ABSTRACT

At present the demand for electricity is rising phenomenally especially in developing

country like India. This persistent demand is leading to operation of the power system at its limit.
On top of this the need for reliable, stable and quality power is also on the rise due to electric
power sensitive industries like information technology, communication, electronics etc. In this
scenario, meeting the electric power demand is not the only criteria but also it is the responsibility
of the power system engineers to provide a stable and quality power to the consumers. These
issues highlight the necessity of understanding the power system stability. In improve the stability
and finally how to prevent system becoming unstable.

Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a given initial
operating Condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical
Disturbance, with most of the system variables bounded so that practically the entire system
remains intact. The disturbances mentioned in the definition could be faults, load changes,
generator outages, line outages, voltage collapse or some combination of these.

Transient stability is an important aspect in designing and upgrading electric power system
after major failures cause by power system instability. The goal of transient stability analysis of
power system is to analyze the stability of a power system in a time domain of a few seconds to
few minutes using MiPower software.

1
 CHAPTER - 1
POWER
SYSTEM
STABILITY

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

2
 Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a given initial operating
Condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical
Disturbance, with most of the system variables bounded so that practically the entire system
remains intact. The disturbances mentioned in the definition could be faults, load changes,
generator outages, line outages, voltage collapse or some combination of these. Power system
stability can be broadly classified into rotor angle, voltage and frequency stability. Each of these
three stabilities can be further classified into large disturbance or small disturbance, short term or
long term.

1.2 CLASSIFICATION:

[Fig. 1 Classification of Stability]

1) STEADY STATE STABILITY

3
 Steady state stability is the ability of the power system to return its normal state after
having been subjected to small and slow disturbances. Steady state stability is the stability of the
system under conditions of gradual or relatively slow changes in load. The load is assumed to be
applied at a rate which is slow when compared either with the natural frequency of oscillation of
the major parts of the system or with the rate of change of field flux in the machine in response to
the change in loading. The steady state stability limit of a generator or system can be defined as
the maximum power that can be transmitted for a slow change in load. [7]

2) DYNAMIC STABILITY

The dynamic stability is concerned with small disturbances lasting for a long time and
therefore in dynamic stability studies we always neglect nonlinearities i.e. we assume the system
to be linear. Dynamic stability is actually an extension of steady state stability where we also
include the effect of synchronous machine and automatic voltage regulator by their dynamic
equation. In Dynamic stability studies, the system is analyzed for a period of 4-10 seconds
following a large disturbance such as short circuit or loss of generation or loss of load. [7]

3) TRANSIENT STABILITY

Transient stability of a power system is its ability to maintain synchronous operation of

the machines when subjected to a large disturbance. The occurrence of such a disturbance may
result in large excursions of the system machine rotor angles and, whenever corrective actions
fail, loss of synchronism results among machines. Generally, the loss of synchronism develops in
very few seconds after the disturbance inception. Transient stability is the fastest to develop.

Transient Stability limit is the maximum flow of power possible through any particular
point of power system network without loss of stability i.e. equilibrium operation, when sudden
disturbance occur. [7]

4
 CHAPTER 2
CONCEPT OF
TRANSIENT
STABILITY

CONCEPT OF TRANSIENT STABILITY:

5
2.1 MECHANICAL ANALOGY:

A mechanical analogy to this phenomenon can be visualized in fig. 2. Suppose that there
is a set of balls of different sizes connected to each other by a set of strings. The balls represent
generators having a specific mechanical characteristic (that is, inertia). The strings represent the
transmission line interconnecting the generators.

[Fig. 2 Mechanical Analogy of Transient Stability]

Now suppose that there is a disturbance in which one of the balls is struck with a cue. The
ball now begins to swing, and as a result, the string connected to the ball also oscillates. In
addition, the other strings to which this string is connected are also affected, and this in turn
affects the other balls connected to these strings. As a result, the entire interconnected system of
balls is affected, and the system experiences oscillations in the strings and motion of the balls. If
these oscillations in the strings become large, one of the strings may break away from the rest,
resulting instability. On the other hand if the oscillation dies down and the entire system comes
back to rest as in the situation prior to the ball being struck. This condition is analogous to a
power system being transiently stable.
In a power system, an additional important characteristic in the operating condition, as the
loading on the system increases, the system becomes more stressed and operates closer to its
limits. During these stressed condition, a small disturbance can make the system unstable.
6
Dropping a marble into a pitcher of water provides a suitable analogy to understand why the
operating condition makes a difference in maintaining transient stability.

1. Take a pitcher and fill it with the water to quarter its capacity. Now drop a marble in the
pitcher. The dropping of the marble is akin to a disturbance in the power system. In this situation
no water from the pitcher will splash out, indicating the system is stable.

2. Now fill the pitcher with water close to it brim and drop the same marble into the pitcher. In
this case, water will splash out, indicating the system is unstable. In these two situations, the same
disturbance was created. However, the system was operating at different conditions, and in the
latter situation, the system was more stressed. Again, this analogy illustrates that the degree of
stability is dependent on the initial operating condition. [4]

2.2 METHODS FOR TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS

A variety of transient stability assessment methods have been classified into main three groups:
A) Heuristic
B) Training based System
C) Digital Simulation

[Fig. 3 Method of Transient Stability Analysis]

A. Heuristic Method: Heuristic or expert methods use the concept of artificial intelligence. In this
approach, engineering knowledge is encoded into the sets of rules in a program. The program
7
itself then forms two cores: the database and decision rules. a large number offline studies are
required for a range of power system operating points and disturbances to form the required
database.

B. Training Based System: Artificial neural networks and pattern recognition have been also used
for transient stability analysis and classify as training system models. In these methods, the
training sets are formed base on offline studies to form the pattern vector. Then the classifier
needed to be designed for subsequent use in making decision online. Artificial neural networks
have advantages over the traditional classifier as, after training ANNs have capability of
generalizing.

C. Digital Simulation Method: Artificial neural networks and pattern recognition have been also
used for transient stability analysis and classify as training system models. In these methods, the
training sets are formed base on offline studies to form the pattern vector. Then the classifier
needed to be designed for subsequent use in making decision online. Artificial neural networks
have advantages over the traditional classifier as, after training ANNs have capability of
generalizing.

1) Time Domain Solution Method:

The conventional time domain(TD)approaches assess the system robustness visa vis a
given disturbance by solving, step by step, eqs.(1.1), (1.2) modeled for the transient stability
problem, and computing the machine swing curves (rotor angle evolution with time), along
with other important system parameters. A disturbance in general is defined as a sequence of
events, starting at to and finishing up at te (the time of its elimination or clearance), when the
power system enters its post fault configuration. Note that this latter configuration depends on the
scheme of the disturbance clearance. Thus, to assess the system robustness visa vis a given
disturbance, the TD approach simulates the system dynamics in the during fault and post fault
configurations. Generally, the during fault period is quite short (e.g., 100 ms orso). On the other
hand, the post fault period may be much longer: typically, a system which does not lose
synchronism after, say, some seconds, is considered to be stable, i.e., able to withstand the
disturbance under consideration. The maximum simulation period depends upon the
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 characteristics of the very power system and the degree of its modeling sophistication. It
generally does not exceed 15 s for full detailed modeling, while 3 s are deemed enough for
simplified modeling, provided that this latter is valid for assessing first order effects of transient
stability phenomena (which may not be the case). Observe that the definition of criteria detecting
the loss of synchronism is also a matter of operational practices; they may differ from one power
system to another and from one TD program to another. They generally depend on maximum
deviation of machine rotor angles and rotor speeds.

TD methods are able to:

Provide essential information about relevant parameters of the system dynamic evolution with
time (machine swing curves, i.e. rotor angles; speeds; accelerations; powers; etc.);
consider any power system modeling and stability scenario;
Reach the required accuracy, provided that the modeling of a power system is correctly designed
and its parameters accurately known.

TD methods are unable to provide:

Straight forward screening tools in order to discard uninterestingly harmless disturbances;

sound stability margins which would inform one about how far from (in)stability the system is,
and which would yield suitable sensitivity analysis tools;
Guidelines for control.

2) Direct Method:

As time domain simulation methods were computationally expensive, some efforts were
taken to assess the power systems transient stability directly, and without solving DAEs of power
system. The first direct method which was used in power system transient stability was the equal
area criteria (EAC) for single machine infinite bus(SMIB).the method is able to find the critical
clearing time without the solving the system DAEs. Lynapunavs method was adopted in the
power systems multi machine transient stability for first time .the application of Lynapunavs
method to power system is called transient energy function(TEF).these methods compare the
energy of the system when the fault is cleared to the critical energy value of the system. if the

9
system energy at fault clearing time, is less the critical energy value, the system will be stable
following disturbance however there are number of disadvantages in this methods. In practice its
require to simplify power system model deriving the energy function. It is difficult, if not
impossible to include the detailed dynamic model of generators load and FACTS devices in
derivation of the transient energy function. Furthermore, it is not straight forward to determine
threshold value of the energy function for defining stability margin. [3]

2.3 Swing Equation

The electromechanical equation describing the relative motion of the rotor load angle ()
with respect to the stator field as a function of time is known as Swing equation.

A generator receives mechanical torque input Ti via shaft from the prime mover and

develops electromagnetic torque Te which opposes the mechanical torque Ti. The algebraic

difference between Ti and Te is the net torque Ta which causes acceleration of rotor.

Ta = Ti Te (1)

When the machine is operating in steady state, Ta is zero and there is no acceleration.
Whenever this balance between Ti and Te is upset, there is acceleration or retardation depending
on whether Ta is positive or negative.

From the law of mechanics

I =Ta
(2)

or

d2
I 2
dt = Ta (3)

2
Where I = Moment of inertia in kg- m

10
 d2 2
= d t2 = Angular acceleration in elect. Degrees/ sec

Let

= - s t (4)
Where s = synchronous speed in elect. Degrees/sec.

= Angular displacement of rotor, from the

synchronously rotating references Axis in electric degree

Differentiating Eq. (4) w.r.t. t

d d
dt = dt - (5)

And
2 2
d d
dt
2 = dt
2 (6)

Combining Eqs. (1), (2) (6)

2
d
I dt 2 = Ta = Ti Te (7)

Multiplying Eq.(7) by rotor speed

d2
M
dt 2 = P a = P i Pe (8)

Where M = I = angular momentum

Pe = Te = electrical power output

Pa = Pi Pe = accelerating power or difference between input And

output
11
 Eq .(8) is known as swing equation. [6]

2.4 TRANSIENT STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS IN SYSTEM DESIGN:

Transient stability is an important consideration that must be dealt with during the design
of power systems. In the design process, time-domain simulations are conducted to assess the
stability of the system under various conditions and when subjected to various disturbances. Since
it is not practical to design a system to be stable under all possible disturbances, design criteria
specify the disturbances for which the system must be designed to be stable. The criteria
disturbances generally consist of the more statistically probable events, which could cause the
loss of any system element and typically include three-phase faults cleared in normal time and
line-to-ground faults with delayed clearing due to breaker failure. In most cases, stability is
assessed for the loss of one element (such as a transformer or transmission circuit) with possibly
one element out-of-service in the pre disturbance system. In system design, therefore, a wide
number of disturbances are assessed and if the system is found to be unstable (or marginally
stable) a variety of actions can be taken to improve stability.

These include the following:

1. Reduction of transmission system reactance: This can be achieved by adding additional parallel
transmission circuits, providing series compensation on existing circuits, and by using
transformers with lower leakage reactance

2. High-speed fault clearing: In general, two-cycle breakers are used in locations where faults
must be removed quickly to maintain stability. As the speed of fault clearing decreases, so does
the amount of kinetic energy gained by the generators during the fault

3. Dynamic braking: Shunt resistors can be switched in following a fault to provide an artificial
electrical load. This increases the electrical output of the machines and reduces the rotor
acceleration.

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4. Regulate shunt compensation: By maintaining system voltages around the power system, the
flow of synchronizing power between generators is improved.

5. Reactor Switching: The internal voltages of generators, and therefore stability, can be increased
by connected shunt reactors.

6. Single pole Switching and reclosing: Most power system faults are of the single line- to-ground
type. However, in most schemes, this type of fault will trip all three phases. If single pole
switching is used, only the faulted phase is removed, and power can flow on the remaining two
phases there by greatly reducing the impact of the disturbance. The single-phase is reclosed after
the fault is cleared and the fault medium is demonized.

7. Steam turbine fast- valving. Steam valves are rapidly closed and opened to reduce the generator
accelerating power in response to a disturbance.

8. Generator tripping: Perhaps one of the oldest and most common methods of improving
transient stability, this approach disconnects selected generators in response to a disturbance that
has the effect of reducing the power, which is required to be transferred over critical transmission
interfaces.

9. High-speed excitation systems: As illustrated by the simple examples presented earlier,

increasing the internal voltage of a generator has the effect of proving transient stability. This can
be achieved by fast acting excitation systems, which can rapidly boost field voltage in response to
disturbances.

10. Special excitation system controls: It is possible to design special excitation systems that can
use discontinuous controls to provide special field boosting during the transient period there by
improving stability.

11. Special control of HVDC links: The DC power on HVDC links can be rapidly ramped up or
down to assist in maintaining generation=load imbalances caused by disturbances. The effect is
similar to generation or load tripping.

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12. Controlled system separation and load shedding: Generally considered a last resort, it is
feasible to design system controls that can respond to separate, or island, a power system into
areas with balanced generation and load. Some load shedding or generation tripping may also be
required in selected islands. In the event of a disturbance, instability can be prevented from
propagating and affecting large areas by partitioning the system in this manner. If instability
primarily results in generation loss, load shedding alone may be sufficient to control the system.
[8]

2.5 Transient Stability Considerations in System Operation

While it is true that power systems are designed to be transiently stable, and many of the
methods described above may be used to achieve this goal, in actual practice, systems may be
prone to being unstable. This is largely due to uncertainties related to assumptions made during
the design process.

These uncertainties result from a number of sources including:

1. Load and generation forecast: The design process must use forecast information about the
amount, distribution, and characteristics of the connected loads as well as the location and amount
of connected generation. These all have a great deal of uncertainty. If the actual system load is
higher than planned, the generation output will be higher, the system will be more stressed, and
the transient stability limit may be significantly lower.

2. System topology: Design studies generally assume all elements in service, or perhaps up to two
elements out-of-service. In actual systems, there are usually many elements out-of-service at any
one time due to forced outages (failures) or system maintenance. Clearly, these outages can
seriously weaken the system and make it less transiently stable.

3. Dynamic modeling: All models used for power system simulation, even the most advanced,
contain approximations out of practical necessity.

4. Dynamic data: The results of time-domain simulations depend heavily on the data used to
represent the models for generators and the associated controls. In many cases, this data is not

14
known (typical data is assumed) or is in error (either because it has not been derived from field
measurements or due to changes that have been made in the actual system controls that have not
been reflected in the data).

5. Device operation: In the design process it is assumed that controls and protection will operate
designed. In the actual system, relays, breakers, and other controls may fail or operate improperly.

To deal with these uncertainties in actual system operation, safety margins are used.
Operational (short-term) time-domain simulations are conducted using a system model, which is
more accurate (by Accounting for elements out on maintenance, improved short-term load
forecast, etc.) Then the design model. Transient stability limits are computed using these models.
The limits are generally in terms of maximum flows allowable over critical interfaces, or
maximum generation output allowable from critical generating sources. Safety margins are then
applied to these computed limits. This means that actual system operation is restricted to levels
(interface flows or generation) below the stability limit by an amount equal to a defined safety
margin. In general, the margin is expressed in terms of a percentage of the critical flow or
generation output. For example, an operation procedure might be to set the operating limit at a
flow level 10% below the stability limit.

A growing trend in system operations is to perform transient stability assessment on-line

in near-real time. In this approach, the power flow defining the system topology and the initial
operating state is derived, at regular intervals, from actual system measurements via the energy
management system (EMS) using state-estimation methods. The derived power flow together
with other data required for transient stability analysis is passed to transient stability software
residing on dedicated computers and the computations required to assess all credible
contingencies are performed within a specified cycle time. Using advanced analytical methods
and high-end computer hardware, it is currently possible to assess the transient stability of vary
large systems, for a large number of contingencies, in cycle times typically ranging from 5 to 30
min. Since this on-line approach uses information derived directly from the actual power system,
it eliminates a number of the uncertainties associated with load forecasting, generation

15
forecasting, and prediction of system topology, thereby leading to more accurate and meaningful
stability assessment. [8]

CHAPTER 3
ABOUT
MIPOWER
SOFTWARE

16
3.1 INTRODUCTION
MiPower is highly interactive, user friendly windows based Power System Analysis
package. It includes set of modules for performing wide range of power system design and
analysis study. MiPower features include a top notch GUI with centralized database. Steady state,
transient and electromagnetic transient analysis can be performed with utmost accuracy and
tolerance.

3.2 POWER SYSTEM NETWORK EDITOR

Power System Network Editor is a general purpose graphic user interface designed to
create a power system single line diagram and any other general diagram using the preliminary
drawing elements. MiPowers network editor is equipped with tools and features to make the
creation of the network easy.

17
 Presentation of power system analysis results on single line diagram at user specified
location and orientation.
Editing the network and database simultaneously or network and database separately and
connecting later.
Creating contingencies from network editor.
Dynamic load flow simulation.
Standard nameplate insertion.
Nested documents.
Creation of snapshots of the networks.
Facility to represent four winding transformer, current and voltage source, vacuum CB,
delta connected load.
Facility to highlight only the selected results.
Presentation of diagrams in parts with/without results.
Presentation of different case study results for easy comparison.
Automatic placement of power system display code for elements and its control.

18
 Use mode of power system study results representations, such as table format, block
symmetric diagrams, etc.
Highlighting of study results lies within a band of minimum normal and maximum limits.
Batch mode plotting of load flow results.
Margining of user defined information about the system.
Dynamic text font styles and text colour. The available text font support depends on the
number installed fonts in the system.
Multi-layering of object to view, selection, edit and presentation of PS results.
Text alignment to left, right, top and bottom, centering along X or Y.
Dynamic object attributes such as line styles, fool style and colour.
Interacting icons indicating the direction of drawing.
Ortho Mode to move the selected objects along X and Y.
User configurable bus base voltage level and colour to represent the bus.
Automatic updating of power system element colour depending on the bus colour.
Facility for show/hiding of grid lines.
Print/plot support to any of the printer.
Representation for relays and grounding symbols.
Multiple document view with cascading, tiling and multiple windows. [10]

3.3 MiPower software contain following modules

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

RELAY COORDINATION
SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
GRID DESIGN
OPTIMUM POWER FLOW
STABILITY ANALYSIS
TRANSIENT STABILITY
VOLTAGE INSTABILITY
DYNAMIC STABILITY
SUB-SYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE
LONG TERM LOAD FORECASTING
HARMONIC ANALYSIS [10]

19
 CHAPTER-4
ANALYSIS
OF TRANSIENT
STABILITY

20
4.1 CASE STUDY: 3-MACHINE 9-BUS SYSTEM:

The system of 3-machine 9-bus system is taken as case study. All the buses are taken of 11kV.
Base MVA is 200MVA. Generators are connected at buses-1,4and 9. Load is connected at Bus-4.
Load is 200 MW at unity p.f. Line Resistance are neglected. [9]

The System is shown in fig below.

4.2 PROCEDURE FOR SIMULATION IN SOFTWARE:

Two methods for entering Data

1. Drawing SLD and entering corresponding data in database manager

2. Drawing SLD and entering data simultaneously

For simplicity use method-2.

4.2.1 Starting With Mipower:

Option POWER SYSTEM NETWORK EDITOR opens GUI program for drawing single line
diagrams along with general drawing information for analyzing power system networks as per
user requirements.

21
 MiPower POWER SYSTEM NETWORK EDITOR

4.2.2 Started With Power System Network Editor:

From menu DATABASE, option CONFIGURE makes new file (.mdb) by given path clicking on
Browse as fig below.

Select appropriate location then click OK.

22
 Data Base Configure Browse Folder File
OK

4.3 SIMULATION OF THE SYSTEM

4.3.1 Drawing of Bus Bar

In starting bus bars are first set up in the software as per their area and zone. Bus
parameters are then entered according to type. A slack bus is a bus bar-1 where the generation

23
values, P(real power in MW) and Q(reactive power in MVAR), are unknown; there will always be
one such bus bar in any system. Bus bar in the example is entered as a slack bus with a base
voltage of 20kv, a generator terminal voltage of 20kv (1.03 pu) and a phase angle of 0.0 o(a default
value).

Drawing bus bar by clicking on bus icon given at right most of power system tool. After
drawing a bus a dialog box appears showing element ID and Bus name. If there is no need to
change keep default and click OK. Now a database manager for bus will appear with data like
area no., zone no., Max. And Min. voltage levels etc. After entering all data click on save which
will back to network editor and draw remaining 4 buses

Bus bar Bus Id OK Bus Data Save

4.3.2 DRAWING OF TRANSMISSION LINE:

Transmission line is drawn by clicking on Transmission line icon at right most of power system
tools. While drawing transmission line following points should be noted:

1. Transmission line should be connected between buses of same kV level.

24
2. The from bus and to bus numbers should be different.

After connecting transmission line between two buses of same kV levels a data base for
transmission line will appear. In which data like, positive sequence resistance and reactance, zero
sequence resistance and reactance, thermal rating etc. are there to be inserted.

The data base for transmission line is shown in fig.

Transmission line Icon Element Id OK

While entering data of transmission line, after selecting Structure reference no. a dialog
box containing Transmission Line Library will appear, which is containing the data like
positive sequence resistance, positive sequence reactance, positive sequence susceptance, zero
sequence resistance, zero sequence reactance, thermal rating etc.
25
 Transmission line library is as below fig.

Line Data Line & Cable Library Save OK

4.3.3 DRAWING OF TRANSFORMER

Open the Two Winding Transformer form to enter data using this command:

In this form the information pertaining to the parameters of two winding transformer has to be
entered.

While entering data for two winding transformer data the following points should be noted.
26
1. The Connection from bus and to bus must be different.
2. From bus and to bus should be present in the bus data.
Click on two winding transformer icon provided in tool bar. Connect it to Generator bus-2 as well
as Bus-4. The transformer data base appears where data like, from bus, to bus, Set tap position,
De-rated MVA are there to be entered.

Transformer Icon Element Id Two Winding Transformer Data Save OK

While entering data of two winding transformer, after selecting Structure reference no. a
dialog box containing Two Winding Transformer Library will appear. In which the data like
positive sequence impedance, positive sequence X to R ratio, zero sequence impedance, zero
sequence X to R ratio etc. are there to be entered.

Two Winding Transformer Library shown as below fig.

27
 Transformer Data Transformer Library Save OK

4.3.4 Drawing of Generator:

The synchronous machines are modeled during stability studies as:-
1. Infinite Bus OR Classical Modeling
2. Transient Modeling
3. Sub Transient Modeling

28
 The load flow study considers steady state data of the generator and other transient and
sub transient reactance and time constant are used in stability study. The sequence data and
winding information are used in fault studies.

Here generator model as infinite bus or say classical model in which a simple constant voltage
behind constant transient reactance considers.

The data base for generator is shown in fig below

Generator Icon Element Id Generator Data Save Close Save

While entering data of Generator, after selecting Structure reference no. a dialog box containing
Generator Library will appear. In which the data like Inertia Constant H MJ/MVA Armature
resistance Quadrature axis reactance, Direct axis Transient reactance etc. are there to be entered.

29
Generator Icon Element Id Generator Library Save Close
Generator Data Save

4.3.5 Drawing of Load:

30
 The detailed representation of all loads in the system for a transient stability study is
impractical. A compromise to limit data collection and reduce computing time cost is to represent
in detail those loads most influenced by the disturbance and use a simple representation for those
loads electrically remote from disturbance.

Simple load representation to voltage variations falls into one of the following categories:

1. Constant kVA (induction motors)

2. Constant current (controlled rectifiers)
3. Constant impedance (static loads)

Taking the load from Power System Tools and connecting it to appropriate bus bar, a
data base for load will appear containing data like real power (MW), reactive power (MVAR) and
power factor. Similarly entering data for all loads available in system. Here all the loads are taken
of constant impedance type.

Data base for Load is shown below in fig.

4.4 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM:

31
 The single line diagram of 3-machine 9-bus system is shown in fig below. All the
data are entered as entered in 5-bus system. The procedure for solving the system is same as the
previous system.

4.5 Load Flow Analysis:

32
 After execution of load flow analysis Mipower shows message of load flow
convergence. If load flow is converged within specific limit then user can proceed for transient
stability.

Load Flow Analysis Convergence is shown in fig below.

4.5.1 Load Flow Plot:

33
 The procedure for load flow analysis is same as the previous system. Load Flow Plot
is shown in the fig below for the system.

4.6 Transient Stability Analysis for the System:

34
After execution of load flow analysis and checking of load flow plot, it can be seen that all the
connections are appropriate or not. After that, user can proceed for transient stability analysis. For
transient stability analysis, click on Transient Stability from menu Solve and fill the data which is
required for results.

Here Step By Step method is used for TSA. So, Step time is given 0f 0.01 second. Here
disturbance affecting the system is three phase to ground type.

35
The Study info for transient stability analysis is as shown in fig below.

36
4.6.1 Transient Stability Analysis Report:

The report of transient stability analysis is as shown in fig below.

37
4.6.2Transient Stability Graph (Swing Curve):

Graph is generated automatically in Migraph utility which provides swing curve or plot. This is
the plot between power angle (degree) and time (sec.) here 3 phase short circuit occur at bus 4
and fault cleared in 0.35 sec.

The graph is for buses 1, 5 and 9.

The graph is shown in fig below.

38
Now 3 phase short circuit occur at bus 4 and cleared in 0.40 sec

The graph is shown below fig.

39
 CHAPTER 5
IEEE-14 BUS
SYSTEM
SIMULATION

5. SIMULATION OF TRANSIENT STABILITY USING MIPOWER

40
5.1 CASE STUDY: The 5 Machine 14 Bus systems is taken as case study which is shown in
Figure. Bus-1 and bus-2 are generator buses which are rated 69kv with 100MVA base,
Synchronous Compensators are connected at buses 3 and 8. Load is connected to all bus except
bus-1,7and 8. Parameters given here are in per unit (p.u) format on 100MVA base. There are four
transformers connected in the system; in which one is three-winding and others are two winding
transformers. [7]

5.2 IEEE- 14 BUS DATA

5.2.1 DRAWING OF BUSBAR:
41
Data required for bus is given in below table
BUS DATA

Bus Number Voltage Base(kV) Vo(pu)

0 (rad)
1 69 1 0
2 69 1 0
3 69 1 0
4 69 1 0
5 69 1 0
6 13.8 1 0
7 13.8 1 0
8 18 1 0
9 13.8 1 0
10 13.8 1 0
11 13.8 1 0
12 13.8 1 0
13 13.8 1 0
14 13.8 1 0

5.2.2 Drawing of Transmission Line:

Input Data require for 14-Bus system:

Table: Line Detail

From To Power Voltage Frequen R (Pu) X (Pu) B(Pu)
Bus Bus Rating Rating cy
(MVA) (kV) Rating
(Hz)
2 5 100 69 60 0.0569 0.1738 0.0340
5 8 0
6 12 100 13.8 60 0.1229 0.2558 0.0000

42
 1 1 0
12 13 100 13.8 60 0.2209 0.1998 0.0000
2 8 0
6 13 100 13.8 60 0.0661 0.1302 0.0000
5 7 0
6 11 100 13.8 60 0.0949 0.1989 0.0000
8 0 0
11 10 100 13.8 60 0.0820 0.1920 0.0000
5 7 0
9 10 100 13.8 60 0.0318 0.0845 0.0000
1 0 0
9 14 100 13.8 60 0.1271 0.2703 0.0000
1 8 0
14 13 100 13.8 60 0.1709 0.3480 0.0000
3 2 0
7 9 100 13.8 60 0.0000 0.1100 0.0000
1 0
1 2 100 69 60 0.0193 0.0591 0.0528
8 7 0
3 2 100 69 60 0.0469 0.1975 0.0438
9 7 0
3 4 100 69 60 0.0670 0.1710 0.0346
1 3 0
1 5 100 69 60 0.0540 0.2230 0.0492
3 4 0
5 4 100 69 60 0.0133 0.0421 0.0128
5 1 0
2 4 100 69 60 0.0581 0.1763 0.0374
1 2 0
5 6 100 69 60 0.0000 0.2520 0.0000
2 0
4 9 100 69 60 0.0000 0.5561 0.0000
8 0
4 7 100 69 60 0.0000 0.2091 0.0000
2 0
8 7 100 18 60 0.0000 0.1761 0.0000
5 0

43
-
5.2.3 Drawing of Transformer:

Input data require for 14-Bus system:

Fro To Power Voltage Freaquenc Voltage R X Fix Tap
m bu Rating Rating y Ratio (Pu) (Pu) Ratio
Bus s (MVA) (kv) Rating (Kv/Kv (Pu/Pu)
(Hz) )
5 6 100 69 60 5 0 0.252 0.932
02

4 9 100 69 60 5 0 0.556 0.969

18

4 7 100 69 60 5 0 0.209 0.978

12

8 7 100 18 60 1.3043 0 0.176 0

48 15

Table: Two and three Winding Transformer Detail

44
5.2.4 Drawing of Generator:
The synchronous machines are modeled during stability studies as:-
1. Infinite Bus OR Classical Modeling
2. Transient Modeling
3. Sub Transient Modeling

The load flow study considers steady state data of the generator and other transient and
sub transient reactance and time constant are used in stability study. The sequence data and
winding information are used in fault studies.

TABLE: SLACK GENERATOR DATA

Bus Power Voltage Vo Q max Q min V max V min

Number Rating Rating (pu) (Pu) (Pu) (pu) (pu)
(MVA) (Kv) (Pu)
1 100 69 1.06 0 9.9 -9.9 1.06 0.8

PV GENERATOR DATA

Bus Power Voltage Active Vo Q max Q min V max V min

Number Rating Rating Power (Pu) (Pu) (Pu) (Pu) (Pu)
(MVA) (KV) (Pu)
2 100 69 0.4 1.045 0.5 -0.4 1.0451 0.8
6 100 13.8 0 1.07 0.24 -0.06 1.0701 0.6
3 100 69 0 1.01 0.4 0 1.0101 0.6
8 100 18 0 1.09 0.2517 -0.06 1.0901 0.6

45
 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE DATA

Bus Power Voltag Frequenc XL Ra Xd Xd X Xq Xq X

Numb Ratin e y (Pu) (Pu) (Pu) (pu) d (pu) (pu) q
er g Rating Rating (pu (pu
(MVA (Kv) (Hz) ) )
)
1 615 69 60 0.23 0 0.897 0.6 0.2 0.64 0.64 0.4
9 9 3 6 6
3 60 69 60 0 0.003 1.05 0.18 0.1 0.98 0.36 0.1
1 5 3 3
2 60 69 60 0 0.003 1.05 0.18 0.1 0.98 0.36 0.1
1 5 3 3
8 25 18 60 0.13 0.001 1.25 0.23 0.1 1.22 0.71 0.1
4 4 2 2 5 2
6 25 13.08 60 0.13 0.001 1.25 0.23 0.1 1.22 0.71 0.1
4 4 2 2 5 2

Machine Tdo Tdo Tqo Tqo M=2H Damping

Model (s) (s) (s) (s) (kws/kva) coefficient
5.2 7.4 0.03 0 0.033 10.296 2
6 6.1 0.04 0.3 0.099 13.08 2
6 6.1 0.04 0.3 0.099 13.08 2
6 4.75 0.06 1.5 0.21 10.12 2
6 4.75 0.06 1.5 0.21 10.12 2s

46
5.2.5 DRAWING OF LOAD:

Input data required for load is given in below table

LOAD DATA

Bus Power Rating Voltage Active Reactive V max V min (pu)

Number (MVA) Rating power power (pu)
(kv) (pu) (pu)
11 100 13.8 0.035 0.018 1.2 0.6
13 100 13.8 0.135 0.058 1.2 0.6
3 100 69 0.942 0.19 1.5 0.8
5 100 69 0.076 0.016 1.2 0.6
2 100 69 0.217 0.127 1.2 0.8
6 100 13.8 0.112 0.075 1.5 0.6
4 100 69 0.478 0.04 1.2 0.6
14 100 13.8 0.149 0.05 1.2 0.5
12 100 13.8 0.061 0.016 1.2 0.6
10 100 13.8 0.09 0.058 1.2 0.6
9 100 13.8 0.295 0.166 1.2 0.6

47
5.3 SIMULATION OF THE SYSTEM
5.3.1 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM:
The single line diagram of the 4-machine, 14-bus system is shown in fig. There are two 2-
winding transformers, one 3-winding transformer connected in the system, which is taken as case
study. The generators are connected at buses-1 and 2, synchronous condensers are connected at
buses-8 and 3. The loads are connected as shown in the SLD.

48
5.3.2 SOLVING OF SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM:

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS:

49
 Its necessary to solve load flow analysis before solving transient stability analysis
because its necessary to check out whether all transmission lines and transformers are loaded with
its specify initial condition. Load flow must be converged within specific iteration. Here Load
Flow Analysis is solved by Fast De-coupled load Flow Method.

Load Flow Analysis execution is shown in fig below.

Solve load flow analysis study info execute

LOAD FLOW PLOT:

50
 Click on plot to see whether any transmission line or transformer overloaded or not. If any line
found of red colour, it denotes overloaded condition. Here none of the transmission line is
overloaded.

Plot load flow analysis OK

51
5.3.3 TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS:
After execution of load flow analysis and checking of load flow plot, it can be seen
that all the connections are appropriate or not. After that, user can proceed for transient stability
analysis. For transient stability analysis, click on Transient Stability from menu Solve and fill the
data which is required for results.

Here Step By Step method is used for TSA. So, Step time is given 0f 0.1 second.

The Study info for transient stability analysis is as shown in fig below.

52
Solve Transient Stability Study Info Disturbance Info OK Execute OK

CHAPTER-6
ANALYSIS OF
IEEE-14 BUS
SYSTEM

53
6.1 CASE-1: EFFECT OF FAULT LOCATION ON SYSTEM
STABILITY

CASE-1(A):
Fault Location Bus-12
Fault Clearing Time 0.35 sec

Solve Transient Stability Execute Graph OK

Here Fault is occurred at bus-12. The fault clearing time is 0.35 sec. The swing curve of machines
connected at buses 1 and 2 is shown in the fig. As per swing curve, it is clear that the generator
connected at bus-2 is stable as compared to the generator connected at bus-1.
54
CASE-1(B):
Fault Location- Bus-13
Fault Clearing Time- 0.5 sec

Here Fault is occurred at bus-13. The fault clearing time is 0.5 sec. The swing curve of machines
connected at buses 1 and 2 is shown in the fig. As per swing curve, it is clear that the generator
connected at bus-2 is stable as compared to the generator connected at bus-1.

55
CASE-1(C):
Fault Location- Bus-11
Fault Clearing Time- 0.5 se

Here Fault is occurred at bus-11. The fault clearing time is 0.5 sec. The swing curve of machines
connected at buses 1 and 2 is shown in the fig. As per swing curve, it is clear that the generator
connected at bus-1 is stable as compared to the generator connected at bus-2.

56
6.2 CASE-2: EFFECT OF FREQUENCY ON SYSTEM STABILITY

The graph between Frequency vs. Time for machines connected at buses-1 and 2 for checking the
variation of frequency is shown in the fig.

As per the graph, it is clear that the machine connected at bus-2 is stable compared to machine
connected at bus-1. So, frequency variation in machine-2 is less referred to machine-1. The
variation in machine-2 is about 60 Hz, thats why its stable.

57
6.3 CASE-3: EFFECT OF VARIATION IN TERMINAL VOLTAGE
ON SYSTEM STABILITY

Variation of terminal voltage on bus-1 and bus-2:

The graph of voltage vs. time is shown in the fig. As per the graph, it is clear that the voltage of
the machine which is connected at bus 1 sags and reaches zero and the voltage of the machine
which is connected at bus-2 sags less referred to 1 st. The terminal voltage of the machine
connected to bus-2 try to regain its position; i.e. 1 pu and succeed after some duration.

58
 CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION

Conclusion:
The 3-machine 9-bus system analysis using Mipower software in that simulation, at 0 sec. a three
phase to ground fault was applied at bus-4 Patten and fault cleared at 0.35sec. & for fault clearing
59
time 0.40sec. up to end time to 1 sec. With simulation time of frame given from 0 sec. to 1 sec. by
the time step is 0.01 sec.

Before applying fault, the system has a satisfactory and stable initial condition. Voltage
magnitude is fixed at1.0p.u. and there is no oscillation during this period. During fault application
voltage vector is set to zero (three phase fault) and machine angle start to increases until fault
cleared time. After removing fault a angle of machine start oscillations. For 0.35 sec. clearing
time Lunt Machine does not lose synchronism with rest of system since angle oscillation does not
go over 90 degree. But for 0.40 fault clearing time Lunt Machine lose synchronism or unstable.
Other machine remains synchronism.

When fault occurs in the system, the system becomes unstable. The location of fault affects the
stability of the system. When the fault is occurred at the location of fault near to the generator, the
machine becomes unstable and goes out of step. When the location of fault is far from the
generator, it affects less on the system stability as compared to earlier.

As per the second case, the variation in frequency is more in the machine which is unstable
referred to other. The stable machine works on the frequency of 60 Hz; so the variation in the
frequency of the machine which is stable is about 60 Hz and in other machine it is more.

The stability is also depend on the aspect, change in terminal voltage. After analyzing the
transient stability of the system, it is clear that the machine which goes out of step has large
variations ion the terminal voltage. The excited machine has large voltage sag referred to the
stable machine, and the machine tries to regain its initial position which is 1pu. So, it can be said
that the stability of the system depends on variation in terminal voltage.

REFERENCE:
1. P.K. Iyambo, and R. Tzoneva, Transient Stability Analysis of the IEEE 14-Bus Electric Power
System Member, IEEE

60
2. IEEE/CIGRE Joint Task Force on Stability Terms and Definitions, Definition and
Classification of Power System Stability, IEEE Trans. on Power Syst., Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 1387-
1400, May 2004

3. Prajapati Bhavikkumar, Transient Stability Analysis of 5-Bus System, L. D .College of

Engineering Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India1 Power System
Analysis and Design by B.R Gupta pp 412 to 413

4. Ankit Jha, Lalthangliana Ralte, Ashwinee Kumar, Pinak Ranjan PatiTRANSIENT STABILITY
ANALYSIS USING EQUAL AREACRITERION USING SIMULINKMODEL, Department of
ElectricalEngineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela, 2008-09

5. Power system stability analysis using matlab by Pranamita Basu and Aishwarya Harinandan
from Nit Rourkee.pp 15-16

6. B. R. Gupta- Power System Analysis and Design 3rd Edition (S. Chand & Company LTD.) pp.
412-419

7. I.J. NAGRATH and D.P.KOTHARI, Power system Engineering (Tata McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1964)4e.pp.456.

8. Power system stability and control by Leonard L.Grigs by chapter-8

9. Edward Wilson Kimbark Power System Stability Volume 1 Element Of stability Calculation
Page NO.89

10. www.Mipower.com/help file

61