Articles

Personal Protective Equipments

Reusable Surgical Gowns > material : cloth (reusable)

Paper or plastic : (disposable)
Types :
clean: used during procedures generatind splashes or blood or body fluids .
Sterile: -1- maintain sterile field during surgery & other invasive procedure

2-care of immune compromised pt.

 Safety Box
Uses: disposal of sharp wastes (syrings canula
scalpels)
 Biohazard Bag
Uses: disposal of non sharp contaminated materials of
pt. body fluids
Latex disposable gloves
Heavy duty gloves
 Eye goggles
uses: protection of mucous membrane of (eye mouth nose)
from splashes or spray of blood or body fluids for health care
workers
 Disposable mask
Uses: double protection for pt. & doctor
For patient: protection from oral flora of health care workers-
For doctor: from splashes or sprayes of blood or body fluids-

Pt. with droplet isolation precautions (influenza pneumonia

meningitis )
 N95 mask(high effeceincy mask)
Designed to capture >95% of particles less than 5 microne in size
Uses: protection of doctors from air porn infections as T.B
N95
N95
Petri dish
 Ordinary swab
Uses : swab from pus in wound infection
Swab from upper respiratory tract in cases as
pharyngitis or tonsillitis
 Universal container
Clean : collection of samples from contaminated body sites (stool
sputum)
Sterile : collection of sterile body fluids (urine)
Precautions of midstream sample:
1- wash of external genetalia
2-mid stream urine
Significant bacterurea: 104 - 105/ml3 in mid stream sample
102 103/ml3 in urinary catheter sample
 Plastic syringe
Uses: aspiration of pus or collection of blood samples for blood culture
precautions: -hand higene
-wear clean latex disposable gloves
- apply antiseptin on site of syrige introduction (alcohol
70%)
- using sterile syringe
- disposal in safety box
 Lumber puncture needle
Uses: collection of C.S.F. in cases of meningitis
Site of puncture : between L3/ L4 or L4/L5 spine
Centrifuge tube
Test tube
Non inoculated
media
Nutrient broth
 Blood Culture Bottle
Uses: for blood culture in cases of bacteremia
 Nutrient agar

Plate slope
 Blood agar
.uses: culture of bacterial organisms as strept. & staph
 Mac Conkeys agar
uses: isolation of gram ve bacilli as E.coli proteus
pseudomonas
 Loeffler's serum
used for culture of C.Diphtheria
 Lowenstein jensen medium
Uses: for isolation of mycobacterium tuberculosis (T.B)
Robertson's cooked meat media
uses: isolation of anerobic bacteria as clostredia
Cultural characters
Swarming growth
Exopigment
Endopigment
Beta hemolytic colonies
(complete hemolysis)
Gamma hemolytic colonies
(No hemolysis)
Lactose fermenting colonies
Non lactose fermenting colonies
Slides
G+VE cocci arranged in groups
e.g Staphylococci in culture

A
Staphylococci in pus
G+ve cocci arranged in chains
e.g Streptococci in culture
Streptococci in pus
G-ve cocci arranged in groups
e.g Neisseria in culture
Neisseria in pus
Gram negative bacilli with no
special arrangment in culture
e.g. E.coli salmonella proteus
G+ve bacilli arranged in chains
e.g bacillus anthracis
G+ve bacilli arranged in chinese letters
appearance e.g C. Diphtheriae in culture
Diphtheroid in culture
G+ve oval bodies Candida
albicans
G-ve curved bacilli e.g vibrio
cholera
Spirochates fontana stain
(brown)
Filamentous fungi Methylene blue stain
e.g aspirgillus (spores & hyphe)
Acid fast bacilli ZN stain e.g
M.tuberculosis
 Serology
)For Tropical(
Indirect ELISA for detection of antidodies
Uses: detection of antibodies as in cases of
transplantation
 Direct ELISA
used for detection of Ag
 Direct immunofluorescence test
uses: for detection of Ag using flurochrome
dye
 Widal Test

Specimen: patient serum for detection of

antibodies
Type of antigen antibody reaction:
.agglutination
:Method
1- the test is done in small conical tubes (Dreyers tubes)
arranged in 4 rows Each row is formed of 6 test tubes
and 1 antigen control tube.
2- two fold dilutions of the patients serum are distributed in
each test row (1/20,1/40,1/80,1/160,..)
3- constant amount of the antigens are added to test tubes as
follows:
1st row: Somatic O antigen common to all Salmonellae
2nd row : H antigen for S. typhi
3rd row : H antigen for S. paratyphi A
4th row : H antigen for S. paratyphi B
4- Antigen control tubes: each contains suspension of one of
the used antigens
5- They are incubated for 6 hours at 375C
A schematic diagram for Widals test: agglutination occurs
with S. typhi O and H suspensions up to a titer of 1/320Tubes

Test tubes Control

 Interpretation of the result

A high titres of agglutination with O antigen

indicate recent infection
According of H antigen show agglutination, the
type of the organism is identified; e.g.
agglutination with H antigen of S.typhi means
that it is the causative organism.
The titre is read as the highest dilution of serum
giving visible agglutination e.g. if dilution is
1/120 so the titre is 120
 Possibilities

A case of S.typhi
A case of S. paratyphi A
A case of S. paratyphi B
Post vaccination reaction ( low agglutination
titre with more than one type of Salmonella
antigens
Antibiotic sensitivity
Tests
 Disc diffusion method
antibiotic sensitivity test Measure the zone of inhibition (clear zone)
around each antibiotic disc
Antibiotic sensitivity testing tube dilution
method (MIC=minimal inhibitory
concentration)
E test (epsilometer test)
 PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
Uses: amplification and detection of nucleic acid of infectious
pathogen of organism
Used in HBV -- HCV -- HIV
Thank you