21 30 83 = 0
= ; = ; = ; = ; =
Entonces la integral ser
20 + 18 6 2
= + 3
( 2)3 ( 2)( + 1)
20 + 18 6 2 2
= + 3 | |+
( 2)3 +1
Ejemplo
3 3
1
3
2 7
SOLUCIN:
1
1 3 2
3
1 .
3
1 + 3
1 1 2
3 = = 3
3
2
3 = 3
3 1
3
1+
MCM es 3.
1
= 3
1+
2
1 = 3
1+
2
+1=
3 + 1
6 2
=
( 3 + 1)2
. 3 2
= 6
( 3 + 1)2
= =
3 2 1
= = 3
( + 1)
3 2 +1
6
= 6
3 + 1 +
=
3 +1
1 +
= + 2
3 +1 +1 +1
1 = ( 2 + 1) + ( + )( + 1)
1 = ( + ) 2 + ( + + ) + ( + )
+ = 0 =
+ + = 0 = 2
+ = 1 = 13
= 23
= 13
1 1 +2
= 2
3 +1 3 +1
1 1 2 1 1
= ln| + 1| 2 + 2
3 6 +1 2 2
( 12) + (32)
1 1
= ln| + 1| ln| 2 + 1|
3 6
1 2 1
+ tan1 ( )
3 3
1 ( + 1)2 1 2 1
= ln | 2 |+ tan1 ( )
6 +1 3 3
6 ( + 1)2 6 1
2 1
= ln | | tan ( )
3 + 1 2 + 1 3 3
1
3 1 3
: = 1
1+ 3
2
1
1
3 1
3 13
3 3 1
1 3
6 | ( + 1) | 2
1 1+
1
3 1 1
1+ 3 6 1 + 3
= 1 ln 2 tan1
1 3 1 1 3 3
1 +1 | 31 3 31 3 + 1|
1+ 3 1 1
1 + 3 1 + 3 ( )
RPTA:
| ( + ) |
+
+ +
=
+ | + |
+ + ( )
Ejemplo:
Calcule utilizando el segundo caso de sustitucin de Euler
2 ++24 2 +4+4
=
2 ( 4 + 3 + 2
Solucin:
2 ++22 2 ++1
=
3 2 ++1
2
( 2 ++11)
=
3 2 ++1
2 ++11
=
3 2 ++1
= 3
2 ++1 3 ..(1)
2
2
sabemos que: 3 = 2
2 = 2 .(2)
++1( 3 )
c=1>0
2 + + 1 = 1
2 + + 1 = 1
2 ++1+1
=
.(3)
2 2 2
+ + 1 = 2 + 1
x + 1 = xz 2 2z
2z+1
2z + 1 = x(z 2 1) x = z2 1.(4)
2 + + 1 = 1
2 2 + 2 1 2 ++1
2 + + 1 = 2 1
2 1
2 + + 1 = 2 1
(5)
( 2 1)(2) (2+1)(2) 2 2 22
= ( 2 1)2
= ( 2 1)2
dz
2( 2 ++1)
= ( 2 1)2
. . (6)
19
z2 +2z+
0 = 8
dz
(2z+1)3
19
z2 +2z+ A B C
0 : (2z+1)3
8
= 2z+1 + (2z+1)2
+ (2z+1)3
operando tenemos :
19
z 2 + 2z + 8 = (2 + 1)2 + (2 + 1) +
obtenemos:
1 3 9
= 4 , = 2 , =8
19 1 3 9
z2 +2z+
(2z+1)3
8
= 2z+1
4
+ 2
(2z+1)2
+ 8
(2z+1)3
(8)
Reemplazando (8) en (7)
19 3 9
2 3 z2 +2z+ 2 3 1 8
2 = 2 ( z) 8
z) ( 4 + (2z+1)
dz = 2 ( 2
+ )dz
16 16 (2z+1)3 16 16 2z+1 2 (2z+1)3
2 3 14 3 9
2 8
2 = 2 (16 16 z) ( 2z+1 + (2z+1) 2 + (2z+1)3 )dz
2 3 1 2 3 2 9 2
2 = 2 (16 16 z) ( 8 2z+1 + 4 (2+1)2 + 16 (2+1)2 )
2 3 1 3 1 9 1
2 = 2 (16 16 z) ( 8 ln(2z + 1) + 4 ( 2z+1) + 16 ( 2(2z+1)2 )) . . (9)
9 1
+ 16 (- 2 ) ).(10)
x2 +x+1+1
2(2( )+1)
x
Reemplazando(10) en (1)
= 3 2
x 2 +x+1+1 2
1 ( ) 3 x 2 +x+1+1 1 x 2 +x+1+1 3 1 9
I=- 2 -[2 (
x
- ( )) -(- ln (2( )+1) + (- x 2 +x+1+1
)+ (-
2x 16 16 x 8 x 4 16
2( )+1
x
1
2 ) )]
x 2 +x+1+1
2(2( )+1)
x
2 ++1+1 2
1 ( ) 3 2 ++1+1 1 2 ++1+1 3 1 9 1
= 2 [(
( )) + (2( ) + 1) + ( 2 ++1+1
)+ ( 2 )]
2 8 8 8 4 16 2 ++1+1
2( )+1 2(2( )+1)
Ejemplo
Solucin
>11>0
2 + 2 3 = ( + 3)( 1)
+3
2 + 2 3 = ( 1) = 1
( + 3)( 1) = ( 1)2 2 + 3 = 2 2
2 + 3 = ( 2 1)
2 +3 4
= 21 1 = 2 1
8
= ( 2 1)2
2 +3 4
( 2 + 2 )
1 1
= 8 4 4 . ( 2 1)2
( 2 )(1 2 )
1 1
(+3)
= 2 (1)( 2 41)
2 +3 +
(1)( 2 41)
= +
1 2 41
2 + 3 = ( 2 4 1) + ( + )( 1)
2 + 3 = ( + ) 2 + (4 + ) + ( )
+ =1
4 + = 3
= 0
= 1; = 2; =1
2+1
= 1 + 2 41
24 5
= ln| 1| + 2 41 + 2
(2)2 (5)
5 25
= ln| 1| + ln| 2 4 1| + ln |2+5|
2
25
= 2 ln| 1| 2 ln| 2 4 1| 5 ln |2+5| +
5
(1)2 (2+5)
= ln | 5
|+
( 2 41)2 (25)
2 5
+3 +3
( 1) ( 2+5)
1 1
= ln | 2 5
|+
+3 +3 +3
( 4 1) ( 25)
1 1 1
x=2ArcTg(z)
2dz
dx=1+z2
senx = 2sen ( ) cos ( )
2 2
2sen( )cos( ) 2( ) 2
2 2 2
senx = = = 1+2
2 ( )+2 ( ) 1+2 ( )
2 2 2
2
senx =
1 + 2
= 2 ( ) 2 ( )
2 2
[1 2 (2)] 1 2
2 2
= ( ) [1 ( )] = = 2
2 2 [1 + 2 (2)] 1 +
1 2
cosx =
1 + 2
2 1 2 2dz M(z)
H(1+2 ; 1+ 2 ) 1+z2 N(z) dz
dz
dx=1+z2
1 + 2
z
x
1
2
senx = sen2 x =
1 + 2 1 + 2
1 1
cosx = cos 2 x =
1 + 2 1 + 2
2 1 dz M(z)
H((1+2 ) ; (1+2 ) ) 1+z2 N(z) dz
Ejemplo
Calcula:
cos sin +1
Solucin:
= tan 2 2 =
2 2 1 2
= 2 +1 ; sin = 2 +1 ; cos = 2 +1
2
+12
12 2+2 +1
2 +1
2
22 = 1 = ln| 1| + = ln | 2 1| +
Ejemplo:
Demostrar:
cscx dx=ln| |+K
Solucin:
z=tg( )
2
x=2ArcTg(z)
2dz
dx = 1+z2
2
senx =
1+ 2
1 2
cosx = 1+2
Solucin:
( cos 5 +2+1 )
I = ( ++1 )(1+2 )2
( cos 5 +2+1 )
I = (
++1 )(1+2 )(12 )
I = ( ++1 ) + (1+2 )(12 )
2 2 1 2
= tan 2 = 1+ 2 , = 1+ 2 , = 1+ 2
2 +1 1 +1 1
I1= ( 2 = ( ) = ( ) ( )
+1)(+1) 2 +1 +1 2 +1 +1
+1 1 2
I1= ( 2 +1) ln( + 1) = 2 2 +1 + 2 +1 ln( + 1)
1
I1= 2 ln( 2 + 1) + () ln( + 1) = ln 2 + 1 + () ln( + 1)
I1= ln tg 2 2 + 1 + (tg 2) ln(tg 2 + 1)
I1= ln (sec 2) + (tg 2) ln(tg 2 + 1)
x
sec
I1= ln ( x
2
) + (tg )
tg +1 2
2
1 1 1
I2= (1+2 )(12 ) = 2 (1+2 + 12 )
1 1 1 1
I2= 2 1+2 + 2 2 = 2 1+2 + 2 tg
2
= tg = 1+2 , = 2 = 1+2
1+ 2
Reemplazamos en la integral
1 1 1 1
I2= 2 2
+ 2 tg = 2 1+22 + 2 tg
(1+ 2 )(1+ )
1+2
1 2 1 1 1
I2= 2 + 2 tg = 2 (2) + 2 tg
2 1+(2)2 2
I = I1+ I2
x
sec 1 1
I = ln ( x
2
) + (tg 2) + 2 (2 tg ) + 2 tg +k
tg +1
2
2
= (; ; ) + 2 = (; ; ) + 1
Ejemplo
Halle la frmula de reduccin para = cos y con la formula calcule
2 cos 2 .
Solucin
= = 1
sin
= cos =
sin 1 cos 1
=
(
+
2 cos )
sin 1 ( 1)
= + 2 ( cos ) 2 cos
2
=2
=2
2 sin 2 1 1
= + ( cos 2) cos 2
2 2 2
2 sin 2 1 1
= + ( cos 2) sin 2 +
2 2 4
.Ejemplo:
= ()
Con la frmula hallada, calcular:
3 = 3 (2)
Solucin:
= () = [2 () 2 ()]
Iq Iq2
3 = 3 (2)
q=3 a=2
csch(2x). ctgh(2x) 1
I3 = csch(2x) dx
4 2
csch(2x). ctgh(2x) 1 2
I3 = 2 dx
4 2 2
csch(2x). ctgh(2x) 1 2 1
I3 = ln | 2 |+
4 4 +1
csch(2x). ctgh(2x) 1
I3 = ln | |+
4 4 +
csch(2x). ctgh(2x) 1
I3 = ln | |+
4 4 +
csch(2x). ctgh(2x) 1
I3 = ln|| +
4 4
Ejemplo
Halla la formula de reduccin para:
Iq= y utilizando dicha frmula calcula I4=
1 2 4 1 2
Calcula:
Iq= , x=sen(z) = cos() , 1 2 = cos()
1 2
Iq= () = 2 () 2 (),
*u= 2 () = ( 2) 2 ()()
* = 2 () = ()
Iq= 2 ()() ( 2) () + ( 2) 2 ()
2 ()() (2)
Iq= 1
+ 1
2 ()
1 2 (2)
Iq=(1) 1 + 2 1 2
1
Para I4= donde q=4
4 1 2
1 2 2 1 2
4 = + I 2 = = +0+
(3) 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 (1)1
1 2 2 1 2
4 = +3 +
3 3 (1) 1
Ejemplo
SOLUCION:
= (sinh ) (cosh )
((cosh )2 (sinh )2 )
= (sinh ) (cosh )
= (sinh ) (cosh )2 (sinh )2 (cosh )
=
= (sinh
)2 (cosh )
1 (1)
= (1)(sinh )1 (cosh )1 (1) (sinh ) (cosh )2
1 (1)
= (sinh ) (cosh )2 + (1)(sinh )1 (cosh )1 + (1) (sinh ) (cosh )2
1 +2
= (1)(sinh )1 (cosh )1 + ( ) (sinh ) (cosh )2
1
1 3
3 = 2 sinh (cosh )2 + (2) (sinh )2 cosh
1 3
3 = 2 sinh (cosh )2 + (2)
= (sinh )2 cosh
(sech )3
= (tanh )2
(1(tanh )2 ) sech
= (tanh )2
sech
= (tanh )2 sech
cosh
= (sinh )2 sech
1
= sinh tan1(sinh )
1 3 1
3 = + ( ) ( tan1(sinh ))
2 sinh (cosh )2 2 sinh
1 3 1 3
3 = 2 sinh (cosh )2 2 . sinh 2 tan1(sinh )
Problema 4
Halle la formula de reduccin para I = y usando la formula calcule
( 2 +2 )
I3 = 2 3
( +9)
1 2 1 ( 2 + 2 ) 2
I = = =
( 2 + 2 ) 2 ( 2 + 2 ) 2 ( 2 + 2 )
1 1 2
I =
2 ( 2 + 2 )1 2 ( 2 + 2 )
2
= ( 2 +2 ) = ( 2 + 2 ) .
= =
2 2 +1
= ( 2 + 2 ) . = 12 ( + )
+1
1
I = +
2( 1)( 2 + 2 )1 2( 1) ( 2 + 2 )1
1 1
I = 2
2 2 1
+ 2 2 1
2
2
( + ) 2( 1)( + ) 2 ( 1) ( + 2 )1
1 1
I = 2 2 1
+ 2 (1 ) 2
2( 1)( + ) 2( 1) ( + 2 )1
23
I = +( ) ( 2+2)1
2(1)( 2 +2 )1 2(1).2
23
I = +( ) . I1
2(1)( 2 +2 )1 2(1).2
= 3, = 3
1 1
I3 = + = + I
36( 2 +9)2 12 ( 2 +9)2 36( 2 +9)2 12 2
= 2, = 3
1 1
I2 = + (2 = + ( )
18( 2 +9) 18 +9) 18( 2 +9) 54 3
1
I3 = + + ( ) +
36( 2 +9)2 12.18( 2 +9) 12.54 3
Ejemplo
++1 ( + 3)+1 3
( )=
+1 +1 + 1 1
( + 3)+1 3
=
++1 + + 1 1
3 ; = 3 , = 4
3 ( + 3)5 9
3 = 2
8 8
2 ( + 3)5 6
2 = 1
7 7
2 ( + 3)5 3
1 = 0
6 6
( + 3)5
0 =
5
2 ( + 3)5 1
1 = ( + 3)5
6 10
2 ( + 3)5 ( + 3)5 3( + 3)5
2 =
7 7 35
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES
A.-Ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias
Es una ecuacion donde figura las derivadas o diferenciales de la funcion desconocida.
La variable desconocida depende de una sola variable independiente.
Ejemplos:
2 + 2
1.
= 2
2
2. 2
4 + 6 = sin
3. y + 9y = 3x 2 + 4
7 4 2
4. 7
4 4 2 2 + = 4
5. (3 + ). + ( 2). = 0
4 2
6. 2 = +
4 2
dny d n 1y d2y dy
A0 ( x) A1( x) ........ An 2 ( x ) An 1( x ) An ( x ) y R( x)...(1)
dx n dx n 1 dx 2 dx
Ejemplo
dy
1. xy xe x
dx
du tu t
2.
dt 2
t 4 t2 4
4. yVI 2 y IV xy 3 y e x senx
Ejemplo
dy
2. ( y x) 2 ( y x) 2
dx
2
d2y dy
3. ( Senx ) 3x 3 y 3 3
dx
2
dx
Ejemplo
sin
Verificar si la funcin: = cos 4 + sin 4 + es solucin de
15
2
La siguiente ecuacin diferencial: + 16 = sin
2
Solucin:
sin
= cos 4 + sin 4 + ( 1)
15
+ 16 = sin (2)
Derivando ( 1)
cos
= 4 sin 4 + 4 cos 4 + (3)
15
sin
= 16 cos 4 16 sin 4 (4)
15
(4),(1) reemplazando en (2 )
sin 16
16 cos 4 16 sin 4 + 16 cos 4 + 16 sin 4 + 15 = sin
15
0=0
La funcin dada es solucin de la E.D.O
Ejemplo
1 (0 )2 +(0 )2 +(0 )2
U(x, y, z, t) = 3 42
(2a2t )
Solucin
U 2 U 2 U 2 U
= a2 ( x2 + y2 + )
t z2
(0 )2 +(0 )2 +(0 )2
1
U(x, y, z, t) = 3 42
(2a2t )
U 2 U 2 U 2 U
= a2 ( x2 + y2 + ) (1)
t z2
(0 )2 +(0 )2 +(0 )2
U 3
= 3 5
42 +
t
2(2a2 ) t2
(0 )2 +(0 )2 +(0 )2
1 (0 )2 +(0 )2 +(0 )2
+ 7 42 (2)
3 42
(2a2 ) t2
(0 )2 +(0 )2 +(0 )2
U 1 (0 )
= 3 3
42 ( )
x 22
(2a2 ) t2
(0 )2 +(0 )2 +(0 )2
2 U 1 (0 )2
= 3 42 ( )+
x2 3 4 4 2
(2a2 ) t2
(0 )2 +(0 )2 +(0 )2
1 1
+ 3 3
42 ( 2 2 ).(3)
(2a2 ) t2
(0 )2 +(0 )2 +(0 )2
2 U 1 (0 )2
= 3 42 ( )+
y2 3 4 4 2
(2a2 ) t2
(0 )2 +(0 )2 +(0 )2
1 1
+ 3 3
42 ( 2 2 ).(4)
(2a2 ) t2
(0 )2 +(0 )2 +(0 )2
2 U 1 ( )2
= 3 3
42 ( 4 40 2 ) +
z2
(2a2 ) t2
(0 )2 +(0 )2 +(0 )2
1 1
+ 3 3
42 ( 2 2 ).(5)
(2a2 ) t2
a2 1 1 1
( + + 2)
3 5 2a2 2a 2 2a
(2a2 ) t2
0=0
Ejemplo
1
Verificar que: U es la solucin de la ecuacin
x y2 z2
2
Solucin
2U 2 U 2 U
Ecuacin Laplace en tres dimensiones es: 0
x 2 y 2 z2
3
x 2 y 2 z 2 3x 2 x 2 y 2 z 2
U x 2U
x 3 x2 x 2 y 2 z 2
3
x 2 y 2 z 2
U
y
2U
x2 y2 z2 3 3y2 x2 y2 z2
y
x2 y 2 z 2
3
y2 x2 y2 z2 3
U
z
2U
x2 y2 z2 3 3z2 x2 y2 z2
z
x2 y2 z 23 z2 x2 y2 z2 3
2
U
2
U
2
U
3
x
2
y
2
z
2
3
3 x
2
y
2
z
2
3
x
2
y
2
z
2
x
2
y
2
z
2
3
2U 2 U 2 U
0
x 2 y 2 z 2
Ejemplo
3
3 d2y dy
Verificar que y 3x 3 y 5 , es una solucin de: 2y 0
dx
2
dx
Solucin
y3 3x 3 y 5
1
3 y 2 y ' 3 3 y ' 0 y ' ( y 2 1) 1 y '
y2 1
2 yy' 2y
y' ' y ' '
( y 2 1) 2 ( y 2 1)3
Reemplazando y, y en la ecuacin diferencial dada.
3
d2y dy
2y 0
dx 2 dx
2y 1
2 y 0
( y 1)
2 3
( y 1)
2 3
0=0
Ejemplo
SOLUCIN:
2
22
= sen( )
= ; =
( 2 2 ) + =
2 2 2 2
22 22
2 22 22
= cos( ) 2 2
= cos( )
2 2 2 2
22 22 22 22
2 2
= sen ( ) + cos ( ) { 2 3
}
2 2 2 2
22 22 22 22
2
= sen ( ) + cos ( ) { 2
}
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
( 2 2 ) ( cos( 22 ) 22 ) + ( sen ( 22 ) + cos ( 22 ) { 22 22 }) =
2
=
2 2 2 2 2
22 22
3 22 22 22
cos( ) cos ( ) + sen ( )+
2 2 2 2 2
22 22 22 22
3 22
cos ( ) cos ( )
= sen ( )
0=0
Por lo tanto la funcin de varias variables dada es solucin de la E.D.P
Solucin general
Una ecuacin diferencial de orden n en forma implcita tiene la siguiente forma:
La solucin general de sta ecuacin diferencial, es una funcin que tiene constantes
de integracin arbitraria y esencial de acuerdo al orden de la E.D.O
Solucin particular
Es la solucin que se obtiene a partir de la solucin general asignando valores
determinados a las constantes arbitrarias esenciales. La solucin particular
geomtricamente es una nica curva integral.
Ejemplo
d 2 y dy
Halla la solucin de la ecuacin diferencial: 2 y 0 con la siguiente
dx 2 dx
Solucin
S .G : y c1 e x c2 e 2 x
y c1 e x 2 c2 e 2 x
= 0 = 1; 1 0 + 2 0 = 1 1 + 2 = 1
= 0 = 1; 1 0 22 0 = 1 1 22 = 1
Restando el sistema
32 = 0 2 = 0 ; 1 = 1
S.P. y ex
Solucin singular
Ejemplo:
2
Se tiene y 2 Lny xy
dy dy
dx dx
S.G: Lny Cx C 2
2
2
. : = 4
= 4
Ejemplo
2 4 = 0 : 3 2 + 2 + 1 = 0
Solucin:
=
2
3 ( ) + 2 +1=0
2 4 = 0 2 + 2 , = 0 , = 2
2 2 2
4
4
+ 1 = 0 2 4 = 0
Solucin explcita
Es cuando la variable desconocida se pude expresar en funcin de la variable
independiente.
S.G: = ()
Solucin implcita
No es posible expresar la variable desconocida en trminos de la variable
independiente.
. : (, , ) = 0
. . : (, , ) = 0 ; (0 ) = 0
Ejemplo
Solucin
dy dy
Pendiente m 3x 2 ; y(2) 8 ; P.V.I
dx dx
dy 3x 2dx
3x
dy 2 dx
S .G : y x3 C
y(2) 8 8 8 C C 0
. : = 3
Ejemplo:
La pendiente de una familia de curvas en cualquier punto P(x,y) del plano cartesiano
es:
4 2x.
2
Sea la curva desconocida y = y(x) en pendiente para cada P(x,y) R )
dy
Est dado por y por dato su valor es:
dx
dy
4 2x
dx
dy
a) 4 2 x; y (0) 0 ; es el problema de valor inicial pedido
dx
Condicin inicial
b) dy (4 2 x)dx
dy (4 2 x) dx
y 4x x2 C
y ( x 2) 2 k
S.G : ( x 2)2 ( y k )
y(o) O (0 2) 2 K
K 4
S .P : ( x 2) 2 ( y 4)
Ejemplo
En la siguiente ecuacin diferencial
(2 + 1)2 2(2 + 1) 12 = 6
:
3 1
. : = (2 + 1)1 + (2 + 1)3 +
8 16
Si A=2;B=-1 Encuentra su solucin particular
Solucin
Solucin particular, es la que se obtiene a partir de la solucin general asignando
ciertos valores a las constantes arbitrarias de acuerdo a las condiciones dadas.
En nuestro caso:
3 1
. . : = 2(2 + 1)1 (2 + 1)3 +
8 16
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
(, , 1 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 4 ) = 0
La manera de obtener la ecuacin diferencial a partir de la ecuacin primitiva que tiene
n constantes arbitrarias esenciales, es eliminar las n constantes arbitrarias
esenciales a partir de las (n + 1) ecuaciones siguientes:
. . : (, , , , , ) = 0
Ejemplo:
y cx 1
a) e
x
b) Ln 1 ay; a es constante arbitraria
y
Solucin
y cx 1 ...................................(1)
a) e
e y y' c 0 ................................(2)
y y' ,
De (2) c e reemplazando en (1)
e y e y y ' x 1
= 1
x
b) Ln 1 ay ..................................(1)
y
Ln x Lny 1 ay
1 y 1 1 1 ay 1
a y y(a ) y( )
x y x y x y
y y y xy
y ay 1 a (2)
x(ay 1) xy xyy
x y xy '
Ln 1
y xy '
x y
Ln 1 1
y xy '
x dy
x Ln y0
y dx
Ejemplo
2
= 1 2 +2 3 +
Solucin
2
= 1 2 +2 3 + ...(1)
2
= 21 +32 2 2 ..(2)
4
= 21 +62 + ..(3)
3
2
= 21 2 +32 3 (4)
4
2 = 21 2 +22 3 + .(1)
6
2 + = 2 3 (5)
4
= 21 +62 2 + 2 ..(6)
2
= 21 +32 2 2 ..(2)
6 6
= 32 2 + 2 2 = 32 2 .(7)
1
(5) multiplicando por:
2 6
+ 2 = 2 2 Reemplazando en (7)
6 2 6
2 = 3( + 2 )
6 24
4 + 2 = 0 3 4 2 + 6 = 24
3 4 2 + 6 = 24
Solucin
5 1
= 1 (3 + 2)1 + 2 (3 + 2)2 + . . (1)
4 8
5
= 31 (3 + 2)2 + 62 (3 + 2) 4 . . (2)
Sumando
15 17
(3 + 2) + 3 = 92 (3 + 2)2 2
8
(6)
()(3 + 2);(II)x6
Sumando
15
(3 + 2) + 6 = 542 (3 + 2)
2
(3+2)1 5(3+2)1
2 = 54
+ 9
+ 36
.(9)
Reemplazando (9) en ( 6)
1
(3+2) 5(3+2)1 15 17
(3 + 2) + 3 = 9(3 + 2)2 ( 54 + 9
+ 36
) 2 8
5 15 17
(3 + 2) + 3 = (3 + 2)2 . 6
+ (3 + 2) + 4 (3 + 2) 2
8
15 51
18 = (3 + 2)2 + 2
(3 + 2) 45 4
45 51
18 = (3 + 2)2 + + 15 45
2 4
45 9
18 = (3 + 2)2 18 = 2
4
Ejemplo
y = (c1 + c2x) e x c3
Solucin
Mtodo 1
y c1e x c2 xe x c3
c1 e x c2 xe x c3 y 0 ...............(1)
x x x
y " ' c1e 3c2e c2 xe oc3
x x
c1 e c2e ( x 3) oc3 y " ' 0 ..............
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA .(4)TELLO GODOY
ING. EDWIN
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
Para que este sistema sea consistente su determinante del sistema es nulo
coeficientes.
c1 e x c2 xe x c3 y 0
x x
c1 e c2e ( x 3) oc3 y "' 0
ex xe x 1 y
ex ( x 1) e x 0 y'
0
ex ( x 2) e x 0 y"
ex ( x 3)e x 0 y" '
1 x 1 y
1 x 1 0 y'
e2x 0
1 x2 0 y"
1 x3 0 y" '
1 x 1 y'
(1) 4 1 x2 y" 0
1 x3 y" '
1 x 1 y'
0 1 y" y ' 0
0 2 y" ' y '
Mtodo 2
y c1e x c2 xe x c3.....................................................(1)
Ejemplo
Solucin:
La ecuacin general de la circunferencia es:
2 + 2 + + + = 0
Derivamos con respecto a x
2 + 2 + + = 0
Volvemos a derivar respecto de x
2 + 22 + 2 + = 0
Despejando E
2+22 +2 1+2 +
= =
2
Derivando
2
(2 + + )(1+ + ) (3 ( )2 + )( +( )2 + )
0= ( )2
= ( )2
2 2
3 2 2
0= ( )2
0 = 3 (1 + )
2 3 2
(1 + ( ) ) 3 3 ( 2 ) = 0
( )2 = 4( 2).(1)
Derivando
2( ) = 4
( ) = 2 .(2)
Derivando por segunda vez debido a que la ecuacin primitiva tiene dos constantes
arbitrarias esenciales.
1
1 = 2 2 = ..(3)
2( 2) ( )2 = 0
Ejemplo
(x + y + z; x2 + y2 + z2) = 0
Solucin:
u=x+y+z
v = x2 + y2 + z2
(u; v) = 0 ; u = x + y + z ; v = x2 + y2 + z2
x
u y
x
z
y
x
v y
x
z
y
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
= (
+
) + ( +
) =0
= 1;
= 1;
= ;
= 2x;
= 2;
= (1 + p) + (2x + 2zp) = 0 (1)
x u v
u u z v v z
y
= ( + z
u y
y
) + v (y + z y
) =0
= 1;
= 1;
= ; = 2;
= 2
= (1 + ) + (2 + 2)=0.(2)
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 2 2 2 2 = 0
= ( ) + ( )
( ) + ( ) =
= + 2 2 +
Solucin:
=+
2 2
= + 2 2 .(1)
= + 2 2 = + 2 2 .(2)
2 2 =
=+
= +
+ =
Ejemplo
= () + ()
Solucin:
= () + , ()
= g(x)
2
= g(x)
2
2 2
= = 0
2 2
2
= ; =
2
=0
Ejemplo
Verificar que la funcin:
2
= sen( 22 )
Es solucin de la ecuacin en derivadas parciales:
( 2 2 ) + =
Solucin
2
22
= sen( )
= ;
=
( 2 2 ) + =
2 2 2 2
2
= cos( 22 ) 22 22 = cos( 22 ) 22
2 2 2 2
2 2
= sen ( 22 ) + cos ( 22 ) { 22 22 2 3
}
2 2 2 2
22 22 22 22
2
= sen ( ) + cos ( ) { }
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
( 2 2 ) ( cos( 22 ) 22 ) + ( sen ( 22 ) + cos ( 22 ) { 22 22 })
2
=
2 2 3 2 2 2
0=0
Por lo tanto la funcin de varias variables dada si es solucin de la E.D.P dada.
EJEMPLO 2:
SOLUCIN:
2
2
= + (1)
2
2
2
= + 2 + (2)
2
2
2
= + 2
2
1+ 2
= 2 (
) ..(3)
De (3) despejando A
= 2
.(4)
2 (1+ 2 )
2
2
y= + ..(1)
2 = (1 + 2 ) (1 + 2 )
2
2 2 (1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 ) = 0
Ejemplo
a) y ( x) ox t tg t dt
o
b) y ( x) 1 cos x x t sec t dt
1
c) y ( x) 2 x t sen t dt
Solucin
o
a) y (o) o
t tg t dt 0 y(o) 0
dy
x tgx
dx
Un problema de valor inicial
dy
x tgx , y (o) 0
dx
o
b) y (o) 1 cos o t sec t dt y(o) 0
o
dy
Senx x sec x
dx
dy
Senx x sec x; y (o) 0
dx
1
c) y ( x) 2 x t sen t dt
1
y (1) 2 1 t sen t dt y(1) 2
dy
xSenx
dx
dy
Senx ; y (1) 2
dx
Ejemplo
siguiente condicin:
Solucin
+ = 1 . (1)
1
: 0 = ( 2 )
: = (2 ) = . (2)
Longitud de la subnormal= = (2 ) =
= 2 + ( )2
> 0; = 1 + ( )2 . . (3)
1 + ( )2 + =1
1 + ( )2 =1-
2 2
(1 + ( )2 ) =(1- )
2 + 2 ( )2 = 1 2 + 2 ()2
2 = 1 2 2 = 1 2 2 = 1 2
2 2
= 1 2 1 2 =
2
1 2 = | 2 1| = + | 2 1| =
2 1 > 0; | 2 1| = | 2 1| =
2 1 =
(0,0); 02 1 = 0 = 1
2 1 =
(, )
(2 , 0)
. : 2 = 1
(, 0)
Ejemplo:
Halla la ecuacin de la curva que pasa por M (0;8) y cumple con la siguiente condicin:
La longitud de la normal trazada por cualquier punto de una de las curvas es siempre
10 unidades.
Solucin
1 1
= ; = tan(180 )
(, )
1
= tan
1
= tan
(, 0)
:
1
tan = =
1 1
1 =
100 = 2 ()2 + 2
100 2
= ()2
2
100 2
= , y>0
2
= 100 2
= =
100 2 100 2
S.G:100 2 = +
100 82 = 0 +
=6
. : 100 2 = + 6
Ejemplo
Halla la familia de curvas que cumple con la siguiente condicin:
Si por un punto P(x,y) de cualesquiera de las curvas se traza la recta tangente y
2
normal donde la longitud de la tangente es igual a : 2
(y>0, > 0)
Solucin
Condicin del problema
= 1 + ( )2 ; =
; =
2
=
2
1 + ( )2 = 2
2
1 + ( )2 = 2
2
4( )
(1 + ( )2 )2 =
2
2 + 2 ( )2 = 4( )2
2 = 4( )2 2 ( )2
2 2
( )2 = = 42 =
4 2 2
42
4 2
= 2
..(1)
1
4 2
=
1 (4 2 )2
4 2 = 2 = 4 2
4 2 = 2
2 = 2 = 1
2
= 1 1 = 2 2 = 42
4 2 4
= (42 ) = 4 2 4
2
= |+2| .(2)
(2) en (1)
2 4 2 2
= |+2| . : = 4 2 | |+
4 2 +2
42 2
. : = 4 2 | |+
42 +2
Ejemplo
Deducir la ecuacin diferencial del movimiento de un pndulo vertical de masa m
vertical suspendido en el extremo inferior cuando se aparta un ngulo pequeo " de
su posicin de equilibrio.
Ejemplo:
Una bola de cobre se calienta hasta una temperatura de 100. Despus, en el tiempo
t=0, se coloca en agua que se mantiene a una temperatura de 30.
Al trmino de 3 minutos la temperatura de la bola se reduce a 70. Encuentre:
Solucin:
t T
0 100
3 70
1 31
= ( 30)
= 0 + 30
100 = 30 + 0 .0 0 = 70
= 70 + 30
70 = 30 + 70 3
4 3 4
3 = 7 = 7
4 1
S.P:T=30+70(7)3
4 1
31 = 30 + 70( )31
7
3 ln 70
1 = . 22.77.
4
ln 7
xy?
y' f ( x, y ) ; y ( xo ) yo ................................(1)
valor inicial
f(x,y) est definido en cierta regin del plano xoy que contiene el punto A(xo, yo ).
Condicin de Existencia
Si f(x,y) es una funcin continua en las variables x e y en cierta regin G del plano xy,
entonces el problema de valor inicial (1) tiene por lo menos una solucin .
Condicin de Unicidad
f
SI f(x,y) admite la derivada parcial y es continua respecto a las dos variables x e y
y
en la regin G del plano xy, entonces el problema de valor inicial (1) tiene una y solo
Lo que se menciona en esta parte son condiciones suficientes para que el problema
de valor inicial exista una solucin nica.
Ejemplo
= 0; (3) = 0
Solucin
Condicin de existencia:
= ; (3) = 0 . .
A (3,0)
Entonces el problema de valor inicial tiene al menos una solucin en el recinto G de figura
mostrada.
Condicin de unicidad:
(,)
Calculando la funcin
(,) 1
=2 , > 0
= .(1)
a) y=0
=0
Remplazando en (1)
0=0
Luego = 0 es una solucin de (1)
= = 2 = +
Y(3)=0
0=3+c.entonces c=-3
2 = 3
(3)2
= ; es la segunda solucin del problema de valor inicial.
4
EJERCICIO
1. Aplicar las condiciones de existencia y unicidad graficando los respectivos recintos para el
problema de valor inicial, con la siguiente condicin inicial dada.
+ 8 2 2 6 16 = 2 + 2 + 6 8 + 21
a) y (-1)=4
b) y (-2)=6
Solucin
= 2 + 2 + 6 8 + 21 2 2 6 + 8 16
(, ) = 2 + 2 + 6 8 + 21 2 2 6 + 8 16
Completando cuadrados
2 4
-3
En (-1,4) hay varias soluciones
Estudiando condicin de unicidad
28 2+8
=
2 2 +2 +68+21 2 2 2 6+816
4 +4
=
(+3)2 +(4)2 22 32 (+3)2 (4)2
2. Aplicar las condiciones de existencia y unicidad graficando los respectivos recintos para los
puntos indicados al problema de valor inicial.
4
2 =0
a) y (-1)=0
b) y (-4)=2
Forma general
(, , ) = 0
Casos particulares:
1. = ()
2. = ()
3. = (, )
4.(, ) + (, ) = 0; (, ) + (, ) = 0
: (, , ) = 0 ; :
2.
= () dy = () () = 0 () = +
. : (, , ) = 0 ; :
= (, )
(, ) = ()()
= ()()
1
[()() ] = 0;
()
()()
()
() = 0 () () = 0
() () = 0
. : (, , ) = 0 ; : .
= ( + + ) (1) ; 0, 0 =
= + + ..(2)
= +
=
1
= ( ) (3)
(2) 3 (1):
= ()
= ()
() + = 0
[ () + ] = 0
[()+] = 0
[()+] = 0
() =
. : (, , ) = 0
Regresando a la variable inicial
. : (, + + , ) = 0
Ejemplo
Halla solucin general de la E.D.O
dy ey
dx (1 e x ) y
(1 e x ) y dy e y dx
ye y dy
dx
1 ex
y e x (1)dx
Ln (1 e x ) x Ln(e x 1)
dx dx
ye dy 1 ex ; 1 ex
e x 1
y e y e y x Ln (e x 1) c
y e y e y x Ln (e x 1) Ln2 1
y (e x 1)
x ( x 1) e Ln 1
2
Ejemplo
2 1+2
(1+ 1+ )1+ 2 (1+ )1+ 2
=
Solucin
2 1+2
(1+ 1+ ) (1+ )
=
1+ 2 1+2
2 1+2
(1+ 1+ ) (1+ )
= 0
1+ 2 1+ 2
2 1+2
(1+ 1+ ) (1+ )
= 0
1+ 2 1+ 2
2 1+2
1+
1+2 + = 0
1+ 2 1+ 2 1+ 2
2 2
1 + 2 + 1+ 1 + 2 1+ =
Ejemplo
= = =
Condicin del problema: = 2 = 2
= 2
2
=
2 = 0
2 = 0
1
. : || + =
1
|| + 1 = = + 1
1
. : || + = + 1
Ejemplo
Solucin
P(x,y)
B(0,b)
y A(a,0)
: = ( )
= ( ) = ( ) (1)
+0
= 2
= 2 ...........................................................(2)
+0
= 2
= 2
= ( ) = () = =
Separando variables
+
=
+
=
+ =
. : =
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de:
3 3
( + 2 ) = ( + 2 )
Solucin
3 3
( + 2 ) ( + 2 ) = 0
3 3 = 0
(+ 2 ) (+ 2 )
= 3 = 3 2
= 3 = 3 2
Remplazando en las integrales originales
3 2 3 2
(3 +2 ) ( 3 + 2 ) =
3 3
(+1) (+1) =
| + 1| | + 1| =
+1 +1
| +1| = | +1 | =
+1
| +1 | =
3
. : + 1 = ( 3 + 1)
Ejemplo
Solucin:
3 3
(( + 1) 2 + + 1) + ( 2 ( + ( 2 + 1) ) ( + ( 2 + 1) ) = 0
3
(( + 1)( 2 + 1) + ( + ( 2 + 1) ) ( 2 1) = 0
1
1 + 2 +1 + 2 + 1 = 0
1 1 1
| 1| + | 2 + 1| + 2 + 1 + | + 2 + 1| =
2 2 2
. : |( 1)2 ( 2 + 1)( + 2 + 1 )| + 2 + 1 =
Ejemplo
+ cosh( + ) cosh( ) = 0
Solucin
cosh( + ) = +
cosh( ) =
dy
dx
= + ( )
dy
dx
= 2senhxsenhy
dy = 2senhxsenhydx 2senhxsenhydx dy = 0
dy
2senhxdx senhy = 0
dy
2senhxdx senhy = 0
2coshx cschydy = 0
2
2coshx ey ey dy = k
ey
2coshx 2 (ey )2 1 dy = k
ey 1
2coshx Ln |ey +1| = k
y y
e2 e 2
2coshx Ln | y y |=k
e2 +e 2
y
S. G: 2coshx Ln |tg 2| = k
Ejemplo
Solucin
( 2 2 )
. = 2 2
.(1)
2 2
= ( 2 2 ) .(2)
22
= 2 2
.(3)
= ( ) ..(4)
2
= = (5)
1()2 2 2
1
=
2
1
= 2
2 =
Regresando a la variable original
. : ( 2 2 ) =
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de la ecuacin diferencial:
3 3 3 3
+ ) ( + + )costdt = 0
Solucin:
3 3 3 3
+ ) ( + + )costdt
= 0. . (1)
= 3 + = 3 2 (3)
Resolviendo el sistema (2) y (3)
3 2 +3 2
= 2
(4)
3 2 3 2
= 2
. (5)
( )( 2 2 ) ( + )( 2 + 2 ) = 0
2 3 3 + 2 2 3 3 2 = 0
2 3 2 3 = 0
3 + 3 = 0
3 + 3 = 0
4 4
4
+ 4
=
3
. : ( 3 + )4 + ( )4 =
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de la ecuacin diferencial ordinaria:
(x 2 x 3 y + 2x 4 y 2 )dx + (x 5 y + x 4 )dy = 0
Solucin
(x 2 x 3 y + 2x 4 y 2 )dx + (x 5 y + x 4 )dy = 0
dx
(1 z + 2z 2 ) + (z + 1)dz (z + 1)ydx = 0
x
dx z
(1 z + 2z 2 ) + (z + 1)dz (z + 1) dx = 0
x x
dx
(z 2 2z + 1) + (z + 1)dz = 0
x
Separando variables
dx z+1
x
+ z2 2z+1 dz = 0
dx z+1
x
+ z2 2z+1 dz = 0
dx z1+2
+ dz = 0
x z2 2z+1
dx dz 1
+ + 2 dz = 0
x z1 z2 2z+1
2
Ln|x| + Ln|z 1| =k
z1
2
Ln|x(z 1)| =k
z1
2
S. G: Ln|x(xy 1)| xy1 = k
EJEMPLO
SOLUCIN:
1 (1 2 )
( + 1 ()2 ) = ( 2 )
(+ 2 +1)
1 1
( + ) = 2
(1 2 ) 1 2 ()2 (1 2 ) (+ 2 +1)
1
+ = 2
(1 2 ) 1 2 ()2 (1 2 ) (+ 2 +1)
1
(1 2 ) + + = 2
(+2 +1)
1
1 = 2
(+2 +1)
= tan = (sec )2
= 2
2 + 1 =
2
1 = (tan +sec )2
2 = (sen +1)2
= tan 2
= 2 arctan()
2
= 1+2
2
sen = 1+ 2
2(1+ 2 )
1 = (+1)4
2 1+2
=2 (+1)4
1 1
1 = 2 (+1)3 + 4 (+1)4
+12 4 1
1 = 2 (+1)3 3 (+1)3
1 1 4 1
1 = 2 (+1)2 4 (+1)3
3 (+1)3
2 2 4
1 = (+1) + (+1)2
3(+1)3
1 2 2 4
(1 2 ) + + = tan1
+ 2 3 +
(tan( )+1) tan1 tan1
2 (tan( )+1) 3(tan( )+1)
2 2
Ejemplo
2 = 0.5( 2 2 ) 2
Solucin
(0.5( 2 2 ) 2 ) 2 = 0 .(1)
= 2 2 (2)
1
dz=2 2 + 2 2 2 = 2 ( 2 2 ) .(3)
1
() + = 0
2 2
= 0
= 0
. : || =
S.G:x-Ln|( 2 2 )| =
. : 2 2 =
E1jemplo:
Halla solucin general de:
( 2 2 + 2 ) + = 0
( )2 + = 0 ()
= = +
Reemplazando en ( )
2 ( + ) + + = 0
( 2 + ) + = 0
( 1) + = 0
+ (1) = 0
1
+ ln | | =k
1
. : + ln | |=
Ejercicios
2 1
)
= 2 1 ; (2) = 2
+55
c) = 4+28
3
d) = 3+
)( 2 3 + 2 4 2 ) + ( 5 + 4 ) = 0
f) Tgx2 + 2 = 0
g)( 3 2 ) + =0
2 2 2
(, ) + (, ) = 0
Es una ecuacin diferencial homognea si (, ) y (, ) son funciones homogneas del
mismo grado.
Funcin homognea
Decimos que (, ) es funcin homognea de grado q si se cumple:
(, ) = (, )
Si G(x,y) es una funcin homognea de grado q, se cumple la siguiente propiedad:
a)(, ) = ( )
b)(, ) = ()
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
3 +2 3 1+2( )3 1+2( )3
= 2
=
( ) =
= = = +
= = = +
() + ()( + ) = 0
() + ()( + ) = 0
() + () + () = 0
[() + ()] + () = 0
Separando variables
()
+ ()+() = 0
()
+ ()+() = 0
: () + () = : () + ( ) =
EJEMPLO
2 = 2 + 5 + 4 2 , (2) = 4
SOLUCIN:
( 2 + 5 + 4 2 ) 2 = 0 ;E.D.O.H
= = = +
( 2 2 + 5 2 + 4 2 ) 2 ( + ) = 0
( 2 + 5 + 4) ( + ) = 0
( 2 + 4 + 4) = 0
(+2)2 = 0
(+2)2 = 0
1
ln|| + +2 =
. : ln|| + = Solucin General
+2
2
ln|2| + 4+4 =
1
ln|2| + =
4
1
. : ln|| + +2 = ln|2| + 4
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de las siguientes ecuaciones diferenciales:
=
++1
Solucin
=
+ +1
= =
= +
1
= + +1
+
= ( 2 + + 1)( + )
= ( 3 + 2 + ) + ( 2 + + 1)
( 3 + 2 ) + ( 2 + + 1) = 0
2 + + 1
+ = 0
3 + 2
2 + + 1
+ 2 = 0
( + 1)
ln|| + = (1)
2 ++1 1 1
= 2 (+1) = +1 + 2
= +1 + 2
1
= ln| + 1| (2)
ln | ( + 1)| =
. : | + | =
Ejemplo
( 3 + 3 ) 2 = 0
= =
= +
( 3 + 3 3 ) 2 2 ( + ) = 0
(1 + 3 ) 2 ( + ) = 0
(1 + 3 ) 2 3 = 0
2 = 0
2 = 0
3
ln|| =
3
. : || =
Ejemplo
Solucin
= =
= +
2
[ + (sec ) ] ( + ) = 0
[ + (sec )2 ] = 0
(sec )2 = 0
(cos )2 = 0
1+cos 2
ln|| ( 2
) =
1 sen 2
ln|| =
2 4
2
sen( )
ln 2 4
=
. : || ( ) =
Ejemplo
( + 2 + 2 ) = 0
( + 2 + 2 ) = 0
= =
= +
= +
( + 2 + 2 2 ) ( + ) = 0
( + 2 + 1) = 0
( 2 + 1) = 0
= 0
2 + 1
ln|| ln | + 2 + 1| = ln
=
+ 2 + 1
= ( + 2 + 1)
+ 2 + 2
=( )
. : = ( + + ) +
Ejemplo
1. ( ( )) + ( ) = 0
= =
( + 2 + 2 ) = 0
Ejemplo
( + )2 ( + ) + [ 2 + ( + ) 3 2 ( + )2 ]( + ) = 0
Solucin
( + )2 ( + ) + [ 2 + ( + ) 3 2 ( + )2 ]( + ) = 0
+ = + =
= =
2
( + )2 ( )+ [( )2 + 4( + ) 3( + )2 ] ( + ) = 0
2
2 + [ 2 + 3 2 ] = 0 ; . . .
= = +
Reemplazando los datos en la ecuacin diferencial homognea
2 ( + ) + [ 2 2 + 2 3 2 ] = 0
( + ) + [ 2 + 3] = 0
+ [ 2 + 2 3] = 0
+ 2 +23 = 0
+ 2 +23 = 0
|| + (+1)2 22 = 0
1 1
|| + 4 |+3| =
4 (1)
| +3
| =
4 (1) (+)
| +3
| = ; =
=
(+)
(+)4 ( 1)
| (+) |=
+3
(+)4 ( 2 + )
. : | 2 ++3
|=
Ejemplo
Halla la ecuacin de la curva cuya subagente es igual a la media aritmtica de las coordenadas
del punto de tangencia a una de las curvas cualesquiera.
(1 + 1 + 1 ) + (2 + 2 + 2 ) = 0 ..(1)
Primer Caso
1 : 1 + 1 + 1 = 0
2 : 2 + 2 + 2 = 0
a) Determinante 0
1 1
| | = 1 2 1 2 = 0 1 2
2 2
Haciendo un cambio de variable
= 2 + 2
1
= 2 + 2 = ( 2 )
2
(, , , ) = 0
S.G:(, , ) = 0 : (, 2 + 2 , ) = 0
b) Determinante 0
1
| 1 | = 1 2 1 2 0 1 2 = (, )
2 2
+ 1 + 1 = 0
{ 1
2 + 2 + 2 = 0
(1 + 1 +
1 + 1 + 1 ) + (2 + 2 +
2 + 2 + 2 ) = 0
0 0
(1 + 1 ) + (2 + 2 ) = 0
Es una ecuacin diferencial homognea, haciendo un cambio de variable para lograr separar
variables
= = +
(1 + 1 ) + (2 + 2 )( + ) = 0
(||, ) = 0
. : (( ), ) = 0
SEGUNDO CASO
= = 1
(, ) + (, ) 1 = 0 . ()
Ejemplo
Solucin
3
( 2 2 5 ) + ( 7 + 2 ) = 0 . (1 )
= (2)
= 1 . . (3)
Remplazando (2) y (3) en (1)
5
( 2 2 3 ) + ( 7 + 2 ) 1 = 0
5
( 2 2 3 ) + ( 81 + 2 21 ) = 0
Remplazando
1
= 3 = 3
2 5
1 5 1 1
( 3 2 3 ) + (3 3 + 3 2 3 ) = 0
1 5
1 1
( 2 3 3 ) + (3 2 + 3 2 ) = 0 ;E.D.O.H
EJEMPLO
(2 3) + ( 2) = 0
SOLUCIN:
2 1
| | = (2) (1) = 1 0
1 1
2 3 = 0
2=0
1 = 0 = 1; = 1
= 1 + =
= 1 + =
[2(1 + ) (1 + ) 3] + (1 + (1 + ) 2) = 0
(2 ) + ( ) = 0
= = = +
(2 )( + ) + ( ) = 0
(22 1) + (2 1) = 0
21
+ (22 1) = 0
21
+ (22 1) = 0
1 4 1
ln|| + 2 1 2
=
2 2 1 2 2 ( )
2
1
1 2
ln|| + 2 ln|22 1| 4
ln | 2
1| =
+
2
1
1 22 2 2
2
ln|| + 2 ln | 2 | 4
ln | 1| =
+
2
2 2
ln|22 2 | 4
ln | 2+| =
1 1 2
(2) 2 (2+) 2 (2) 4
ln | 2
| = ln
4
(2+)
2+2
(2) 4
22
=
(2+) 4
2+2 22
. : (2 2 1) 4
= (2 + 2 + 1) 4
Problema 3:
( 2 + 2 ) + ( 3 + 3) = 0
Solucin:
= = 1
( 2 + 2 ) + ( 3 + 3 ) 1 = 0
( 2 + 2 ) + ( 3 1 + 3 21 ) = 0
2 = + 2 = + 2 = 2
=2
( 4 + 2 2 ) + 2( 3 + 3 3 ) = 0
= = +
( 4 4 + 4 2 ) + 2( 4 + 3 4 3 )( + ) = 0
( 3 + ) + 2(1 + 3 2 )( + ) = 0
(7 3 + 3) + 2(1 + 3 2 ) = 0
1+3 2
2
+ 7 3 +3 = 0
1+3 2
2 + 7 3 +3 = 0
1 1 21 2 +7
2
ln|| +
7 7 3 +3
=
1 1 3+21 2 4 1
2
ln|| +
7 7 3 +3
+ 7 7 3 +3 =
1 1 4 4
ln|| + ln|7 3 + 3| + 2 =
2 7 21 3 7 +3
1 1 4 2
2
ln|| + 7 ln|7 3 + 3| + 21 ln|| 21 ln|7 2 + 3| =
1 1
2
ln|| + 21 ln| 7 (7 2 + 3)| =
7 2
1 1
2
ln|| + 21
ln |(
) (7 (
) + 3)| =
1
7 2 21
ln|| + ln |[( ) (7 ( ) + 3)] | =
1
6 7 21
ln | ( 2 + 3) | = ln
1
6 7 21
. : ( 2 + 3) = 0
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
Solucin
2+5
1 2
| | = 1 + 4 = 3 0
2 1
Resolviendo el siguiente sistema:
2 + 5 = 0 . . . (1)
2 + 4 = 0 . (2)
2 4 + 10 = 0
2 + 4 = 0
Restando;3 + 6 = 0 = 2; = 1
= 1 + = + 1 =
= 2 + = 2 =
Reemplazando datos
( 2 + 5)2 + (2 + 4)2 = 0
( 2)2 + (2 )2 = 0; E.D.O.H
= = +
Reemplazando
( 2)2 + (2 )2 ( + ) = 0
(1 2)2 + (2 )2 ( + ) = 0
(1 4 + 4 2 ) + (4 4 + 2 ) ( + ) = 0
(1 4 + 4 2 ) + (4 4 + 2 ) + (4 4 + 2 ) =0
(1 4 + 4 2 + 4 4 2 + 3 ) + (4 4 + 2 ) =0
(1 + 3 ) + ( 2 4 + 4) =0
Separando variables
( 2 4+4)
+ 1+ 3
=0
( 2 4+4)
+
1+ 3
= 0
( 2 4+4) +
(+1)( 2 +1)
= +1 + 2 +1
2 4 + 4 = ( 2 + 1) + ( + )( + 1)
2 4 + 4 = ( + ) 2 + ( + + ) + ( + )
+ =1
+ + = 4
+ =4
2 = 8
+ =1
= 3, = 2; = 1
3 2+1
= +1 + 2 +1
3 21
= +1 2 +1
(+1)3
= 3| + 1| | 2 + 1| = | 2 +1|
(+1)3
= + | 2 +1| +
(+1)3
= | |+
2 +1
+1
(+1)( +1)3
2
= | +1 2 +1 |+
( ) ( )+1
2 2
Ejemplo
4 3 ( 4 + 3 ) + 3 2 ( 4 3 ) = 0
Solucin:
= 4 + 3 = 4 3 + 3 2
= 4 3 = 4 3 3 2
+ = 8 3
= 6 2
[4 3 ( 4 + 3 ) + 3 2 ( 4 3 ) = 0] 2
8 3 ( 4 + 3 ) + 6 2 ( 4 3 ) = 0
( + ) + ( ) = 0
( + ) + ( ) = 0
=
= +
( + )( + ) + ( ) = 0
( + 1)( + ) + ( 1) = 0
2 + + + + = 0
( 2 + 2 1) + ( + 1) = 0
+1
+( ) =0
2 +21
+1
+ ( 2 +21) = 0
1
ln|| + 2 ln| 2 + 2 1| =
1 2
ln|| + 2 ln |( ) + 2 1| =
1 2 +2 2
ln|| + ln | | =
2 2
ln|2 + 2 2 | = ln
2 + 2 2 =
. : 2 8 + 4 4 3 2 6 = 0
Ejercicios:
a. (3 2 3) + ( + 1) = 0
b. ( 3 + ) + = 0
c. (3 + 3) + (9 3 + 5) = 0
d. (4 + 3 7) + (3 7 + 4) = 0)
e. (3 + 3) + (9 3 + 5) = 0
f. ( + 3 ) + (3 5 3 2 ) = 0
g. ( 1)3 + ( 2)3 = 0
Solucin
)(3 2 3) + ( + 1) = 0
3 2
| |=3+2=50
1 1
3 2 3 = 0 3 2 = 3
+1=0 2 + 2 = 2
5 = 5 =1 ; =0
(, ) = (1,0)
= + 1 = 1 =
=+0 = =
[3( + 1) 2( + 0) 3] + ( + 1 + + 0 1) = 0
(3 2) + ( + ) = 0 EDH
= = +
(3 2) + ( + )( + ) = 0
(3 2) + (1 + )( + ) = 0
(3 2) + ( + 2 ) + (1 + ) = 0
( 2 + 3) + ( + 1) = 0
+1
+ 2 = 0
+3
+1
+ 2 = 0
+3
2 + 2
ln|| + 2 = 0
+3
1 2 1 3
ln|| + 2 + 2 =
2 +3 2 1 2
11
( 2) + ( 2 )
1 3 2 1
ln|| + ln| 2 + 3| + tan1 ( )=
2 11 11
2 6 2 1
ln | 2 |+ tan1 ( )=
+3 11 11
= =
1
2
( 1)2 6 1
1 1
ln | 2 |+ tan ( )=
11 11
+3
( 1)2 1
() +
. : |
|+ ( ) =
+ ()
()
EJERCICIO 1:
Halla la solucin general de la ecuacin diferencial:
( + ) + ( + + ) =
Solucin:
Ecuacin diferencial no homognea:
(3 + 2) + (2 + + 2) = 0 . (1)
1: 3 + 2 = 0
2: 2 + + 2 = 0
Veamos si las rectas se interceptan o son paralelas:
3 1
| |=32=1 0
2 1
Entonces, L1 y L2 se interceptan en un punto (h,k)
Hallando (h,k)
3 + 2 = 0 . ()
2 + + 2 = 0 ()
() ():
h = 4 entonces, k = -10
(, ) = (4, 10)
Cambiando variable:
x=a+4
y=b-10
dx=da
dy=db
Reemplazando en (1)
(3(a+4)+b-10-2)da+(2(a+4)+b-10+2)dy=0
(3a+b)da+(2a+b)db=0 (2) (E.D.O.H)
Cambio de variable:
= =
= +
Reemplazando en la ecuacion (2):
(3 + )( + ) + (2() + ) = 0
(3 + 1)( + ) + (2 + 1) = 0
(3 + 1) + (3 + 1) + (2 + 1)
3+1
+( ) = 0
32 +3+1
3+1
+ (32 +3+1) = 0
1 6+3 1
+ 2 (32 +3+1 32 +3+1) =
1 6+3 1
+ 2 [ (32 +3+1) 32 +3+1 ] =
1 1 1
+ 2 ln(32 + 3 + 1) 2.3 1 2 1
=
(+ ) +
2 12
1 2.3 1
+ 2 ln(32 + 3 + 1) arctan( + 2) =
6
1 3 1
+ 2 ln(32 + 3 + 1) arctan( + 2) =
3
4
= ; = + 10
+10
1 4 2 4 3 4 1
. : 2 ln (3 (+10) + 3 (+10) + 1) ( + 10)2 arctan (( ) + ) =
3 +10 2
Ejemplo
( 3 + ) + = 0
Solucin
= = 1
( 3 + ) + 1 = 0
1
3 + 1 = = 2 + 1 = 0 =
2
1
= 2 2 =
3 1 3
1
( 2 + 2 ) 2 2 = 0
2( + ) = 0 , E.D.O.H
= = = +
2( + ) ( + ) = 0
2(1 + ) = 0
(2 + ) = 0
= 0
2+
ln|| ln| + 2| =
= ( + 2)
ln | | = ln
+2
1 1
= 2 ; = = 2
1
= ( 2 + 2)
. : = ( + )
Ejemplo
(3 + 3) + (9 3 + 5) = 0
3 1
| | = 9 + 9 = 0
9 3
= 3 = 3
= 3
( + 3) + (3 + 5)(3 ) = 0
( + 3) + (9 + 15) (3 + 5) = 0
(10 + 18) (3 + 5) = 0
3 + 5
= 0
10 + 18
2
3 5
( ) =
10 10 + 18
3 2
10 + 50 ln|10 + 18| =
= 3
S.G: + + | + | =
(, ) + (, ) = . . ()
En caso de ser una ecuacin diferencial exacta, existe una funcin escalar de dos variables
(, ) =
(, ) =
(,) (,)
+ = 0 . (2)
Si : ; = (1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , . . , )
= = 1 + 2 + 3 + . +
1 2 3
(,)
(, ) =
. (4)
(,) 2 (,)
= .(6)
2 (,) 2 (,)
;
, son conocidas como derivadas parciales mixtas de 2 orden.
En cierta regin G del plano xy donde son continuas estas derivadas mixtas de segundo orden
2 (,) 2 (,)
son iguales: = , no interesa el orden en que se calcula la derivada parcial mixta
de 2do orden.
Condicin de exactitud
(,) (,)
=
Ejemplo:
a)(, ) = + + +
b)(, ) = ( )
Solucin
(,)
)
= 6 2 2 + 3 2 7
2 (,)
= 12 2
(,)
= 4 3 3 2 +5
2 (,)
= 12 2
2 (,) 2 (,)
=
= 12 2
b)(, ) = ( )
(,) 2 2 2
= 2 cos( 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) 2
2 (,) 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 8 2 2 sen( 2 ) 4 3 4 ( 2 ) 4 2 2 ( 2 )
2 (,) 2 2 2 2
= 12 2 2 sen( 2 ) 4 3 4 ( 2 )
(,) 2 2
= 4 3 y 2 sen( 2 )
2 (,) 2 2 2 2
= 12 2 2 sen( 2 ) 4 3 y 4 cos( 2 )
2 (,) 2 (,)
=
(, ) + (, ) = 0 . (a )
(, ) =
(,) (,)
+
= 0 .(b)
Comparando:
(,)
= (, ) .. . . (1)
(,)
= (, ) . (2)
(, ) = (, )
(, ) = (, ) + () . . . (3)
()
Comparando (4) con (2) se obtiene
luego se integra y se obtiene el valor de () que es
lo que faltaba para obtener la regla de correspondencia de la funcin desconocida
(, ) + () =
. : (, ) =
. () = +
. ( ) =
. ( ) = 2
+
. ( 2 + 2 ) =
2 +2
. ( 2 2 ) =
2 2
. ( )) =
22
. ( ( 2 2 )) = 2 2
+
. =
1
. ( ) = ()2
. ( )=
2 + 2
. ( )=
2 2
. =
2 +2
. =
2 2
. = 2 2
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de la siguiente E.D.O
3 2 2 2 3 4 1
(4 3 ( 3 + 3 )2 ) + ( ( 3 + 3 )2 9+ 2 ) = 0
(,) (,)
Solucin
Verificando la condicin de exactitud
( 3 + 3 )2 (6 2 )+32 2 (2( 3 + 3 )3 2 )
=
( 3 +3 )4
6 5 6 2 4 +18 2 4
=
( 3 + 3 )3
6 5 +12 2 4
=
( 3 + 3 )3
( 3 + 3 )2 (6 2 )(2 3 4 )(2( 3 + 3 )3 2 )
=
( 3 + 3 )4
6 5 +6 2 4 12 5 +6 2 4
=
( 3 + 3 )3
12 2 4 6 5
=
( 3 + 3 )3
Como se cumple: = .E.D.O.E
(,) 2 3 4 1
= 9+ 2 .(2)
( 3 + 3 )2
3 2 2
(, ) = (4 3 ( 3 + 3 )2 )
3 2 2
(, ) = (4 3 )
( 3 + 3 )2
2
(, ) = 4 + 3 + 3 + () (3)
(,) (2 3 +2 4 34 )
= + ()
( 3 + 3 )2
(,) (2 3 4 )
= + () (4)
( 3 + 3 )2
Reemplazando en (3)
2 1
(, ) = 4 + 3 + 3 3 ( 3)
2 1
. : 4 + 3 + 3 3 ( 3) =
Ejercicio
Halla la solucin general de la siguiente E.D.O
2 2 2
(3 2 ( ) ) + (2 3 ( ) + 2 2 ) = 0
Solucin
2 2 1
= 6 2 ( )
2 2 1
= 6 2 ( )
Como se verifica la condicin de exactitud: = , es una E.D.O.E
(, ) =
(,) 2
= 3 2 ( ) ..(1)
(,) 2 2
= 2 3 ( ) + 2 2 ..(2)
Integrando (2)
2 2
(, ) = (2 3 ( ) + 2 2 )
2
(, ) = 3 ( ) + 2 + () .(3)
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de:
2 3 2 3 1
+ ( + ) = 0
4 4 4 4
Solucin
2 3 2 3 1
+ ( 4 4 + ) = 0
4 4
4 3 3 4 3 3
= ; = = ; . . .
( 4 4 )3 ( 4 4 )3
(, ) =
(,) 2 3
= .(1)
4 4
(,) 2 3 1
= + ...(2)
4 4
4 3
(, ) = (, ) = 4 4 + ()
2 4 4
(. ) = 4 4 + 2
. : 4 4 + 2 =
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de:
( 2 + 222) + ( 4 3 ) = 0
Solucin
2
=
2
=
= ; . . .
(, ) =
(,)
= 2 + 222 (1)
(,)
= 4 3 ..(2)
(, ) = ( 2 + 222)
(, ) = + 2 + () (3)
Derivando parcialmente (3) respecto de y
(,)
= + , () . . (4)
, () = 4 3 () = 4
Remplazando en (3)
(, ) = + 2 4
Como (, ) =
. : + 2 4 =
Ejemplo:
Halla la solucin general de:
+21 2
+ ( ) = 0
1 2
Solucin
+212
+ ( ) = 0
1 2
(,)
(,)
Solucin
(, ) =
1 1
= ; = = ;E.D.O.E
12 1 2
(, ) =
(,)
= .(1)
(,)
= + 2 ..(2)
1 2
(, ) = + 2
1 2
(, ) = + 2 + ()
Derivando parcialmente respecto de x
= + () (3)
() + (2) =
( + 2) =
. : + 2 =
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de la E.D.O
(2 + 2 2 ) + ( + 2 ) = 0
Solucin
= 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 2
= + 2 + 2 2
= ( + + 2 2 2 )
= ( + + 2 2 2 )
= ; . . .
(, ) =
(,)
= 2 + 2 2 (1)
(,)
= + 2 (2)
. : 2 + 2 = 1
Ejemplo
Hallar la solucin general de:
(5 2 . 4 + 2. 3 + 1). + (2 5 + 3 2 2 + 1). = 0
Solucin
Verificamos si es una E.D.O.E
= (5 2 . 4 + 2. 3 + 1)
= 10 4 . + 6 2 .
= (2 5 + 3 2 2 + 1)
= 10 4 . + 6 2 .
=
; E.D.O.E
(, ) =
(,)
= 2. 5 + 3 2 2 + () ()
(,)
= (2 5 + 3 2 2 + 1) ()
Integrando respecto de x
(, ) = (5 2 . 4 + 2. 3 + 1).
(, ) = 2 5 + 2 . 3 + + ()
Derivando parcialmente respecto de la variable y
(,)
= 2. 5 + 3 2 2 + ()
(,)
= (2 5 + 3 2 2 + 1) ()
(, ) = 2 5 + 2 . 3 + +
(, ) =
. . 2 5 + 2 . 3 + + =
Ejemplo
Halle la solucin general de:
SOLUCIN:
= 4 senh( 2 ) + 2 2 3 cosh( 2 )
= . .
(, ) =
(,)
= cosh( 2 ) + 2 senh( 2 ) (1 )
(,)
= 2 2 senh( 2 ) + 2 senh(2 2 ) .(2)
Integrando (2)
(, ) = [2 2 senh( 2 ) + 2 senh(2 2 )]
(, ) = 2 senh( 2 ) + 2 senh(2 2 )
cosh(2 2 )
(, ) = cosh( 2 ) + + ()
2
cosh(2 2 )
. : cosh( 2 ) + + =
2
. : 2 cosh( 2 ) + cosh(2 2 ) = 1
Ejemplo
Solucin
((+)2 1) + (1 (+)2 ) = 0
2 2 2 2 +2+ 2
( (+)2
) +( (+)2
) =0
(+)(2+21)2 2 42 2 +2 2 2 +2+2+2 2 2 2 42 2 +2
= (+)3
= (+)3
= (+)3
= ; . . .
1
((+)2 (+) + (+)2 ) + = 0
+
((+)2 + (+)2
) + = 0
( (+) ) + = 0
( (+) + ) =
( (+) + ) =
. : ( 2 2 ) = ( + )
Ejercicios:
Hallar la solucin general de las siguientes ecuaciones diferenciales:
tan
. ( + 3 2 ) + [(sec )2 ln 2 2 ] = 0
Solucin
= 4(sec(2 2 + 2 ))2 + 16 3 (sec(2 2 + 2 ))2 tan(2 2 + 2 )
= 4(sec(2 2 + 2 ))2 + 16 3 (sec(2 2 + 2 ))2 tan(2 2 + 2 )
=
(, ) =
(,)
= 2 tan(2 2 + 2 ) + 4 3 (sec(2 2 + 2 ))2 .(1 )
(,)
=2 2 (sec(2 2 + 2 ))2 + 3 2 (2)
(1 )
= 2 = 2
= 2 tan(22 + 2 ) 2xtan(22 + 2 )
(, ) = 2 tan(22 + 2 ) + ()
(,)
= 2 2 (sec(22 + 2 ))2 + `() = 22 (sec(22 + 2 ))2 + 32 .(3)
()
= 3 2 () = 3
(, ) = 2 tan(22 + 2 ) + 3
. : ( + ) + =
Ejemplo
tan
[ tan (sec )2 ln + 2 sec(2) tan(2)] + ( 4 3 ) = 0
tan (sec )2
tan (sec )2
=
(, ) =
(,)
= tan (sec )2 ln + 2 sec(2) tan(2) (1 )
(,) tan
= 4 3 ..( 2)
tan
(, ) = ( 4 3 )
tan
(, ) = ln 4 + ()
tan
a) ( + 3 2 ) + [(sec )2 ln 2 2 ] = 0
(sec )2
=
(sec )2
=
=
(, ) =
(,) tan
= + 3 2 (1)
(,)
= (sec )2 ln 2 2 ..(2)
(, ) = [(sec )2 ln 2 2 ]
(, ) = tan ln 2 + ()
(, ) = tan ln 2 + 3
(, ) =
. .: + =
tan
(
+ (sec )2 ln ) + 3 2 2 2 = 0
(tan ln ) + ( 3 ) ( 2 ) =
(tan ln + 3 2 ) =
. . + =
Problema
Encuentra la familia de curvas que cumple con la siguiente propiedad:
Si en una de las curvas de la familia se traza la recta normal en P(x,y) ,entonces la
+
longitud de la subnormal es : ;( > 0)
Solucin
+
= =
( + ) + ( ) =
( + ) + ( ) =
=
=
= , . . .
()
(,) (,) ()
()
+ (, )(0) = ()
+ (, )
(,) (,) ()
() [ ] = (, )
ln () = ()
() = ()
2. Asumiendo que el factor integrante que depende de la variable desconocida y
(,) (,) ()
(, ) = ()
=0 ;
=
()
(,) () (,)
() + (, ) = () + (, )(0)
(,) (,) ()
() [
] = (, )
ln () = ()
() = ()
3. Si el factor integrante depende las variables x e y (u(z))
El factor integrante que depende de las dos variables puede tener la estructura siguiente:
( )
( 2 + 2 )
(, ) ( 2 2 ) 2 + 2
() 2 2
( + 2 )
u(z) =
( 2 ) + 2
( 2 ) 2
2
( )
( 2 + )
( + 3 )
()
((, )) = ( 3 )
( 2 + 2 )
( 2 2 ) {
( + 2 )
{ ( 2 )
En la funcin desconocida ()
(,) (,) (,) (,)
(, )
+ (, )
= (, )
+ (, )
(,) () (,) ()
(, ) = () = ; =
(,) () (,) ()
()
+ (, )
= ()
+ (, )
(,) (,) ()
() (
) = [(, ) (, ) ]
(,) (,)
()
=
() (,) (,)
()
= () () = ()
()
() = ()
Ejemplo
Solucin:
3 1
( 2 ( + ) + 4( + 2) 2 ) + 2( + 2) ( + ) = 0
(,)
(,)
1
= 2 ( + )
1
= 2 2 ( + )
; . . .
La E.D.O es inexacta
Buscando el factor integrante que dependa de la variable x
() = () = ()
(,)
1 1 1
2 ( + )2 2 ( + ) 2 ( + ) 2
() = 1 = 1 = 2(+2)
2(+2) ( + ) 2(+2) ( + )
2
1
() = 2(+2) = 0.5(+2) () =
+2
Multiplicando la E.D.O.I por el factor integrante calculado para transformar en una E.D.O.E
2 1
( ( + ) + 4( + 2) 2 ) + 2 + 2( + ) = 0
+2
(( + 2)( + )) + (( + 2)2 ) = 1
. : + 2( + ) + ( + 2)2 = 1
Ejemplo
(3 2 2 + 2 2 + 2) + 22 = 0
Solucin
= 6 2
= 4 2
; . . .
6 2 4 2 2 2 2
() = = =
22 22
2
() = = () =
Multiplicando la E.D.O.I por el factor integrante para transformar en una E.D.O.E
(3 2 2 2 + 2 2 + 2) + 23 = 0
(3 2 2 2 + 23 ) + 2 2 + 2 = 0
( 2 3 ) + 2 + 2 =
( 2 3 + 2 + 2 ) =
. : 2 3 + 2 + 2 =
Ejemplo
Solucin
2 + ( 2 2 2 ) = 0
(,) (,)
= 2 2 2
2
2
= 22 2
2
; . . .
1
() = 3
2 2
1 2
2
+ ( 3
) = 0
( 2 ) + () =
( 2 + ) =
. : 2 + =
Ejemplo
(2( 2 + 4) + ( 2 + 4)) + ( ( 2 + 4) + ( 2 )4 + 4 ) = 0
Solucin
= 4 + 2
= 8 + 4
P Q
y
x
; E. D. O. I
2
() = (2 +4)
2
2 +4 2 +4)
() = () = = ( = 2 + 4
() = 2 + 4
Multiplicando la E.D.O.I por el factor integrante hallado para transformar en una E.D.O.E
+( 2 + 4)4 ) = 0
Utilizando el mtodo de agrupamiento de diferenciales conocidos
+( ( 2 + 4)2 + ( 2 + 4)4)) = 0
. : ( 2 )( 2 + 4)2 + ( 2 + 4)2 =
. : ( 2 + )( 2 + 4)2 =
Ejemplo
( + 1)( 2 + 4)2 ( 2 + 2 2 ) +
Solucin
= ( 2 + 4)2 ( 2 + 2 2 )
= 3( 2 + 4)2 ( 2 + 2 2 )
2( 2 +4)2 ( 2 +2 2 )
() = (+1)( 2 +4)2 ( 2 +2 2 )
2
2 1 2
() = (+1) () = = 2(+1) = (+1)
() = ( + 1)2
3( + 1)3 ( 2 + 4)2 ( 2 + 2 2 ) +
Ejemplo
Solucin
= 3 2
= 3 2
3 2 (3 2 ) 6 2
() = (,) = ( 3 +8)
= 3 +8
32
2 3 3 +8) 1
() = () = +8 = 2ln( = (3 +8)2
1
() = ( 3 +8)2
Multiplicando la E.D.O.I por el factor integrante hallado para transformar en una E.D.O I
3
(3 2 + (8 + 3 )7 ) ( 3 + 8) = 0
3 7
3 2 ( 8+ 3 ) 3 +8
( 3 2 + ) =0
( +8) ( 3 +8)2 ( 3 +8)2
3 2 3 1
( 3 +8)2
+ 8 + 3 ) + ( 3 +8) = 0
3
= 8 + 3 (1)
1
= 1; = 3; = 3
+1 2
=
3
+1 2 1
+ = 3 + 3 = 1 ; es el tercer caso de la integral de un binomio diferencial
3 + 8 = 3 3 . (2)
3
8+ 3
=
(3)
8 8 8
1 + 3 = 3 3 = 3 1 3 = 3 1 (4)
8.3 2 8 2 2
3 2 = ( 3 1)2
= ( 3 1)2
. . (5)
8 3
= 8 (3 1)2 ..(6)
8
= 3 ( 3 1)2 3 2
=
= =
1
= ( 3 1)2 3 2 = 3 1
8 8
= 3( 3 1)
3 (3 1) ..(7)
1
= 3 1
1 1 +
3 1
= (1)(2 ++1) = 1 + 2 ++1
1 = ( 2 + + 1) + ( + )( 1)
1 = ( + ) 2 + ( + ) + ( )
+ = 0 =
+ = 0 = 2
1 1 2
= 1 3 = 1 = 3 ; = 3 ; = 3
1 1 2
1
= 3
+ 3 3
(1)( 2 ++1) 1 2 ++1
1 1 2
= 3
+ 3 3
1 2 ++1
1 1 +2
= 3 | 1| 3 2 ++1
1 1 (2+1)+3
= | 1|
3 6 2 ++1
1 1 (2+1)+3 1 1
= 3 | 1| 6 2 ++1
2 1 3
(+ )2 +( )2
2 2
1 1 1 2+1
= 3 | 1| 6 | 2 + + 1| 3
( 3 )
1 (1)2 1 2+1
= 6 |2 ++1| ( 3 ) (8)
3
3 2 3
3 8+3 8+3
8+3 ( 1) 2( )+1
8 4 8
. : ( 3 +8) + 3
9 | 2 |+3 3
( )=
8+3 3
8+3
3
8+3 3
3(( )3 1) ( ) + +1
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de:
( + ) + ( ) =
Solucin:
( + ) + ( ) =
= 2 2 +
=1
= 2
= 2 1
; . . .
2 2 )
() = () = . = ln( = 2
Multiplicando la E.D.O.I por el factor integrante hallado.
(2 + 2 ) + ( 1 ) = 0
2 + ( 2 + 1 ) = 0
2
(2) + ( 2 ) ( 1 ) =
2
(2 + 1 ) =
2
2
. : 2 + 2
1 =
Ejemplo
Solucin
2 = ( 2 + 2 )
( 2 + 2 ) 2
= 0
(,) (,)
= 2
= 2
. . .
Encontrando el factor integrante en forma intuitiva de tal forma que se formen diferenciales
conocidos.
2 + 2 2 = 0
1
2 (2 2 ) = 0; () = 2
2 2
( 2
) =0
2
( ) =
2
(
) =
2
=
. : 2 2 =
Ejemplo
Solucin
6
=
2
2 3
=
2
P Q
y
x
; E. D. O. I
(3 2 + 3 ) + 6 + 3 2 = 0
( 3 ) + (3 2 ) + ( 3 ) =
( 3 + 3 2 + 3 ) =
. : 3 + 3 2 + 3 =
Ejemplo
En la siguiente E.D.O:
1
( 2 + ) + ( 2 + ( 3 3 ) ) = 0
6( 3 3 ) 6
Solucin
1
( 2 + 6( 3 3 )) + ( 2 3 3
+ 6 ( ) ) = 0
(,) (,)
2
= 2 + 2( 3 3 )2
1
= 2 2
P Q
, E. D. O. I
y x
2 1
2 + 2
2(33 )2 2
() = 1 3
( + ( ) ) ( 2 + 3 3 )
2 3
6 6( )
si z = x 3 y 3 = 3 2 ; = 3 2
1 2 2
+ 3 32
2 2( )
() = 1
( 2 + ( 3 3 ) )3 2 ( 2 + )(3 2 )
6 6(3 3 )
1 2 2
+ 3 32
2 2( )
() = 1 2
(3 2 2 + 2 ( 3 3 ) )+ (3 2 2 + )
2 2(3 3 )
1 2 2
+ 3 32
2 2( )
() = 1 2 3 2
( 3 ) + 3 3
2 2( )
2 (3 3 )2 +2
2(3 3 )2
() = 2 (3 3 )2 +2
)
2(3 3 )
1 1
() = ( 3 3) =
1
() = = () = ( 3 3 ) = 3 3
( 3 3 ) = 3 3
1
( 2 + ) + ( 2 + ( 3 3 ) ) = 0
6( 3 3 ) 6
6( 2 (3 3 ) + ) + (6 2 (3 3 ) + ( 3 3 )2 ) = 0
[6( 2 (3 3 )+(6 2 (3 3 ) + ( 3 3 )2 )] + = 0
(( 3 3 )2 ) + =
(( 3 3 )2 + ) =
. : ( 3 3 )2 + =
EJEMPLO
SOLUCIN:
2
= 2 + 12 3 2
= 4
; . . .
3
() =
3
1
() = () = = 3 ln = 3 = 3
2 2
2 2
( 2
+ 4 3 ) + ( 3
3 2 ) = 0, . . .
(, ) =
2
(,) 2
= 2
+ 4 3 . (1)
2
(,) 2
= 3
3 2 . (2)
2
(, ) = 2
+ 4 + ()
() = 3 2
() = 3
Reemplazando en la funcin incgnita hallada
2
(, ) = + 4 3
2
(, ) =
2
. : 2
+ 4 3 =
Ejemplo
[ ( + 3 ) + 3 2 ( + 3 )2 ] + [3 2 ( + 3 )2 ] = 0
Solucin
= (3 2 ) + 18 2 2 ( + 3 )
= 3 2 2( + 3 )
; . . .
= + 3 = 1 ; = 3 2
6 2 +18 2 2 (+ 3 )+2(+ 3 )
() =
[3 2 (+ 3 )2 ] [ (+ 3 ) +3 2 (+ 3 )2 ]
6 2 +18 2 2 (+ 3 )+2(+ 3 )
() = [32 (+3 )2 ](1)[ (+3 ) +32 (+3 )2 ]32
6 2 +18 2 2 (+ 3 )+2(+ 3 )
() = [32 (+3 )2 32 (+3 )+32 9 2 2 (+3 )2 ]
6 2 +18 2 2 (+ 3 )+2(+ 3 )
() = [(+3 )2 32 (+3 )92 2 (+3 )2 ]
2(3 2 +9 2 2 (+ 3 )+(+ 3 ))
() = [32 +92 2 (+3 )+(+3 )](+3 )
2 2
() = (+3 ) =
2
1 1
( + 3 ) = = 2 ln = = (+3 )2
2
1
( + 3 ) = (+3 )2
[ ( + 3 ) + 3 2 ( + 3 )2 ] + [3 2 ( + 3 )2 ] = 0
((+3 )) + ( 3 ) () =
((+3 ) + 3 ) =
. : (+3 ) + 3 =
Ejercicios
(, ) =
(, ) =
Solucin
= cos 2 sen
= 2 cos 2 sen
; E.D.O.I
() = () =
() =
. . . . . .
= 3 2 cosh(2 2 ) + 4 4 senh(2 2 )
= 6 2 cosh(2 2 ) + 8 4 senh(2 2 )
; E.D.O.I
1
() =
1
() = () = = ln
() =
. . . () = . . .
[3 2 2 cosh(2 2 ) + 4 4 2 senh(2 2 )] + [2 3 cosh(2 2 ) + 2] = 0
Por el mtodo de agrupamiento de diferenciales conocidos
{[3 2 2 cosh(2 2 ) + 4 4 2 senh(2 2 )] + 2 3 cosh(2 2 ) } + 2 = 0
[ 3 cosh(2 2 ) 2 ] + ( 2 ) =
[ 3 cosh(2 2 ) 2 + 2 ] =
. . ( ) + =
Ejemplo
( + + + ) + ( + + ) =
Solucin
= 3 2 + 6 5 + 6 2
= 6 5 + 6 2 3 2
; . . .
= 3 2 + 6 5 + 6 2 (6 5 + 6 2 3 2 )
= 3 2 + 6 5 + 6 2 (6 5 + 6 2 3 2 )
= 3 2 + 6 5 + 6 2 6 5 6 2 + 3 2 = 6 2
6 2
() = =
( + + ) (( + + + )
= + 3 ; = 1; = 3 2
6 2
() =
( + + )1(( + + + )
6 2 6 2
= ++
( + + )1(( + + + )
6 2 6 2 2
= =
+ +
+ 3
2 2 2 2 2 1
3
= () = () = () () = = () = 2
+
1 1
() = 2
( + 3 ) =
( + 3 )2
1
( + 3 ) =
( + 3 )2
( 3 + ( + 3 )2 ) + (3 2 ( 6 + +2 3 + 2 ) 3 2 ) = 0
( 3 + ( + 3 )2 ) + (3 2 ( + 3 )2 3 2 ) = 0
3 3 2 3 )2 )
3 2
( + 1) + ( (( + ) = 0
( + 3 )2 ( + 3 )2 ( + 3 )2
3 3 2
((+3 )2 + 1) + (3 2 (+3 )2 ) =0
(, ) =
3
= (+3 )2 + 1 (1)
3 2
= 3 2 (+ 3 )2 .(2)
3
= +3 + + ().(3)
( + 3 ) 3 2 3 . 3 2
= + ()
( + 3 )2
3 2 + 3 5 .3 5
= + ()
( + 3 )2
3 2
= (+3 )2 + ()(4)
() = 3 2 () = 3 ; reemplazando en (3)
3
= +3 + + 3
3
. : +3 + + 3 =
Ejemplo
(9 + 16 2 ) + (12 + 20 2 ) = 0
= 9 + 32
= 12 + 40
Como
, entonces buscamos un factor integrante de la forma:
(, ) =
(9 + 16 2 ) + (12 + 20 2 ) = 0; . . .
(9 +1 + 16 +1 +2 ) + (12 +1 + 20 +2 +1 ) = 0
= 9( + 1) + 16( + 2) +1 +1
= 12( + 1) + 20( + 2) +1 +1
9( + 1) = 12( + 1) 4 3 = 1 20 15 = 5
16( + 2) = 20( + 2) 5 4 = 2 20 16 = 8
=3 ; = 2 (, ) = 2 3
Reemplazado
(9 2 4 + 16 3 5 ) + (12 3 3 + 20 4 4 ) = 0; . . .
(,) (,)
=
E.D.E
(9 2 4 + 12 3 3 ) + (16 3 5 + 20 4 4 ) = 0
(3 3 4 ) + (4 4 5 ) =
(3 3 4 + 4 4 5 ) =
. . + =
EJEMPLO
SOLUCIN:
2 2
(2 + 4 3 3 ) + (2 3 5 ) = 0
2
= 2 + 12 3 2
= 4
; . . .
(,) (,)
() = (,)
2
3(2 +4 3 2 )
() = 2
(2 +4 3 2 )
3
() =
3
1
() = () = = 3 ln = 3 = 3
2 2
2 2
( 2
+ 4 3 ) + ( 3
3 2 ) = 0
(, ) =
2
2
(, ) = ( + 4 3 )
2
2
(, ) = 2
+ 4 + ()
() = 3 2
() = 3
Reemplazando en la funcin incgnita calculada
2
(, ) = 2
+ 4 3 +
2
. : + 4 3 =
2
Problema 2:
Solucin:
= 2 cos( 2 + 2 ) 4 sen( 2 + 2 )
= 4 sen( 2 + 2 )
2 cos( 2 + 2 )
() =
= 2 cos( 2 +2 ) = 1
() = =
(, ) = 2 cos( 2 + 2 )
(, ) = sen( 2 + 2 ) + ()
(,)
= sen( 2 + 2 ) + 2 cos( 2 + 2 ) + ()
() = 2 + 2
() = 2
(, ) = sen( 2 + 2 ) + 2 +
= (sen( 2 + 2 ) + 2 )
Ejemplo
[4 + 3 4 ] + [5 3 + 2 2 ] = 0
Solucin
+ 3 4 ] + [5
[4 3 + 2 2 ] = 0
(,) (,)
= 4 + 12 3
= 5 3 + 4
= 2
= 2; = 2
73
() = (53 +22 )(2)(4+34 )( 2 )
73 7 3 1
() = (10 2 4 +43 )(43 +32 4 ) = 7 2 4 = 2
1
() =
1
() = () = = ln =
(2 ) = 2
[4 + 3 4 ] + [5 3 + 2 2 ] = 0
Multiplicando por el factor integrante hallada para transformar la E.D.O.I en una E.D.O.E
[4 3 2 + 3 2 5 ] + [5 3 4 + 2 4 ] = 0
( 4 2 ) + ( 3 5 ) =
( 4 2 + 3 5 ) =
. : 4 2 + 3 5 =
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de la ecuacin diferencial:
( 3 2 + 4 + ) + (3 2 2 + 4 + 2 3 ) = 0
Solucin
3 2 3
2 + 4 + ) + (3
( 2 + 4 + 2 ) = 0
(,) (,)
2 6
= 3 2 2 + 4 +
2 + 4
3 2 2
= 3 2 2 + 4 +
2 + 4
; . . .
26 32 2
2 +4
() =
(3 2 2 + 4 +23 )2 ( 3 2 + 4 +) 4 3
2 (24 32 )
2 +4
() =
(6 2 2 2 + 4 4 6 2 + 4 )
2 (24 32 )
2 +4 1 1
() = () = 2( 2 + 4 ) = 2
2 2 2 + 4 (2 4 32 )
1 1 1
() = () = 2 == 2 = 2
1
() =
2 + 4
2 3
( 3 + ) + (3 2 + ) = 0
2 +4 2 + 4
( 3 ) + ( 2 + 4 ) =
( 3 + 2 + 4 ) =
. : 3 + 2 + 4 =
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de:
( 3 + 9 2 + 3 ) + 9 2 = 0
Solucin
= 3 2
= 9 2
; . . .
2 2 2
() = () = 3 = 3 = () 3
2
() = () 3
1
. : 33 ( 3 + 3 ) = ( 3 + 3 )3 =
Hallando solucin general con otro factor integrante que dependa de la variable z
= 3 2
= 9 2
; . . .
(,) (,)
6 2
() = =
(,) (,) 9 2 ( 3 +9 2 + 3 )
= 3 + 3 = 3 2 ; = 3 2
6 2
() = 9 2 (3 2 ) ( 3 +9 2 + 3 )(3 2 )
6 2 6 2 2
() = 9 2 (3 2 ) 32 3 27 2 2 3 5 ) = 3 2 ( 3 + 3 ) = 3 + 3
2
() = () = = 2 = 2 = ( 3 + 3 )2
( 3 + 3 ) = ( 3 + 3 )2
. : ( 3 + 3 )3 =
() ()
+ =
1 () 1 ()
+ () = () (2) . . . "".(2)
Resolviendo (1):
+ () = () . (3)
[() ()] 1 = 0
(, ) + (, ) = 0
(,) (,)
= () ;
= 0; . . .
()0
() =
= 1
= () () = ()
() = () = ()
() = ()
() + () () = () (); . . .
( () ) = ( () ()) +
: () = () () +
Resumen
+ () = (); . . . ""
1. { () = () ( )
: () = () () +
+ () = (); . . . ""
2. () = () ( )
{ : () = () () +
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de:
=
Solucin
4
= 5 ""
4
() = ; () = 5
: () = () () +
. 4 = 4 . 5 . + . 4 = . + ; . = ( 1)
. 4 = +
. : = 5 4 + 4
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de:
sen
sen + (2 cos sen (sen )2 sec ) = sen
Solucin
sen
sen + (2 cos sen (sen )2 sec ) = sen
sen
sen
() = 2 cos tan ; () =
() = () = 2 = 2+ = 2
sen
. : (2 cos tan ) = (2 cos tan )
sen
2 = 2
sen
cos 2 sen =
sen sen cos
sen
= sen sen cos
=
= sen = sen cos
sen sen
= sen cos =
sen sen sen sen
= sen + sen cos = sen +
sen sen
cos 2 sen = sen + +
sen sen sen 2 sen
. : = sec sec + sec 2 sen
Ejercicios
3
1. ( cos 2 + 2 (sin 2)2 ) + sin 2 = 0
2
2. = ; (5) = 0
3. () + 2 () = () ()
+2 ln 2 ln 2
4. 2+1
+
= (2+1)
5. cosh + [(cosh + sinh ) ] = 0
Solucin
1. + cot 2 = 2sin
1
() = () = cot 2 = 2 ln sin 2 () = sin 2
. () = () ()
sin 2 = 2 sin 2 +
sin 2 = cos 2 +
cos 2
. : = +
sin 2 sin 2
Ecuacin de Bernoulli
+ () = () (1) ; 1(1)
+ () = () (2) ; 1 ..(2)
Resolviendo (1):
+ ()1 = () . . (3)
= 1 = (1 )
(1)
=
Reemplazando (3)
(1)
+ () = ()
(1 )() =
+ (1 )() ; . . . ""
+ () = ()
Resumen
+ () = () ; ""
(1) () = (1)() ( )
. :
{ (1)() = (1)() (1 )() + ; = 1
+ () = () ; ""
(2) () = (1)() ( )
Ejemplo
Solucin:
Ordenando la ecuacin diferencial
2
= 2 ;n=2
1 = 1 2 = 1 = 1 = 1
Resolviendo la ecuacin de Bernoulli
2
=
2
(1) ()
() =
= + . : 1 =Lnx+c
. : = +
Ejemplo
Solucin
1 2
+ 3 = 3 2 (2 +4)
W=seny =
1 2
+ =
3 3 2 (2 +4)
1 2 1 2 2
+ 3 = 32 ( 2 +4) + 3 = 3( 2 +4) ;
""; = 2
(1-n)=1-(-2)=3 = 1 = 3
= 2 4 ( 2 ) +
4
. : 3 = 2 ( 2
) +
Ejemplo
) ( + ) =
+ +
dy 1 1
+ ( )y = y 3 Ecuacion diferencial no lineal
dx 4x + 4 (4x + 4)x 2 + 2x + 5
Solucin
1 1
P(x) = ; Q(x) = ; n = 3 ; 1 n = 4 ; u = y 4
4x+4 (4x+4)x2 +2x+5
du = 4y 3
du
+ P(x). (1 n)U = Q(x). (1 n) Ecuacion diferencial lineal en la variable "U"
dx
(4)(
1
).dx 1
u(x) = e (1n)P(x).dx = e 4x+4 = e Ln|x+1| =
|x + 1|
1 1 1
y4 . = .4 . dx + C ; x + 1 > 0
|x + 1| |x + 1| (4x + 4)x 2 + 2x + 5
y4 1
SG = . dx + C
x+1 (x + 1)2 x 2 + 2x + 5
1 1
. dx = . dx
(x + 1)2 x 2 + 2x + 5 (x + 1)2 (x + 1)2 + 22
(x + 1) = 2. Tg z dx = 2. Sec 2 z. dz
(x + 1)2 + 22 = 2
1 2. Sec 2 z. dz 1 Sec z. dz
. 2. Sec 2 z. dz = =
(2. Tg z )2 (2. Tg z )2 + 22 (2. Tg z )2 . 2. Sec z 4 (Tg z )2
1
= Sen2 z. Cos z. dz
4
1 1 x 2 + 2x + 5
Sen2 z. Cos z. dz = Csc z =
4 4 4x + 4
y4 x 2 + 2x + 5 x 2 + 2x + 5
S. G = +C y 4 = C(x + 1)
x+1 4x + 4 4
Ejemplo
Solucin
2 2 2
+ (+1) = 3 ( ) ( + 1)2
3
= = 2
2 2
+ +1 = 3 ( )( + 1)2
3
= 1 = 2
Calculando el factor integrante de Bernoulli
1
1
() = (1)() = 2(+1) = 2ln(+1) =
(+1)2
23 2 22
= ( 2 ) +
(+1)2 (2 )
2
(+1)2
= 2
+
+1 2 1
= (
) 2 + ( + 1)2 ; = 2 = ()2
+1 2
. : 2 = (
) 2 + ( + 1)2
Ejemplo
Solucion
1 2
+ 3 = 32 (2 +4)
= =
1 2
+ 3
= 3 2 (2 +4)
1 2
+ 3
= 3 2 (2 +4)
1 2
+ =
3 3 2 ( 2 +4)
1 2 2
+ = ; . . . . ""
3 3( 2 +4)
= 1
= 2; 1 = 1 (2) = 3
1
(3)
() = (1)() = 3 = =
2
= 2 ( 2 +4) + = 2 8 ( 2 +4)
ECUACIN DE RICCATI
= 1 () + 2 () + 3 () 2 (1)
La solucin particular de (1) es 1 (), quiere decir que satisface la ecuacin (1)
Nuestro objetivo es encontrar la solucin general de Riccati que tendra la forma siguiente:
1
= 1 () + () . (2)
Faltara conocer que regla de correspondencia que tiene la funcin z(x) que depende de x y
la constante arbitraria de integracin.
Derivando respecto de x
1 () 1
=
2 () . (3)
1 () 1 1 21 () 1
2 = 1 () + 2 () (1 () + ) + 3 () (1 2 () + + 2 )
() () () ()
1 1 2 () 23 ()1 ()
1 () 2 ()1 3 ()1 2 = 2 () + ()
+ () + 23 ()
1 1 3 ()
+ [ () + 23 ()1 ] + =0
2 () () 2 2 ()
() = [2()+23()1 ]
Solucin general de (4)
= (, )
Solucin general Riccati
1
. : = 1 () + (,)
EJEMPLO
SOLUCIN:
+ ()[2 () + 23 ()1 ] = 3 ()
cosh = +
(cosh )2
cosh = +
2
cosh
= + sech
2
2 sech cosh
= 2
(d)
Reemplazando en (b)
2 2(sech )2 +1
. : = sech + 2 sech cosh = 2 sech cosh
2(sech )2 +1
. : =
2 sech cosh
Ejemplo
Solucin
Ordenando
1
= + 2 2
2 2
1
Calculando una solucin particular: 1 () = 2
1 1
. : = 2 + ()
+ ()[2 () + 23 ()1 ] = 3 ()
Ejercicios
1
1=
1
2. + 2 2 = 1 2 ; = +
+
1=
2 5
5 1 3 2 2 5
3. = + + ; = + 2 5
2 5
1=
Ecuacin de Clairaut
Es una ecuacin diferencial de primer orden no lineal, que tiene la siguiente forma:
= + ( )
= + ; = ; b= ( )
= + () (1)
Derivando respecto de x
= = + + ()
( + ()) = 0 . (2)
=0 + () = 0
= 0 = + ()
= 0 =
. : = + () ,
+ () = 0 = + ()
Combinando las dos ecuaciones se encuentra la ecuacin cartesiana de la solucin singular
. : = (); = ()
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
Halla una curva de modo que la tangente trazada en P(x,y) determina en los ejes coordenados
un segmento igual a 3 unidades
solucin
1
tan =
2
= +
= + 1
= tan(180 )
= tan
= 1 2 = 1
2
1 2 + 2 2 = 3
1 2 | |
1 2 + ( ) = 3 |1 | ( )2 + 1 = 3
|1 |
| |
( )2 + 1 = 3 1 ( )2 + 1 = 3
3
1 =
( )2 +1
3
=
( )2 +1
Solucin general
3
= =
2 +1
3
= ; familia de rectas
2 +1
Solucin particular:
3
+ () = 0 =
2 +1
3
() =
2 +1
3
() =
(2 +1)3
3
=
(2 +1)3
3 3
=
(2 +1)3 2 +1
33
=
(2 +1)3
2
2 3 3
3 = 2 +1
2
2 3 3 2
3 = 2 +1
2 2 2
. : 3 + 3 = 33
Ejemplo
5
= +
Solucin:
5
= ; = + . . (1)
5
. : = +
5
+ = 0 ; = +
5 5
2 = 0 ; = +
5 5 5 5 10
= 2 , = = 2 + =
10
=
5
Ejercicios
Resolver:
1
1. = + ; . : 2 = 4
4
2. = + ( )3 ; . : 2 = 27 3
3. = + 2 + 4
Ejemplo
Resolver
= ( ) ( )2 2
Solucin
= ( ) ( )2 2 (1)
= .(2)
= ..(3)
= = cosx(4)
= ()2
Calculando la Solucin general
= = 2
. : = 2
= 2 = 2 2 = 0 = 2 = 2
2
2 2
= =
2 4 4
()2
. : =
4
= () + () (1)
Derivando respecto de x
= () + () + ()
= () + (() + ())
() = (() + ())
() ()
= () + ()
() ()
+ () = () (2). . . ""
Resolviendo (2):
(, , ) = 0 . . (3)
Para calcular la solucin general en forma cartesiana de Lagrange se elimina el parmetro P
entre las ecuaciones (3) y (1).
. : (, , ) = 0
Solucin:
=
= 2 + 2 .(1)
() = 2 ; () = 2
1
=2
= 2
+
2
= =
2 2 2
1
= 4 .E.D.L en x
1
1
() = = () =
= 4 +
. : { = 22 + 2 ( + 1)
2
Ejemplo
Halla la ecuacin de la familia de curvas que cumple con la condicin: si por un punto
cualquiera de la curva se traza la recta normal, el segmento de la normal comprendida entre
los ejes coordenados es igual a 4 unidades.
SOLUCIN
1
: 0 = ( 0 )
(0, )
1
= ( 0)
1
= + ..(1)
1
(, 0) ;0 = + =
y Lt
(0,b)
P(x,y)
(a,0) x
2 + 2 = 4 ( )2 + 2 = 4
||( )2 + 1 = 4
4
= (2)
( )2 +1
4
= + ..(3)
2 +1
1 1
() = () = 2
4 4
() = () =
2 +1 (2 +1)3
() ()
+ () = ()
4
1
(2 +1)3
2
+ 1 = 1
1 42
Resolviendo (4)
1 1
+ 2 2 +1
() = (2 +1)
= ( +1)
= ln||+ln
2 +1
() = ln
2 +1
() =
2 +1 2
= 2 (2 +1)2
2 +1 2
= 2 +1 +
2
= 3 +
(2 +1)2 2 +1
1 2 4
= ( 3 + )+
(2 +1)2 2 +1 2 +1
2 4
= 3 +
(2 +1)2 2 +1
Solucin paramtrica:
2
= 3 +
(2 +1) 2 2 +1
2 4
= 3 +
(2 +1) 2 2 +1
.
.
.
.
1 (, ) = 0 1 (, ) = 0 1 (, , ) = 0
(, ) = 0 (, ) = 0 (, , ) = 0
1 (, , )2 (, , )3 (, , )4 (, , ) . 5 (, , ) = 0
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de la ecuacin diferencial:
()2 2( + 1) + 4 2 = 0
Solucin
()2 2( + 1) + 4 2 = 0
p -2xy
p - 2x
( 2)( 2) = 0 2 = 0 2 = 0
2 = 0 2 = 0 2 = 0 2 = 0
|| 2 = || 2 = 0
2 = 0 2 = 0 2 = 0 2 = 0
2 = 2 = 0
. : (|| 2 )( 2 ) = 0
Ejemplo
Halla la solucin general de:
()4 + ( 2 3 )()3 + ( 3 3 3 4 )()2 = 0
()4 + ( 2 3 )()3 + ( 3 3 3 4 )()2 = 0
2 (2 + ( 2 3 ) + [ 2 3 ( )]) = 0
2 ( 2 3 )( + ) = 0 2 = 0 ( 2 3 ) = 0 ( + ) = 0
2 = 0 . . ()
( 2 3 ) = 0 . . ()
( + ) = 0 ()
a: 2 = 0 = 0 = 0 = = 0
1 3
b: ( 2 3 ) = 0 3 2 = 0 2 2 =
3
3 2 3 2 = 6 2 2 3 2 + 6 2 + 3 = 0
: ( ) = 0 (1 ) = 0 1 = 0
2
+ |1 | + = 0 2 + 2|1 | + 2 = 0
2
. : ( )( 2 3 2 + 6 2 + 3)( 2 + 2|1 | + 2) = 0
Ejercicios
Halla la solucin general de:
2
1. ( ) + ( 2 4 + 5 + 2 5 ) 2 7 = 0
2
2. ( ) 2( + 1) + 4 2 = 0
a) Primer caso
= (, ) ;
=
= (, ) . . (1)
Derivando respecto de x
= +
= (, ) + (, )
(, , ) = 0 (2)
Resolviendo (2)
(, , ) = 0 (3)
Para encontrar la solucin general de la ecuacin dada se elimina el parmetro P entre las
ecuaciones (3) y (1)
. : (, , ) = 0
b) Segundo caso
= (, ) ;
=
= (, ) . (1)
Derivando respecto de y
= +
= (, ) + (, )
(, , ) = 0 (2)
(2)
(, . ) = 0 . (3)
Para hallar la solucin general de la ecuacin diferencial dada en forma cartesiana se elimina el
parmetro P siempre que sea posible entre las ecuaciones (3) y (1).
. : (, , ) = 0
Ejemplo
4 5 2 + 12 4 + 9 = 0
Solucin
12 4 = 9 4 5 2
3
= 4 4 3
(1)
Derivando respecto de x
=
+
3 4 3 1
= ( ) 4 ( 2) ( )
4 5 4 3 3
3 4 3
0 = ( 5 3
) + (4 4 2 3)
3 4 3
[0 = ( 5 3
) + (4 4 2 3) ] 12 5 2
0 = 36 16 5 3 + (9 4 6 2 )
0 = 4(9 4 5 2 ) + (9 4 5 2 )
(9 4 5 2 ) ( + 4) = 0 (9 4 5 2 ) = 0 ( + 4) = 0
Resolviendo (2)
4
+
=0
4
+
= 0
4ln|| + ln|| =
ln| 4 | =
4 = = 4
3
= 4 4 3
; = 4
3 4
=
4 4 3 4
3
: : = 4 33
3
3
= 2 2 Reemplazando en (4)
1 1
3 3 + =0
2 2 2 2
1
= 3
2
1
3
= 2
. : 2 3 = 1
Ejemplo
Resolver:
42 2 + = 0
Solucin
Derivando respecto de y
2 = 4 + .(1)
Derivando respecto de y
1
2 = 4 + 4 + 2
2 1
= 4 + 4 + 2
2 1
= 4 + 4 + 2
= 4 + 4 2 2
= 43 + 42
= 43 + 42
43 + 42 = 0
(42 1) + (42 1) = 0
(42 1) ( + ) = 0 (42 1) = 0 ( + ) = 0
Resolviendo (2)
+ = 0
+ = = ..(3)
1
=
2
2 = 2 2
2 = 4
. : 2 = 4 2
Ejemplo
Resolver
1 1 1 2
= + 2 ( )
2 4 4
Solucin
1 1 1
= 2 + 4 2 4 ()2 . (1)
Derivando respecto de x
1 1 1 1
= = 2 + 2 + 2 2 ()
1 1 1 1
0= + + ()
2 2 2 2
0 = + + ()
0 = ( ) + ( )
0 = ( )( + 1) = 0 + 1 = 0 . (2)
+ 1 = 0 + = 0 + = 0
+ =0
= ..(3)
1 1
. : = + 4 2 2 2
1 1 1
= 0 ; = 2 + 4 2 4 2
1 1 1
= 2 2 + 4 2 4 2
1
. : = 2 2
Ejemplo
= 3 + 6( )2 2
Solucin
= 3 + 6()2 2 .(1)
3 = 6 2
Derivando respecto de y
1
3 = 2 12 6 2
3 1
= 12 6 2
2
+ 12 + 2 + 6 2 = 0
2 + 123 + + 62 2 = 0
2(1 + 62 ) + (1 + 62 ) = 0
(1 + 62 ) (2 + ) = 0 1 + 62 = 0 2 + = 0
2 + = 0 .(2)
2
+
= 0 2
+
= 0
2|| + || =
| 2 | =
| 2 | =
2 = = .(3)
2
3 6 2
= 2
+ 2
. : 3 = 3 + 6 2
3 3
= 2 =
6 6
9 2
4 2 = 6 8 3 + 3 2 = 0
. : 8 3 + 3 2 = 0
Ejercicios
1.4 2 = 3 2 ; . : 27 4 = 64 3
2. 2 4 = 0 , . : 4 2 + 1 = 0
Integral Definida
Sumatoria
Comentando el uso del operador sigma
[ () + ]
=
= ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + ) +
+ ( + )
+ = + + + + + + + +
=
( )+ =
=
= ( ) + ( )+ + ( )+ +
+ ( )+ +
( ) =
=
= + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + + ( )
+
Doble sumatoria
+
()+ = () + () + () +
= =
+ () + () + + ()
+ () + () + ()
. [() ()] = () () : = , =
= = =
. ( + ) = ();
= =+
. = = ;q=constante
. = = ( + ) ; C es una constante
# ( ()) =
=
# ( ()) = ( + )
=
. [() ( )] = () ( )
=
. [( + ) ( )] = ( + ) + () () ( )
=
. = + + + + + =
=
( + )
. =
=
( + )( + )
. =
=
( + )
. =
=
( + )( + + )
. =
=
. = [( ) ( + )]
. = [( + ) ( )]
. = [( + ) ( )]
17. = [( + ) ( )]
EJEMPLO:
Solucin
=
=
. = [ ( + ) ( )]
= =
. =
=
= [ ( + ) + ()]
. = [ ( + ) + ]
=
( + ) +
=
=
Ejemplo
=
2
=
Solucin
2 2 1 2 2
= 2 [ ( + 1) ( 1)]
2 2 1 2 2
=1 = =1[ ( + 1) ( 1)]
2
2 2
1 2 2 (+1)+2 0
[ ( + 1) ( 1)] =
2 =1 2
2 2
2 2 (+1)+2
=1 =
2
2 2
2 (+1)+2
=1 =
2
2
Ejemplo
Halla la suma en trminos de n
2+3
=1
( 2 +)3
Solucin:
2+3 3+3 3 1
=1 ( 2 = =1 = =1
+)3 (+1)3 3 3 (+1)
3 3
=1 3+1 (+1)
3
3 3 1 1
=1 = 3 =1 ((+1)3+1 )
3 3+1 (+1) 3
1 1 1 1 1
3 =1 ((+1)3+1 3 ) = 3 ((+1)3+1 3) = 1 (+1)3
2+3 1
=1 = 1 (+1)3
( 2 +)3
Ejemplo
( ) = [ ( ) ]
=
Ejemplo
21
=1
Solucin
2. 7 5. 3
+
7 . 3 7 . 3
1
1 1
2 =1 3 + 5 =1 7.(1)
1 1 1 1
[ ] [ ] =[ ] 1
3 3 3
=1
1 1 1
[ ] 3[ ] = [ ] 1
3 3 3
=1 =1
1 1
2 [ ] = [ ] 1
3 3
=1
1 1 1
=1 [ ] = [1 [ ] ] .(2)
3 2 3
1 1 1
=1 = 6 (1 [7] ) (3)
7
21
=1
1 1
2 + 5
3 7
=1 =1
1 1 1 1
S= 2. 2 [1 [3] ] + 5. 6 (1 [7] )
5 1 1
() = 6 (1 [7] ) + [1 [3] ]
2. 7 + 5. 3 11 1 1
= [ ] [ ]
21 6 7 3
=1
Ejemplo
()
=
SOLUCIN:
() = () + () + () +
=
: =
=
() [ ()]
=
( ())
= () ( )
()
()
= ( () )
()
= () ( ()
=
Ejemplo
( + )
=
SOLUCIN:
+
( + ) ( + )
= =
=
+
( + ) ( + )
= =
= + [ ]
( + ) +
= =
= +
( + ) () ( + )
= = =
= + .
( + ) () ( + )
= = =
=
() ( + )
= =
= [ ]
( ) [( ) + ]
=
: [() ( )] = () ()
=
= [( )( )]
( + ) ( + )
+
=
( + ) ( + )
=
Ejemplo
En la siguiente sumatoria.
( + )!
=
Solucin
: ( )
=
( + )!
=
= [ ]
! ( )! !
= =
= ( ) = ( )
! ( )! ! !
=
: [() ( )] = () ()
=
= (! !) = = =
= (+)! =
Ejemplo
1) Si
=( + ) +(
+ ) , entonces halla la suma en
funcin de n.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
S = =1 32 + 32 322 322
S= =1 32 + 32 32 . 32 32 . 32
1
U= =1 32 (1 ) + 32 (1 9)
9
8
U= =1 32 8 =1 32
9
Particin de un intervalo
En el intervalo cerrado [a,b]. Se dice que el conjunto de puntos:
P={x0;x1;x2;x3;...xK-1;xK;...xn} es una particin del segmento [a,b].
Si solo si: a= x0 < x1 < x2 < x3 < ......... < xn1 < xn =b
P={ xi, con i = 0,1,2,3 .., n. / a= x0 < x1 < x2 < x3 < ......... < xn1 < xn =b
Es una particin del segmento [a,b].
Geomtricamente los (n+1) puntos sobre el intervalo cerrado [a,b], determinan
n sub-intervalos:
[0 , 1 ]; [1 , 2 ]. [2 , 3 ]. [3 , 4 ]. [1, ]
0 = 1 2 3 ... 1 =
Longitud de cada sub-intervalo: 1 =1 0; 2 = 2 1 ;3 =3 2
= 1; . . , = 1
Si las longitudes de todos los sub intervalos son iguales es conocido como
particin regular u homognea.
Calculando la longitud de cada sub-intervalo que tienen la misma longitud en
trminos de n:
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = =
3 =a + 3( )
1 = a + ( 1)( )
= a + ( )
1 + 2 + 3+ .+ =
=1
=1 1 = 0 =
Que la longitud del segmento [a,b]
Definicin:
La norma de particin P se denota por: ||P|| o ||
Y se define por:
||P|| = max {1 , 2 , 3 ,, ,.. } ||max { / k= 1,2,3 .., n}
Funcin acotada
Se dice que f(x) es acotada en [a,b] . Si existen los nmeros: m y M, tal que se
verifica m f(x) M
Ejemplo
El segmento [1,5] se puede formar las siguientes particiones
3 7 19
1. 1 = {1,2,2,3, 2 ,4, ,5 }
4
3 5 7 18 9 19
2. 2 = {1, 2,2, 2, 3, 2 ,4, 2, , 5}
5 4
3 7 9 5 7 18 17 9 19
3. 3 = {1, 2, 4, 2, 4, 2, 3, 2 , , 4, , , 5}
5 4 2 4
1 3 3 9
Se tiene la particin P = 0; ; ; ; ;2 del segmento [0; 2]. Halla:
4 5 2 5
Solucin:
1 1
1.- 1 = 0
4 4
3 1 7
2.- 2 =
5 4 20
3 3 9
3.- 3 =
2 5 10
9 3 3
4.- x4 =
5 2 10
9 1
5.- 5 = 2
5 5
Suma inferior
(; ) = 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + + + +
n
(; )= m
k 1
K .xK
Suma superior
(; ) = 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + + + +
n
U ( f , P) M .x
k 1 k k
Interpretacin geomtrica
Y f (x)
Problema
Calcula el rea de la regin R limitada por las grficas de:
() =
f(0)=0;D(f)=< , >
Calculando la asntota horizontal
lim = =0
lim = =
A. H: = 0
Calculando primera y segunda derivada de la funcin
() = + = ( + 1) () = 0 ( + 1) = 0; = 1
() = + ( + 1) = ( + 2)
() = 0
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
( + 2) = 0 = 2
1
(1) = > 0
1
min (1) =
2
Entonces hay punto de inflexin en A (-2, )
2
= {0 , 1 , 2, 3, 4 . . 1, , . . , 1 } [1,2]
21 1
1 = 2 = 3 =. . . = = = = =
0 =1
1
1 = 1 +
1
2 = 1 + 2( )
1
3 = 1 + 3( )
1
4 = 1 + 4( )
.
.
.
(1)
1 = 1 +
= 1 +
1+
( ) = (1 + )
= =1
1
=1( ( 1) ) =
1
=1 =1( 1) =
1 1
=1 =1 + =1 =
1
1
=1 1 =
1 =1 + =1( )
1
1 1
1 =1 + 1 =
1
1
1 1
1 =1 = 1
1
1 1
(1)
=1 = 1 1
1 ( 1)2
1 1
(1)
= =1 = 1 1 .(3)
1 ( 1)2
() = ( 1)+ 2 ( 1) = 2
() = 2 2
Para: () = 35 + 54
= 15 4 + 20 3 , () = 0
4
15 4 + 20 3 = 0 3 (15 + 20) = 0 = 0 =
3
() = 60 3 + 60 2
4 4 256
( ) < 0 ( )= 3.16
3 3 81
nfimo:
Supremo:
Y
8
I
4 4 J
3.16
A B C E F2
D
G H
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 X
-2 -2
-3
-4
Rectngulo Longitud de
l a base del
rectngulo
( )
256 128
A 0.5 2 3.16= 1 =1.58
81 81
B 1 0 2 0 2
C 1 0 8 0 8
D 2 -4 -3 -8 -6
E 1 -3 0 -3 0
F 1 0 2 0 2
G 1 -2 0 -2 0
H 2 -2 0 4 0
3 3
I 4 0 4 0 16
3 3
J 2 -2 4 -4 8
(; ) 52
3
= 17.33
(; ) 3137
= 20.91
150
10
Aproximando la integral 1.5 ()
10 1 1 52 3137 537
1.5 () = 2 ((, ) + (, )) = 2 ( 3
+ 150
) = 300=1.79
1
2 ((, ) (, ))
Ejemplo:
Solucin:
Y
Graficando
3
FACULTAD
2 DE INGENIERIA MECANICA
2 ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
1
8 9 10 11
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
rectngulo Longitud de
la base del
rectngulo
A 2 2 2 22 4
B 1 1 2 1 2
C 1 0 1 0 1
D 1 0 2 0 2
E 2 2 6 4 12
F 2 1 3 2 6
G 1 3 9 3 9
H 1 -4 -1 -4 -1
I 2 -1 0 -2 0
J 1 -4 -1 -4 -1
(; ) 22
(; ) 32 + 2
(; ) = 22
(; ) = 32 + 2
Aproximando la integral definida
11 (;)+(;) 32+32
3 () 2
2
Ejemplo
Para la funcin () = ( 4)2 , [0; 8] con una particin regular de longitud una unidad
8
calcula : (; ), (; ) 0 ( 4)2
Solucin
= {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
Rectngulo Longitud de
la base del
rectngulo
1 1 9 16 9 16
2 1 4 9 4 9
3 1 1 4 1 4
4 1 0 1 0 1
5 1 0 1 0 1
6 1 1 4 1 4
7 1 4 9 4 9
8 1 9 16 9 16
(; ) 28
(; ) 60
(; ) = 28
(; ) = 60
:
8 (;)+(;) 28+60
0 () 2
2
44
(;)(;)
Una cota para el Error 2
Problema 4.
Calcular:
3
El rea de la regin defina por = 2 ; =, 0 = 8, mediante lmite y suma de
Riemann.
Solucin:
El grafico muestra la regin y el k-simo rectngulo circunscrito. Dividiendo el
intervalo [0,8] en n subintervalos de longitud = 1
80 8
= =
Aplicando la definicin de suma de Reimann:
8
3
(2 3 ) = 2
0
=1
Del grfico:
= .
Reemplazando en la sumatoria.
3 8
(2 . ) 8 4
8 3 3
= 2 ( )
=1 =1
Dado que
3
=1 es convergente no ser posible determinarlo para un el trmino n-simo,
3
entonces se hallara la equivalencia al rea mediante la funcin inversa de 2 .
3 3
() = 2 () =
8
40 4
= =
4 4
= 0 + =
4 3
3
3 () 4 1 4 4
( ) = ( ) = ( ) = ( . ( ) ( 3 ))
8 8 8 8
=1 =1 =1
Resolviendo:
2 ( + 1)2
( 3 ) =
4
=1
Reemplazando el lmite:
1 2
1 4 4 2 ( + 1)2 64 (1 + )
( . ( ) . ( )) = .( ) = 82
8 4 8 1
=8
8
3
= 4.8 = 322 = = 2 = 242
0
Problema 1.
Sea la funcin definida por:
9 3
+ 3 2 , 3 < 2
8
3 3
() = 3 3 , 2 2
1 3
2 , <3
{ 2
3 1 1 3
Y considerando la particin: = {3; 2; 2 ; 2 ; 2 ; 2 ; 2; 3}del segmento [-3,3]
Calcula (, ), (, )
Solucin
Graficando la funcin en cada intervalo
9 3
1. 1 = + 3 2 , 3 <
8 2
Es una funcin decreciente dado que: 1 < 2 (2 ) < (1 )
3
3 2 0 2
1 11
2 ( ) =
2 8
2 (1) = 2
3 9
2 ( ) =
2 8
1 3
3. 3 = , <3
2 2
Es una funcin lineal creciente, evaluando en puntos extremos de cada sub-intervalo de
la particin.
3
3 ( ) = 1
2
3
3 (2) =
2
5
3 (3) =
2
Con estos datos obtenidos se obtiene el siguiente tabla:
Intervalo
17 9 17 9
3 < 2 1 + 3 + 3
8 8 8 8
1 9 17 9 17
2 < 1.5
2 8 8 16 16
9 9
1.5 < 0.5 1 2 2
8 8
11 11 11 11
0.5 < 0.5 1
8 8 8 8
9 9
0.5 < 1.5 1 2 2
8 8
1 3 1 3
1.5 < 2 1
2 2 2 4
3 5 3 5
23 1
5 2 2 2
83
(, )
16
79 + 163
(, )
16
3
La aproximacin de 3 () ser:
(, ) + (, ) 81 + 83
=
2 8
El error cometido ser:
(, ) (, ) 1 + 43
=
2 8
Integrabilidad
Sea f una funcin definida y acotada en el segmento [a;b], entonces f es integrable en [a;b] si
para cada >0 existe una particin P tal que:
|(; ) (; )| <
Integral inferior
Sea el conjunto = {1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ; } particiones del segmento [a;b], y f una funcin
definida y acotada en [a;b], entonces la integral inferior de f entre a y b se representa por
y su valor est dado por: = {(; )/ }
Integral superior
Sea el conjunto = {1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ; } particiones del segmento [a;b], y f una funcin definida
y acotada en el segmento [a;b], entonces la integral superior de f entre a y b se representa por
a y se define por: = {(; )/ }
Teorema
Una funcin f definida y acotada en el segmento [a;b] es integrable si se verifica:
b
= a = a (Integral de Riemann)
Definicin
Ejemplo
Para la funcin definida por f(x) = 5 en [a; b], calcula b 5dx y ab 5dx
a
Solucin:
n n n
I (f; p1) = mK xK 5xK 5 xK 5(b a)
K 1 k 1 K 1
n n
I (f;p2) = 5 K 5 K 5(b a)
K 1 K 1
........................................
..........................................
n
I (f;pn) = 5
K 1
K 5(b a)
b
a 5dx = Sup {I(f; p) /p P} = 5(b-a)
b 5dx 5(b a)
a
n n
U (f; p1) = M K xK 5xK = 5(b-a)
K 1 K 1
n
U (f;p2) = 5x
K 1
K 5(b a )
..
n
U (f; pn) = 5xK 5(b a)
K 1
b
a 5dx = Inf {U (f; p)/p P} 5dx 5(b a)
b
=5(b-a)
a
b b b
a 5dx a 5dx a 5dx 5(b a)
lim n
Sea f una funcin definida y acotada en [a,b] y existe
n
f (ck )xk =
k 1
lim n
0 f (ck ) xk se dice que f es integrable ente a y b que se representa
k 1
b
por: a
f ( x)dx y su valor est dada por:
b lim n lim n
a f ( x)dx n f (ck )xk 0
f (ck )xk
k 1 k 1
b
a f ( x)dx Se lee integral definida de f(x) diferencial de x entre el lmite inferior a y el
lmite superior b
Ejemplo:
Le tiene la regin R limitada las grficas de:
f ( x) 3x 2 , x 0, x 2, y 0
1) Halle el rea aproximada de la regin R, utilizando 100 rectngulos inscritos
(suma inferior) con particin homognea.
2) Halle el rea aproximada de la regin R, utilizando 100 rectngulos
circunscritos (suma superior) con particin homognea.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
y
12
f ( x) 3 x 2
x1x2 x3 x4 xk 1xk ..xn 2
0
El conjunto de puntos
P x0 , x1, x2 , x3,....xk 1, xk ,....xn1, xn
Es una particin del segmento [0;2],considerando particin regular o
homognea.
20 2
x1 x2 x3... xk .... xn
n n
Encontrando el valor de la abscisas
en trminos de n
x0 0
2
x1 0
n
2
x2 0 2
n
2
x3 0 3
n
2
xk 1 0 (k 1)
n
2
xk 0 k
n
2 4 12
f ( xk 1 ) f ((k 1) ) 3(k 1) 2 2 2 (k 1) 2
n n n
( R ) A1 A2 A3 A4 ...... Ak .... An
A ( R ) f ( x 0 ) x1 f ( x1 ) x 2 f ( x 2 ) x 3 .. f ( x k 1 ) x k f ( x n1 ) x n
n
A ( R ) f ( x k 1 ) x k
k 1
n 12 (k 1) 2 2
A( R )
k 1 n2 n
24 n 24 n 1 2 24 ( n 1)n( 2n 1)
A( R ) 3 (k 1) 3 k 3
2
n k 1 n k 0 n 6
4(n 1)(2n 1)
A( R )
n2
4.99.199
A( R ) 7 ,8804 u 2
100 2
n
I ( f , p ) mk xk
k 1
I ( f , p ) S Sn 78804
4(n 1)(2n 1)
I ( f , p)
n2
I ( f , p) A(rectngulo inscrito s) A( R)
ck = x k
n n n
2 4 2
U ( f , p) f ( xk )xk f (k ( )) 3k 2 ( 2 )
k 1 k 1 n k 1 n n
n
12k 2 2
A( R) .
k 1 n2 n
24 n 24 n(n 1)(2n 1)
3
A( R) k2 3.
n k 1 n 6
4(n 1)(2n 1)
A( R)
n2
4(101)(201)
A( R) 2
8,1204u 2
100
A( R) U ( f , p)
I ( f , p) AR U ( f , p)
lim n
A( R)
n
f (Ck )xk
k 1
Si tomamos el punto de muestra a la izquierda de cada sub-intervalo
Ck xk 1
nlim
A( R ) f ( x k 1 ) x k
n k 1
4 ( n 1)(2 n 1)
lim lim 1 1 2
A( R ) 4 (1 )(2 ) 8u
n n
2 n n n
Si tomamos el punto de muestra a la derecha de cada sub-intervalos
Ck xk
lim n
A( R)
n
f ( xk )xk
k 1
lim 4(n 1)(2n 1) lim 1 1
A( R) 4(1 )(2 ) 8u 2
n n2 n n n
2
A( R) 3x 2dx x3 8 0 8u 2
2
0 0
Ejemplo
1
Sea la funcin definida por: f ( x) y una particin
2 x
1 1 3
P 1, ,0, ,1, ,2 del segmento [-1 ; 2]
2 2 2
Halla U ( f , p) , I ( f , p) y estime la siguiente integral indefinida:
2 dx
1
2 x
Solucin:
1
1 f ( x)
2
1/2
-1 1 1 1 3 2
2 2 2
Rectngulos
1 1
1 -1 1
2 2
1 1 2 1
2
2 2 3 3
1 1 1
3 0
2 2 4
1 1 2 1
4
2 2 5 5
1 1 1
5 1
2 3 6
1 3 2 1
6
2 2 7 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 223
(; ; ) = + + + + + =
2 3 4 5 6 7 140
Ejemplo
Para el conjunto de puntos:
1 1 3
= {1; ; 0; ; 1; ; 2} que es una particion del segmento [1; 2]. Halla el rea
2 2 2
de laregion R aproximadamente por la suma de Riemann, Si la region R est limitada
1
por: f(x) = ; x = 1 ; x = 2 ; y = 0
x+2
Solucin:
Haciendo la grfica para identificar la regin y poder construir los rectngulos y ubicar
los puntos de muestra para la suma de Riemann como se puede ver en la siguiente
figura.
1
f(x) =
x+2
1
1 f ( x)
2
1/2
-1 1 1 1 3 2
2 2 2
Rectangulo ( )
( ).
1 1
1 -1 1
2 2
1 1 2 1
2
2 2 3 3
1 1 1
3 0
2 2 4
1 1 2 1
4
2 2 5 5
1 1 1
5 1
2 3 6
1 3 2 1
6
2 2 7 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 223
(; ; ) = + + + + + =
2 3 4 5 6 7 140
) :
( + ) ; ,
Solucin
20 2
Ck = xk1 ; x1 = x2 = x3 = = xn = =
n n
Ck = xk1 , considerando que el punto de muestra est a la izquierda de cada sub-intervalo
2 1 1 2
x0 = 0 ; x1 = 0 + ; x2 = 0 + 2 ( ) ; x3 = 0 + 3 ( ) ; ; xk1 = (k 1) ( )
n n n n
3
2 8
f(xk1 ) = ((xk1 )3 + 2) = ((k 1) ( )) + 2 = 3 (k 1)3 + 2
n n
n n
2
8 2
I= (x 3 + 2)dx = lim [ f(Ck ). xk ] = lim [ ( 3 (k 1)3 + 2) ]
0 n n n n
k=1 k=1
n
16 4
= lim [ ( 4 (k 1)3 + )]
n n n
k=1
n n n1
16 4 16 4 16 (n 1)2 n2 4
I = lim [ 4 (k 1)3 + 1] = lim [ 4 (k)3 + (n)] = lim [ 4 + (n)]
n n n n n n n n 4 n
k=1 k=1 k=0
4 1 2
I = lim [ 2 (n 1)2 + 4] = lim [4 (1 ) + 4] = 4(1) + 4 = 8
n n n n
Problema 1:
1
() = 3 12
3
= {6; 5; 3; 2; 1; 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5} [6; 5]
5
1 2
(; ), (; ) ( 12)
3
6
Solucin:
Calculando intercepto con el eje x;y=0
1 1 1
() = 2 12 = ( 2 12) = 0 = 0 2 12 = 0
3 3 3
los puntos de interceptos con el eje "x": (6; 0), (0; 0) (6; 0)
Calculando la primera y segunda derivada
( ) = 2 12 () = 2
( ) = 0 2 12 = 0 = 23
(23) = 43 < 0 (23) = 163
Graficando la funcin:
A 1 0 55/3 0 55/3
C 1 64/3 27 64/3 27
E 1 0 35/3 0 35/3
F 1 -35/3 0 -35/3 0
(; ) -17- 163
(; ) 323- 1/3
1
I(f; P) = 17 163 y U(f; P) = 323
3
5 1 I(f;P)+U(f;P) 26
6 (3 2 12)
2
83
3
5.18974
Ejemplo:
3
1 2
x 1dx
3 4
Solucin:
y0
1 2
x 1 0 x 2; x 2
4
V(0,1)
-3 -2 0 2 3
2
xk 3
f(x ) = f(x ) =
k k 1 ; x1 x2 .... xk
4 n
x0 = -3
3
x1 =- 3 +
n
3
x2 =- 3 + 2
n
3
xk-1 = -3 + (k-1)
n
3
xk = -3 + k
n
2
1 3
f(xk) = - 3 k 1
4 n
1 18k 9k 2
f(xk) = - 9 2 1
4 n n
5 9k 9k 2
f(xk) =
4 2n 4n 2
n
5 9k 9k 2 3
lim 2n 4n 2 n
n k 1 4
15 n 27 n
27 n
4n 1 2n 2 k k 2
lim
n k 1 k 1 4n 3 k 1
15 27 1 9 1 1 3
lim
n 4
1 1 2
4 n 8 n n 2
3 x2 x3 3 3
1dx 2 x
3 4 12 0 2
Problema:
( x 2) 2 1, x 1
3
x
x 4,1 x 1
2
Para f(x)=
3
2 x 1, x 1
i) Calcule U(f,P) y I(f,P) con una particin:
SOLUCION:
x3
f 2 ( x) x2 4
3
f2 ' ( x ) x2 2x
f ' ' ( x ) 2x 2
Puntos crticos
x(x-2)=0 x=0,x=2
K x k mk Mk mk xk M k xk
1 1 F(-2)=1 5 1 5
4 4
2 1/2 5 2 5 1
F(- 2)=
4 8
3 2 8 4 16 8
3 3
4 1 2 3 2 3
5 3 3 4 9 12
5
I(f,P) m x
k 1
k k 1+ 5/8+16/30+2+9= 431
24
5
U(f,P) M
k 1
k xk 5/4+1+8+3+12= 101
4
f ( x)dx = (U 2 I ) =26,604
5 / 2
(U I )
ERROR: E= =3,645
2
Ejemplo
+ 2 , < 2
() = { 4 4 2 , 2 2
12 2 + 8 , <2
6
Calcula aproximadamente 7 ()
Solucin:
-7 -2 -1 0 1 2 4 6
-4
. .
1 4 5 3 45 12
2 1 2 5 2 25
3 1 -4 0 -4 0
4 1 -3 0 -3 0
5 1 -3 0 -3 0
6 1 -4 0 -4 0
7 1 0 3 0 3
8 2 3 4 6 12
9 1 0 3 0 3
I(f,P) 45 6
U(, ) 30+25
6
(, ) + (, )
() =
7 2
6
65 + 24
() = = 18.7082
7 2
Ejemplo
2 1
Calcula 0 (( ) + 4 ) utilizando suma de Riemann y un proceso de lmite
7
Solucin
1
() = (7)
1
49
() = 4
2
= {0 , 1 , 2, 3, 4 . . 1, , . . 1, } [0,2]
Considerando una particin homognea del segmento [0,2]
20 2
1 = 2 = 3 =. . . = = = = =
0 =0
2
1 =
2
2 = 2( )
2
3 = 3( )
2
4 = 4( )
.
.
.
2
1 = ( 1)( )
2
= ( )
Considerando = = =
1
() = (7) + 4
2 4 2
1 () 1 () 4
( ) = ( ) = (7) + ( (2)) = [(7) ] + 16
4
2 1
0 (7) + 4 = lim =1 ( )
2
( ) 4 2
1
2 1
0 (7) + 4 = lim
=1 ( ) =
lim =1([(
7
) ] + 16
4
)
2
( ) 4
1 2 16 2
lim
=1 ( ) =
lim =1([(
7
) ]
+
lim =1[ 4 ]
2
( ) 4
2 1 32
lim =1 ( ) = lim =1[(7 ) ] +
lim 5 =1
2 2 1
( ) ( ) 4
2 1
lim =1 ( )
= lim [(
7
)
] =1[(17) ] + 32
lim 5 =1
Aplicando formulas conocidas en trminos de n
2 1 2
2
1 2 1 ([( )() ] 1
( )
32 ( + 1)(63 + 92 + 1)
( ) + 4 = lim . ( ) 7 + lim .
0 7 7 1 (2 ) 5 30
( ) 1
7
1 (2)
2
1 2 1 2 ([( ) ] 1 32 ( + 1)(63 + 92 + 1)
( ) + 4 = lim ( ) . 7 2
( )
+ lim 5 .
0 7 7 1 ( )
( ) 1
30
7
1 1 1 1 1
1
2
1 (2 ) (49 1) (1 + ) (6 + 9 + 2 3 )
( ) + 4 = lim ( ) . + lim 32 .
0 7 7 1 (2 ) 30
( 7) 1
lim 2
48
2 1 4
( ) 32
0 (7) + = 1. 49
7
+
5
48
2 1 4
( ) 32
0 (7) + = 49
7
+
5
Ejemplo
Encuentre el rea de la regin limitada por la grfica de : = () ; = (); = 0;
= 4
Utilizando suma de Riemann con particin regular y un proceso de lmite.
Solucin:
= ()
= ()
= ()
= ()
A = A1 A2
Calculando A1
= ()
= ( ) = ( )
0
1 = 2 = 3 = = = = = 4 =
4
X0=0
X1=0+
4
2
X2=0+
4
3
X3=0+
4
.
.
.
Xk=0+
4
A1 =1 ( ) = =1 ( )
( ) = cos( )
4
A1 =1 cos( )
4 4
= ()
= ( ) = ( )
0
1 = 2 = 3 = = = = = 4 =
4
X0=0
X1=0+
4
2
X2=0+
4
3
X3=0+
4
.
.
.
Xk=0+
4
A2 =1 ( ) = =1 ( )
( ) = sen( )
4
A2 =1 sen( )
4 4
A lim =1 cos ( ) lim =1 sen( )
4 4 4 4
cos ( ) = ()
4
=1
1 ( + 1) ( 1)
cos ( ) sen ( ) = [( ) ( )]
4 4 2 4 4
=1 =1
1 +1
[ ( ( )) + ( ) ( )]
2 4 4 4
+1
[ ( ( )) + ( ) ( )]
1 4 4 4
cos ( ) =
4 2 ( )
=1 4
sen ( ) = ()
4
=1
1 ( 1) ( + 1)
sen ( ) sen ( ) = [( ) ( )]
4 4 2 4 4
=1 =1
1 +1
[ ( ( )) + ( ) ( ) 1]
2 4 4 4
+1
[ ( ( )) + ( ) ( ) 1]
1 4 4 4
sen ( ) =
4 2 ( )
=1 4
+1
1 [( 4 ( ))+( 4 )(4)]
A= lim +
2 4 ( )
4
+1
1 [( 4 ( ))+( 4 )(4)1]
lim
2 4 ( )
4
1 1
1 [( (1+ ))+( )( )] 1 [( (1+ ))+( )( )1]
4 4 4 4 4 4
A= lim + lim
2 (4) 2 (4)
4 4
1 1 1 1
+ + 11
1 2 2 2 2
[ + ]
2 1 1
= 2 1
Ejemplo
Halla el rea de la regin R limitada por las grficas de:
3
= 2 = 0 ; = 8 utilizando suma de Riemann y un proceso de
lmite.
Solucin
3
= 2
= ( )3 (i)
2
A=Arect A1
A
A1
y
Arect = 8y = 8(4) = 32
Reemplazando en (i)
3
8=( )
2
=4
A1
A1
Ck = yk
( ) = ( )
40 4
1 = 2 = 3 = = = = = =
y0=0
4
y1=0+
8
y2=0+
3(4)
y3=0+
.
.
.
4
yk=0+
2 3
( ) = ( )
A1= =1 ( ).
2 3 4
= ( )
=1
2 4
= lim =1( )3 .(ii)
2 3 2 ( + 1) 2
( ) = ( )3 ( )
2
=1
2( + 1)2
=
Reemplazando en (ii)
2( + 1)2 2 2 1
lim . 4 = lim 8( 2 + 2 + 2 ) = 8
2
A = 32 A1
A= 32 8 = 24
Ejemplo
0
Calcule 3 ( 3 + 9) por definicin de integral definida como un proceso de
Lmite.
= 3 + 9
0 (3) 3
1 = 2 = 3 = = = = = =
X0=0
3
X1=0 -
6
X2=0 -
= 3 + 9
9
X3=0 -
.
.
.
3
Xk=0 -
A =1 ( ) = =1 ( )
3 3 3 3
=1(( ) + 9( ))()
3 3 3
= lim =1(27 ( ) ( ) 27 lim =1 ( ) ( )
81 2 (+1)2 81 (+1)
= lim lim
4 4 2 2
81 2 2 1 81 1
= lim ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) lim ( + )
4 2
81 81
A= 4 2
81
= 4
Ejemplo
Calcula
2 2 2 1
= lim ( + + + 2)
(3+2)2 92 + (3+4)2 92 (3+6)2 92
Solucin:
2 2 2 1
= lim ( + + + )
(3 + 2)2 92 + (3 + 4)2 92 (3 + 6)2 92 2
2 2 2 2
= lim ( + + + )
(3 + 2)2 92 + (3 + 4)2 92 (3 + 6)2 92 (3 + 2)2 92
2 1 2
= lim =
=1 = lim =
=1 2
.( )
(3+2)2 92 (3+2) 9
() = lim =
=1 ( ).
2
1 = 2 = 3 = . . = =
2 2
= + ( ) = 3 + = 3 , = 5 , =
1 1
( ) = () = 2
( )2 9 9
1 2 5
= lim =
=1 2
. () = 3 2 9
(3+ 2 ) 9
2 5
= lim =
=1 = 3 2 9
= |3|
(3+2)2 92
Ejemplo
1 1 1 1
lim ( + + + + )
42 1 42 22 42 32 32
1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim ( + + + + + )
42 42 1 42 22 42 32 32 42
1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim ( + + + + + ) lim
42 42 1 42 22 42 32 32 42
1 1 1 1 1
= lim ( + + + + + )0
42 42 1 42 22 42 32 32
= ; = 0 = 0, = =
1
lim =1( ) = 0
42 2 (2)2 ()2
0
= sin1 ( ) sin1 ( )
2 2
= 6
Ejemplo
Calcula:
1 1 1 1
= lim ( + + + )
42 1 + 42 4 42 9 32
Solucin:
1 1 1 1
= lim (42 + 42 + + 32 )
1+ 42 4 9
1 1 1 1 1
= lim (42 + 42 + 42 + 42 + + 42 )
1 4 9 2 2
1 1 1
= lim =
=1 42 = lim =
=1 . ()
2 4( )
2
() = lim =
=1 ( ).
1 1 1
( ) = = + ( ) = 0 + = 0 , = 1 , =
4( )2
1 1 1
= lim =
=1 2
. () = 0 4 2
4( )
1 1 1
= 0 = (2)| = (2) (0) = 6
4 2 0
= 1
1
= lim = =
42 2 4 2 6
=1 0
b
2.-
a
kdx k (b a)
b b
3.-
a
k f ( x)dx k f ( x)dx
a
b b b b
4.- f k ( x)dx f1 (x)dx f 2 (x)dx ....... f n (x)dx
a a a a
k 1
a b
5.- Si , b a , entonces ,
b
f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
a
a
6.- Si a est en el dominio de f, entonces
a
f ( x)dx 0
a a
10.- Si m f ( x) M en a; b , entonces
b
m(b a) f ( x)dx M (b a)
a
b bq
12.- Se verifica a
f ( x)dx
a q
f ( x q)dx ,q Q
b bq
13.- Se verifica a
f ( x)dx
aq
f ( x q)dx ,q Q
b 1 kb x
14.- Se cumple a
f ( x)dx
k ka
f ( )dx , k Q
k
b bk 1
15.- Se cumple
a
f ( x)dx k
ak 1
f (kx)dx , k Q
16
() =
2+4
12 16 12 16
2
= 2
12 + 4 0 2 + 4
() = 3 + 9
3
3 ( 3 + 9) = 0
Ejemplo
2 2
() = 4 4 = 2 4
2 2
Ejemplo
()
2
2 () = 0
t 2( x)
a c1 c2 c3 b
b b b
20.- a
f ( x) g ( x)dx f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
a a
b
b f ( x) f ( x)dx
21.- dx a
b
g ( x)
g ( x)dx
a
a
Ejercicios
4 2 ; 2 0
() = { | 2| 2 ;0 < 4
4( 4) ; 4 < 8
= 12
2
3 9 2 ; 3 0
() = { | 5| + 5 ; 0 < 10
| 10| + | 15| ; 10 < 15
3
= 50 2
()
Demostracin
f(xm) = m
f(xM) = M
f(xm) f(c) f(xM),por el teorema de valor intermedio de una funcin continua, la funcin f
adquiere todo los valores que estn entre m y M
()
( ) () ( )
()
( )
( )
()
; ( ) > 0
()
() () =
() = ()( )
()
() =
2
(())
Se define como: =
()
EJEMPLO:
Si el voltaje en corriente alterna es V(t)= sent. Verificar que el voltaje eficaz
medido por un voltmetro de corriente alterna es:
=
2
SOLUCIN
2
V 2 = ( sent)
2
(())
= 0 0
2 12 2
2
0 ( sent) = 0 = 2 [(2) ( 4 )]
2 0
2
0 ( sent) = 2 [ (2) 0] (b)
2 [ ( )]
= ()
2
=
Ejemplo
1.-Calcula tensin promedio y la tensin eficaz para el siguiente voltaje variable:
= 20 sin 754
Solucin
2 2
20 20
0 () 0754 20 sin 754 cos 754|754 (20)
( ) = 0
= 2 = 754
2
0
= 754
2 =0
754 754 754
2
( 2 ) 0 (())
= =
0754 400 sin2 754 200 0754(1cos 754(2))
= =
754 754
(754(2)) 754
200( )| 400 20
= 754(2)
0
= =
2 2
754
20
=
2
Sea f: [a; b] ; una funcion continua y "x" un punto variable que est entre a y b ; definiendo
x
F(x) = a f(t). dt ; entonces F ( x) f ( x)
Demostracin
x
F ( x) f (t ).dt
a
x x
F ( x x) f (t ).dt
a
x x x
F F ( x x) F ( x) f (t ).dt f (t ).dt
a a
x x x x x x x
F
a
f (t ).dt f (t ).dt
a
=
a
f (t ).dt
x
f (t ).dt f (t ).dt
a
x x x
x x
F
x
f (t ).dt
x x
x x
F
x
f (t ).dt
lim
x 0 x lim
x 0 x
F ( x) lim
xf (c)
C [x; x+ x]
x0 x
+
Considerarla aproximacin () = ()
+
() ()
F(x) = lim = lim = () F(x) = f(x)
0 0
x 0 c x
F(x) = f(x)
DEMOSTRACIN
x
F ( x) f (t ).dt
a
x t
F ( x x) f (t ).dt
a
x x x
F F ( x x) F ( x) f (t ).dt f (t ).dt
a a
x x x x x
f (t ).dt f (t ).dt x x
F
a a
=
a f (t ).dt x f (t ).dt f (t ).dt
a
x x x
x x
F
x
f (t ).dt
x x
x x
F
x f (t ).dt
lim x lim x Y
x x
xf (c)
F ( x) lim , c [x; x+ x]
x
x0 f (c)
F ( x) lim f (c)
c x X
a x c x+x b+
F ( x) f ( x) l.q.qdd.
Ejemplo
. () = ; () ( )
Solucin
x3 x3
du du 1 x2
H(x) = H (x) = ( ) = 3
3x 2 =
e Ln u e Ln u Ln x Ln x
x2 (e3 )2 e6
H (e3 ) = | = =
Ln x = e3 Ln (e ) 3
3
e6
H (e3 ) =
3
Ejemplo
3
Si se define la funcin () = 2 2 2 (3 2 ), calcula: ()
Solucin
3 3
() = 2 2 2 (3 2 ) () = 2 2 2 (3 2 )
3 3
() = 2 2 2 (3 2 ) + 2 (22 (3 2 ))
3 3
() = 2 2 2 (3 2 ) + 2 (22 (3 2 ) + (3 2 ))
3 2 2 3
() = 2 2 2 (3 2 ) + 2 ( (3 2 ) + (3 2 ))
3
() = 2 2 2 (3 2 ) + 2 ((3 6 )3 2 (3.4 4 )4)
3
() = 2 2 2 (3 2 ) + ((3 6 )3 4 (12 4 )4 3 )
Ejemplo
Sea () = 0 2 () (1) = 6 , (1) = 20, (1) = 160. (1)
(0).
Solucin
() = 2 0 ()
() = 2 0 () + 2 ()..(1)
() = 2 0 () + 2() + 2() + 2 ()
() = 2 0 () + 4() + 2 () (2)
() = 2() + 4() + 4 () + 2 () + 2 ()
() = 6() + 6 () + 2 () (3)
(1) = 4
Ejemplo
0 () + 2() = 2
Sea f: [a; b] ; una funcion continua y F(x) es una antiderivada cualesquiera de f(x) en [a; b] ;
Conclusin:
() = F(x)|ba = () ()
Demostracin
Sea el conjunto de puntos
+ F ( xn1) F ( xn2 )
+ F ( xn2 ) F ( xn3 )
+ F ( xn3 ) F ( xn4 )
.
F ( xk ) F ( xk 1)
+ F ( x3 ) F ( x2 )
+ F ( x2 ) F ( x1)
+ F ( x1) F ( x0 )
n
F (b) F (a) F ( xk ) F ( xk 1)
k 1
F ( xk ) F ( xk 1) F ( xk )( xk xk 1) ; F ( xk ) f ( xk )
n
F (b) F (a) f ( xk )( xk xk 1)
k 1
Tomando Lmite
Lim Lim n
n ;
n
F (b) F (a)
n
f ( xk )( xk xk 1)
k 1
Lim n
F (b) F (a)
n
f ( xk )( xk xk 1)
k 1
por definicin de la integral definida
b
F (b) F (a) f ( x)dx
a
Demostracin
F(x) = ()
F(x) +k = ().(1)
Reemplazando en (1)
Luego:
-F (a) + F(x) = () (2)
Reemplazando en (2)
Para x=b
F (b) F(a) = ()
Entonces se cumple:
= () ()
Demostracin
()
Definiendo () = ()(q)
()
Derivando
= (()) ()
() = (()) ()
( ) ( ) = (()) () (1)
() = (()) () LLqqdd
Ejemplo
3
Calcula: 1 3
Solucin
3
3 3 1 1 1 4
1 3 = 1 3 = 2
2
=
18
+ 2= 9
1
4 =
=9
Ejemplo
3
3 3 1 33 1 1
3
1 26
= [ ] = = (27) =
3 0 3 3 3 3 3
0
Ejemplo
1
Calcula:0 ( 2 +1)3
Solucin
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
0 ( 2 +1)3
= 2 0 ( 2 + 1)3 2 = |1
4( 2 +1)2 0
= 16 + 4 = 16
1 3
0 ( 2 +1)3
= 16
Ejemplo
2 2(+1)((+1)2 +1)2
1
( 2 +2+2)3
Solucin
2 2(+1)((+1)2 +1)2 2 2(+1) 2 ((+1)2 +1)2
= 1 ( 2 +2+2)3
= 1 ( 2 +2+2)3
1 ( 2 +2+2)3
1 2
= 2(2 +2+2)2 | 21 1 (+1)2 +1
1
= 2(2 +2+2)2 ( + 1)| 21
1 1
= 200 (3) + 50 + (2)
3
= 200 (3) + (2)
Ejercicio
6 4 4
dx
0 4 + 2 2 + 4
Ejemplo
Calcula la siguiente integral definida
221
= 04 5 =
4
Ejemplo
Calcula
ln(3)
2 +2
ln(2)
Solucin
ln(3) 2 +2 1 ln(3) 2 1 2 1 2ln(3) 2ln(2)
ln(2) = 2 ln(2) 2 2 = 2 | (3)
ln(2)
= 2 ( )=
1 2 3 2
= ( 2 )
2
Ejemplo
Evala:
3
2 |2 2 |
Solucin
2 2 = 0 = 2
- + -
2 2
2 2 2 3
= 2
( 2) + 2
(2 2 ) + 2( 2 2)
3 3 3 3 5+162
= 2| 2
2
+ (2 2
)| 2 +( 2)| 2 =
3 3 3 3
Ejercicio
Evala:
1 2 +
0 (1+2)2
Solucin
1 2 1
= 0 (1+2)2 + 0 (1+2)2 ..(1)
1 2
2 2 (1+2) 2 1
1 == (1+2)2 + (1+2)2 1
== (1+2)2 + 2 2
2 2
1 == (1+2)2 + (2)2 ..(2)
Calculando 2
= =
1
= (1 + 2)2 = 2(1+2)
2 == + 1+2
2(1+2)
1
2 == + 2 2 |1 + 2| ..(3)
2(1+2)
2 2 1
= (1+2)2 + (2)2 + 2 2 |1 + 2|| 10
2(1+2)
3 1 1
= (1+2)2 + (2)2 + 2 2 (1 + 2)
Ejemplo:
Solucin
0 ( )
c x = t -dx = dt
Para x = c t=0
Para x = 0 t = c
0
0 ( ) = () = 0 () = 0 ()
Problema
150
Solucin
2 ()
()2 =
(())2
Veficaz =
Si la seal es peridica (periodo T), entonces el voltaje eficaz se calcula con la frmula:
2
2 ()
= 0
3 2 3 2
(50) 2500 0
Veficaz = 0 3 = 3
2500. 3 3 2500.27
Veficaz = |0 = 0
9 9
Problema
Halla Veficaz y VMedio , del voltaje en forma peridica mostrado en la siguiente figura.
V=10 2
Solucin
Tomamos = 2; [0, 2] de la figura
()2
()2 = ;
2 2 5
0 (10)2 0 100 4 100 |20
()2 = = = 5
= 10 5 |20 = 320
2 2 2
Veficaz = 85 voltios
2
() 0 10 2 40
VMedio =
= 2
= 3
voltios
4) Evala:
2 2
0 3
2 2+
Solucin
2
2
3
2+
= 2 = 2
1 2
3
= (2 + ) = (2 + )
3 3
2
2 2
3 2
= (2 + ) 3
3 (2 + ) ..(1) 3
2
= =
2 5
3
= (2 + )3 = (2 + )3
5
2 5 5
3 3
= (2 + ) = (2 + ) (2 + )3 dz
3 3
5 5
5 8
3 9
= (2 + ) 3 (2 + ) (2)
3
5 40
2 5 8 8
3 9 27 27
= (3)3 (3)3 + (3)3 (2)3
2 5 40 40
3 (5 2 +5)
5) Evala:
3 9 2
Solucin
= 3 = 3
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
9 2 = 3
= 3 =
2
=3 =
2
0.5 1 1 0.5
= 45 0.5(2 2 2) + 5 0.5
2
= 45 (2 ) + 5| 0.5
0.5
4
5 5
I = 45 ( 0) + 45 ( 0) ( )
4 2 4 2
45
= + 5
2
Ejemplo
3 3
29 9+ (2)2 +3 (2)2
B= 3 3
3+ (2)2
SOLUCIN:
Desarrollando tenemos:
3 3
29 ( 2)2 + 3(3 + 3( 2)2 ) 29 29 ( 2)2
I= 3
= 3 + 3
3 3 + ( 2)2 3 3 3 + ( 2)2
1 1
= tan1
2 + 2
2 13
29 29 3 (2)
= 3 | 3 +3
3 (3 )2 +( 32 )2
2
1
2 = ( 2) 3
3
Diferenciando:
3
3
29 2 29
3 2 3 2 3 2 = 3 ( )| 3
((3 ) +( 2 ) )( 2) 3
3
2 29 1
I = 3x |29
3
+ 3 tan1 ( )| 3 = 78 + 3(Arctg3 Arctg )
3 3
= + ( ) = +
= +
Ejemplo
Evala:
1 2 3 2
9
= 2
16
4
Solucin
1 2 3 .2 .
9
= 2
4 16
Cambio de variable:
=
= = 2
2
1 3 3
2 3 . 2. 2
4 1
= 1 2
3
2 2
W=u = 1
3
3 = =
3
3 3
3 . 2 3 3 3
3 . 2 3 3
1 2
3 = |
3 1
- 1 2 3 = |
3 1
| 2
2 3 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 1 1 1
1 3
32. 32 . 32 3 2 32
2 2
=
3 2 3 2 3
Operando:
2
9
1 3 2
2 = 0.297
4
16
Ejemplo
Evale:
3
3
2 (ln())2 .
Cambio de variable
Lnt = w ; = 2 w =2
= ; = 3 w =3
Reemplazando datos
3
3
2 (ln())2 .
Cambio de variable
Lnw = z ;w = 2 z = Ln2
= ;w = 3 z = Ln3
Reemplazando datos
3 3 3
2 3 = 3.1/3 |3
2 = 3.33. 2
2
Problema
3 tan1
I= 1
3
SOLUCIN:
2
= 3 = 2
() = |
3 2 3 2
1 3 1
3 1
tan ( ) = ( tan ( ) )| ( )
1 2 1
2
2 +1
2
1
12 1 3
= ( tan + (tan1 1) )+ 2
2 2 2 1 ( + 1)2
2
11 3 1 1 3 1
= ( + )+
3 2 42 2 1 2 2 1 2 + 1
1 1
= ( + ) ( tan1 )|
18 8 2 2
5 1 1 1
=( ) (tan1 ) + tan1 1)
72 2 + 1 2 2
5 3 1
=( ) + ( )+ )
72 6 2 3 8
5 3 1
=( ) + = +
72 6 2 24
= +
Ejercicios
15
Calcula: 3 () , sin integrar.
1 4 2 2 1
3. 0 ( 2 +1)3
4.-Integrar:
04 5 ()
5.-Calcula
1 1 1 1
lim ( 3 +3 +3 + + 3 )
543 +272 543 +542 543 +812 813
0 () + 2() = 2
Ejercicios
1
b) 0.5 2(2)
1
() = ln[sec(2) + (2)]
3 2
1
) 0 2 ()
1
e)0 ()
()
f)01+2 ()
0.5
g) 0.5
Ejemplo
1
Calcula: 0.5 2(2)
Solucin
1
1/2(2 2 )
= =
1
= =
2 6
=1=
2
/2
/6 (2 2 ) cos()
/2
/6 (2 cos() 2 cos())
2 2 /2
= (2 cos() + ()) (2 cos() + ())
5 5 /6
2
= (2 cos() + ()) (2 cos() + ())
5 5
Ejemplo
1
() = ln[sec(2) + (2)]
3 2
Solucin
()()+ ()
() = (()+())
()(()+())
() =
(()+())
() = (+ )()
(+ )
() = (+ )()
1
(2) = 3
4
(2) = 9
Ejemplo
Evala:
0
2
+
Solucin:
Por la propiedad:
() = ( )
0 0
( 2 )
0
2 = 0 2
+ ( 2 )+ ( 2 )
+
0
2 = 2
+ 0 +
= 0 0
2 2
+
= 0 =
2
2
2 =
2
=
Ejemplo
= 0 -----> =
0
( )() + 0 () = 32
0 () 0 () + 0 () = 32
() = () = =
S.G: () = ( 122) +
() = 12 2 +
() = 12 (2 22) +
5
12
() = (2 22) +
5
24 6
6= + ------> =
5 5
() = ( ) +
Ejemplo
Evala:
7 4+ +
0
+ 7
Ejemplo
3
2 1+
2 2 2
1
4
Ejercicio
Calcula:
4 2 2
1. 1 2 +2+1
7 2 3
2. 0 3
1+ 2
( 1)(2+2 )
3. 04 2
6 +6
1 ()
4. 0 2 +1
= 4(
4
1) + 1
2 1 3
5. () = 0 (0 1+2 ( 2 ) ),
()
2
Integrales Impropias
1) Integrales impropias de primera especie (cuando uno de los lmites de integracin es
infinito).
2) Integrales impropias de segunda especie (integrales con integrando no acotado en
algn punto del intervalo de integracin).
3) Integrales impropias de tercera especie (uno de los lmites es infinito y el integrando
discontinuo en algn punto del intervalo de integracin)
En caso que exista el lmite del 2 miembro se dice que la integral impropia
Con lmite infinito es convergente y converge al valor del lmite.
Si el lmite no existe se dice que la integral impropia es divergente.
() = () = lim ()
En caso que exista el lmite del 2 miembro se dice que la integral impropia
Con lmite infinito es convergente y converge al valor del lmite.
Si el lmite no existe se dice que la integral impropia es divergente.
En caso de calcular el rea de la regin plana que se indica en la siguiente figura:
- a
f(x)
() = lim ()
0
, () = lim () + lim 0 ()
En caso que exista ambos lmites del 2 miembro se dice que la integral impropia
Con lmites infinitos es convergente y converge al valor de la suma de los dos lmites.
Si uno de los lmites no existe se dice que la integral impropia de primera especie es
Divergente.
En caso de calcular el rea de la regin plana que se indica en la siguiente figura:
= ()
f(x)
-
Ejercicios
Evala:
14.3
1.- 0
33 +4.3 +3 +4
0
2.- 3
8+
3.- 3
( 2 +1)
4.- 3
4 16
5.-0 3 3 4 3
( )2 ( 1+( ) +2( )2 )
6.- Calcula el rea de la regin limitada por la grfica de: () = con su
4+ 2
asntota horizontal y el eje y.
2
7.-Calcula el rea de la regin G limitada por la curva: = 2 +1 y su asntota
horizontal.(R:A= )
Solucin
1
0 0
2. 3 = (8 + ) 3 =
8+
1
0
I = lim (8 + ) 3
2 2 2
3 3 3
lim (8 + )3 | 0= lim (9)3 (8 + )3
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
= (9)3 (8 + )3 = (9)3 .4 = (9)3 6
2 2 2 2 2
2
3
= (9)3 6
2
1 1 1
4.- 3 = lim 3 = lim
4 16 ( 2 4)( 2 +4) 8 3 2 4 2 +4
1 1 2 1
lim ( (| |) )|
3
)=
8 4 +2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 1 3
lim ( (| |) ) ( 5 )
8 4 +2 2 2 32 16 2
1 1 1 3 1 1 3
= 16 ) ( 32 5 2 2) = 32 + 32 5 + 2 2
1 1 3
3 = + 5 +
4 16 32 32 2 2
0
3.- 3 = 3 + 0 3
( 2 +1) ( 2 +1) ( 2 +1)
0
= lim + lim 0
3 3
(2 +1) (2 +1)
2 2
3 3
= lim ()3 | 0 + lim ()3 |
0
2 2
2 2
3 3 3 2 3 2
lim 0 2 ()3 + lim 2()3 0 = 2 ( 2 )3 + 2 ( 2 )3
3 ( 2+1) = 0
Ejemplo:
Evala:
ln ln
1 = lim 1
4 +2 2 +1 ( 2 +1)2
Solucin
= ln =
1
= ( 2 + 1)2 = ( 2 + 1)1
2
ln 1
= + 2
2( 2 +1) 2 ( +1)
ln 1
= + [ ( 2 ]
2( 2 +1) 2 +1)
ln 1
= + [ln ln 2 + 1]
2( 2 +1) 2
ln 1
= + ln( )
2( 2 +1) 2 2 +1
ln 1
= lim ( + ln )|
2( 2 +1) 2 2 +1 1
ln 1 1
= lim ( + ln + ln 2)
2(2 +1) 2 2 +1 2
1 1 1 1
lim ( + ln + ln 2)
42 2 1 4
1+ 2
1
= ln 2
4
Ejemplo:
Evala:
=
( +1)( +2)
:
0
= ( + 0
+1)( +2) ( +1)( +2)
0
= lim 3 2 1
+ lim 0 3 2 1
( + ) ( )2 ( + ) ( )2
2 2 2 2
+1 0 +1
= lim ln( )| + lim ln( )|
+2 +2 0
2 +1 +1 2
= lim [ln ln( )] + lim [ln ( ) ln 3]
3 +2 +2
1
2 +1 2
= ln + ln 2 + ln ( 2 ) ln 3
3 +1
= ln 2
Ejemplo
Evala:
=
Solucin:
2
= (, ) = 0 cos( )
(,) 2
= (,) = 0 sen( )
= = ()
2
2
= = 2
2 2
(,) ()
= (, ) = lim [ 2
|0 0 2
]
2 2
() (,)
(,) = [ lim 2
0 0 2
] = (,) =
2
()
2 0
+ 2 (, ) = 0
2
(0, ) = 0
= 2 =
= 2
= =
=0 =0
Reemplazando
1 1 1
(,0) = 2 1/2 =2 ( )
0 2
(0, ) = 2
Integrando la expresin: (,) + 2 = 0
(,) + 2 = 0
2
ln((, )) + 4 =
2 2
(, ) = 4+ = 1 4
(0, ) = 1 (0, ) =
2
Comparando
1 = 2
Reemplazando
2
2
(, =) 0 cos = 4
2
Ejercicio
Evala:
0 (1+2 )(1+)
2
Ejemplo
Evala:
x
1 (1 x)2
d ( x)
Solucin
x
1 (1 x) 2
d ( x) x1/2 (1 x)2 d ( x)
1
x t2 1 t2 t 1
d ( x) 2td (t ) t 2 t
2 2
= 1 ( 2 +1)2
= 2 1 2 1 .(1)
( 2 +1) ( 2 +1)2
m d (t )
I1 2 lim 2 lim (arctan(t ) 1 )
m
m 1 1 t2 m
1 = 2 ( 2 4 ) = 2 .(2)
m d (t )
I 2 2
1 4
1 t2
/2
/2 1
I 2 u /4 sen2u
2
/4
1 1
I 2 ( / 4 (0 1))
2 2 4 .(3)
Reemplazando (3) y (2) en (1)
1 +2
= 2+24 =
Ejemplo
Evalu:
0 2 +
Solucin
Sea:
= 2 =
= 2
=0=0
==
2
0 4 +
= 2 0 3 +1
1 1 +
3 +1
= (+1)(2 +1) = +1 + 2 +1
1 = 2 + + 2 + + +
1 = ( + ) 2 + ( + + ) + ( + )
+ = 0 =
+ + = 0 = 2
+ = 1 3 = 1
1 1 2
= 3; = 3 ; = 3
1 1 21 1
= ln| + 1| 2 + 1
3 6 +1 2 3
( )2 +( )2
2 2
1 1 1 21
= ln|+1| ln| 2 + 1| + tan1 ( )
3 6 23 3
1 (+1)2 1 21
= lim 6 ln |2 +1| + 2 tan1 3 |
0
3
1 (+1)2 1 21
= lim ln | 2 +1
| + 2 3 tan1 ( 3 ) + 12 3
6
1
1 (1+ )2 1 21
= lim (6 ln | 1
1 |+2 tan1 ( 3 ) + 12 3)
1 + 2 3
=4 + 12 =3
3 3 3
Ejemplo
Siempre que sea posible calcula el rea de la regin G, limitada por las grficas de:
8 4
= 2 +1 ; = 1
En caso que exista el lmite del 2 miembro se dice que la integral impropia
Con lmites finitos es convergente y converge al valor del lmite.
Si el lmite no existe se dice que la integral impropia de segunda especie es divergente
En caso de calcular el rea de la regin plana R de la siguiente figura:
= ()
a dx b
a+ ; >0
a b
+
+{-.
Se formula la siguiente integral impropia con lmites finitos: () =
() = lim + ()
0+
En caso que exista el lmite del 2 miembro, se dice que la integral impropia
a b
+
R +{-.
a dx b
() = () = lim ()
0+
1
= () = lim 1 () + lim () +
1 0+ 2 0+ 1 +2
3
+ lim 2 () + lim ()
3 0+ 4 0+ 2 +4
R
1 2
a b
3
+ lim 2 () + lim ()
3 0+ 4 0+ 2 +4
a 1 q 2 b
+ + + +
Solucin
2 2
0 = lim+ 0
2 0 2
= =
1
= = 22
2
3
4
= lim
+
22 3 (2 )2 | 2
0
= lim
+
2(2 )2 (2 ) +
0 0
3 3 7
4 4 1
3 (2 (2 ) + 3 (2) = 3 (2) 2 2 2
7
1
= 3 (2)2
Ejemplo
Evala:
1
1
1 2
Solucin
1 0 1
1 = 1 + 0
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 0 12
1 = lim 1+ + lim 0
1 2 10+ 1 12 20+ 1 2
1 0
1 = lim 1 2 | 1+ + lim 1 2 | 1
0
2
1 2 10+ 1 10+
1
1 = 0
12
Ejemplo
0
Calcula: ( )
+
Solucin
() =
0
lim+ + ( )
0 +
()2 ()
( + ) = 2 2 = 2 2
2
=
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
= +
2 2 2 2
= + 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
= 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 ( ) 2 ( )
2 2
1 1
= 2 2 + 2 2 2 ( )
2 2
1 1 0
lim+ 2 2 + 2 2 2 ( )
0 2 2 +
1
lim+( 2 + 2 ( + )2 ( + )2 ( + )2 +
0 2
1 2 +
( ) )
2
1
= 2 + 2 ( )
2 2
= ( + )
Y se evala por:
() = () + () + () + ()
1
() = lim () + lim+ () + lim+ + () + lim ()
1 0 2 0 2
Ejemplo
Calcula:
2
4
= 2 24
Solucin:
2 2 2
4 3 4 4
= 2 = 2 24 + 3
2 4 2 4
2
4 2 4 2 4
= = ( ) = (2)
2 4 2 4
2
4 2 4
2 = = ..(3)
2 4
= 5 +( 0 ) + 5 =1
2
4
= 2 =
2 4
Ejemplo
Halla:
0 3 3 4 3
( )2 ( 1+( ) +2( )2 )
Solucin
3
Cambio de variable: = = 3
= 3 2 dz
=0=0
==
Reemplazando los datos en la integral impropia de tercera especie 0riginal
3 2
I= 0 = 3 0
2 (1+ 4 + 2 2 ) ( 2 +1 )4
1 + 2 =
=0=0
==
2
3 0.5
= 2 0 2
3 0.5
= 2 0 (1 + 2)
3 2
= 2 ( + )| 02
2
3
= 2 ( 2 + 0 0 0)
3
= 4
Ejemplo
Evala:
2 2
= 2
4 2
Solucin
2 2
= 2
4 2
0 2 2 2
= 2 2
+ 0
4 4 2
Ejercicios
1.- 0 3 +
1
2.-0 2
(21)3
2
3.- 0 3
1
4. 1
+1+ (+1)3
2 2
5.-
2 4 2
Solucin
dx 1 dx m dx
1.- 0 x( x 2 1) 0 0 x( x 2 1) m 1 x( x 2 1)
lim lim
1 1 x m 1 x
lim 2 d ( x) lim 2 d ( x)
0 x x 1 m 1
x x 1
1 m
1 1
lim ln x ln( x 2 1) lim ln x ln( x 2 1)
0 2 m
2 1
1 m
x x
lim ln lim ln
0
x 1 m x 1 1
2 2
1 m
x x
lim ln lim ln
0
x 1 m x 1 1
2 2
1 1
ln ( 2) Ln( lim+ ) + ( lim ) ln ( 2)
0 2 +1 n 2 +1
0 + 1 =
0 3 +
=
c) 1
+1+ (+1)3
+ 1 = 2 = 2
= 1 = 0
==
2 2 2
0 = 0 = lim 0
3 + 2 +1 2 +1
I = lim 2|
0
= lim (2 0) = 2
= 22 =
Calcule el rea, siempre que sea posible, de la regin limitada por la curva f() =
2 +4
Solucin
() = , (0) = 0
2 +4
2
2 +4
2 +4 2 +4 2 4
() = 2 +4
= 2 +4
= 3
( 2 +4) 2
() 0
2
= lim ( 2 + 4)|
0
2 (2 +1)
lim ( 2 + 1) + 2 = lim +2
+2 +4
1
lim +2=0+2
+2 +4
2
=2=4
=4
Ejercicios
Evala las siguientes integrales
1 1+
1. 1
1
1
dx
2. 12
Arcsenx(1x2 )
5dx
3. 5
x4 18x2 +36
0 x x
4. 2e 3e ex dx
(6 +6 ++32 2 1) 2
5. 0 (
2 ) ; : = 0
22
Ejemplo
Evala:
1
0
Solucin
1
() = 0
(0) = 0
1
() ( )
= 0
= 0
= 0 (+1)
1
() = lim 0 (+1) = lim (+1) | 0 ; +1>0
(+1)
m 1
m
1 1
I '( k ) lim e ( k 1) k
lim lim
m 0 m ( k 1)e( k 1) x m (k 1)e ( k 1) m
k 1
0
1
() = () = () =
+1 (+1) (+1)
() = |( + 1)| +
(0) = 0 = 1 + = 0
1
() = 0
= | + 1|
Ejemplo
Calcula:
2
4
= 2 2 4
Solucin
2
4
= 2
2 4
2 2
3 4 4
= lim 2+ + lim 3
+ 2 4 2 4
2
4 2 4 2 4
= = ( ) =
2 4 2 4
2 4 3 2
= lim ( )| + lim ( 4 )|
+ 2 + + 3
2 4 2 4
= ( 3 lim ( (2+) )) +
+
2 4 2 4
+ ( lim ( ) + 3 )
+
2 4 2 4
= lim ( (2+) ) + lim ( )
+ +
1 1
= lim ( 2 +4
) + lim ( )
+ + 2 4
2
4
= 2 =1
2 4
Ejemplo
Calcula:
2 2
= 2
4 2
Solucin
2 2
= 2
4 2
2
: () = , : () = () , 2; 2
4 2
()
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 2 = 2 0 = 2 lim 0
4 2 4 2 0+ 4 2
2
= =
4 2 4 2
= =
= = 4 2
4 2
= 4 2 + 4 2
1 4 2
= 4 2 + 2 (4 2 + 4 (2)) = 2 (2) 2
4 2 2
= 2 lim (2 ( ) )|
0+ 2 2 0
(2)4(2)2
= 2 lim (2 (1 2) 2
)
0+
2 2
= 2 = 4(1) = 2
4 2
Ejemplo
Evala
3
= 02 ( 4)
Solucin
3
= 0 ( 4)
2
1 1
= 3 02 (4) = 3 02 (() + 4)
1 2 1 2
= 3
0 () + 3 0 2 = 3
2
0 () + 2 2
3
= 02 () (1)
0 () = 0 ( ) , por propiedad para una funcin continua en
dicho intervalo
= 02 () = 02 ( ( 2 )) = 02 () .(2)
1 1
2 = 2 0 () + 2 () 0 (2)
2 2
2
3 1
= 2 () 02 (2)
2 2
= ()
2
+ = =
=
= =
2 2
==0
= () = 02 (( )) = 02 () =
2
3 1 3 1 2 (2)
= 2 02 (2) 2 = 2 =
2 2 2
1 2 1 (2) (2) (2)
= 3 1 + 3 02 2 = 3 1 + = +
3 6 3
3 (2) (2) (2)
= 0 ( 4) =
2 =
3 6 6
3 (2)
02 ( 4) = 6
Ejemplo
Evala:
()
= 0 {0
} 2 +1
()
= 0 {0 } 2 +1
= 0 {()} 2 +1
()
() = 0
()
(()) ( )
= 0
(()) ()
= 0 = 0 ()
() = 0 () = lim 0 ()
+
() = 2 +1 (() cos())
( )
1 ()cos() 1
() = ( 2 +1) lim ( )| = 2 +1
+ 0
1
() = ( 2 +1) () = ()
(())2
= 0 {()} 2 +1 = 0 () ( 2 +1) = lim ( )|
+ 2 0
() 2
= 0 {0 } 2 +1 =
8
y es divergente si p1
II. La integral P de segunda especie se denota por: ()
si p1
Ejemplo
5
8. 1 2.5
, = 2 < 0 , ( )
12
9. 1 7 12 , = 5 > 1( )
9 3 3 15
5 +5 5 + +5 5 0 5
10. 5 = 5 9 + 15 ; (. )
3
(+5)(5) (+5)2 0 (5)4
1 2
2 4
= 1 ( = < 1; ) + 2 ( = < 1; ) =
5 15
Criterio de convergencia o divergencia para integrales impropias de
primera especie
A) Criterio de comparacin para integrando no negativos
Ejemplo
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de la siguiente integral impropia:
coshx
1
Solucin
coshx 1 en[1, [ (1)
1
x>0x>0
1
Multiplicando por ambos miembros de la relacin (1)
x
coshx 1
x
> x
Se forman las siguientes integrales impropias
coshx 1
1 x
dx ; 1 x
dx
1
Como la integral impropia 1 x
dx = 1 1 de primera especie es
coshx
divergente, entoces la integral impropia que est en estudio 1 x
dx tambin
diverge.
Ejemplo
Solucin
1 1
(ex +4)8
< e8x
Como la integral impropia exponencial con = 8 > 0; 1 8
Ejemplo
Analizar la convergencia y divergencia
1
1
( 16 +16 8 + 64) 8
Solucin
1
1
( 8 +8)2 8
1 1
8 , x 1,
x ( x 8) x
8 28
1 1
1 1
( 8 +8)2 8 8
1
Como 1 es integral P=8>1 es convergente, entonces integral impropia de
8
primera especie:
1
1 , tambin converge.
( 8 +8)2 8
Ejercicio
Investigar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia:
1
2
( 2 + 2 +5)4
Ejemplo
Analizar la convergencia divergencia de:
1
1 2
4
Solucin
e4 x e4 x ,
2
1 1
2 4 , [1, >
4
Ejemplo
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia:
1
0 6 +9
Solucin
1 1
0 < 6 < 6 + 9 3 < 6 + 9 3 > 6
+9
1 1
6 +9
< 3
1 1
Se forman las integrales impropias: 0 ; 0
6 +9 3
Como la integral exponencial: 0 3 = 3 > 0
1
Entonces la integral impropia de primera especie: 0 6 +9
tambin
converge.
Ejemplo:
Analizar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia:
2 7
3 4
Solucin
7 7
3 4 < 3 3 4 < 3 ; < 2, >
1 1
7 > 7
3 4 3
1 1
Se forman las integrales impropias: 2 7 ; 2 7
3 4 3
1 3
Como la integral impropia: 2 7 es = 7 < 1
3
1
Entonces la integral impropia de primera especie: 2 7 tambin
3 4
Diverge.
Ejercicios
Analizar la convergencia o divergencia de las siguientes integrales impropias:
1. 2 ( 2 + 2 +5)4
4
2. 2
(2 2 +9)4
3. 6 5
3 5 2
4. 2
5. 2 2
2 +9
6. 4 3
2 2
Ejercicios
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de las siguientes integrales impropias
1. 1 5
32 10 +4 4 +3
2. 1 2
( +1)( +1)
3. 1 2
( 2 +1)
4. 1 3
16 6 +3 3 +8+ 8 9 +5 6 +20
5. 1
8 +4 4 +4
4
6. 0 3
3 +1
Ejemplo
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de:
1 5
32 10 +4 4 +3
Solucin:
1
() = 5 > 0, [1, [
32 10 +4 4 +3
1
5
3210 +44 +3 2
lim 1 = lim 5
2
32 10 +4 4 +3
1 1 1
lim 5 = =
32+ 4 + 3 2 2
6 10
1
=
2
1
Como A 0 A, adems 1 integral impropia de primera
2
especie = 2 > 1 , entonces la integral impropia
que est en estudio:1 5 tambin converge.
32 10 +4 4 +3
Ejemplo
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia
de primera especie: 1
4 + 4 +1
Solucin
1
() = >0
4 + 4 +1
1
4 +4 +1
lim 1
x 4
1
4 +4 +1 e4x 4e4x
lim 1 = lim = lim
x 4
x 4 + 4 +1 x 4x3 +4e4x
16e4x 64e4x
lim = lim
x 12x2 +16e4x x 24x +64e4x
256e4x 256
lim = lim 24 =1A=1
x 24 +256e4x x
e4x +256
1
Como (A=10 A), y la integral impropia 0 dx, es la integral
4
exponencial con k=4>0 es convergente, entonces la integral
impropia 1 que est en estudio tambin converge.
4 + 4 +1
Ejemplo
Analizar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia:
dx
1 5
(32x4 +4x2 +5)3
Solucin:
Utilizando el criterio del cociente
1
5
(32x +4x2 +5)3
4 5 x4
lim 1 = lim( )3
x x 32x4 +4x2 +5
5
( (x4 )3
5 3 1
3 1 1
(x
lim 4
32+ +
5 ) = ( ) =
2 8
x2 x4
1 12
= : 1 12 , = >1
8 5
5
Ejemplo
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia de
primera especie:
4 4
4 +16
Solucin
4 4
4 +16
1
4 4 1
+16
lim 1 = lim 4 = lim 4 =1
4 +9 1+ 16
4
1
Como A=10 A, adems 4 es divergente p=1 1
entonces la integral impropia de primera especie 4 4
4 +16
Tambin diverge.
C) Criterio de prinsheim
Impropia: 4 4
2 9
Solucin
I = 4 4
2 9
1
lim 4
2 9
1
1
lim ( 2 . 4 )
2 9
1+5
lim ( 4 ) = lim ( 4 ) = lim ( 4 )=1
2 9 2 9 1 9
2 2
1
Como = < 1 = 1 0 entonces la integral impropia
2
4 4 2 es divergente.
9
Ejemplo
Analizar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia
5
+ 4 2 +5+ 5+9
0 5
32 2 + 3+7+ 10 4 +4
Solucin
Utilizando el criterio de Prinsheim
5
+ 4 2 +5+ 5+9
5
0 [0, >
32 2 + 3+7+ 10 4 +4
5 5
+ 4 2 +5+ 5+9 1 + 4 2 +5+ 5+9
lim 5
= lim . 5
5
32 2 + 3+7+ 10 4 +4 32 2 + 3+7+ 10 4 +4
5 1 5 2 4 6 4 5 2
2 + 4 6 +5 4 + 5 2 +9 5 2 ( + +5 + +9 )
lim . = lim .
5 3 10 1 5 2 3 10 4
32 2 + +7+ 4 +4 5 2 ( 32 + +7+ +4
5 4
1+ 1 + 5 + 51+9
2 4
1+1 2
lim . = =
5 2+1 3
3 1 3 10 4
32+ 5 + 6 + 1+ 4
1 2
Como = < 1 = > 0 entonces la integral impropia de
5 3
5
+ 4 2 +5+ 5+9
primera especie: 0 5 es divergente.
32 2 + 3+7+ 10 2 +4
Ejemplo
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral
Impropia:
3
( +5)
1
3
4 4
27 5 ++5 + 3 + 2 +1
Solucin
Utilizando el criterio de Prinsheim buscando el valor de q
3
( +5)
> 0 [1, >
3
4 4
27 5 ++5 + 3 + 2 +1
q+ = =
3
+5
lim
3
4 4
27 5 ++5 + 3 + 2 +1
4 3
+5
lim .3
3
4 4
27 5 ++5 + 3 + 2 +1
5 4
3 +5 3
lim
3
4 4
27 5 ++5 + 3 + 2 +1
5
1+ 3
1
lim =
3
3
1 5 4
1 4 1 1
27 + 9 + 10 + 17 + 78 + 80
4 1
Como = > 1 = 0(), entonces la integral impropia
3 3
3
( +5)
de primera especie 1 es convergente
3
4 4
27 5 ++5 + 3 + 2 +1
Ejemplo
Analizar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia
3 5
3 + 2 1
Solucin
Solucin
Utilizando el criterio de Prinsheim
1 1
lim x q 1 q=
x 5
(x3 +x2 1)5
3
1 5 x3 1
Lim x5 1 = Lim = Lim
5
=1
x x x3 +x2 1 x 1 1
(x3 +x2 1)5 1+
x
3
x
1
Como B=1; B 0 y q = < 1; entonces la integral impropia
5
Ejercicio
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de las siguientes integrales
impropias:
8 3 +4+4
1. 3 5
5 +4 4 +2 2 +4
2. 1 3
8 9 + 3 +8
3. 2
4 4 + 3 2 ++1
x
4. 1 4
x +1
4
5. 1
(2 2 +9)4
6. 0 2
+ +4
Ejemplo:
Estudiar la convergencia de la integral impropia:
3 4 +16
| |
4 + 16
3
||
4 + 16
3
integral impropia de primera especie es absolutamente
3 4 +16
convergente.
Sea : < , ] ; () ;es una integral impropia con
discontinuidad en x=a.
Sea : [, > ; () ; es una integral impropia con
discontinuidad en x=b.
Integrales impropias especiales de segunda especie:
La integral es convergente si 0 < p < 1 y es divergente si p 1.
()
La integral es convergente si 0 < p < 1 y es divergente si p 1.
()
Criterios de comparacin:
1. Sea g(x) 0, < , ], suponiendo que la integral impropia
() es convergente y 0 < () (), < , ] entonces
la integral impropia () tambin converge.
Ejemplo
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia:
3 dx
1 x4 1
Solucin
4 > ; < 1,3]
4 1 > 1
4 1 > 1
1 1
<
4 1 1
Converge.
Ejemplo
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia:
2 dx
1 x4 1
Analizar
Solucin
(x 2 + 1)(x + 1)(x 1) > x 2 1; x < 1,2]
(x 2 + 1)(x + 1)(x 1) > 1
1 1
<
(x2 +1)(x+1)(x1) x1
1 1
<
x4 1 x1
.
Ejemplo
Analizar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia:
2 dx
1 7
(x1)4 (x2 +4)
Solucin
x 2 + 4 > x 2 , x < 1,2]
(x 1)4 > 0
1 1
< 7 , x < 1,2]
7
(x2 +4)(x1)4 (x1)4
2 dx 4
1 7 4
Es p; P=7 < 1 es convergente, entonces la integral
(x1)
2 dx
impropia de segunda especie que est en estudio: 1 7
(x2 +4)(x1)4
tambin converge.
()
: lim+ =
()
Ejemplo
Investigar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia:
5 dx
1 3
4(1)2 + x1+2x1
Solucin
Aplicando el criterio del cociente
1
2 3 > 0; < 1,5]
4(1) + x1+2x1
1
5 1
3
x1(4(x1) +1+2(x1)6 )
3
lim 1
1+ 3
x1
1
lim+ 5 1 =1
1 4(x1)3 +1+2(x1)6
5 1
Como A=1( 0 ) y la integral impropia 1 3 es
x1
1
P=3 < 1 Es convergente, entonces la integral impropia que est en
5 dx
estudio:1 2 3 , tambin converge.
4(1) + x1+2x1
Criterio de Prinsheim
1.-Sea () 0 < , ] lim+( ) () = .
Solucin
Por el criterio de Prinsheim
1
3 >0
25 2 4 2 +5
1 1
lim(5 ) . 1 1 ; =
5 3
(5)3 (5+)3 4 2 +5
1
1
lim(5 ) . 3
1 1
5 (5)3 (5+)3 4 2 +5
1 1
lim. 1 = 3
5 (5+)3 4 2 +5 105 10
1 1
Como = < 1 = 3 es un nmero real conocido
3 105 10
Ejemplo:
100 dx
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de 0 3 x 4 4 x x3
Solucin:
100 dx
Integrando no acotado en 0, 0 4 112 , criterio del cociente
x x 4 x 4
11
1
112 11
4
x x 4 x 4
A = conocido
1 1 1
Lim 1 = Lim
4 x 4 4
1 11
x 0 4
x x 0 x 12
4
100 dx 100 dx
0 4
x
es convergente p<1 la integral
0 3
x 44 x x 3
tambin converge.
Ejemplo
5 Lnx
Analizar la convergencia o divergencia de: 4 ( x 4) 6
dx
Solucin:
x 4 , 5 ], Lnx 1
1
( x 4)6 0 0
( x 4)6
Como:
1
Lnx 1 0
( x 4)6
0 x 4 , 5
Lnx 1
( x 4) ( x 4)6
6
5 Lnx 5 1
4 ( x 4)6 dx; 4 ( x 4)6 dx
5 dx
Como la int egral impropia : es P 6 1 , es divergente.
4 ( x 4) 4
5 Lnx
Entonces la integral impropia:
4 ( x 4) 6
dx que est en estudio tambin diverge.
Ejemplo
0 dx
x4 (4+e2x )
Solucin
0 dx 1 dx 0 dx
x4 (4+e2x ) = +1
x4 (4+e2x ) x4 (4+e2x )
1 dx
Q =
x4 (4+e2x )
1
1 dx x (4 e 2 x )
4
1 1
= Lim Lim
x4 (4+e2x ) x 1 x 4 e 2 x
4
x4
dx1
Como A= 1 ( A 0, A )
4
y la integral impropia 4
es p=4>1
x
Convergente, entonces la integral impropia de primera especie
1 dx
Q = Tambin converge.
x4 (4+e2x )
0 dx
Ahora analizando = 1
x4 (4+e2x )
lim 4 1 lim 1 1
x . = =
x 0 x4 (4+e2x) x
4+e2x 5
0
1
Como B= 0, y m = 4 1, entonces por el criterio de
5
0 dx
= 1 4 es divergente.
x (4+e2x )
= () + ( ) = .
Ejemplo:
1 dx
Analizar la convergencia o divergencia para 1 3
x 2 1 5 x 4 1
Solucin:
0 dx 1 dx
I= 1 ( x 1) 815 ( x 1) 815 ( x 2 1) 15 + 0
( x 1) 15 ( x 1) 15 ( x 2
8 8
1) 5
1
0 dx
I1= 1
( x 1) ( x 1) 15 ( x 2 1) 5
8 8 1
15
8
lim ( x 1) m
1 m 1
x 1 8 8 1 15
( x 1) .( x 1) .( x 2 1)
15 15 5
11
1 1 1
Lim = 2 15
x 1 8 1 8 1 11
( x 1) 15 ( x 2 1) 5 215.2 5 215
1 8
B= (es finito) m = < 1, entonces la integral impropia re segunda especie
2
15
11
15
0 dx
I1= 1 8 8 1 es convergente.
( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1)
15 15 2 5
Analizando I2
1 dx
I2 = 0 8 8 1
( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1)
15 15 2 5
1 8
Lim ( x 1) m . 8 8 1
;m
x1 15
( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 2 1)
15 15 5
11
1 1 1
Lim 8 1
8 1
11
2 15
x 1
( x 1) ( x 2 1)
15 5
2 .2 15 5
2 15
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
11
8
B 2 15
( es finito); m = <1; entonces la integral impropia I2 es convergente
15
Ejemplo
Analizar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia:
2 dx
2 7
x 4 2 3
x 4 3x 2 4
Solucin
0 dx 2 dx
I 1
1
2 10 10 0 10 10
( x 2) ( x 2) ( x 1)
21 21 2 3
(2 x) ( x 2) ( x 1)
21 21 2 3
0 dx
I1 1
2 10 10
( x 2) ( x 2) ( x 1)
21 21 2 3
10
1 1 1
Lim ( x 2) 21 10 10 1
Lim 10 1
10
x 2 x 2
(2 x) ( x 2) ( x 2 1) (2 x) ( x 2 1)
21
21 21 3 21 3 3
4 5
10 1
Como q 1 y B 10
0 ( finito ) entonces la integral impropia de segunda
21 3
21
54
especie:
0 dx
I1 10 10 1 Es convergente.
2
( x 2) ( x 2) ( x 1)
21 21 2 3
2 dx
I2 10 10 1
0
(2 x) ( x 2) ( x 1)
21 21 2 3
10
1 1 1
Lim (2 x) 21 10 10 1
Lim 10 1
10
x 2 x 2
(2 x) ( x 2) ( x 2 1) ( x 2) ( x 2 1)
21
21 21 3 21 3 3
4 5
10 1
Como q 1 y B 10
0 ( finito ) , entonces la integral impropia de segunda
21 3
21
54
2 dx
especie: I 2
0 10 10 1
es convergente.
(2 x) ( x 2) ( x 1)
21 21 2 3
Ejemplo
Analizar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia: 1
8 1
Solucin
1
8 1
= 12 81 + 2 81
1 2
2
1 = 1 8 1
1
8 1 1
lim 1 = lim+ 4
1+ 1 +1 2 +11+1
1
1 1
lim = 22
1+ 4 +1 2 +1+1
1
Como = 22 ( 0
2 1
) : 1
1
1
Es = 22 < 1 , entonces tambin converge la integral impropia que
2
est en estudio 1 8 1
2 = 2 8 1
1
8 1 4
lim 1 = lim
8 1
4
1 1
lim =1=1
1 1
8
Finalmente: = 1 () + 2 (converge)=converge
Convergencia absoluta
Se dice que la integral impropia de segunda especie: () con discontinuidad en
X=a es absolutamente convergente si la integral impropia |()| es convergente.
Convergencia relativa
Si la integral impropia de segunda especie: () con discontinuidad en x=a
Es convergente y la integral impropia |()| es divergente, entonces se dice que la
integral impropia () es relativamente convergente.
Ejemplo
6
Investigar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia: 2 5
(2)3
2
Solucin
6
2
2 5(2) 3
6
2 | 5(2)
2
3
|
Haciendo la acotacin de: | 5 2
|
(2)3
1
|5 2
| 5 < 2, 6]
(2)3 (2)3
6 3
Como la integral impropia de segunda especie: 2 3 = < 1
5
(2)5
6
Es convergente entonces la integral impropia 2 | 5 2
| que est en estudio tambin
(2)3
converge.
6
Finalmente se dice que la integral impropia: 2 5 2
es absolutamente convergente
(2)3
(n) x n1.e x .dx ( ln t )n1.dt
1
0 0
Propidades:
- 1. (n) (n 1)! n N
2. (n 1) n.(n) ;n 0
3. (n) (n 1).(n 1)
(n 1)
4. (n) ;n 0
n
1 (2n)!
5. (n ) , n 0,1,2,3,
2 n! 2 2n
cos x.dx
6. , 0 q 1
0 xq q.
2.(q). cos
2
senxdx
7. , 0 q 1
0 xq q.
2.(q) sen
2
x p 1dx
8. , 0<p<1
0 1 x qsen p.
x p 1dx
9. ,0<p<q
0 1 xq p
qsen .
q
10. ( p)(1 p)
sen p.
Ejemplo
n1 x 1 n1
Verificar: (n) = x e dx = 0 (lnz) dz
0
Solucin:
x = lnz =
=
x 0 z 1
xz0
0 n1 dz
(n) = 1 (lnz) z
z
1 n1
(n) = 0 (lnz) dz
n1 x 1 n1
(n) = 0 x e dx = 0 (lnz) dz
Ejemplo
Calcula:
1 0.1
) 0 (lnx) dx
49
1
b) 0 (lnx)10 dx
Solucin
n1
a) (n) = 01(lnx) dx
n-1=0.1 =1.1
1 0.1
0 (lnx) dx = 11
( ) (1.1) 0,95135
10
n1
b) (n) = 01(lnx) dx
n-1=4.9 = 5.9
1 4.9
0 (lnx) dx = ( 59 ) (5.9) 101.27019
10
n Gamma(n)
0 -
0.01 99.43259
0.02 49.44221
0.03 32.78500
0.04 24.46096
0.05 19.47009
0.06 16.14573
0.07 13.7736
0.08 11.99657
0.09 10.61622
0.1 9.51351
0.2 4.59084
0.3 2.99157
0.4 2.21816
0.5 1.77245
0.6 1.48919
0.7 1.29806
0.8 1.16423
0.9 1.06863
1 1.0
1.1 .95135
1.2 .91817
1.3 .89747
1.4 .88726
1.5 .88623
1.6 .89352
1.7 .90864
1.8 .93138
1.9 .96177
2 1.0
2.1 1.04649
2.2 1.10180
2.3 1.16671
2.4 1.24217
2.5 1.32934
2.6 1.42962
2.7 1.54469
2.8 1.67649
2.9 1.82736
3 2.00000
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
5.7
5.8
5.9 101.27019
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7 720.00000
Ejemplo
1 5 3 1
Calcula: 0 x ln( ) dx
x
Solucin
w = Lnx x = ew
dx
dw = dx = xdw dx = ew dw
x
x=0w=
x=1w=0
0 5w 3 3
I= e w ew dw I = 0 we6w dw . (1)
dz
z = 6w dz = 6dw dw =
6
w=
6
w=0z=0
w=z=
Reemplazando los datos en (1)
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
4
3 1 ( )
zez 1
0 z ez dz =
3
= 0 3 I= 3
3
3
6 6 6 6 6 6
1
(1 ) 1 1 1
3 ( ) ( )
I= 3 = 3 3 3
6 6 3
6 6
3
18 6
1
( )
1 1
I x 5 3 ln( )dx 3
0 x 3
18 6
1
( )
I 3
3
18 6
Ejemplo:
4 x 2 x 3 3 2 x 2
Evala: 0 ( x .e .e
3
x .e )dx
Solucin:
2
I (4 x .e x )dx .e x dx x 3 .e 2 x dx
3 2
0
0 3 0
I1 I2 I3
t
I 2 : z x3 x 3 z I3 : t 2x 2 x
I1 : u x x u 2 2
1
dx 2udu dz dx dt
3 2 dx
x0u 0 3. z 2 2 t
x0z0 x0t 0
xu
xz xt
Reemplazando los datos respectivos en las tres integrales y cambiando los integracin
3
z
2 t .e t .dt
1
e 2
I u .e .2u.du . 3 2 dz 3
2 u
3 0 3. z
0 0 1 1
2
2 .2.2 2.t 2
2 1
3 2
1
I 2. u 2 .e u .du . . z 3 e z dz . t.e t .dt
0
3 3 0 8 0
5 1 1 1 1
I 2. .1 . .2
2 3 3 3 8
3 1 1 1 2 1
I 2. . . . .
2 2 3 3 3 8
3 1 1 3 2 1
I .
2 3 8 2 3 3 8
sin
3
3 2 1
I
2 3 3 8
Ejemplo
Solucin
o x(t)
Sea x(t) la posicin de la partcula en el instante t seg.
Sea v(t) la velocidad de la partcula en el instante t seg.
dv k
m = , > 0
dt x
dv dx k
m . =
dt dx x
dv k
mv = ; separando variable
dx x
dx dx
mvdv = k mvdv + k =0
x x
dx
mvdv + k x
= o
mv2
+ kLn|x| = C; x(0) = A; v(0) = 0
2
0 + kLnA = C C = kLnA
mv2 mv2 A
+ kLn|x| = kLnA = kLn
2 2 x
2k A
v = Ln( )
m x
dx 2k A
=- Ln( )
dt m x
0 dx 2k 0 dx 2k
A =-0 dt A = ( 0)
A m A m
Ln( ) Ln( )
x x
m A dx
= 0 (1)
2k A
Ln( )
x
A dx
W = Ln ( ) = LnA Lnx dw =
X x
A
= ew x = Aew dx = Aew dw
x
x=0W=
x=Aw=0
A dx 0 Aew dw
Q = 0 =
Ln( )
A w
x
0 Aew dw 1
1
Q = = A 0 w 2 ew dw = A (2)
w 2
Reemplazando (2) en (1)
m m
tF = A = A 2k
2k
Ejemplo
Evala:
=
Solucin:
2
= (, ) = 0 cos( )
(,) 2
= (,) = 0 sen( )
2 2
0 sen( ) = lim 0 sen( )
= = ()
2
2
= = 2
2 2
(,) ()
= (, ) = lim [ |0 0 ]
2 2
2 2
() (,)
(,) = [ lim 2
0 0 2
]
= (,) =
2
2 0 ()
+ 2 (, ) = 0
2
(0, ) = 0 . . (1)
= 2 =
= 2
=0=0
= =
Reemplazando
1 1 1
(,0) = 2 1/2 =2 ( )
0 2
(0, ) =
2
Integrando la expresin
(,)
+ 2 =0
(,) + 2 = 0
2
ln((, )) + 4 =
2 2
(, ) = 4+ = 1 4
(0, ) = 1
(0, ) =
2
Comparando
1 = 2
Reemplazando
2
2
(, ) = 0 cos = 2 4
n 1
5.- (m, n) (m 1, n 1)
m .-
m 1
6. (m, n) (m 1, n 1)
n
Ejemplos
1. 5 4! 24
7 5
2. 1
2 2
5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 1
. 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
7 15
2 8
Ejemplo:
Evala:
1 dx
I
0 x 1 x
Solucin:
1 1
1 dx 1
I x 2 .(1 x) 2 .dx
0 x 1 x 0
1 1
m 1 m
2 2
1 1
n 1 n
2 2
1 1
.
1 1 2 2 .
I ,
2 2 1 1
Ejemplo
Calcula:
1 1
1 dx dx 1 dx dx 1 dx
0 x.1x
=02
x.1x
+ 1
x.1x
=02
xx2
+ 1
xx2
=
2 2
1 dx 12 dx 1 dx
= lim+ 0+2 + lim+ 1 = lim+ 2 +
1 0 1 x.1x 2 0 2 x.1x 1 0 1 2
(1) (2x1)
2
2 2
1 dx
lim+ 1 2
2 0 2 (1) (2x1)2
2
2 2
1
12
= lim+ (2 1)| 2 + lim+(2 1)| 1
1 0 1 1 0 2
= lim sin1 (21 1) + lim sin1 (21 1)I= + =
1 0 2 0 2 2
Ejercicio
16 dx
Calcula: 4
0 16xx2
Solucin
16 dx
0 4
x(16x)
x = 16z dx = 16dz
x=0z=0
x = 16 z = 1
Reemplazando datos
1 1
1 16dz 1
0 4 4 4 0 z 4 (1 z)4 dz
4 z 1z
1 3
m1= m=
4 4
1 3
n1 = n =
4 4
4( (4))2 4( (4))2
3 3
3 3
I = 4 ( 4 ; 4) = =1
(32) 2
( ( 2) )
1
2
8( ( ))
3
I= 4
Ejemplo
Evala:
dx
0 5
[ 1 x ] 3 [5 x ]4
Solucin
4
x 5 dx
I
0 3
(1 x) 5
1
(; ) = 0
(1+)+
4 1
1 = 5 = 5
3 1 3 2
+ =55+=5 =5
4 1 2
( ).( )
5 (0.2).(0.4)
5
x dx 1 2
I ( , ) 5
0 3
5 5 3
( ) (0.6)
(1 x) 5
5
1 2 (4,59084).(2,21816)
I ( , ) 6,83809
5 5 1,48919
Ejemplo
1 4 y 2 1
Calcula: ydy
2 2 y 2
Solucin
1 4 y 2 1
I ydy .(1)
2 2 y 2
y 2 1 w ..(2)
2 y 2 1 1 y 2 1 ( y 2 1) 1 w (3)
dw
y 2 1 w 2 ydy dw ydy ..(4)
2
y 2 w 1 .(5)
y 1 w0
Reemplazando (2),(3),(4) y (5) en (1)
1 1
0 w dw 1 1
I 4 I w 4 (1 w) 4 dw
1 1 w 2 2 0
1 5
m 1 m
4 4
1 3
n 1 n
4 4
1 5 3
I ( , )
2 4 4
5 3
( ) ( )
1 4 4 11 1 3 1 1 1
I ( )( ) ( )(1 )
2 (2) 24 4 4 8 4 4
1 2
I
8 sen 1 8
4
1 4 y 2 1 2
I ydy
2 2 y2 8
1 4 y 2 1 2
I ydy
2 2 y2 8
Ejemplo
: =
Solucin
= =
( )
+
() = =
= =
= =
+
=
=
= =
()
= ( +) = =
(
)
= ( )
()
1 7
1=6 =6
1 1 5
1 = 6 = 1 6 = 6
125 7 5
I ( , )
3 5Ln5 6 6
5 1
( )(1 )
6 6 = 5 1 1
= ( ) ( )
() (2) ()
6 6 6
=
1
(1 ) ( 1 ) 125
() 6 6 18Ln(5) 5 sen 1
6
= =
()
Ejemplo
Evala:
=
2
( )
3
Solucin
= =
2 2
( ) ( )
3 3
= = =
2 1 1 1
( ) ( ) sen( ) (1 )( )
3 3 6 3 3
= =
Ejemplo
( + ++)
Solucin
= = (+)
(+)
= =
+=
= =
11 25 11 13
( ) ( ) ( )(1 )
12 12 12 12 1 1
= ( , ) = = = ( )(1 )
(3) . 12 12
1 1 13 13 4
( )(1 ) = 288 sen = 288 (6 + 2); sen15 = 62
12 12 12
13
I= (6 + 2)
288
Ejemplo
m, n
() () =
Solucin
1
m, n = 0 1 (1 )1
Haciendo el cambio de variable
= 2
1 = 2
= 2
Cambiando los lmites de integracin
=0 =0
=1 = 2
22
m, n = 02 22 2
21
m, n = 2 20 21
m, n
20 21 21 = 2
Ejemplo:
4
Evala: 02
32
Solucin
m, n
Recordando la relacin: () () =
= () ()
1
2 1 = 0 = 2
5
2 1 = 4 =
2
1 5
, 1 5
( ) ( )
1 2 2 1 2 2
= =
32 2 64 1 5
( )
2 2
3 1
1 2. 2
= 64 ( )
(3)
3
1 4
= 64 ( 2!
)
4 3
= 02 32
= 512
Ejemplo
Demostrar que :
b
a (x a)m (b x)n dx = (b a)m+n+1 (m + 1; n + 1)
b n
a (x a)m (b a (x a)) dx
xa
z= x = z(b a) + a
ba
dx = (b a) dz
x = z. (b a) a
x=az=0
x=bz=1
1
0 (b a)m z n (b a (b a)z)n (b a) dz
1
0 z m (b a)m (b a)m (1 z)n (b a) dz
1
0 z m (1 z)n (b a)m+n+1 dx = (b a)m+n+1 (m + 1; n + 1)
b
a (x a)m (b x)n dx = (b a)m+n+1 (m + 1; n + 1)
Ejemplo
Calcula:
() .()
Solucin:
11 1
4
2 (x 2) 12 (4 x)12 dx
() .(())
x2 1
z= x 2 = 2z x = 2 + 2z ; dz = dx dx = 2 dz
2 2
4 x = 4 2z 2 = 2 2z = 2(1 z)
x=2z=0
x=4z=1
Reemplazando estos datos en la integral original
11 1 11 1 11 1
1 1
0 (2z) 12 (2(1 z)) 12
2dz = 0 2 12 . 2 12 . 2. z 12 (1 z) 12 dz
1
1 11 11 1
I= 0 z 12 ((1 z)) 12
dz ; m1 =
12
m=
12
1 11
n1= n=
12 12
1 11 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) (1 )
1 11 12 12 12 12
I = ( , ) = = = 1
12 12 (1) (1) sin(12)
1 3 1 1
sin ( ) = sin ( ) = sin . cos cos sin = . . =
12 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 2 2 2
31 62
=
2 2 4
62
sin 150 =
4
4 4(62)
I= I= I = (6 + 2)
62 62
I = (6 + 2)
Ejemplo
t t 7
ln(1+2) cosh t(12 sinh2 cosh2)
0 dt
sinh t
et et
sinh t = x x =
2
cosh t dt = dx
t=0x=0
eln(1+2) eln(1+2)
t = ln(1 + 2) x =
2
1 1+22+2 2(2+1)
2x = 1 + 2 2x = = x=1
1+2 1+2 2+1
Ejemplo
1 9
1 1 9
0 x 2 (1 x)2 dx = (2 ; 2)
1 9
( ) ( ) 7 5 3 1 1 35
I= 2 2
= . . . . . . =
(5) 2 2 2 2 2.3.4 128
Ejemplo
2
( ) x3dx
7 dx 1
Calcula: I
3
( x 3)(7 x) 0
3
2
3
(ln x)
Solucin
7 dx
I1
3 ( x 3)(4 ( x 3))
x 3 4 z dx 4dz
x 3 z 0
x 7 z 1
1 1
1 4dz 1
I1 z 2 (1 z ) 2 dz
0 4 z (4 4 z ) 0
1 1
1 1 ( 2 )( 2 )
I1 ( , )
2 2 (1) 1
2 3
1
( )x
I2 3
2
dx
0
(ln x) 3
ln x t x e t dx e t dt
x 0t
x 1 t 0
2
( )(e3t et )dt 2
0 2 0 3 4t
I2 3
2
( ) t e dt
3
3
t
u du
u 4t t dt
4 4
t 0 u 0t u
2
2 ( ) 2
2 u du
I 2 ( )( ) e u 3
3 3 u 3 e u du
0 3 4 4 4 0
2
( )
1 1 2 1 2
I 2 3 3 ( ) 3 ( ) ( ) 3
4 3 4 3 3 4 3
2
I 3
4 3
Ejemplo
Calcula:
dz
0 (4z2 +8z+4)(ln(z+1))7
z = ln(z + 1) z + 1 = et dz = et dt
z=0t=0
z=t=
1 et dt 1 7 t
I= = t 2 e dt = 0.25 ( 5 )
4 0 2t 72 4 0 2
e .t
Ejemplo:
Calcula
1
0 x 3 (Lnx)6 dx
Solucin:
dx
Lnx = t x = et dt = dx = et dt
x
x=0t=
x=1t=0
0
I = e3t (t)6 ( et )dt I = 0 e4t (t)6 dt
du
u = 4t du = 4dt dt =
4
t=0u=0
t=0=
0 u du
(4)6 eu 4
I = 0 u6 eu du
7 1.2.3.4.5.6 45
I= = =
214 1024.16 1024
Ejemplo:
Calcula 0
1 1 3
( )+ ln x.xN (lnx)K
3
dx , K es par
3
ln X
Soloucin
I=0
1 1
( )
3 1
dx + 0 x N (ln x)K dx
3
ln x
1 ( )
I1=0 3 3 dx
1
1
y I2=0 x N (ln x)K dx
ln x
I 1: z = ln x x = z
1
dz = dx dx = z dz
x
x=0 z=
x=1 z=0
I2:z = ln x x = ez dx = ez dz
x=0 z=
x=1z=0
( )
1
0 0
z 3 ez dz + ()eNz (z)K ez dz
1
I =
3
( ) 0 z ez dz
1
1
I= 3 + 0 e(N+1)z z K dz
3
t = (N + 1)z dt = (N + 1) dz
dt
= dz
(N+1)
z=0t=0
z=t=
I= ( ). ( )
1
3
2
3
+ 0 ( ) et
N+1 N+1
t K dt
1 1 1
I = ( ). (1
3 3
) + (N+1)K+1
0 t K et dt
I= 1
+
(k+1 )
=
2
+
(k+1)
m2 a4
I= +
42 8
Ejemplo
a a+xa4 x5
Calcule 0 dx ; ( 1) = m
a4 x4 4
1
a dx a
I= a 0 + 0 x(a4 x 4 )2 dx
a4 x4
1 a 3
x = a. z 4 x 4 = a4 . z ; dx = z 4 dx
4
x=0z=0 ; x=az=1
3 1 1 3
a 1 az 4 1 9
I= 0 1 + 0 az 4 (a4 a4 . z)2 z 4 dz =
4 a2 (1z) 2 4
1 1 3
1 a4 1 1 1
I = z 4 (1 z) 2 dz + z 2 (1 z)2 dz
4 0 4 0
1 a4
I= (1;1) + (1;3)
4 42 4 22
1
(1+1) = 1 =
2 2 (2) 2
Ejemplo
1 du
( )
0 (1+u)42 4 u
ln
ln(1 + u) = t 1 + u = et ; u = et 1 du = et dt
u=0t=0 ; u=t=
1 et dt
(4) 1 t
0 1 = (1) 0 t 4 e = (1) (3) = (1) (11)
e2t .t4 4 4 4 4 4
I= 1 = 2.
sin( )
4
Ejemplo
dz
0 (4z2 +8z+4)(ln(z+1))7
z = ln(z + 1) z + 1 = et dz = et dt
z=0t=0
z=t=
(52)
7
1 et dt 1 1
I = 0 7 = 0
t 2 et dt =
4 4 4
e2t .t2
Ejemplo
dt
0 (t2 )2 +4
Solucin
t 2 = 2 tan t = 2 tan ; t=0=0 ; t==
2
(sec )2
2tdt = 2(sec )2 d dt =
2 tan
(sec )2 d 1 d
= 0 2 = 0 2
2 tan 4(sec )2 4 2 tan
1 1 1
I= 2(sin )2 . (cos )2 d
4 2 0
1 1
2m 1 = m =
2 4
1 3
2n 1 = n =
2 4
I=
1 1
( , )
3
.= .
1 . 1
1
( )
4
3
( )
4
=
1
.
=
1
42 4 4 42 2 82 sin( ) 8
4
(1)
Ejemplo
Demostrar que:
xm1 xp1
0 n
dx = m ; Sabiendo 0 dx =
1+x nsin 1+x sin p
n
Solucin
Cambio de variable:
1
1 1n
x n = z ; x = z n dx = z n dz
n
x=0z=0
x=z=
m1 mn mn
z n 1 1n 1 z n 1 z n m
n
0 1+z . z n dz = 0
dz = dz = m 0< <1
n n 1+z n 0 1+z sin n
n
Ejemplo
dx dx
I = 0 3 = 0 3
x2 (x2 +2x+1) x2 (x+1)2
2
1 5
( ) ( )
1 2
( ) (1 )
1
( )
3
2
3 ( )
I = ( , ) =
1 5 3 3
=
3 3
=
3 =
2
.
3 3
(2) (2) (2) 3 sen(1)
3
4 43
I= =
33 9
Otra tcnica.
2
x 3 dx 1
(; ) = +
0 (x + 1)
2
0 (1 + )
2 1 5
m1= m= m+n=2n=
3 3 3
1 5 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) (1 )
1 5 3 3 3 3
(; ) = ( ; ) = =
3 3 (2) (2)
1 2 2
( ) 3 ( )
3 3 2 4 43
I= = . 1 = =
(2) 3 sen(3) 33 9
Ejemplo
a 2 b 2
Si 0
(e x2
e x2
)dx 00..55 cos 6 tdt , halla (b-a)
Solucin:
I A 0 e a x dx , I B 0 e b x dx
2 2 2 2
Sea
2 dz x 3 dz 3
za x 2
dz 2a x dx dx 2 3 2
2a x 2a 2
z a 3 dz adz
x ; dx 2 3
dx
a 2a ( z ) 2( z ) 3
x0z
xz0
1
ae dz a z
3 a( )
IA 2 ( 1 )
2( z )3 2 0
2 z
z e dz
0 2 2
1
( 1)
1
2 2( ) 2
1 2
2
I A a
I B 0 e b x dx b
2 2
Por analoga:
I a b (b a)
1
2m 1 0 m
2
7
2n 1 6 n
2
1 7
( ) ( )
IC ( , ) = 1 7
2 2
2 2
(4)
1 7 531
2( )( )
IC 2 2 222
2(4) 23
5
IC
16
5 5
(b a) ba
16 16
Ejemplo
6dt
Calcula:
0 t6 1
Solucin:
dz
z t 6 dz 6t 5 dt dt ,
6t 5
5
t 6
z dt
dz
5
1
dt z 6 dz
6
z6
t 0z0
tz
5 5
6 z 6 dz z 6 dz x p 1
0
6( z 1) 0 z 1
; como
0 x 1
dx
sen( p )
5 1
p 1 p
6 6
I
1 0.5
sen( )
6
I
1 0.5
sen( )
6
Ejemplo
Evala:
1 x 3dx
0 4 1
(1 x ) 5 2
Solucin:
4 1
1
x (1 x
3 5 2
)
0
4
x5 t
5 1
5
x t dx t 4 dt
4
4
15
x3 t 4
x 0t 0
x 1 t 1
15 1 1
1 5
0 t (1 t ) 4 t 4 dt
4 2
1
5 1 5 3
I t 4 (1 t ) 2 dt (5, )
4 0 4 2
3
5 4!( 2 )
I
4 (13 )
2
Ejemplo
5
x dx
Evala:
0 ( x 1)( x 1) 2
2
Solucin:
1 1 1 1
2 2
x 1 x 2 x 1 x 1 ( x 1) 2
2
1 1
1 1 1
( 2 ) 22 x 2 x 2
2 x x 1 ( x 1) 2
x 1 ( x 1)
1 1 1
5 5 5
x dx x dx x dx
0 ( x 1)( x 1)
2 2
0 2 x ( x 1)
2
0 2 x ( x 1) 2
4 4
5 5
1 x dx 1 x dx
I
2 0 1 x 2
2 0 ( x 1) 2
dx
Evale: 0 3
x .( x 2 x 1)
2 2
Solucin:
dx
0 2
x .(x 1) 2
3
x y 1 dy
y x x. y y x(1 y) y x x 1 dx
x 1 1 y 1 y (1 y) 2
x0 y0
x y 1
Reemplazando
(1 y ) 3 .(1 y ) 2 dy
2 2
1 1
0 2
y 3 .(1 y ) 3 .dy
0
(1 y ) . y 2 3
2 1 2 5
m 1 m ; n 1 n
3 3 3 3
1 5
.
1 5 1 2 2 1 2
I , .1 .
3 3
3 3 (2) 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 1 1 2
. .1
3 3 3 3 sin 3
3
2 2 4
I
3 3 3 3
Otro procedimiento
dx dx
I = 0 3 = 0 3
x2 (x2 +2x+1) x2 (x+1)2
1
(sin z)3 2
1 7
1 . (cos z) dz = 2 0 (sin z)
I = 2 0 2 3 . (cos z)3 dz
2
(cos z) 3
1 2 1 7 10 5
2m 1 = 2m = m = ; 2n 1 = 2n = n=
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 5 1 2 1 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) 3
( )
1 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
I = ( , ) = = = = .
3 3 (2) (2) (2) 3 sen(1)
3
4 43
I= =
33 9
Ejemplo
Calcula:
12 dx
0 x12 +1
Solucin
1
z = x12 x = x 12
11
1
dx = z 12 dz
12
4. Calcule ( + + + ... )
+ + +
Solucin:
Dividiendo 3
1 1 1 1 1
lim ( 3 + +3 + ..3 )
27
54+ 54+54
3
54+81 54+27
1 1 1 1 1
lim ( 3 + +3 + .. 3 )
1 2+2
3
2+3 2+
3
2+
1 1 1 1 1
( ) = 3
3 3 0 2 +
=1 2 +
3
10 1
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = .= = =
0 = 0
1
1 = 0 +
1
2 = 0 + 2
2
3 = 0 + 3
1
= 0 + f(xk)= = (0 + )
3
2+
2+x=3
dx=32
1 1 1 1 32 1 1
() = 3 3 = = 6
2+ 3 0 2+ 3 0 6 0
1 1 1
2 = [2 ]10
2 0 2
3
m= 2 +
2 3 2
= 2 +
Reemplazando
1 3 2 1 3 2 3 2
[ 2 + ]10 = [ ( 2 + 1 2 + 0 ] = 0.2462
2 2
Rpt: 0,2463
: [,
() = lim ()
: ,]
() = lim ()
: ,
() = () + ()
() = lim () + lim ()
() = ()
() =
() = lim ()
0
: , ]
() = lim ()
() =
() = lim ()
0 +
: ,
() = () + ()
() = lim () + lim ()
0 0 +
: [, ] ; [, ] ,
() =
() = () + ()
() = lim () + lim ()
0 0 +
Ejemplo:
1
Halle elarea de la regin limitada por la grafica de () = , eje x y sus asntotas
25 2
verticales.
() = 3
(25 2 )
5
= 2 0
25 2
5
= 2 lim
0 0 25 2
5
= 2 lim ( )
0 5 0
5
= 2 lim [ ( ) 0]
0 5
= 2[(1) 0] =
()
()= , ,
() = () + ()
() = lim () + lim ()
0 +
() = 1
0
(1/2) =
1
(,) = 1 (1 )1
0
() ()
(,) =
(+)
Demostrar:
(,) /
= () ()
1
(,) = 1 (1 )1
0
= 2 = 2
=0 =0
= 1 = /2
1 = 2
Remplazando
(,) /2
= 21 () 21 ()
2 0
Ejemplo:
/
= () ()
2 1 = 0 = 1/2
2 1 = 4 = 5/2
1 5
( ) ( )
2 2
15 1 5
1 ( , )
22 1 ( + )
2 2
= =
32 2 32 2
3 3 31 3
5 = 3 = 3 = 1 = 1 =
( )
2
( +1)
2 2 (2) 2 (2+1) 2 2 (2) 4
3
1 1 4
= ( )
32 2 (3)
3
1 1 4
= ( 2! )
32 2
3
=
512
Ejemplo:
=
Solucin:
2
(,) = cos
0
(,) 2
= (,) = sen
0
= = ()
2
2
= = 2
2 2
(,) ()
= (,) =
2 2
0
2 2
(,) ()
= (,) = lim [ ]
2 2 0
0
2 2
()
(,) = lim [ 0 ]
2 2
0
(,) 2
= (,) = ()
2
0
+ =0
2 (,)
2
(,0) =
0
= 2 =
= 2
= =
=0 =0
Remplazando
1
(,0) = 1/2
2 0
(,0) =
2
Integrando la expresin
+
= 0
(,) 2
+ = 0
(,) 2
2
ln((,) ) + =
4
2 2
(,) = 4+ = 4
(,0) = 1
(,0) =
2
Comparando =
2
2 2
(,) = cos = 4
2
0
Ejemplo:
=
Solucin:
= = =
= =
= =
0
= 2 ( 4 )
0
= 3 ( 4 )
= 3 =
3
= =
= =
4
=
81 3
0
1
= 4
243
0
n-1 =4 n=5
(5) 8
= =
243 81
Ejemplo:
Demostrar:
= (,)
( + )+
Solucin:
( )
+ ( + )
1 1
= = 1 =1
+1 1 1+
= (+1)2
= =
= =
Remplazando y operando.
1
(,) = 1 (1 )1
0
Hallar : A(R) = ?
1
dA = 2
r.r.d
1
dA = 2r2d
1
dA = ()2d
2
1
() = 2 ()
2
2.-)
Hallar : A(R) = ?
1
dA = 2( ()2 - ()2 )d
1
() = (2 () 2 () )
2
Ejemplo:
= 2cos(4)
Solucin:
0 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
r 2 0 -2 0 2 0 0
(, ) (, )
Eje polar:
(, ) (, )
1 /8 2
=
8 2 /8
1 /8
= 4cos2 (4)
8 2 /8
2 /8
= (1 + 8)
8 2 /8
/8
2
= 2 (1 + 8)
8 2 0
8 /8
= 2( + )
8 8 0
= 2
Integrabilidad
Sea f una funcin definida y acotada en el segmento [a;b], entonces f es integrable en [a;b] si
para cada >0 existe una particin p tal que:
|(; ) (; )| <
Integral inferior
Integral superior
Observacin
Una funcin f definida y acotada en [a;b] es integrable si se verifica: = a =
b
a
(integral de Riemann)
b
(; ) (; )
a a
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
g ( x)
f (t )dt
x
Se define g(x) = f (u )du ; H(x) =
0 g ( x)
Solucin:
0
g(0) = f (u)du
0
g(0)=0
H ( x ) gg((xx)) f (t ) dt
Ejemplo
Q (t) = 2000e0.05t cul fue la cantidad media de bacterias presentes durante los
primeros 5min?
Solucin:
Como se sabe:
b
Q(t) dt 5
2000.e
0.05t
dt
Q (c ) a
= 0
ba 5
2000.e0.05t 5
Q 800(e0.25 1)
5(0.05) 0
Ejemplo
Para la funcin definida por: f(x) = (x+2)2 en el segmento -4 x 0 . Calcula f (c) y para que c
se presenta f(c)
Solucin:
0
( x 2) dx
2
4
( x 2) 3 0
f(c) = =
0 (4) 3.4 4
2 2 4
f( c) = ( )
3 3
4
f(c) =
3
2 2
(c+2) 2 =
4
C= -2+ C = -2 -
3 3 3
= [() + ] = () ()
= () ()
Ejemplo
Calcula
3
3
0
3 3 1 1 1 1 26
I=[ ] 0 = 3 33 3 = 3 (27) 3 =
3 3
= +
= () +
Esta es la frmula de la integral definida por partes.
Ejemplo:
Solucin
W= a x -dx = dw
Para x = a w=0
Para x = 0 w = a
0
0 ( ) = () = 0 ()
0 ( ) = 0 ()
Ejemplo
Evala:
1 4 2 2 1
0 ( 2 +1)3
Solucin
1 ( 2 +1)2 34
I=0 ( 2 +1)3
=
16
1 1
( 2 + 1)2
2 2
( + 1)3 ( + 1)3
0 0
1 1
1 2 1
2 . (1)
2 ( + 1)3 ( 2 + 1)
0 0
1
2 1 1 1 1 3
= ( ) = + =
( 2 + 1) 3 2( + 1) 0
2 2 8 2 8
0
1
1
= ( ) = 1 0 =
( 2 + 1) 0 4
0
Reemplazando en (1)
1
3 1
2
16 ( + 1)
0
3
()
16
3 3 4
= =
16 4 16
EJEMPLO:
Evala:
27 dx
1 3
x (1 3 x ) 2 x
Solucin:
1
x 3 = tan2 x = tan6
27 3 = tan2
1
tan = 3 =
3
1 = tan2 tan =1 =
4
dx = 6tan5 .sec2 d
3 1 6 tan 5 . sec 2 .d
0.25 = 6 cos .d
3 2
= 3
tan 2 . sec 4 . tan 3
4
3 3 cos 2 1.d I=
4
3
cos 2.d (2 ) 3 3 d
3
2 4 4
3 /3 /3
I= sen2 3 =
2 /4 /4
3 3 3 3 3
1 3
2 2 12 4 2 4
3 3 3
I
4 2 4
Ejemplo
2. Calcula:
Solucin:
0 5 = 04 3 ( 2 1)
4
I1 I2
DE I1
4 4
3 ( 2 ) = ( 2 1) 2
0 0
Entonces:
04 3 ( 2 ) = 04 ( 4 ) 04 ( 2 ) ..I1
DE I2
3 2 2
0 = 0 ( 1) = 0 04
4 4 4
4 4 4
3 = 2 2
0 0 0
DE I1 Y I2 EN A
04 5 = 04 4 04 2 + 04 2
04
Arreglando
1
0 5 = 4 04 4 4 04 2 2 + 04
4
S
1
S= 4 [ 4 ]04 [ 2 ]04 [ (]04
1
S= 1 - 4 2 + 1 [ ( 4 ) (cos(0))]
S= 0,09657
Evala:
0 5 ()
4
Solucin
= 2 ()3 ()
0
4
= ( 2 () 1)3 ()
0
I=04 2 ()3 () 04 ()2 ()
4
1 4
() ()2 ()
4
0
4
1 4
() ()( 2 () 1)
4
0
4 4
1 4
() ()( 2 ()) + ()
4
0 0
1
I=(4 () 2 2 () + ln |sec()|) 4
0
1 1
= + ln(2)
4 2
Ejemplo
Evala
() . ().
Solucin
1
5
I = eCosh(5x) . Senh(10x). dx
0
1
I = 05 2. Cosh(5x). eCosh(5x) . Senh(5x). dx
1
dv = eCosh(5x) . Senh(5x). dx v = eCosh(5x)
5
1
2 2 5
I = ( Cosh(5x). eCosh(5x) 5eCosh(5x) Senh(5x)dx)|
5 5 0
1
2 Cosh(5x) 2 Cosh(5x) 5
I= ( Cosh(5x). e e )|
5 5 0
1
2 1 Cosh(5.( ))
5 2 Cosh(5.(15))
I = ( Cosh (5. ( )) . e e )
5 5 5
2 2
( Cosh(5 (0)). eCosh(5(0)) eCosh(5(0)) )
5 5
2 2
I = ( Cosh(1). eCosh(1) eCosh(1) )
5 5
2 2
( Cosh(0). eCosh(0) eCosh(0) )
5 5
2 2
= ( Cosh(1). eCosh(1) eCosh(1) )
5 5
2
I = eCosh(1) [Cosh(1) 1]
5
Ejemplo
Calcula
.
Solucin
5 2 1 2 1 5
6 x = ( ) (x + )
x2 (x + ) = . Sen w dx
2 2 2 2
5
= . Cos w. dw
2
3 1
x = 1 w = Arcsen ( ) x = 0 w = Arcsen ( )
5 5
53 1 5
(2 . Sen w 2) 2 . Cos w. dw
Arcsen( )
5
I=
1 5
Arcsen( )
5 . Cos w
2
3
Arcsen( )
5 5 1
= ( . Sen w ) . dw
Arcsen( ) 2 2
1
5
3
Arcsen( )
5 1 5
= ( . Cos w w)|
2 2 1
Arcsen( )
5
3
Arcsen( )
5 1 5
I = ( . Cos w w)|
2 2 1
Arcsen( )
5
5 3 1 3
I = ( . Cos [Arcsen ( )] Arcsen ( ))
2 5 2 5
5 1 1 1
( . Cos [Arcsen ( )] Arcsen ( ))
2 5 2 5
5 4 1 3 5 2 6 1 1
I = ( . Arcsen ( )) ( . Arcsen ( ))
2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5
1 1 1 3
= 6 + Arcsen ( ) 2 Arcsen ( )
2 5 2 5
1 1 3
I = 6 2 + [Arcsen ( ) Arcsen ( )]
2 5 5
Ejemplo
Evala
+
Solucin:
2 2
I = Ctg x(Csc x Ctg x)dx = (Ctg x. Csc x Ctg 2 x)dx
3 3
2
I = (Ctg x. Csc x Csc 2 x + 1)dx
3
I = (Csc + Ctg + ) (Csc + Ctg + )
2 2 2 3 3 3
2 1 3
I = (1 + 0 + ) ( + + )= 1+
2 3 3 3 3 6
3
I= 1+
3 6
Ejemplo
Evala
10
4
102 11
Solucin
10
4
1 10 9
10 10
10 ( 1)
10
2
10
4
1 1 1
10 9 ( 10 10 )
10 1
10
2
10 10
4 4
9
1 10 1 10 9
10 ( 10 1) 10 10
10 10
2 2
1 1 1 10 1
ln( 10 1) ln( 10 ) = ( Ln )
10 10 10 10
1 3 1 1 3
(ln ( ) ln ( )) =
10 4 2 10 2
1 3
=
10 2
Ejercicio
2
3 (| + 1| | 1| + | + 2|)
2
Solucin:
1 1 1
2 2 2
(| + 1|) | 1| + | + 2|
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 2 2 2
( + 1) + ( + 1) ( 1) + ( + 2)
3 1 3 3
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
( + ) + ( + ) + ( ) + ( + 2)
2 2 2 2
3 2
(1)2 ( 2) 3
( + (1)) + ( )
2 2 2
( ( ))
1 2
(2) 1 (1)2
+ ( + )( + (1))
2 2 2
( )
1 2 3 2
(2) 1 ( 2) 3
+ ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
(( ) ( ))
1 2 3 2
( ) 1 ( 2) 3
+ ( 2 + 2( ) + ( ) )
2 2 2 2
( ) ( )
Calcula:
1
0.5 2(2())
Solucin
( 2() 2() )
1
2
= () = ()
= cos()
1
= =
2 6
=1 =
2
2
( 2 2 ) cos()
6
2
2 cos() 2 cos()
2 2
(2 cos() + ()) (2 cos() + ()) 2
5 5 |
6
Hallar V(c) y V eficaz en:
1. = 1 ; [0; 5] = ; [5; 10]
5 10
0 (1 ) + 5
() = =
10
5 5 10
{ + { { 5 + ( 5 1) ( 10 5 )
() = 0 0 5 =
10 10
10 5
+ 2 + 4
=
10
0.401343
25 100
( 2 ) 0 (1 2 + 2 ) + 25
= =
100
2 25 100
( + 2 ) { {
2 0 25
=
100
25 2(25) 1
(25 + 2 ) (2 ) ( 100 25 ) 22.5
2 2
=
100 10
2. = 20 sin 754
20 cos 754
{754
0 20 sin 754
754 754 0 =0
() = = =
754 754
( 2 ) 0754 400 sin2 754
= =
754
200 0 (1
754 cos 754(2))
=
754
(754(2))
200( ) {754
754(2) 0 = 400 ( ) = 20
2
2 2
754
( 2 ) 3.6
400 105 sin2 (400 + 20)
= = 0
400
5
1.8 10 0 (1
400 cos(400(2) + 40)
400
(400(2) + 40)
5
1.8 10 ( ) {400
400(2) 0
400
(2 + 40) (40)
1.8 105 ( ) 1.8 105 ( )
400 400(2) 400(2)
=
400 400
5
= 1.8 10
( 2 ) 0.006
=
2
4. - = 0.016 sin(377 10)
( 2 ) 0 0.0162 sin2 (377
377 10)
= =
377
0.0162 377
(1 cos(377(2) 20)
2 0
377
0.0162 (377(2) 10)
( ) {377
2 377(2) 0
377
0.0162 (2 10) 0.0162 (10)
( ) ( ) 0.0162
2 377 377(2) 2 377(2)
= =
2
377 377
( 2 ) 0.016
=
2
5. = 50 ; [0; 3]
3(150)
() = = = 75
3(2)
3
( 2 ) 0 2500 2
= =
3
3 3
2500 2 2500 3 {
0 =
0 = 2500.27
3 9 9
= 503
6. = 10 2 ; [0; 2]
2 3 2
0 10 2 10 {0 40
() = = = =
2 2.3 3
2
( 2 ) 0 100 4
= =
2
3 2
100 4 100 5 {
0 =
0 = 100.32 = 402
3 15 9 9
PARTE B)
3
1. 1 3 3 3
( +1)
3
= 3 = 3 2 = 3, = 3, = 1, = 1
3 3
3 3
1 3 2
( + 1) 3 = ( + 1)3 3
1 1
1 1
= 3 = 3, = ( + 1)3 =
2 ( + 1)2
3 3
3 3 1 1 1 1 3
( + 1) 3 = 3
3 + 3( )| 3
1 1 2 ( + 1) 2 2 ( + 1) 2
1
3 1 3
3 1 1 3
| + 3 ( ) | 3
2 ( + 1) 1 2 ( + 1) 2
1
3 1 3 3 1 1 3
+ 33 ( 2 ) + ( )
2 (3
3
+ 1) 4 2 (3
3
+ 1) 8
1
2. 0 ( 2 +1)3
= tan = sec 2 = 0, = 0, = 1, =
4
4 sec 2 4
4
4
2
4
= cos = cos cos 2 sin2 =
0 (tan 2 + 1)3
0 0 0
4
4 2
sin cos 3
4 4 cos 4
cos = cos ( )
0 0 3 0 3
04 cos 2
4 sin cos 3
cos 4 = 3 {4 =
0 4 4 0
1 1
4 04 (2 cos 2+ ) sin cos 3 sin 0 cos 3 0
cos 4 = 3 2 ( 4 4 )
0 4 4 4
1
( sin 2 + ) {4 sin cos 3
4 4 2 0 4 4
cos 4 = 3
0 4 4
1 1 1 1
4 sin + sin 0 (0) 1
cos 4 = 3 4 2 24 4 2
0 4 4
4 3 1 1
cos 4 = + =
0 16 8 4 8 16
3. 02 1 sin
2 1 sin2 2 cos
=
0 1 + sin 0 1 + sin
1 sin = = , = 0, = 1, = , = 0
2
0
0
= 22 { = 22 2
1 2 1
4. sin cos
1
((( + )) (( )))
2
1
(( + )) { + (( )) {
2
1 1
(( + )) + (( + )) + (( ))
2 2
(( )) = 0
3
5. 3
ln( ln ) ln
= ln(ln|ln |) =
ln|ln | ln
= 3 = ln(ln( 3)) ; = 3 = ln(ln( 3))
3
6. 1
3
= = 3
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
2
= =
2 + 1 2
|3+ 1
1 3
(1)
2 2 1 2 ( 2 +1) 2
Reemplazando en (1):
|3+ 1 ( 2 1)
1 3
2 2 1 2
1
( + )
2
Reemplazando x en w
1 1
[ + ( + )] |3
2 2 2 1
Por el 2do teorema fundamental del clculo:
Resolviendo
3 3
+
9 6
2
1 9 3 2
7.
2
2 2
16
Haciendo =
2
=
2
9 3
2 (1)
2
16
3 2
9
u=z dv = 3
16
3
du = dz v = 3
2
3 1 3 3
= 3 3
2
9
3 3 2 3
16
3
29 (2)2
9. 3 3 + 3(2)2
3
2 = ( 3)2
Acomodando la ecuacin original para facilitar los clculos:
3 29 2( 2)
2 3 3(
3 3
2)(3 + ( 2)2 )
Reemplazando x por z:
3
3 29 ( 3)2
2 3
29 29
2
1
3 ( 3) + 27
3 3 2 + 3
1
1 3( 2)3 29
( 2) 9( 2)3 + 183 ( )|
3 3
INTEGRALES IMPROPIAS
3 3 2
2 (3)2
, 2
4 2
, 4
(3)3
, 2
+6+25
, 2 3
+1
2
lim 4
3 4
2
lim +2=2 Es una integral impropia de 1ra
3
especie convergente a 2.
Ejemplo
0
Calcula: ( )
+
Solucin:
() =
0
lim+ + ( )
0 +
()2 ()
( + ) = 2 2 = 2 2
2
=
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
= +
2 2 2 2
= + 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
= 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 ( ) 2 ( )
2 2
1 1
= 2 2 + 2 2 2 ( )
2 2
1 1 0
lim+ 2 2 + 2 2 2 ( )
0 2 2 +
1
lim+( 2 + 2 ( + )2 ( + )2 ( + )2 +
0 2
1 2 +
( ) )
2
1
= 2 + 2 ( )
2 2
= ( + )
Ejemplo:
1
2
1
4
1
=
= ---------> =
1 1
= (1 )2 ---------> = 2(1 )2
1
1 1
= 21 21 + 2 1 (1 )2
1
2
4
4
2 2 3 4
1
= 1 , =1 , =
2
+1 1+1
= =0 (2 )
1
1 = 2 ------> = 1 2 ------> 1 = (1 2 )1
= 1 = 2
= 2
1 3
= ---------------> =
4 2
1 1
= ---------------> =
2 2
= 1 2
2
3
2
1 1
2 2
2 2 2
= 3 (1 2)
= 2 3 2 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
= 2 + 3 3 2 1
2 2
1
1 3 1 1 2
= 2( ) +
2 2 2 +1 3
2
1 3 1 12 1 32
= 2 ( ) +
2 2 2 1+2 2 3+2
1 (12) (3+2)
= 2 3 +
2 (1+2) (32)
= + ( ) +
() (+)
(+) ()
() =
() = () + () + () + ()
1
() = lim () + lim+ () + lim+ + () + lim ()
1 0 2 0 2
Ejemplo
1
Si () = ln(sec(2) + (2))
3 2
2
1 2(sec(2) (2) + 2 (2))
() =
2 sec(2) + (2)
1
() =
(1 + 2 )( 2 2 )
1 1
() = =
(1 2 ) 3
2
2 2
2 4
(tan()) = (tan()) = =
(1 2 )2 (1 2 )2 9
2 ()
0
=
=
= 2
4
1
32 . . 2
3
0
= =
= 32 . 2 = 3
= 3 04 3
I2
2 = 2
0
4 4
2
0 0
1 2
||
2
Reem
1 1
(3 ( 2 ||))
3 2
1 1
( 2)
3 4 2
()
0
1
2
()
2
0
= =
= () = cos()
2
1
= cos() + 0 cos()
I1
1 = cos()
0
1
2
1 = cos()
2
0
1
= =
2
1
= cos() = ()
2
0
1 1
1 = sen() + 0 sen()
2
I3
1
1 1
3 = sen() = cos()
2
0
2 2 1
I= ( cos() + ( sen() + cos())
Ejercicio
A2
= ( ) = ( )
30 3
1 = 2 = 3 = = = = = =
1 = ( ).
=1
3 2
3 3 9 3
= (( ) 2 ( ) )( )
n
=1
3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3
= lim ( ) lim 2 ( ) lim 3
=1 =1 =1
2 ( + 1)2 ( + 1)(2 + 1) ( + 1)
81 lim 54 lim 27 lim
44 63 22
3
81 54 27 45
=
4 3 2 4
= ( ) = ( )
2 (2) 4
1 = 2 = 3 = = = = = =
1 = ( ).
=1
2
4 4 4
= (( ) 2 + 2) ( )
n
=1
4 2 4 4 4 4
lim ( ) lim 2 + lim 2
=1 =1 =1
( + 1)(2 + 1) ( + 1)
64 lim 32 lim + 8 lim
63 22
128 32 40
+8=
6 2 3
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
Ejemplo
() = , (10)
0
Solucin:
( 2 + 1) = 10 = 2
1 1
(10) = =
(3(2)2 + 1) 13
Ejemplo
Calcular
5
1
+ 3
0
1 =
= 2 + 1
= 2
2
. 2
2 + 4
0
2
2 2 + 8 8
2 + 4
0
2 2
1
2 8
2 + 4
0 0
8 5 5 1
[2 ( )] = (2(5 1) + 4 ( ( ) ( )))
2 2 1 2 2
5 1
I=8+4 ( ( ) ( ))
2 2
Ejemplo:
3
() =
, Calcula ()
6
Solucin
3 2 2
() = 3 =
Ejemplo:
Si H ( x) t.tgt dt ,
senx
halla H ( x), H ( )
4
2
Solucin
senx
H ( x) t Tgt dt
4
H ( x) Senx Tg ( senx) cos x
H ( ) sen tg ( sen ) cos H ( ) 0
2 2 2 2 2
Es decir:
() = () ()
EJEMPLO:
3
Calcula:0
3 3
=
3
[ 3 ]0 = 9 13 = 26
3
Ejemplo:
Calcula:
dx
[ Ln ( Lnx ) ]ee Ln Lne 2 Ln Lne
2
e2
e
xLn( x)
I Ln 2
INTEGRACIN POR PARTES EN INTEGRAL DEFINIDA
Sean las funciones u y v diferenciales en [a,b],diferenciando el producto uv
()
(( )) = ()
()
Ejercicio
Evala:
4 dx
1) 1
1
x 2 (1 )
x
2) 00.2 e cos 5 x sen10 x dx
0 x f ( x) dx
2 2
3)
1 xdx
4) 0
6 x x2
t 2 dt
5) 01
( 25 9t 2 ) 3
6) el costo de marginal de producir cierto producto est dada por:
1 1 9t 2 dt
0
9 ( 5 2 (3t ) 2 ) 3
3t 5 sen Z t 0z 0
37
3dt 5 cos z dz t 1 z
180
5
dt cos z dz
3
5 2 (3t ) 2 5 cos z
1 37 5 2 sen 2 ( z ) 5 cos z
0180 dz
27 3
5 cos z 3
1 37 1 37
0 180 Tg z dz 0180 (sec z 1)dz
2 2
27 27
I Tgz z 0
1 37 (180 ) 1
27
1 3 37 1 3 37
I ( 0) I ( )
27 4 180 27 4 180
3.
2
0 x
2
f ( x) dx
u x2 du 2 x dx
dv f ( x) dx 0v f ( x)
I x 2 f ( x) 2 02 x f ( x ) dx
u x du dx
dv f ( x) dx v f ( x )
I A xf ' ( x) f ( x)dx
I A xf ' ( x) f ( x)
I x 2 f ( x) 2 xf ( x ) 2 f ( x )
I 4 f ( 2) 4 f (2) 2 f ( 2)
Ejemplo
2
4
1 3 . 2
=
4
2
16
Solucin:
2
4
1 3 . 2
=
4
2
16
: = = 2
2
= =
4 2
2
= =
16 4
Reemplazando en la integral original
2
4 2
1 3 . 2 1
= = 3 . 2
4 2
2
16 4
2
= 3 . . .
4
u= = .
3
= 3 . . =
ln(3)
1 2
= (3 . 3 . . )|
ln(3)
4
1
3 2
= (3 . )|
ln(3) ln(3)
4
1
= 1 , =
2 4 2
2
4 1 1
1 3 . 2 1 3 3 2
3 2
= = (3 + )
4 ln(3) ln(3) 2 ln(3)
2
16
Problema 5:
Calcula:
2
3
(ln())2 . .
Solucin:
2
3
(ln())2 . .
: = =
= =1
= 2 = 2
2 2
= 3
= 3
(ln())2 . . 1 (ln z)2 .
2 2
2
=3 = ()3 .
(ln z)2 . 1
1
2
2 2
= ()3 .
3
= 3|
1
1
2
3 3 3
= 3
= 3(2 1) = 32
(ln())2 . .
3
= 32
Problema 6:
Calcula:
3
()
=
3
1
Solucin:
3
= ()
3
1
()
= ( 2
+ 2 2
)| 3
2 2 (1 + ) 1
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
3
() 3 1
= | +
2 2 1 2 2 (1 + 2 )
1
3 3 3
= 2 =
(1 + 2 ) 2 (1 + 2 )
1 1 1
1 1
= ( ())| 3 = ( ) (1 )
1 3 3 4
3 1
=
3 12
() 3 1 3 1
= | + ( )
2 2 1 2 3 12
1 3 1
=( )+ ( )
8 18 2 3 12
3
3 1
= () = +
3 2 3 36
1
Problema 7:
Calcula:
29 3
( 2)2
= 3
3
3 + ( 2)2
Solucin:
29 3
( 2)2
= 3
3
3 + ( 2)2
: 2 = 3 = 3 2
=3 =1
= 29 = 3
3 3
3 4 2
9
= = 3 ( 3 + )
3 + 2 3 + 2
1 1
27 33
= [ 3 3 + ( ] 31=8 +
3 3 2
29 3
( 2)2 33
= =8+
3
3 + ( 2)2 2
3
Ejercicios
1 1 x
d ( x)
1 1 x
5d ( x)
5 x 18 x 2 36
4
0
2e 3e e x d ( x)
x x
d ( x)
3
x 1
1 3 3
x
1
(3 x 2 (1 x)2/3 )d ( x)
0
Ejemplos:
Evala:
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
dx
a x( x2 1)
dx
1 ( x 1)3/2 x 1
1 e kx
0 xe x
d ( x)
SOLUCION
dx 1 dx m dx
a)
0
lim lim
x( x 1) 0 0 x( x 1) m 1 x( x 2 1)
2 2
1 1 x m 1 x
lim 2 d ( x) lim 2 d ( x)
0 x x 1 m 1
x x 1
1 m
1 1
lim ln x ln( x 2 1) lim ln x ln( x 2 1)
0 2 m
2 1
1 m
x x
lim ln lim ln
0
x 1 m x 1 1
2 2
1 m
x x
lim ln lim ln
0
x 1
x 1 1
2 m 2
1 1
ln lim ln lim ln ln
2 0 1
2 m
1
2
2
ln 0 ln 1
dx m dx
b)
1
lim
( x 1) x 1 m 1 ( x 1) x 1
3/2 3/2
t2 x 1
x m t m 1 2td (t ) d ( x)
x 1 t 0
m 1 2td (t ) m 1 2d (t )
lim lim
m 1 t t
3 m 1 t 2 1
lim 2arctg ( m 1) 2
m
2
1 e kx
c)
0 xe x
d ( x); I (0) 0
1 e kx
d
ke x
I '( k ) d x
0 d k
xe kx
I '( k ) x
d x e( k 1) k
0 xe 0
m 1
m
1 1
I '( k ) lim e ( k 1) k
lim lim
m 0 m ( k 1)e( k 1) x m (k 1)e ( k 1) m
k 1
0
1 dk
I '( k ) d (Ik )
k 1 k 1
I ( k ) ln(k 1)
Problema 8:
Calcula:
2
4
= 2 2 4
Solucin:
2
4
= 2 2 4
2 2
3 4 4
= lim 2+ + lim 3
+ 2 4 2 4
2 4
2 4 2 4
= = ( ) = +
2 4 2 4
2 4 3 2
= lim ( )| + lim ( 4 )|
+ 2 + + 3
2 4 2 4
= ( 3 lim ( (2+) ))
+
2 4 2 4
+ ( lim ( ) + 3 )
+
2 4 2 4
= lim ( (2+) ) + lim ( )
+ +
1 1
= lim ( 2 +4
) + lim ( 2 4
)
+ +
2 4
= =1
2 4
2
Problema 9:
2
2
=
4 2
2
Solucin:
2
2
=
4 2
2
2
: () = , : () = () , 2; 2
4 2
()
2 2 2
2 2 2
= = 2 = 2 lim
4 2 4 2 0+ 4 2
2 0 0
2
= =
4 2 4 2
:
= =
= = 4 2
4 2
= 4 2 + 4 2
1 4 2
= 4 2 + (4 2 + 4 ( )) = 2 ( )
2 2 2 2
4 2 2
= 2 lim (2 ( ) )|
0+ 2 2 0
(2 )4 (2 )2
= 2 lim (2 (1 ) )
0+ 2 2
2
2
= = 4(1) = 2
4 2
2
Problema 10:
Evala
3
= 02 ( 4)
Solucin:
3
= 02 ( 4)
1 1
= 3 0 (4) = 3 0 (() + 4)
2 2
1 2
= 3 02 () + 3 02 2
= 02 () = 02 ( ( 2 )) = 02 ()
2
2 = 02 () + 02 () = 02 ( )
2
2
2 = 02 ( ) = 02 (2) 02 (2)
2
1 1 1
02 (2) = 2 0 () = 2 02 () + 2 ()
2
1 1
2 = 2 0 () + 2 () 0 (2)
2 2
2
3 1
= 2 () 02 (2)
2 2
= ()
2
: = =
= =
2 2
==0
= () = 02 (( )) = 02 () =
2
3 1 (2)
= 2 02 (2) =
2 2
1 2 1 (2)
= 3 + 3 0 2 = 3 + 2
3
3 (2) (2) (2)
= 0 ( 4) =
2 =
3 6 6
Problema 11:
()
= { } 2
+1
0 0
Solucin:
()
= { } 2
+1
0 0
= {()}
2 + 1
0
()
() =
0
()
(()) ( )
=
0
(()) ()
= = ()
0 0
() = () = lim ()
+
0 0
() = 2 (() cos()) ()
+1
1 () cos() 1
() = ( ) lim ( )| = 2
2 + 1 + 0 +1
1
() = ( 2 ) () = ()
+1
(())2
= {()} 2 = () ( 2 ) = lim ( )|
+1 +1 + 2 0
0 0
() 2
= { } 2 =
+1 8
0 0
() = 2 +1 (() cos())
= ()
:
= =
()
= () =
() 1
= + ()
= ()
:
= =
()
= () =
() 1
= ()
() 1 () 1
= + ( () )
() ()
= 2
2
2 + 1 () ()
( 2 ) =
2 2
= () = (() cos())
2 + 1
y es divergente si p1
b d ( x)
IV. La integral P de segunda especie se denota por:
a (b x) p
Ejemplo
Ejemplo
Analizar la convergencia y divergencia
1
1
( 16 +168 64) 8
SOLUCIN
1
1 ( 8 +8)2 8
1 1
8 , x 1,
x ( x 8) x
8 2 8
1 1
1 1
( 8 +8)2 8 8
1
Como 1 8 es integral P=8>1 es convergente, entonces integral
impropia de primera especie:
1
1 ( 8 +8)2 8 , tambin converge.
Ejemplo
Analizar la convergencia y divergencia de:
1
1 2
4
Solucin
e4 x e4 x
2
1 1 1
2 4 , [1, > 1
4 4
1
Entonces la integral exponencial: 1 = 1 4 , = 4 > 0,es
4
convergente
la integral impropia de primera especie:
1
1 2 tambin converge.
4
Ejercicios
d ( x)
3 ln x
d ( x)
1
e 2 x2
9
cosh( x)d ( x)
1 x
d ( x)
4 3
x2 8x
La funcin g ( x) 0 f ( x) 0 en a,
f ( x)
lim A
x g ( x)
d ( x)
( x 2 4)e x
2
a
x 4 d ( x)
1 3
x3 1
d ( x)
1
9 x6 3x3 4 3 8 x9 5 x6 10
-
Ejemplo: Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de:
5 = ()
1 32 10 + 4 4 + 3 1
Solucin:
1
32
5
10 + 4 4 + 3 2
lim = lim 5
1 32 10 + 4 4 + 3
2
1 1
lim =
5 4 3 2
32 + 6 + 10
1
Como A=0.50 y A, adems 1 (integral
2
impropia) es p=2 convergente, entonces1 5
32 10 +4 4 +3
tambin converge.
Ejemplo
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral impropia
de primera especie:
4 4
2 9
Solucin
4 4 = 1 ()
2 9
1
4 2 4
9 2
lim 1 = lim 4 =1
2 9
1
Como A=10 A, adems 4 es divergente p=0.5<1,
entonces la integral impropia de primera especie4 4
2 9
Tambin diverge.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
CRITERIO DE PRINSHEIM
Ejemplo:
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral
Impropia: 4 4
2 9
Solucin
1 1 1
lim 4 = lim 4 = lim ( 2.
4 ) =1
4 2 9 2 9 2 9
Ejemplo
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de la integral
Impropia:
3
( +5)
1
3
4 4
27 5 ++5 + 3 + 2 +1
Solucin
Utilizando el criterio de Prinsheim
q+ = =
3
+5
lim
3
4 4
27 5 ++5 + 3 + 2 +1
3
4 + 5
lim 3
3
27 5 + + 5 + 4 3 + 4 2 + 1
5 4
3 + 5 3
lim
3
27 5 + 4
+ 5 + 3 + 2 + 1
4
1
1+3
1
lim =
3
3
4
27 + 1 + 5 + 1 + 4 1 + 1
9 10 17 78 80
4 1
Como = > 1 = > 0 , entonces la integral impropia de
3 3
3
( +5)
primera especie 1 es convergente
3
4 4
27 5 ++5 + 3 + 2 +1
Ejercicio
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de:
8 3 + 4 + 4
5
3 5 + 4 4 + 2 2 + 4
Criterio de Convergencia Absoluta
Se dice que la integral impropia () es absolutamente
convergente si la integral impropia |()| es convergente.
Ejemplo:
|| 1 1
< <
4 + 16 4 + 16 4
1 ||
4
( = 4 > 1) es convergente, entonces
3 4 +16
3
tambin es convergente, por lo tanto la integral impropia
4 es absolutamente convergente.
3 +16
Sea : < , ] ; () ;es una integral impropia con
lmites finitos
Sea : [, > ; () ;es una integral impropia con
lmites finitos
La integral es convergente si 0 < p < 1 y es
()
divergente si p 1.
La integral es convergente si 0 < p < 1 y es
()
divergente si p 1.
Criterios de comparacin:
Criterio de Prinsheim
1
1 1 1
(5 + ) 3 (4 2 + 5) 2
) 3 (5 1
lim = lim
5 1 5 (5 + )13 (4 2 + 5)12
1
(5 ) 3
1
= 3 ; 0 ;
10.105
5 1
La integral impropia0 1 ( = < 1) es convergente, entonces la
(5) 3 3
5
integral impropia 0 3 2 tambin converge.
25 2 4 2 +5
Ejemplo:
100 dx
Estudiar la convergencia o divergencia de 0 3
x 4 4 x x3
Solucin:
100 dx
Integrando no acotado en 0, 0 4
x x 4 x 4
1
12
11
, criterio del cociente
1
112 11
4
x x 4 x 4
A = conocido
1 1 1
Lim 1 = Lim
4 x
1 11
x 0 4
x x 0 x 12 4
4 4
100 dx 100 dx
0 4
x
es convergente p<1 la integral
0 3
x 44 x x 3
tambin converge.
Ejemplo:
5 Lnx
Analizar la convergencia o divergencia de: 4 ( x 4) 4 dx
Solucin:
1
x 4 , 5 ], Lnx 1 ; ( x 4) 4 0 0
( x 4) 4
Como:
1
Lnx 1 0
( x 4) 4
Lnx 1
0
( x 4) 4 ( x 4) 4
Adems la integral p:
5 dx
4 (x 4) 4 , p=4 > 1, es divergente.
5 Lnx
4 ( x 4) 4
dx Tambin Diverge.
Ejemplo:
1 dx
Analizar la convergencia o divergencia para 1 3
x2 1 5 x4 1
Solucin:
0 dx 1 dx
I= 1 ( x 1) 815 ( x 1) 815 ( x 2 1) 15 + 0
( x 1) 15 ( x 1) 15 ( x 2
8 8
1) 5
1
0 dx
I1= 1
( x 1) 15 ( x 1) 15 ( x 2
8 8
1) 5
1
8
lim ( x 1) m
1 m 1
x 1 8 8 1 15
( x 1) .( x 1) .( x 2 1)
15 15 5
11
1 1 1
Lim = 2 15
x 1 8 1 8 1 11
( x 1) 15 ( x 2 1) 5 215.2 5 215
1 8
B= es finito m = <1
215
11
15
0 dx
I1=
1 8 8 1 es convergente.
( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1)
15 15 2 5
1 dx
I2 = 0 8 8 1
( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 2 1)15 15 5
1
Lim( x 1) m . 8 8 1
x1
( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 2 1)
15 15 5
11
1 1 1
Lim 8 1
8 1
11
2 15
x 1
( x 1) ( x 2 1)
15 5 15
2 .2 5
2 15
11
8
B 2 15
, es finito; m = <1;
15
I2 es convergente.
Como I2 e I1 son convergentes.
Propidades:
1. (n) (n 1)!
- n N
2. (n 1) n.(n) ; n 0
3. (n) (n 1).(n 1)
(n 1)
4. (n) ;n 0
n
1 (2n)!
5. (n ) , n 0,1,2,3,
2 n! 22n
cos x.dx
6. , 0 q 1
0 xq q.
2.(q). cos
2
senxdx
7. 0 ,0 q 1
x q
q.
2.(q) sen
2
x p 1dx
8 0 ,0 p 1
1 x sen p.
x p 1dx
9. 0 ,0<p<q
1 x q
p
qsen .
q
10. (1) (2) 1
1
11. ( )
2
2. (; ) = (n;m)
(m) (n)
3. (; ) =
(m + n)
(m;n)
4.-0 2 (sin )2m1 (cos )2n1 d =
2
n 1
5.- (m, n) (m 1, n 1)
m .-
m 1
6. (m, n) (m 1, n 1)
n
( m) ( n )
7. (m, n)
( m n)
8. (m, n) (n, m)
Ejemplos
1. 5 4! 24
7 5
2. 1
2 2
5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 1
. 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
7 15
2 8
Ejemplo:
Evale:
1 dx
I
0 x 1 x
Solucin:
1 1
1 dx 1
I x 2 .(1 x) 2 .dx
0
x 1 x 0
1 1
m 1 m
2 2
1 1
n 1 n
2 2
1 1
.
1 1 .
I ,
2 2
2 2 1 1
Ejemplo
Calcula:
1 dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx
2 2
0 x.1x
=0
x.1x
+ 1
x.1x
=0
xx2
+ 1 =
2 2 xx2
1 dx 12 dx 1 dx
= lim+ 0+2 + lim+ 1 = lim+ 2 +
1 0 1 x.1x 2 0 2 x.1x 1 0 2 2
(1) +(2x1)
2 2
12 dx
+ lim+ 1 2 2
= lim sin1 (21 1) + lim sin1 (21
2 0 2 (1) +(2x1) 1 0 2 0
2 2
1)I= + =
2 2
Otro mtodo
Evala:
1 dx
I
0 x 1 x
Solucin:
1 1
1 dx 1
I x 2 .(1 x) 2 .dx
0
x 1 x 0
1 1
m 1 m
2 2
1 1
n 1 n
2 2
1 1
.
1 1 .
I ,
2 2
2 2 1 1
Ejemplo
o x(t)
Sea x(t) la posicin de la partcula en el instante t seg.
Sea v(t) la posicin de la partcula en el instante t seg.
dv k
m = , < 0
dt x
dv dx k
m . =
dt dx x
dv k
mv = ;separando variable
dx x
dx dx
mdv = k mdv + k =0
x x
dx
mdv + k x
= o
mv2
+ kLn|x| = C; x(0) = A; v(0) = 0
2
0 + kLnA = C C = kLnA
mv2 mv2 A
+ kLn|x| = kLnA = kLn
2 2 x
2k A
v = Ln( )
m x
dx 2k A
=- Ln( )
dt m x
0 dx 2k 0 dx 2k
A =-0 dt A = ( 0)
A m A m
Ln( ) Ln( )
x x
m A dx
= 0
2k A
Ln( )
x
dx
W = LnA Lnx dw =
x
A
= ew x = Aew dx = Aew dw
x
x=0W=
x=Aw=0
A 0
dx Aew dw
=
w
0
Ln(A )
x
1
0 Aw2 ew dw w2 ew dw
1
= A
1
I= w
= A 0
w
Aew dw
2
m m
tF = A = A
2k 2k
Ejemplo:
Evala
1
x 3 (Lnx)6 dx
0
Solucin:
dx
Lnx = t x = et dt = dx = et dt
x
x=0t=
x=1t=0
0
3t (t)6
I= e ( e )dt I = e4t (t)6 dt
t
0
du
u = 4t du = 4dt dt =
4
t=0u=0
t=0=
0
u 6 u du
( ) e I = u6 eu du
4 4 0
7 1.2.3.4.5.6 45
I= = =
214 1024.16 1024
Ejemplo:
Calcule 0
1 1 3
( )+ ln x.xN (lnx)K
3
dx , K es par
3
ln X
1 ( )
I=0 3 3 dx
1
1
+ 0 x N (ln x)K dx
ln x
1 ( )
I1=0 3 3 dx
1
1
y I2=0 x N (ln x)K dx
ln x
I 1: z = ln x x = z
1
dz = dx dx = z dz
x
x=0 z=
x=1 z=0
I 2: z = ln x x = ez dx = ez dz
x=0 z=
x=1z=0
( )
1
0 0
z 3 ez dz + ()eNz (z)K ez dz
1
I=
3
I= ( ) 0 z ez dz
1
3
1
3
+ 0 e(N+1)z z K dz
t = (N + 1)z dt = (N + 1) dz
dt
= dz
(N + 1)
z=0t=0
z=t=
I= ( ). ( )
1
3
2
3
+
0 (N+1)
t K dt
et N+1
I= 1
( ).
3
(1 3 ) 1
+
1
t K et dt
(N + 1)K+1 0
(k+L) 2 (K+1)
I= 1 + = +
sin (N+1)K+1 3 (N+1)K+1
3
1 1 1 . 1
1 (4) (2) 0.4 ( ) ( ) 2
I= + . 2 2
; (1) . (11) = 1 ( 3) =
4 3 4 (2) 4 4 sin( ) 4 1
( ) 4 ( )
4 4
m2 a4
I= +
42 8
Ejemplo
Demostrar que :
b
(x a)m (b x)n dx = (b a)m+n+1 (m + 1; n + 1)
a
b
n
(x a)m (b a (x a)) dx
a
xa
z= x = z(b a) + a
ba
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
dx = (b a) dx ; x = z. (b a) a
x=az=0 ; x=bz=1
1
(b a)m z n (b a (b a)z)n (b a) dz
0
1
z m (b a)m (b a)m (1 z)n (b a) dz
0
1
z m (1 z)n (b a)m+n+1 dx = (b a)m+n+1 (m+1;n+1)
0
Ejemplo
a a+xa4 x5
Calcule 0 dx ; ( 1) = m
a4 x4 4
1
a dx a
I= a 0 + 0 x(a4 x 4 )2 dx
a4 x4
1 a 3
x = a. z 4 x 4 = a4 . z ; dx = z 4 dx
4
x=0z=0 ; x=az=1
3 1 1 3
a 1 az 4 1 9
I= 0 1 + 0 az 4 (a4 a4 . z)2 z 4 dz =
4 a2 (1z) 2 4
1 1 3
1 a4 1 1 1
I = z 4 (1 z) 2 dz + z 2 (1 z)2 dz
4 0 4 0
1 a4 1
I = (1;1) + 13 ; (1+1) = (1) =
4 42 4 (2;2) 2 2 2 2
Ejemplo
(1) du
4
4
0 (1 + u)2 ln u
ln(1 + u) = t 1 + u = et ; u = et 1 du = et dt
u=0t=0 ; u=t=
t
(1) e dt 1
4
1 = (1) t 4 et = (1) 3 = (1) (11)
4 4 ( ) 4 4
4
0 e2t . t 4 0
= = 2.
1
sin( )
4
Ejemplo
t t 7
ln(12) cosh t (1 2 sinh cosh )
2 2
dt
0 sinh t
ln(12)
cosh t (1 sinh t)7
= dt
0 sinh t
et et
sinh t = x x =
2
cosh t dt = dx
eln(1+2) eln(1+2)
t=0x=0 ; t = ln(1 + 2) x =
2
1 1 + 22 + 2 2(2 + 1)
2x = 1 + 2 2x = = x=1
1 + 2 1 + 2 2 + 1
Ejemplo
1 1 9
(1) 9
2 ( )
2
x 2 (1 x) dx
2 = 19 ; I=
0
( ; )
22 (5)
7 5 3 1 1 35
= . . . . . . =
2 2 2 2 2.3.4 128
Ejemplo
dz
0 (4z 2 + 8z + 4)(ln(z + 1))7
z = ln(z + 1) z + 1 = et dz = et dt
z=0t=0 ; z=t=
1 et dt 1 7 t 1
I= = t 2 e dt = 5
4 0 2t 72 4 0 4 (2)
e .t
Ejemplo
dt
0 t4 + 4
t 2 = 2 tan t = 2 tan ; t=0=0 ; t==
2
2
(sec )2
2tdt = 2(sec ) d dt =
2 tan
2 (sec )2 d 1 2 d
=
0 2 tan 4(sec )2 4 0 2 tan
1 2 1 1
= (sin )2 . (cos )2 d
42 0
1 1 1 3
2m 1 = m = ; 2n 1 = n=
2 4 2 4
(1) . 3
1 1 1 1 4 ( )
4 1
= (1 ;3 ) . = . = . =
42 4 4 2 42 2 (1) 82 sin(1 ) 8
4
Ejemplo
Demostrar que:
x m1 x p1
n
dx = m ; Sabiendo dx =
0 1+x nsin 0 1+x sin p
n
Cambio de variable:
1
1 1n
x n = z ; x = z n dx = z n dz
n
x=0z=0 ; x=z=
m1 mn mn
z n 1 1n 1 z n 1 z n m
n
0 1+z . z n dz = dz = dz = m ; 0< <
n n 0 1+z n 0 1+z sin n
n
1
Ejemplo
dx dx
I = 0 3 = 0 3
x2 (x2 +2x+1) x2 (x+1)2
1 5 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) (1 )
I = ( , ) =
1 5 3 3 =
3 3 =
3 3
(2) (2)
1 2
( ) 23 ( )
3 3 =
2
.
(2) 3 sen(1)
3
4 43
I= =
33 9
Otra tcnica.
2
x 3 dx 1
(; ) = +
0 (x + 1)
2
0 (1 + )
2 1 5
m1= m= m+n=2n=
3 3 3
1 5 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) (1 )
1 5
(; ) = ( ; ) =
3 3 =
3 3
3 3 (2) (2)
1 2
( ) 23 ( )
I=
3 3 =
2
.
=
4
=
43
(2)
1
3 sen(3) 33 9
Ejemplo
Calcula: =
() .()
() .(())
Solucin:
11 1
4
2 (x 2) 12 (4 x)12 dx
x2 1
z= x 2 = 2z x = 2 + 2z ; dz = dx dx = 2 dz
2 2
4 x = 4 2z 2 = 2 2z = 2(1 z)
x=2z=0
x=4z=1
Reemplazando estos datos en la integral original
11 1 11 1 11 1
1 1
0 (2z) 12 (2(1 z)) 12
2dz = 0 2 12 . 2 12 . 2. z 12 (1 z) 12 dz
11 1
1 11 1
I = 0 z 12 ((1 z)) 12
dz ; m1 = m= ; n1 =
12 12
1 11
n=
12 12
1 11 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) (1 )
I = ( , ) =
1 11 12 12 = 12 12 =
(1) (1)
1
12 12 sin(12)
1 3 1 1 31
sin ( ) = sin ( ) = sin . cos cos sin = . . =
12 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 2 2
62
sin 150 =
4
4 4(62)
I= I= I = (6 + 2)
62 62
Ejemplo
a 2 b 2
Si 0
(e x2
e x2
)dx 00..55 cos 6 tdt , halla (b-a)
Solucin:
a 2 x 2 b 2 x 2
Sea IA 0 e dx , I B 0 e dx
2 dz 3 x 3 dz
za x 2
dz 2a x dx dx 2 3
2
2a x 2a 2
z a 3 dz adz
x ; dx 2 3
dx
a 2a ( z ) 2( z ) 3
x0z
xz0
1
z 3 a( )
ae dz a 2 z 2 1
I A 0 3
0 z e dz ( )
2( z ) 2 2 2
1
( 1)
2 1
2( ) 2
1 2
2
I A a
I B 0 e b x dx b
2 2
Por analoga:
I a b (b a)
1 7
( ) ( )
IC ( , ) = 1 7 2 2
2 2
(4)
1 7 531
2( )( )
IC 2 2 222
2(4) 23
5
IC
16
5 5
(b a) ba
16 16
Ejemplo
6dt
Calcula: 0
t 1
6
Solucin:
dz
z t 6 dz 6t 5 dt dt 5
,
6t
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
5
dz 1 6
t 6
z dt 5
dt z dz
6
6
z
t 0z0
tz
5 5
p 1
6 z dz z 6
dz x 6
0
0 ; como 0 dx
6( z 1) z 1 x 1 sen( p )
5 1
p 1 p
6 6
I I 2
1 0.5
sen( )
6
Ejemplo
Evala:
1 x 3dx
0 4 1
(1 x ) 5 2
Solucin:
4 1
0 x (1 x )
1 3 5 2
4
x t 5
5 1
5
x t dx t 4 dt
4
4
15
x t 3 4
x 0t 0
x 1 t 1
15 1 1
5
1
t (1 t ) t 4 dt
0 4 2
4
1
5 5 3
I 01 t 4 (1 t ) 2 dt (5, )
4 4 2
3
4!( )
5 2
I
4 (13)
2
Ejemplo
2
( ) x 3 dx
dx
Calcule I 37 01 3 2
( x 3)(7 x)
(ln x) 3
Solucin:
dx
I1 7
3
( x 3)(4 ( x 3))
x 3 4 z dx 4dz
x 3 z 0
x 7 z 1
1 1
4dz
I 1 01 0 z (1 z ) 2 dz
1 2
4 z (4 4 z )
1 1
( ) ( )
1 1
I 1 ( , ) 2 2
2 2 (1) 1
2
( ) x 3dx
I 2 01 3 2
(ln x) 3
ln x t x e t dx e t dt
x 0t
x 1 t 0
2 3t t
( )(e e )dt 2
3 2 0 3 4t
I 2
0
2
( ) t e dt
3
3
t
u du
u 4t t dt
4 4
t 0u 0
t u
2
2 ( )
2
2 u du
I 2 0 ( )( ) e u 3
3 3 0 u 3 e u du
3 4 4 4
2
( )
1 1 2 1 2
I 2 3 3 ( ) 3 ( ) ( ) 3
4 3 4 3 3 4 3
2
I 3
4 3
Ejemplo
5
x dx
Evale
0 ( x 1)( x 1) 2
2
Solucin:
1 1 1 1
2 2
x 1 x 2 x 1 x 1 ( x 1) 2
2
1 1
1 1 1
( 2 ) 22 x 2 x 2
2 x x 1 ( x 1) 2
x 1 ( x 1)
1 1 1
5 5 5
x dx x dx x dx
0 ( x 1)( x 1)
2 2
0 2 x ( x 1)
2
0 2 x ( x 1) 2
4 4
5 5
1 x dx 1 x dx
I
2 1 x
0 2
2 ( x 1) 2
0
dx
Evale: 0 3
x .( x 2 x 1)
2 2
Solucin:
dx
0 2
x .(x 1) 2
3
x y 1 dy
y x x. y y x(1 y) y x x 1 dx
x 1 1 y 1 y (1 y) 2
x0 y0
x y 1
Reemplazando
(1 y ) 3 .(1 y ) 2 dy
2 2
1 1
0 2
y 3 .(1 y ) 3 .dy
0
(1 y ) . y 2 3
2 1 2 5
m 1 m ; n 1 n
3 3 3 3
1 5
.
1 5 1 2 2 1 2
I , .1 .
3 3
3 3 (2) 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 1 1 2
. .1
3 3 3 3 sin 3
3
2 2 4
I
3 3 3 3
Otro procedimiento
dx dx
I = 0 3 = 0 3
x2 (x2 +2x+1) x2 (x+1)2
1
(sin z)3 1 7
I = 2 0 2
1 . (cos z) dz = 2 0 (sin z)3 . (cos z)3 dz
2 2
(cos z)3
1 2 1 7 10 5
2m 1 = 2m = m = ; 2n 1 = 2n = n=
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 5 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) (1 )
1 5
I = ( , ) =
3 3 =
3 3 =
3 3
(2) (2)
1 2
( ) 23 ( )
3 3 =
2
.
(2) 3 sen(1)
3
4 43
I= =
33 9
Ejemplo:
x 2
4
.e x x 3 .e 2 x )dx
3 2
Calcule: 0 ( x.e
3
Solucin:
4 x 2
I )dx .e x dx 0 x 3 .e 2 x dx
3 2
0 ( x.e 0
3
t
u x x u2 z x3 x 3 z t 2x 2 x
2
1
2udu dx dz dx dt
3.3 z 2 dx
x0u 0 2 2t
x0z0
xu x0t 0
xz
xt
3
1 z t
u 2 e t .e .dt
2
I 0 u .e .2u.du .0 3 2 dz 0 3
2
3 3. z
1 1
2 2.2.2 2.t 2
3 2
2 1 3 z 1
I 2.0 u .e .du . .0 z e dz .0 t.e t .dt
u
2
3 3 8
5 1 2 1 1
I 2. . . .2
2 3 3 3 8
3 1 1 1 2 1
I 2. . . . .
2 2 3 3 3 8
3 1 1 3 2 1
I .
2 3
8 2 3 3 8
sin
3
Problema 8:
Calcula:
2 4
=
2 4
2
Solucin:
2 4
=
2 4
2
3 2 4 2 4
= lim + lim
+ 2 4 2 4
2+ 3
2 4
2 4 2
= = ( ) = 4 +
2 4 2
4
2 4 3 2
= lim ( )| + lim ( 4 )|
+ 2 + + 3
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
= ( 3 lim ( (2+) )) + ( lim ( ) + 3 )
+ +
2 4 2 4
= lim ( (2+) ) + lim ( )
+ +
1 1
= lim ( 2
) + lim ( 2
)
+ +4 + 4
2 4
= =1
2 4
2
2. Calcula:
Solucin:
4 4
5 = 3 ( 2 1)
0 0
I1 I2
DE I1
4 4
3 ( 2 ) = ( 2 1) 2
0 0
Entonces:
04 3 ( 2 ) = 04 ( 4 ) 04 ( 2 ) ..I1
DE I2
3 2 2
0 = 0 ( 1) = 0 04
4 4 4
4 4 4
3 = 2 2
0 0 0
DE I1 Y I2 EN A
04 5 = 04 4 04 2 + 04 2
04
Arreglando
1
0 5 = 4 04 4 4 04 2 2 + 04
4
S
1
S= 4 [ 4 ]04 [ 2 ]04 [ (]04
1
S= 1 - 4 2 + 1 [ ( 4 ) (cos(0))]
S= 0,09657
3) Calcular.
( +)
Solucin:
1 4 2 2 1 1 ( 2 + 1)2
=
0 ( 2 + 1)3 0 ( 2 + 1)3
Integrando en una resta
2
1 ( 2 +1) 1 1
0 ( 2 +1)3
= 0 ( 2 +1) 3 0 ( 2 +1)
.a
I1 I2
DE I1
1 1 1 4 1 1
= = [ ]10
0 ( + 1) 4 0 ( + 1) 4 ( + 1)
2 3 2 3 2 2
DE I2
1
= [ ]10
0 ( + 1)
2
De I1 Y I2 en a
1 ( 2 + 1)2 1 1 1 1
= [ ] [ ]
0 ( 2 + 1)3 4 ( 2 + 1)2 0 0
1 ( 2 + 1)2 3
= [ ] = 05978
0 ( 2 + 1)3 16 4
Rpt:
4. Calcule ( + + + ... )
+ + +
Solucin:
Dividiendo 3
1 1 1 1 1
lim ( 3 + +3 + ..3 )
54+
27 54+54
3
54+81 54+27
1 1 1 1 1
lim ( 3 + +3 + .. 3 )
1 2+2
3
2+3 2+
3
2+
1 1 1 1 1
( ) = 3
3 3 0 2 +
=1 2 +
3
10 1
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = .= = =
0 = 0
1
1 = 0 +
1
2 = 0 + 2
2
3 = 0 + 3
1
= 0 + f( )= = (0 + )
3
2+
2+x=3
dx=32
1 1 1 1 32 1 1
() = 3 3 = = 6
2+ 3 0 2+ 3 0 6 0
1 1 1
2 = [2 ]10
2 0 2
3
m= 2 +
2 3 2
= 2 +
Reemplazando
1 3 2 1 3 2 3 2
[ 2 + ]10 = [ ( 2 + 1 2 + 0 ] = 0.2462
2 2
Rpt: 0,2463
n
3 27
a) lim ( n n
n k 1
3
k2)
n
k 2 (n 2 k 2 )
b) lim
n k 1 n5
SOLUCION:
n
3 27
a) lim ( n n
n k 1
3
k2)
n n
3k 2 3 3 ba
lim (1 (
n k 1 n
) ) =
n lim f ( x).x
n k 1
k xk
n
n
ba 3k
Xk = a + k ( ) ( ) 2 entonces a=0 por lo tanto b=3
n n
f(x) =1 + ( 3k ) 2
por lo tanto la integral sera:
n
(1 x )dx = 12
2
n
k 2 (n 2 k 2 ) ba ba b
b) lim n5
n k 1
= lim
n
f (a k (
n
))(
n
) = f ( x)dx
a
n k k 1 1 ba
= ; de donde:
lim f ( ) 2 (1( ) 2 ) n n
k 1 n n n
n
a=0; b=1
1
f(x) = X2(1-X2) X 2 (1 X 2 )dX
0
RESOLVER:
X [2; 6]
n
8k
lim 2n
n k 1
2
4kn 4k 2
Solucin:
n
8k 4 k
lim k k
X K
n
XK = 2 + 4
n
n k 1
n 2 (2 4( ) 4( ) 2 )
n n
4
k( )
n
4
lim 2 n
4 4 2 n
n K 1
4(2 k ( ) k ( ) )
n n
x2
4
k( ) 6
n
4
lim 2 n
2 = 2 dx
24 x
n K 1 16k 16k n 2
8 2
n n
RESOLVER:
n X X
lim X kk X kk 11 Sen X k X k 1 X [a; b]
n k 1
SOLUCIN:
n x x
k k 1 Sen 2 xk xk 1
lim x x
X K b a =Xk-Xk-1
n k 1 2 k k 1
2
2
X k X k 1
k
2
b
sen(2 x)dx
a
2x
-
()
(( )) = ()
()
EJERCIOS
1. Calcule ( + 9x) dx, por definicin de integral definida con un
proceso de lmite
Solucin:
0
3( 3 + 9x) dx = lim =1 ()xk .a
Se deduce:
(3) 3
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = .= = =
GRFICA:
0 = 3
3
1 = 3 +
3
2 = 3 + 2
3
3 = 3 + 3
3
= 3 +
Reemplazando en a
3 3 3 3
lim ( (3 + ) + 9 (3 + ))
=1
Resolviendo:
3 3 3 3 27 3
lim ( (3 + 3(3) (3 + ) + ( ) ) + 27 + ) )
3
=1
81 2 3 27 3
lim (27 + 81 ( ) 27 ( ) 27 + )
=1
2 54 3 3
lim ( + 81 ( ) 27 ( ) )
=1
entonces
162 243 81
2 lim + lim 2 4 lim 3
3
=1 =1 =1
162 (n)(n + 1)
lim
2 2
2
243 (n)(n + 1)(2n + 1) 81 ( + 1)
+ lim lim ( )
3 6 4 2
(n)(n + 1)
81lim
2
2
243 (n)(n + 1)(2n + 1) 81 ( + 1)
+ lim lim ( )
6 3 4 2
243 3 1 81 ( + 1) 2
81 + lim ( 2 + + ) lim ( )
6 2 4 2
243(2) 81 81 81
-81 + - = -81 +81 - =
6 4 4 4
Rpt:
2. Calcule
Solucin:
4 4
5 = 3 ( 2 1)
0 0
11 1 2 1 1 1
1 1 1
I1
4 1 1
1 1 = 3 (2 ) = [4 ] 4 =
0 4 0 4
Calculando ahora 2
04 3 = 04 ( 2 1) = 04 2 04
4 4 4
3 = 2
0 0 0
1
2 = [2 ||] 4 = 1
0 2
1 1 5 1 5 1
I= 4 + 1 2 = 4 + 2 2 = 4 + 2 2
3) Calcula:
( +)
Solucin:
1 4 2 2 1 1 ( 2 + 1)2
=
0 ( 2 + 1)3 0 ( 2 + 1)3
5 1 5
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA + 2 ING. EDWIN TELLO GODOY
4 4
1
2 +
2
1
2
3 CLCULO INTEGRAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
De 1
1 1 1 4 1 1 1
= = [ ]
0 ( + 1) 4 0 ( 2 + 1)3 4 ( 2 + 1)2 0
2 3
De 2
1
= [ ]10
0 ( + 1)
2
De 1 y 2 en a
1 ( 2 + 1)2 1 1
= [ ]10 [ ]10
0 ( + 1)
2 3 4 ( + 1)
2 2
1 ( 2 + 1)2 3
= [ ]
0 ( 2 + 1)3 16 4
I=163 [ 4
]
4. Calcula: ( + + + ... )
+ + +
Solucin:
Dividiendo 3
1 1 1 1 1
lim ( 3 + +3 + ..3 )
27
54+ 54+54
3
54+81 54+27
1 1 1 1 1
lim ( 3 + +3 + .. 3 )
1 2+2
3
2+3 2+
3
2+
1 1 1 1 1
( ) = 3
3 3 0 2 +
=1 2 +
3
10 1
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = .= = =
0 = 0
1
1 = 0 +
1
2 = 0 + 2
2
3 = 0 + 3
1 1
= 0 + f( )= () = 3
3 2+
2+(0+ )
1 1 1 1 1
1 3 2
() = = (2 + ) =
2 2+
3
3
2+ 3 0 32+ 3 0
1 3 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 3
[2 + ]10 = [ (2 + 1 2 + 0 ] = (3 2 )
2 2 2
= 0.2462
Ejemplo
0
I= 16 (sec 5 sec 3 ).
4
= sec 5
= sec 2 . = tan
Reemplazando
32 (2 1). 2
() = +
108 108
Ejemplo
Solucin:
1 : 1 = 0
= 2(2)
2 = 0, , 2 ,3, 4,
3
= 0, , , , 2,
2 2
2 : = 0
= 3(2)
2 = 0, , 2 ,3, 4,
3
= 0, 2 , , 2 , 2,
(2) = (+)
2 = [ 0 , ] [ 2 ,3 ]
3
= [0,2 ] [ , 2 ]
(, ) ((1) , + )
Para = 0
(, ) (, )
2 = 4(2)
2 = 4(2) ( = 0 )
Para n=1
(, ) (, + )
2 = 4(2)
Tabulando:
0
8 6 4 3 2
1 0 1.7 1.9 2 1.9 0
A (rea)
= 5 2
2 = 25 , = 50 , = 0
Que se hace rotar alrededor de la recta L: x+y+1 = 0 , calcula el volumen del slido de
revolucin que se origina.
Solucin:
50 + 5
(, ) = (, )
2
Ahora = , = (50 5)
= (50 5)
100 100
= (50 5)
0 0
10 3/2 100
= (50 )|
3 0
10 3
= (50.100 (100)2 )
3
5000
= ( )
3
5000 2
=
3
50 + 5
= ( )
2
50 + 5
= ( ) (50 5)
2
100
50 + 5
= ( ) (50 5)
0 2
25 100
= (2500 2 )|
2 2 0
25
= (2500(100) . 1002 )
2 2
= 62500
= (50 5)
100
= (50 5)
0
100
= (25 2 2 5/2 )|
0
5
= (25. 1002 2. 1002 )
= 50000
Aplicando la frmula para un rectngulo diferencial: =
1 2
= ( )
2
Ahora
= =
0
=
1 2
2 ( )
Haciendo un cambio de variable =
2
= (. )|
2 0
= ( . ln( ) )|
2
=