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Wireless Background
1
Outline
Wireless Background
5G NR
2
Wireless Background
Fundamental limits
Cellular system
3
Fundamental Constraints
Shannons capacity upper bound
Achievable data rate is fundamentally limited by bandwidth and signal
-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Signal power
S
C BW log 2 1 [bits per second]
N
Channel bandwidth Noise power
4
Wider Bandwidth
100 MHz
20 MHz
5 MHz
200 kHz 1.25 MHz
Spectrum limitations
Limited energy
User mobility
Resource management
6
Duplexing
Two ways to duplex downlink (base station to mobile) and
uplink (mobile to base station)
Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
Time division duplexing (TDD)
7
Multiple Access Schemes
Multiple devices communicating to a single base station.
How do you resolve the problem of sharing a common
communication resource?
8
Multiple Access Schemes - cont.
9
Wireless Channel
Wireless channel experiences multi-path radio propagation.
10
Multipath Radio Propagation - cont.
11
Multi-Path Channel
Multi-path channel causes:
Inter-symbol interference (ISI) and fading in the time domain.
Frequency-selectivity in the frequency domain.
3GPP 6-Tap Typical Urban (TU6) Channel Delay Profile Frequency Response of 3GPP TU6 Channel in 5MHz Band
2.5
2
0.8
1.5
0.6
1
0.4
0.2 0.5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time [ sec] Frequency [MHz]
12
Multi-Path Channel - cont.
13
Mobile User
When the user is mobile, the channel becomes time-varying.
14
Time-Varying Multi-path Channel
Mobile speed = 3 km/h (5.6 Hz doppler) Mobile speed = 60 km/h (111 Hz doppler)
Channel Gain [linear]
0 0
5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
Frequency [MHz] 0 0 Time [msec] Frequency [MHz] 0 0 Time [msec]
15
Wireless Spectrum
16
Cellular Wireless System
A large geographical
region is segmented into
smaller cells.
Transmit power limitation
Facilitates frequency
spectrum re-use
17
Cellular Wireless System - cont.
Frequency re-use
F1 F3
F1 F1 F4 F2
F1 F1
F1 F1 F5 F7
F1 F6
18
Cellular Wireless System - cont.
Sectorized cells
19
Cellular Wireless System - cont.
Frequency re-use = 3
20
Outline
Wireless Background
5G NR
21
4G/5G Enabling Technologies
OFDM/OFDMA
Frequency domain equalization
SC-FDMA
MIMO
Advanced forward error correction (FEC) code
Fast channel-dependent resource scheduling
Software Defined Networking (SDN)
Cloud RAN
Millimeter (mm) wave
22
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDM can be viewed as a form of frequency division
multiplexing (FDM).
Divides the transmission bandwidth into narrower equally spaced
tones, or subcarriers.
Individual information symbols are conveyed over the subcarriers.
Serial-to-parallel
e j 2 f 0 t
Output symbol
Input data block
e j 2 f1t
e j 2 f N 1t
23
OFDM - cont.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Subcarrier
24
OFDM - cont.
Channel response
Frequency
Subcarrier
25
OFDM - cont.
N-
Add
point
CP/ PS
IDFT
Channel N-
Remov
Detect inversion point
e CP
(equalization) DFT
26
OFDM - cont.
27
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
User 1
User 2
User 3
subcarriers
28
Frequency Domain Equalization
Because the DFT size does not grow linearly with the length of
the channel response, the complexity of FDE is lower than
that of the equivalent time domain equalizer for broadband
channel.
29
FDE - cont.
Time domain y h x
Channel x h 1 * y
Fourier
x h y
transform
Y HX
Frequency domain X H 1 Y
30
FDE - cont.
CP Symbols
31
FDE - cont.
References
M. V. Clark, Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization and
Diversity Combining for Broadband Wireless Communications,
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 16, no. 8, Oct. 1998
M. Tchler et al., Linear Time and Frequency Domain Turbo
Equalization, Proc. IEEE 53rd Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC), vol. 2,
May 2001
F. Pancaldi et al., Block Channel Equalization in the Frequency
Domain, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 53, no. 3, Mar. 2005
32
Single Carrier with FDE
SC/FDE
Add N- N-
xn CP/ Channel
Remove
CP
point Equalization point Detect
PS DFT IDFT
OFDM
N- Add N-
xn point CP/ Channel
Remove
CP
point Equalization Detect
IDFT PS DFT
33
SC/FDE - cont.
34
SC/FDE - cont.
References
H. Sari et al., Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV
Broadcasting, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 33, no. 2, Feb. 1995, pp. 100-
109.
D. Falconer et al., Frequency Domain Equalization for Single-Carrier
Broadband Wireless Systems, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40, no. 4, Apr.
2002, pp. 58-66.
35
Single Carrier FDMA
36
TX & RX structure of SC-FDMA
N- M-
S-to-P
P-to-S
Subcarrier Add DAC
point point
Mapping CP / PS / RF
DFT IDFT
Channel
Subcarrier
N- M-
S-to-P
P-to-S
De- Remove RF
Detect point point
mapping/ CP / ADC
IDFT DFT
Equalization
*N<M
SC-FDMA: +
* S-to-P: Serial-to-Parallel
* P-to-S: Parallel-to-Serial OFDMA:
37
Why Single Carrier FDMA?
N- M-
P-to-S
Subcarrier Add DAC
point point
Mapping CP / PS / RF
DFT IDFT
38
Subcarrier Mapping
Data block size (N) = 4, Number of users (Q) = 3, Number of
subcarriers (M) = 12.
Terminal 1
Terminal 2
Terminal 3
subcarriers subcarriers
39
SC-FDMA and OFDMA
Similarities
Block-based modulation and use of CP.
Divides the transmission bandwidth into smaller subcarriers.
Channel inversion/equalization is done in the frequency domain.
SC-FDMA is regarded as DFT-precoded or DFT-spread OFDMA.
Dissimilarities
Lower transmit peak power.
Equalization performance.
Multi-carrier MIMO receiver algorithm.
40
SC-FDMA and DS-CDMA
41
SC-FDMA: Comparison
DS-CDMA
* DFT-based FDE
* Block-based
OFDMA /FDE
processing & CP
42
MIMO
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technique improves
communication link quality and capacity by using multiple
transmit and receive antennas.
Transmitter Receiver
MIMO channel
43
MIMO - cont.
Spatial diversity
Improves link quality (SNR) by combining multiple independently
faded signal replicas.
With Nt Tx and Nr Rx antennas, NtNr diversity gain is achievable.
Smart antenna, Alamouti transmit diversity, and space-time coding.
Spatial multiplexing
Increases data throughput by sending multiple streams of data
through parallel spatial channels.
With Nt Tx and Nr Rx antennas, min(Nt,Nr) multiplexing gain is
achievable.
BLAST (Bell Labs Space-Time Architecture) and unitary precoding.
44
Basic Idea of Spatial Diversity
Coherent combining of multiple copies
y1
1
y2
h2
Coherent x1
combining
x1
hNr
yNr
* Narrowband channel
45
Basic Idea of Spatial Multiplexing
Parallel decomposition of a MIMO channel
h11
h21 y1
x1 hNr 1
y2
x2
hNr Nt
x Nt
yNr
* Narrowband channel
46
Basic Idea of Spatial Multiplexing - cont.
y1 h11 h1Nt x1 n1
y N hN 1 hNr Nt xNt n
r r Nr
y Hxn
Singular value decomposition (SVD)
H UDV H y UDV H x n
U H y U H U DV H x U H n
I
U H y DV H x U H n
y x n
y Dx n
Diagonal matrix
47
Basic Idea of Spatial Multiplexing - cont.
h11
d11
h21 y1 y1
x1 hNr 1 x1
d 21
y2 y2
x2 x2
d Nt Nt
hNr Nt
x Nt x Nt
yNr yNr
* Nt < Nr
48
Multicarrier MIMO Spatial Multiplexing
Frequency domain for kth subcarrier
Yk H k X k N k
Yk Dk X k N k
Yk U k H Yk
k
X V H
k Xk
N
k U H
k Nk
49
Unitary Precoding
Unitary Xk
Xk Precoding
X k Vk X k
MIMO Channel
Hk
Yk
Receiver Zk
Hk X k
Nk
Vk
U k DkVkH Vk X k
U k Dk X k
50
Multi-User (MU) MIMO
Beamforming to multiple users
A form of SDMA
Receiver
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
51
Massive MIMO
Receiver
Receiver
Transmitter
Receiver
52
Massive MIMO - cont.
Benefits
Energy efficient transmission
Interference suppression
High degree of multi-user spatial multiplexing
Simple diversity receiver (e.g., MRC)
Challenges
Tx-Rx calibration in TDD system
Pilot contamination problem
Feedback for precoding
RF design limitations
53
Advanced FEC Code
Turbo code
Concatenation of two convolutional codes
Iterative decoding
3G (UMTS) & 4G (LTE)
Polar code
Channel polarization (creation of extremal channels)
Either noiseless or useless
Considered for 5G (NR)
54
Channel-Dependent Scheduling
Channel gain
User 2
User 1
Frequency
Subcarriers
55
Channel-Dependent Scheduling - cont.
56
Channel-Dependent Scheduling - cont.
1.5
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Subcarriers
57
Software Defined Networking (SDN)
58
SDN - cont.
*Nick McKeown, "Software Defined Networks, ITC Keynote, San Francisco, Sep. 2011
59
SDN - cont.
*Nick McKeown, "Software Defined Networks, ITC Keynote, San Francisco, Sep. 2011
60
Network Function Virtualization (NFV)
SDN framework from ETSI (European Telecommunications
Standards Institute)
*ETSI
61
Cloud-RAN (C-RAN)
*China Mobile
62
C-RAN - cont.
Virtual BS Pool
Optical
Network
RRU RRU
RRU
RRU
RRU RRU
RRU
*China Mobile
63
mm Wave
Benefit: Wider transmission bandwidth
Challenge: Propagation
*http://spectrum.ieee.org/telecom/wireless/smart-antennas-could-open-up-new-spectrum-for-5g
64
mm Wave - cont.
RF design issues
*http://spectrum.ieee.org/telecom/wireless/smart-antennas-could-open-up-new-spectrum-for-5g
65
Outline
Wireless Background
5G NR
66
LTE: Long Term Evolution
LTE-Advanced (LTE-A)
More bandwidth (up to 100 MHz) and backward compatible with LTE.
Standardized in the form of Rel. 10 (Mar. 2011).
Meets IMT-Advanced requirements.
68
LTE Standardization Status
13 14
10 11 12
Rel. 8 9
LTE-A
LTE-A Pro
LTE
2008 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Source: 3GPP (http://www.3gpp.org/specifications/releases)
69
Requirements of LTE
Peak data rate
100 Mbps DL/ 50 Mbps UL within 20 MHz bandwidth.
70
Key Features of LTE (Rel. 8)
71
LTE Device Category
Category 1 2 3 4 5
Peak rate DL 10 50 100 150 300
(Mbps) UL 5 25 50 50 75
RF bandwidth 20 MHz
DL QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
Source: 3GPP
72
LTE Standard Specifications
Freely downloadable from
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm
Layers 2 and 3: Medium access control, radio link control, and radio
TS 36.3xx
resource control.
73
Protocol Architecture
Physical channels
Transceiver
74
LTE Network Architecture
E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
MME MME
GGSN S-GW/P-GW S-GW/P-GW
SGSN S1
RNC RNC
eNB eNB
X2
NB NB NB NB eNB eNB
E-UTRAN
NB: NodeB (base station) eNB: E-UTRAN NodeB
RNC: Radio Network Controller MME: Mobility Management Entity
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node S-GW: Serving Gateway
* 3GPP TS 36.300
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node P-GW: PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway
75
LTE Network Architecture - cont.
eNB
All radio interface-related EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
76
Frame Structure
77
Frame Structure Type 1
FDD frame structure
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
78
Frame Structure Type 2
TDD frame structure
One half-frame = 5 ms
One subframe = 1 ms
79
Resource Grid
One radio frame
Slot #0 #19
N symb
Resource block
N symb N scRB resource elements
Subcarrier (frequency)
80
Length of CP
Configuration Nsymb
Normal CP 7
Extended CP 6
Extended CP (Df = 7.5 kHz) 3
Only in downlink
81
LTE Bandwidth/Resource Configuration
Channel
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
bandwidth [MHz]
Number of
6 15 25 50 75 100
resource blocks (NRB)
Number of
72 180 300 600 900 1200
occupied subcarriers
*3GPP TS 36.104
82
Bandwidth Configuration
1 slot
Zeros
DL or UL symbol
Resource
block frequency
N scRB UL
N RB N scRB M
12 300 512
(180 kHz) (4.5 MHz) (7.68 MHz)
Zeros
83
Channel Mappings
PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH Logical CCCH DCCH DTCH
channels
Transport
PCH BCH DL-SCH MCH RACH UL-SCH
channels
Physical
PDSCH PBCH PMCH PDCCH channels PRACH PUSCH PUCCH
Downlink Uplink
84
LTE Layer 2
Layer 2 has three sublayers
MAC (Medium Access Control)
RLC (Radio Link Control)
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)
DL UL
ROHC: Robust Header Compression * 3GPP TS 36.300
85
RRC Layer
Terminated in eNB on the network side.
Functions
Broadcast
Paging
RRC connection management
RB (Radio Bearer) management
Mobility functions
UE measurement reporting and control
RRC states
RRC_IDLE
RRC_CONNECTED
86
Resource Scheduling of Shared Channels
87
DL Overview
DL physical channels
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
DL physical signals
Reference signal (RS)
Synchronization signal
88
DL Physical Channel Processing
Scrambling
Modulation mapping
89
DL Reference Signal
90
DL Reference Signal - cont.
91
DL Reference Signal - cont.
R0 R0
*With normal CP
One antenna port
R0 R0
*3GPP TS 36.211
R0 R0
R0 R0
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
R0 R0 R1 R1
Two antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1
Not used for transmission on this antenan port
R0 R0 R1 R1
Reference symbols on this antenna port
R0 R0 R1 R1
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3
Four antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
92
DL MIMO
Supported up to 4x4 configuration.
MU-MIMO supported.
93
UL Overview
UL physical channels
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
UL physical signals
Reference signal (RS)
94
UL Resource Block
*PUSCH with normal CP
Resource Reference
block (RB) symbols (RS)
Frequency
Subcarrier
Time
95
UL Physical Channel Processing
Scrambling
Modulation mapping
SC-FDMA
Resource element mapping
modulation
96
SC-FDMA Modulation in LTE UL
Localized mapping
Subcarrier with an option of
Mapping adaptive
scheduling or
random hopping.
M-
Zeros
1
subcarrier
Serial- Parallel
x0 , x1 , xN 1 to- N-DFT
M-
-to- x0 , x1 , xM 1
IDFT
Parallel Serial
One SC-FDMA
symbol
Zeros
0
97
UL Reference Signal
Two types of UL RS
Demodulation (DM) RS Narrowband.
Sounding RS: Used for UL resource scheduling Broadband.
98
UL RS Multiplexing - cont.
99
Radio Procedures
Cell search
Random access
Power control
100
LTE Release 9
Enhancements to Release 8
Enhanced DL beamforming (dual layer)
Vocoder rate adaptation
Self-organizing network (SON)
Multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS)
Circuit-switched (CS) domain services
UE positioning
IMS emergency
101
4G: IMT-Advanced
*3G Americas, Defining 4G: Understanding the ITU Process for the Next Generation of Wireless Technology, Aug. 2008
102
LTE-Advanced Requirements
Peak data rate:
1 Gbps DL and 500 Mbps UL
Latency
Less than 10 ms within Connected mode
Less than 50 ms from Idle to Connected mode
Spectrum
Up to 100 MHz bandwidth
Support for non-consecutive bands (spectrum aggregation)
103
LTE-A Features
104
LTE Release 12
Enhancements to LTE-A features
105
LTE Release 13
Indoor positioning
*http://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1628-rel13
106
LTE-A: Carrier Aggregation - cont.
107
LTE-A: Carrier Aggregation - cont.
100 MHz
CC 20 MHz
60 MHz
Non-
contiguous
60 MHz
Contiguous
20 MHz
R8 LTE
108
LTE-A: Carrier Aggregation - cont.
109
LTE-A: Carrier Aggregation - cont.
110
LTE-A: Enhanced MIMO
Downlink MIMO
Up to 8x8 (8 layer) configuration
Additional RS: CSI-RS and UE-specific DM RS
Support for MU-MIMO
Enhancements to CSI feedback
Uplink MIMO
Introduction of UL transmit diversity
Introduction of up to 4x4 SU-MIMO
Use of turbo serial interference canceller
111
LTE-A: Relaying
Improves coverage and cell-edge performance.
Backhaul link
Relay node
Donor cell
112
LTE-A: Heterogeneous Network Support
Heterogeneous network (HetNet): Low power nodes/cells are
placed throughout a macro-cell deployment as an underlay.
Low power cell: Pico/femto-cell, relay, remote radio head (RRH), etc.
Macro-cell
Pico/femto-cell
113
LTE-A: HetNet Support - cont.
114
LTE-A: CoMP TX & RX
Release 11 feature.
115
LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum
Release 13 feature
Key mechanisms
Listen-before-talk (LBT)
Discontinuous transmission on a carrier with limited maximum
transmission duration
Dynamic frequency selection (DFS) for radar avoidance
Multicarrier transmission across multiple unlicensed channels
116
LTE for IoT
Release 13 feature
*http://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1805-iot_r14
117
Outline
Wireless Background
5G NR
118
Cellular Network Evolution
Cell densification is a major trend to increase network
capacity.
*Qualcomm
119
Cellular Network Evolution - cont.
120
Cellular Network Evolution - cont.
121
Cellular Network Evolution - cont.
122
Cellular Network Evolution - cont.
123
5G under IMT-2020
Enhanced mobile broadband
Gigabytes in a second
Industry automation
Future IMT
20 100
IMT-2020
10
1
Area traffic
capacity Spectrum
efficiency
(Mbit/s/m2 ) 10
1 3
1
0.1
1 350
10 400
100 500
Network
IMT-advanced Mobility
energy efficiency (km/h)
5
10 10
6
10 1
125
5G under IMT-2020 - cont.
Network Mobility
energy efficiency
Ultra-reliable
Massive machine and low latency
type communications communications
Connection density Latency
M.2083-04
*Recommendation ITU-R M.2083-0
126
5G New Radio (NR)
First release of specification in Release 15.
Target scope
Non-Standalone (NSA)
NSA NR implies using LTE as control plane anchor.
Standalone (SA)
SA NR implies full control plane capability for NR.
127
5G NR Timeline
*3GPP
128
5G NR Network Architecture
NG-CP/UPGW NG-CP/UPGW
NGC
NG
LTE eNB
New RAN
gNB
Xn Xn
Xn
LTE eNB gNB
Flexible numerology
Subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz * 2n
n can be both non-negative or negative integer.
130
5G NR Features & Considerations - cont.
Multi-antenna schemes
Beam management
Beam determination, measurement, reporting, & sweeping
MIMO
SU & MU-MIMO supported up to 8 layers
131
Outline
Wireless Background
5G NR
132
Summary
133
References and Resources
Key enabling technologies
OFDM/OFDMA
R. van Nee and R. Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications,
Artech House, 2000.
Frequency domain equalization
D. Falconer et al., Frequency Domain Equalization for Single-Carrier
Broadband Wireless Systems, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40, no. 4, Apr. 2002,
pp. 58-66.
H. Sari et al., Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV
Broadcasting, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 33, no. 2, Feb. 1995, pp. 100-109.
SC-FDMA
H. G. Myung & D. Goodman, Single Carrier FDMA: A New Air Interface for Long
Term Evolution, John Wiley & Sons, Nov. 2008
H. G. Myung et al., Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission,
IEEE Vehicular Technology Mag., vol. 1, no. 3, Sep. 2006.
134
References and Resources - cont.
MIMO
A. Paulraj et al., Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications,
Cambridge University Press, May 2003.
G. L. Stber et al., Broadband MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications,
Proceedings of the IEEE, Feb. 2004, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 271-294.
E. G. Larsson et al., Massive MIMO for Next Generation Wireless Systems
, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 2, Feb. 2014, pp. 186-195.
Multicarrier scheduling
G. Song and Y. Li, Utility-based Resource Allocation and Scheduling
in OFDM-based Wireless Broadband Networks, IEEE Commun. Mag.,
vol. 43, no. 12, Dec. 2005, pp. 127-134.
NFV
http://www.etsi.org/technologies-clusters/technologies/nfv
Polar code
E. Arikan, Channel Polarization: A Method for Constructing Capacity
-Achieving Codes for Symmetric Binary-Input Memoryless Channels, IEEE
Trans. on Info. Theory, vol. 55, no. 7, Jul. 2009.
135
References and Resources - cont.
LTE
Spec
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm
4G Americas
http://4gamericas.org
LTE books
http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-WILEY2_SEARCH_RESULT.ht
ml?query=lte
http://www.LTEwatch.com
136
References and Resources - cont.
NR
Technical reports
http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/38-series.htm
3GPP Release 15
http://www.3gpp.org/release-15
5G Americas
http://5gamericas.org
137
Questions? Thank you!