13

13
.
13
13
.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

2

(~1023)

??

(
,,
,, )
..

(
,,
,, )
)

..

:
(
::
))

3

(ideal gas) :
.

, .

= : [ E=K ]

: PV = nRT
( )

4
1.

.
(heat) .
:
.
: K [Kelvin]
[ ]
, .
[ : 0 K]

5
2.

= 0 K
1 K =
1/273.16
: , ,

(Celsius)
TC = T - 273.15 []
(Fahrenheit)
TF = 9/5 TC + 32 []

6
2.

:
, /,
[
//
//
]]
..

..
[
,, ..]
..] ..

,,
,,
,,
..
(constant volume)

T * : (273.16 K)
P * :

P *
: T = T
P*
[ (
),
),

]]
7
 13.1
P0 100 K
, 3P0 K?

]

T = CP
T0 T '
C= =
P0 P '
P' 3P
\T ' = T0 = 0 (100 K) = 300 K
P0 P0

8
3.

1 DL
a=
L DT

[10-5 ~10-6 : ]
r
1 DV
b=
V DT

[ : b = 3a ]

: b > 0 for T > 4 o C

b < 0 for T < 4 o C

9
3.

(conduction)

, , ...
(convection)

, , , ...
(radiation)
.
, ,

(thermal conductivity) : k

A
H = k DT
d
: 401 kW/ (m K) ,
: :: 1.0
:: 0.042 ,
:: 0.026

10
4.

(heat capacity) : C [J/K]
Q = C DT
1K .

(specific heat) : c [J/(K kg), J/(K mol)]

(, )

,,
..
:
..

(latent heat)

::


::

(critical phenomena)
() =0 , =

11
 13.2
m h .

K ? M, c
g.

]

E = U = mgh
= McDT (
))
mgh
\ DT =
cM

12
5.

: V/T = constant T :
: PV = constant

(equation of state)
PV
= constant = N k B [ N .]
T
k B = 1.38 10 -23 [J/K]:

PV = N k BT = nRT n : (mole)
R = N A k B = 8.31 [J/(mol K)] :
[ T/P = ]
N A = 6.02 10 23 [/mole] :

13
6.



: Dp = 2mv x

: Dt = 2 L / v x

Dp mv x2
: =
Dt L

N : F =
Nm v x2 Nm v 2 [ v 2 = v x2 + v y2 + v z2 ]
=
L 3L

(root-mean-square) : vrms v2

F Nmv 2
r 2 1.2 kg/m3
: P = = rms
= vrms
L2
3V 3 500 m/s

14
6.

[ ]

Nm v 2 2
Nmvrms
,,
K= =
2 2 ,,

3 3 3
K= PV = N k BT = nRT
2 2 2
3 3
1 (1
)) (
)) = k BT 2 R T
2

vrms 1 / m

..

3
() E=K= N k BT
2

15
7.


:

:

(mean free path) : l

(),
() .
, ,
1 d :
l=
2 p d 2N /V N / V :

: d @ 2 10 -10 m
N / V @ 2.4 10 25 /m 3
l @ 2 10 -7 m 1 = vrms / l @ 3 109

16
7.

3k BT
: vrms =
m
[ ]
v v + dv ()
1/ 2
m 2 - mv 2 / 2 k BT
P (v) dv = 1
P (v) dv = 4p v e dv
0
2pk BT
()


v = vP(v) dv
0
1/ 2
vrms = v 2 P (v) dv

0

vp :
v :
vrms :

17