Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PART 6- Anti-Hypertensives
LISTENING-
1. Vitamin D
3. Picking Up Prescriptions
PRACTICE: PIL
Part 1 MEDICINES- DOSAGE FORM
- Pharmacist /'fa:msist/- Dc s
- Thuc ty
- Ma ty
II. DOSAGE FORMS: Medicines are made in different dosage forms, look at
the pictures and match them to their right dosage form
5 6 7
8 9 10
11 12 13 14
1. ___________ is a kind of sweet medicine that melts slowly in your mouth without
chewing. It is useful for patients with sore throat or bad cough.
7. ______________ is usually dissolved and mixed in liquids or food and taken immediately
after being prepared.
_____________________ ________________________
_____________________ _________________
_______________ ____________
_________________
_________________ _________________
Part 2 ABOUT MEDICINES
Medicines are generally very safe if used properly: taking them at the right dose, the
right way and the right time. Otherwise, the medicine might not work as well as it might
even cause unpleasant side-effects.
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- Prescibe (v): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Recommend (v): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Twice (a): gp i
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If you forget to take your medicine, dont double the next dose. Doubling up
medicines is dangerous because it may lead to over dosage.
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Dont use other peoples medicine. A medicine that is good for you may be bad for
someone else, even if the symptoms are similar. So dont share medicine with family
or friends.
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PRACTICE: Some instructions for drug use. Match the two halves of each sentence
Donts
1. dont leave the pharmacy without a. some medicine wont work right
fully understanding the instructions. unless they are swallowed whole.
2. dont stop a prescribed course of b. medicines unless your doctor says
pills as son as you feel better. its OK.
Antibiotics must not be stopped too
3. dont end course of medicine c. if you have trouble understanding
because of some minor side effects or them, be sure to ask the pharmacist
because you are better overnight. again.
4. dont combine prescription d. or because you believe they are not
medicines and OTC doing any good. Some medicines take
time to work.
5. dont crush, break or chew tablets or e. soon since some of harmful bacteria
capsules unless your doctor tells you may not be killed and therefore may
to. become resistant to the antibiotic.
II. How to store your medicine: It is important to store your medicines properly.
Guidelines for proper storage include:
A. Keep out of reach of children, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. Do not store capsules and tablets in the bathroom, near the kitchen sink, or in other
damp places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
worse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Cc v d v thuc khng-k-n:
- ........................
- ........................
- .........................
- ........................
- .........................
Sometimes medicines
cause problems when they are taken together. This case is
called a drug interaction (tng tc
thuc). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................
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Food and drink: If you are taking medicines some foods can cause side effects, such
as stomach upset. Drinking alcohol should be avoided while taking medicines.
Outdoor conditions: Some medicines cause reactions such as sun sensitivity (getting a
sunburn or sun rash), so you may have to limit your outdoor activities or protect your
skin from the sun.
Remember to read the label and follow the instructions to see what to avoid while you
are taking an OTCmedicine.
REVISION
* If you take two medicines of the same classification, you might get a(n)_____
O overdose O interaction O contamination O tolerance
* Do not _____ medicines more than the prescribed dose.
O drink O use O take O have
* If you forget to take your medicine, dont double the next dose because this leads to a(n)
_______.
O side-effect O overdose O infection O resistance
* Medicines are usually ________ if taken the right dose, right time and right way.
O safe O dangerous O resistant O useless
* Penicillin is one of the important antibiotics which helps to treat almost:
O pains O infections O allergies O arthritis
* Dont mix different kinds of medicines because this may cause __________
O interaction O reaction O infection O side-effect
* Some medicines wont work right unless they are _____ whole. Dont crush, break or chew
tablets.
O drunk O eaten O had O swallowed
* Wearing a(n) ____________may create problems for people with skin allergies.
O tablet O patch O ointment O syrup
* We often administer a ________________ to babies or other patients who are not able to take
drugs orally.
O patch O cream O syrup O suppository
Part 3 WAYS TO ADMINISTER MEDICATIONS
There are different ways to administer medications depending on what route delivers the
medication (phn phi thuc) faster, or more effectively.
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Disadvantages is that patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets or capsules and
that it can take too long for the medication to
work.
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Oral medications may also be destroyed as they go through the digestive system.
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2. Sublingual (di li) an oral medications, placing medicine under the tongue to
absorb them.
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3. Buccal (nim mc m) drugs are administered by placing them between the cheek and
the gum.
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Buccal and sublingual medications are absorbed directly into the bloodstream, which is
quicker than oral medications.
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4. Parenteral (ngoi ng tiu ha), are the injectable medications (liquid form),
including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intrathecal or
intraspinal which are usually pure, sterile, or pyrogen-free. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4.1. Subcutaneous (Tim di da) drugs are injected just below the skin's first layer
called the cutaneous layer. A drug that is given subcutaneously is insulin used to treat
those with diabetes.
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4.2. Intradermal (Tim trong da) drugs are injected into the next layer of skin, the
dermis layer. A drug that is given intradermally is purified protein derivative (PPD).
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4.3. Intramuscular (Tim bp) drugs are often antibiotics used to treat infections, one
such drug is procaine penicillin G.
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4.4. Intravenous (IV) (Tim tnh mch) drugs include those are given by intravenous
injection directly into your vein.
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4.5. Intrathecal and intraspinal (tim ty sng) drugs are given into the subarachnoid
(adj.- di mng nhn) space of the spinal cord. Anesthesia is often given this way for
moms about to give birth.
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Patient with asthma are familiar with drugs that are inhaled, as this is the method of
choice for delivering drugs to the lungs.
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5. Inhaled (Ht) drugs are given through the respiratory system and are in the form of
vapors, gas, and nebulization. Powders can also be delivered by inhalation. Steam
inhalation is another way of delivering drugs to the respiratory system.
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6. Topical (Dng ngoi da) drugs are ointments, creams, lotions, patch and also
shampoos which is used because they can be applied to the skin to have local effect by
being absorbed through the skin and into the bloodstream, such as to relieve from
itching, burning, or to treat skin conditions without being absorbed into the bloodstream.
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7. Rectal and vaginal (t trc trng v m o) medications are not usually popular
with patients who have to use them.
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These drugs are inserted into the body cavities known as the rectum and the vaginal
usually in the form of preparations, suppositories and enemas, creams and douches.
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Rectal drugs are used instead of oral drugs when the patient is unconscious or when the
individual is vomiting. Vaginal drugs have a local effect and are usually given for
vaginal infections or conditions.
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VaginalRectal/
Buccal/ Sublingual
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Intravenous
Inhaled
Topical
Route
Oral
Dosage form
Advantages
Disadvantages
Targeted tissue
CONSOLIDATION
* We often use ___________ for babies or other patients who are not able to take drugs orally.
O syrup O suppository O capsule O tablet
* Inhaled drugs are given through respiratory system and are absorbed in:
O stomach O intestines O kidneys O lungs
* Which of the following is NOT taken orally?
O Suppository O Syrup O Capsule O Tablet
* Inhaled drugs are given through respiratory system and are absorbed in:
O stomach O lungs O intestines O kidneys
* ____________ is a sweet medicine that melts slowly in your mouth without chewing.
O Tablet O Capsule O Lozenge O Suppository
* Which dosage form is in solid?
O syrup O suppository O solution O liniment
* Parenteral drugs are not absorbed in the:
O skin O instestine O muscle O lung
* Which way is NOT in injectable form?
O Intramuscular O Subcutaneous O Intravenous O Inhaler
* Intraspinal injection is administered to:
O moms are going to birth O patients with diabetis
O babies who can not take orally O women who have vaginal infections
* Injectable medications usually:
O are pure, sterile, or pyrogen-free O are easy to use
O take too long to work O are cheap
* Topical drugs are in following dosage forms, EXCEPT:
O Drops O Cream O Liniment O Ointment
* _______ is the most common way of administering medicines because its cheap and
convenient.
O Parenterally O Orally O IV O Topically
* Parenteral drugs are always in . . . . . .
O solid from O injectable form O spray form O insert form
* Which statement is NOT true for rectal/ vaginal medications?
O It is used when the patient vomits
O It is used when the patient is unconsciuos
O It is popular by the patient who uses it
O It is the most common way of drug administering
Part 4 COMMON TYPES OF OTC MEDICINES
OTC is short for over-the-counter. These are medicines you can buy without a
prescription from your doctor. During your life, youve used OTC medicines many times
to relieve pain and treat symptoms of the common cold, the flu, and allergies. Four of
the most common types of OTC products are:
A. Pain relievers
B. Antihistamines
C. Decongestants
D. Cough medicines
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A. Pain Relievers
They are medicines that reduce or relieve headaches, muscle aches, arthritis, pains after
surgery, after injury, back pain, sore throat, ear aches etc. There are many different pain
medicines, and each one has advantage and risks. Thats because the pain relievers can
be: NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) or Acetaminophen. Each of
these drugs has a different way of working.
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NSAIDs. (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
They relieve pain by stopping the production of prostaglandins, the natural chemicals in
the body. Prostaglandins irritate nerve ending, triggering the sensation of pain. NSAIDs
include:
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- Ibuprofen, to relieve pain and fever and also the symptoms of rheumatoid (thp khp)
or degenerative arthritis (vim khp thoi ha)
- Ketoprofen, used to treat dysmenorrhea and the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and
osteoarthritis.
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The main side effect of Aspirin and other NSAIDs
is gastrointestinal (GI) problems. These problems
can range from upset stomach to GI bleeding, a
serious event more likely in older people.
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NSAIDs can cause a variety of side effects related to kidney function. These side effects
range from reversible inflammation to permanent kidney damage.
Aspirin and NSAIDs may make high blood pressure worse or interfere with blood
pressure medicines.
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High doses of Aspirin pose a risk of liver damage for people who have liver disease,
juvenile arthritis, or rheumatic fever.
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Acetaminophen
It relieves pain and reduces fever. Unlike aspirin and NSAIDs, which work in the skin,
muscles, and joints, Acetaminophen blocks painful sensation in the brain and the spinal
cord. Acetaminophen is in products such as Tylenol and Tempra.
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5. What are possible side effects caused by long-term use of high doses NSAIDs?
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6. What are possible side effects caused by long-term used of high doses
Acetaminophen?
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Part 5 OTC COLD AND COUGH MEDICINES (cont.)
B. Antihistamines
C. Decongestants
Cough medicines are grouped into two types: Antitussives and Expectorants.
Antitussives, or cough suppressants, block the cough reflex. Expectorants, on the other
hand, are to loosen mucous and make coughing more productive in clearing the mucous
from the airway system.
PRACTICE 1: Write the following medicines under the correct heading. Find
information in Units 2 and 3.
a. coughing more productive in clearing the mucous from the airway system.
b. itching, nasal irritation, sneezing, and mucous production.
c. can temporarily cause nervousness, dizziness and sleeplessness.
d. temporary dry mouth or eyes.
CONSOLIDATION
* OTC medicines are ones you can buy:
O with the doctors prescription O at the pharmacy without a prescription from doctor
O expensively at the pharmacy O easily everywhere
* OTC medicines are ones to:
O relieve pain O reduce fever O anti- inflammation O all of them are correct
* Which brand name product is NOT of OTC medicines?
O Sudafed O Aspirin O Benadryl O Diurex
* NSAIDs and Acetaminophen is of:
O Antihistamines O Pain relievers O Decongestants O Antitussives
* Antihistamines can cause _________. Avoid operating machinery and driving while taking it.
O nervousness O itching O allergy O sleepiness
* Pseudoephedrine is the only _________ used in OTC products.
O Antihistamines O Pain relievers O Decongestants O Antitussives
* Antitussives and Expectorants are two main groups of:
O Antihistamine O Decongestant O Cough medicine O Pain reliever
* Decongestants work by:
O blocking the receptors (th cm) that trigger itching
O blocking the cough reflex
O narrowing blood vessels in the lining of the nose
O blocking painful sensation in the brain and the spinal cord
* Prostagladin is the:
O pain signal O chemical in our body which irritates nerve endings
O a drug help to reduce pain O a chemical reaction in our body
* Matching:
Brand names ? Side effects
Chlorpheniramine a.can also cause heart palpitations, high blood pressure
Pseudoephedrine b. may temporarily cause nausea, sedation and constipation.
Acetaminophen c. Overdose may cause liver failure
Codeine d. can cause sedation or drowsiness
Part 6 ANTI-HYPERTENSIVES
Hypertension:
High blood pressure (Hypertension- medical term)
occurs when the heart and the blood vessels are being
overworked, then the force of the blood pushing against
the walls of the arteries is elevated beyond a normal
level.
- Heart (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Blood vessel (n) . . . . . . . .
- Overworked (a): qu ti - Wall of arteries (n) thnh ng mch
- Elavate (v): vt
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High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart attack, heart failure, stroke, impaired
vision, and kidney disease. Generally, the higher the blood pressure, the greater the risk.
Untreated hypertension affects all organs of the body and can shorten ones life
expectancy by 10 to 20 years.
- Risk (n) Nguy c - Heart attack (n) cn au tim
- Heart failure (n) suy tim - Stroke (n) t qu
- Impaired vision (n): gim th lc - Life expectancy (n) Tui th
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Antihypertensives
They are medications used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). They lower blood
pressure by opening and widening the blood vessels from closing and tightening, or
reducing the workload of the heart. Types of antihypertensive include:
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Diuretics. Sometimes called water pills, promote the formation of urine in the
kidneys, causing the body to flush out fluid and minerals such as sodium. The reduction
in fluid volume and sodium levels causes blood vessels to open wider, increasing blood
flow and reducing the pressure of blood against the vessels.
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Beta blockers. Any of a group of drugs that block the activity of a beta-receptor to
decrease the heart rate and force of contractions and lower high blood pressure.
Vasodilators. Medications that expand or widen blood vessels, reducing blood
pressure against the walls of the vessels. This allows blood to flow more freely and heart
to pump more efficiently.
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PRACTICE 1: Complete the sentences with on of the following expressions
Give up smoking Treat high blood pressure Widen blood vessels
Lose weight Change lifestyle Reduce blood pressure
Provide information Stimulate the production Damage the heart
1. High blood pressure can............................................................and
cardiovascular system
2. Self-monitoring of blood pressure can. about the
effectiveness of therapy
3. There are several classes of medication
to
4. Diuretics. of urine causing the body to flush out fluid and
minerals such as sodium.
5. Vasodilators against the vessels since
they
6. People treated with antihypertensives need to.., for
example they need to..
..and.
CONSOLIDATION
* Lanoxin (digoxin) and Lasix (furosemide) are two main products for:
O birth control O banning the pain O helping the heart O sugar level control
* Antihypertensives are medicines used to treat:
O arthritis pain O high blood pressure O indigestion O insomnia
* Hypertensions occurs when . . . . . is beyond a normal level
O the level of blood sugar O the force of the blood
O The body temperature O the inflammation
* Diuretics is sometimes called water pill because it:
O blocks the activity of a beta-receptor to decrease the heart rate
O expands or widen blood vessels
O promotes the formation of urine in the kidneys
O causes the heart over loaded
* Insulin helps to control:
O the level of blood sugar O blood pressure O the serious infection O severe pain
* Which advice is NOT for patients with hypertension?
O stop smoking O take exercise regularly
O lose weight O apply the drug on your skin
* Hypertension means:
O high blood pressure O high body temperature
O low blood pressure O high blood sugar
PRACTICE
Understand medicine leaflet (Patient Information Leaflet PIL)
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6. How to store?
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Task 2: Match the age with the right amount of vitamin D that someone needs to be
provided (3)
Age Vitamin D (IUs) Matching (?)
0 - 50. 1 a. Six hundred 1.
51 - 70. 2 b. Two hundred 2.
71 up. 3 c. Four hundred 3.
Match the level of vitamin D with its source (3)
Vitamin D Source to provide Matching (?)
Low level. 1 a. sunlight 1.
Easiest way to get . 2 b. oily fish 2.
High level . 3 c. beef liver, cheese, egg 3.
yolk
Task 3: Listen and fill in the blanks with the words you hear (11)
This is the VOA Special English Health Report.
Vitamin D helps _________________ and muscles grow strong and healthy. Low levels of
vitamin D can lead to problems such as rickets, a deformity mainly found in children.
Osteoporosis, the thinning of bone, is a common problem as people, especially
________________, get older.
But more and more research is suggesting that vitamin D might also help __________ many
diseases.
The easiest way to get vitamin D is from sunlight. The sun's ultraviolet rays react with skin
cells to produce vitamin D. But many people worry about getting ______________ cancer and
skin damage from the sun. As a result they cover their skin or wear sunblock or stay out of the
sun.
Also, darker skinned people produce _________________ vitamin D than lighter skinned
people. Production also decreases in older people and those living in northern areas that get less
______________. Not many foods naturally contain vitamin D. Foods high in this vitamin
include oily __________________ such as salmon, tuna and mackerel, and fish liver oils.
Boston University researchers reported last year that farmed salmon had only about one-fourth
as much vitamin D as wild salmon.
Small amounts of D are found in beef liver, cheese and egg yolks. And some ______________
take dietary supplements containing the vitamin. But most of the vitamin D in the American
diet comes from foods with D added, like ______________ .
In 1997, the United States Institute of Medicine established levels for how much vitamin D
_____________ people need. It set the daily amount at two hundred international units (IUs)
from birth through age fifty. It set the level at four hundred _____________________ through
age seventy, and six hundred for age seventy-one and over.
Task 4: Which statement is the main idea of the text? Circle the best answer (2)
a. The easiest way to get vitamin D is from sunlight
b.Oily fish are high in vitamin D
c. Most of vitamin D is found in dairy food, like milk.
d.Facts about vitamin D
LISTENING 2
Listen and fill in the blanks with suitable words from the box
Local lower wake up percent blocks
Large general feel anesthesia wound
This is the VOA Special English Health Report.
Anesthesia is used during operations and other medical procedures to block pain signals
from traveling through the nervous system. The kind of __________ that patients
receive depends on their condition and the kind of procedure they need.
(Gy t/ m c dng trong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . khc
gip ngn chn tn hiu . . . . . . . . . . . dc theo h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loi . . . . . . . . . . .
m bnh nhn c ch nh ty thuc vo k thut y hc thc hin)
Local anesthesia is used to make a small area of the body lose feeling. Usually,
_________ anesthesia is for minor procedures, like fixing a tooth or closing a
_________. The person remains fully awake.
(Gy t . . . . . . . . . . . . . lm cho mt vng nh c th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thng loi ny dng cho tiu phu nh: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bnh nhn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)
Regional anesthesia is used to block pain in a __________ area of the body. For
example, when a woman is giving birth, she might request an epidural anesthesia. It is
injected into the fluid in the spine. It acts on the _________ half of the body.
(Gy t . . . . . . . . . . . . . gip ngn cn au vng . . . . . . . . . . . . c th. V d, khi sn
ph sp . . . . . . . . ., c y cn c gy t . . . . . . . . . .. N c tim vo . . . . . . . . . . . .
N tc ng vo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c th).
____________ anesthesia makes a person fall asleep. This is known as being "put
under." The drugs are injected into the blood or breathed as gas. General anesthesia also
________ memory.
(Gy . . . . . . lm cho bnh nhn mt thc/ ng. iu ny c ngha l c kim
sot. Thuc c tim vo . . . . . . . . hay gy m dng kh).
People are not supposed to remember an operation when they _______ ________. In
rare cases, they do. The Mayo Clinic says patients may have a sense of their
surroundings during about one-fifth of one ________ of all operations. It says they
generally do not ________ pain, but may wish to talk to a mental health provider if the
memories trouble them.
(Bnh nhn khng th nh c ca m khi h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trng hp
him, h c th. Vin Y hc Mayo cho rng bnh nhn c th cm nhn din bin quanh
h trong s 1/5 . . . . . . . . . . ca tt c ca m. Ngi ta cho rng h thng khng . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., nhng rt mun giao tip vi nhn vin y t nu tr nh ca h
phc hi)
Task 1- Matching the equivalence:
- Feeling no pain ___________ Stop acting
- Unconsciousness ___________ Stay awake
- Surgery ___________ Disadvantage
- Drawback ___________ Sleep
- Wear off __________ Numb
- Consciousness _________ Operation
Watch the video. Listen and fill in the blanks with the expressions below.
before lunch in the afternoon every morning about a week every twelve
hours In a few hours eight at night every eight hours three times a day
twice a day after you've eaten anytime at seven before I go to bed this
afternoon every night before going to bed
CUSTOMER: Hi
PHARMACIST: Hello. How may I help you?
CUSTOMER: My throat is really sore. Could you tell me what to take for it?
PHARMACIST: Sure. You can take this cold medication at nights
. It really helps for your sleep.
CUSTOMER: But it sores right now.
PHARMACIST: In that case, you can take this throat lozenge too right now.
CUSTOMER: OK, thanks, do I pay here?
PHARMACIST: No, take them to the cashier.
LISTENING 4
A migraine headache can cause disabling pain. People may not feel back to normal for
hours or even days.
Migraine headaches are most common among young adults and middle-aged people. In
the United States, about eighteen percent of women and six percent of men report having
migraines.
People who suffer from migraines can find that different "triggers" in different people
may get a headache started. Stress can act as a trigger. So can chocolate in some people.
Many migraine sufferers say hot weather and low barometric pressure can act as
triggers. But researchers say they did not have much scientific evidence of that -- until
now.
In a new study, a team examined the medical records of seven thousand hospital
patients. The patients had visited the emergency room at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Center in Boston, Massachusetts, because of a headache. More than two thousand of
them had been found to have a migraine.
The team then compared those records to weather conditions in the twenty-four hours
before the hospital visits. For every increase of five degrees Celsius in air temperature,
the patients had a seven and one-half percent higher risk of migraine. Decreases in
barometric pressure two to three days before the visit also appeared to trigger headaches,
but to a lesser extent.
The researchers found no evidence that air pollution influenced headaches. But they
could not rule out the possibility of a smaller effect similar to that seen earlier for
strokes.
And that's the VOA Special English Health Report, written by Caty Weaver. I'm Steve
Ember.
REFERENCES
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=46204
https://www.cadth.ca/generic-drugs/similarities-and-differences-between-brand-name-and-generic-
drugs
http://www.better-your-health.com/drugs_medicines/ways_to_administer_medications.php
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NXqTqZLl90