Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prepared by:
Tan Lai Wai et al.
laiwai@uthm.edu.my
Learning Outcomes
Pelton wheel
BFC21103 Hydraulics
Tan et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Based on the direction of flow through the runner, turbines can be classified as:
a. Tangential flow turbine (Pelton wheel)
b. Radial flow turbine (Francis turbine, Thomsen and Girard turbines)
c. Axial flow turbine (Kaplan turbine)
d. Mixed flow turbine (modern Francis turbine)
Radial
flow
turbine
Mixed
flow
turbine
Pelton wheel Francis turbine Kaplan turbine
Francis turbines are effective on a very wide range of heads (medium head)
and are very much used in spite of their relatively high cost. Usually work in
radial flow but also in mixed flow.
A Kaplan (propeller) turbine is an axial flow machine with its runner confined in
a closed conduit. A propeller turbine is often set on a vertical axis, and can also
be set on a horizontal axis or a slightly inclined axis. A propeller turbine is
suitable for operation with low head and high discharge.
Kaplan turbine
Open Channel Hydraulics
by Tan Lai Wai et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
6.2 Pumps
A pump is a hydraulic machine which supplies energy to fluid in
certain operation, e.g. in water distribution system.
Based on the mode of action of conversion of mechanical energy
into hydraulic energy, pumps are classified as:
a. rotadynamic pumps (centrifugal pump) and
b. positive displacement pumps.
Centrifugal pump
Impeller eye
Propeller pump
Casing
Impeller
Open Channel Hydraulics
by Tan Lai Wai et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
6.2 Power and Efficiency of Pump
In pump operation, the mechanical energy through the shaft and impeller
is converted to fluid energy. The difference between the total head of
energy between the intake and discharge flanges of the pump is denoted
as net head H developed by the pump. The intake end (flow inlet) of a
pump is commonly known as the suction end and the discharge (flow
outlet) of a pump is the delivery end.
D
S pd
ps Delivery
P zd, Vd
Suction zs, Vs
pd Vd2 ps Vs2
H Hd Hs zd z s
2g 2g
Open Channel Hydraulics
by Tan Lai Wai et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Discharge through a pump is given as
Q DsBsVfs Dd BdVfd
where, Bs, Bd = widths of the runner at the suction and delivery ends
Vf = velocity of flow through the runner
where, Vu = swirl velocity or the rate of shaft rotation in radians per sec
Po
Pi
Also, mH
where, = volumetric efficiency
m = mechanical efficiency
H = hydraulic efficiency
Po QH 9810 23 20 4512.6 kW
80 400
Horsepower (kW)
60 300 This pump has a normal
BEP
capacity or rated capacity
40 200 of 10,500 gpm when
developing a normal head
20 100
of 60 ft at an opening
speed of 1450 rpm.
0 0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Capacity Q ('000 gpm)
Characteristic curves of a typical mixed-flow centrifugal pump
Q A , HA
A
QT QA QB
QB, HB HT HA HB QA QB HT
T
B PT PA PB K PA PB
Pump A Pump B
QA = 0.0473 m3/s QB = 0.052 m3/s
EA = 83% EB = 73%
PA = 15.3 kW PB = 19.1 kW
HT HA HB 27.4 m
QA QB HT 0.0993 27.4
T 0.7754 77.54%
K PA PB 0.102 34.4
Pump A Pump B
HA = 26.8 m HB = 33.5 m
EA = 83% EB = 78%
PA = 15 kW PB = 19.9 kW
QT QA QB 0.0473 m3 /s
PT PA PB 15 19.9 34.9 kW
QT H A HB 0.0473 60.3
T 0.8012 80.12%
K PA PB 0.102 34.9
Advantages of Similarity
1. Performances of object/structure can be predicted.
2. Economical and easier to build, where design of model can be
reproduced many times to achieve the desired design.
3. Non-functional structure such as dam can also be measured.
Pm Pp
m NmDm p Np3Dp5
3 5
Nsm Nsp
Nm Qm Np Qp
3/ 4
Hm Hp 3 / 4
and
HA HB
2 2
2 2
NA DA NB DB
NB2 DB2 6002 0.45432
HB HA 2 2 50 2
2
41.28 m
NA DA 600 0.5
Open Channel Hydraulics
by Tan Lai Wai et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Specific speed is
N Q
Ns 3
H 4
NB QB 600 0.3
NsB 3
3
20.18
H 4
B 41.28 4
NA QA 600 0.4
NsA 3
3
20.18 NsB
H 4
A 50 4
ND Q P
CH CQ CP
H ND 3 N 3D 5
Qm Qp
3
NmDm NpDp3
Pm Pp
3 5
3 5
NmDm Np Dp
Open Channel Hydraulics
by Tan Lai Wai et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
N P
Specific speed Ns 5
H 4
Nsm Nsp
Nm Pm Np Pp
5/ 4
5/ 4
Hm Hp
Nm Pm 400 2
Nsm 5
5
143.3
H 4
m 3 4
For prototype,
NmDm NpDp
Hm Hp
Dm Hp 1 20
Np Nm 400 206.6 rpm
Dp Hm 5 3
Pm Pp
3 5
3 5
NmDm Np Dp
Np3 Dp5
3
206.6 5
5
Pp 3 5 Pm 2 861.2 kW
Nm Dm 400 1
Po 861.2
Power supplied by water Pi 1013.2 kW
0.85
Q1 Q
Between 2 similar turbines, 2
H1 H2
P1 P2
Between 2 similar turbines, 3
3
H 2
1 H 2
2
Open Channel Hydraulics
by Tan Lai Wai et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
Activity 6.6
A Francis turbine produces 6750 kW of power at 300 rpm under a net
head of 45 m with an overall efficiency of 85%. Determine the revolution
per-minute (rpm), discharge and brake power of the same turbine under
a net head of 60 m in homologous conditions.
Po
Pi QH
Po 6750 1000
Q1 17.99 m3 /s
H 0.85 9810 45
Q1 Q
2
H1 H2
H2 60
Q2 Q1 17.99 20.77 m3 /s
H1 45
Open Channel Hydraulics
by Tan Lai Wai et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
P1 P2
3
3
H2
1 H2
2
3 3
H
P2 P1 2 6750 10392.3 kW
2 60 2
H1 45
Q2. 0.5 m3/s of water is to be pumped to a total head of 250 m. How many
pumps connected in series should be required if each pump has a
specific speed of 35 and speed of 1500 rpm.
- End of Question -
Open Channel Hydraulics
by Tan Lai Wai et al. (laiwai@uthm.edu.my)
THANK YOU