Professional Documents
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Roll No. :
Topic : Optics
Mohammed
Asif Ph : 9391326657, 64606657
• Geometrical optics treats propagation of light in terms of rays and is valid only if wavelength of
light much lesses than the size of obstacles.
i) Light does not require a medium for its propagation
ii) It’s speed in free space (vaccum) is 3 x 108m/s
iii) It is transverse in nature
• In the spectrum of e.m.w. it lies between u.v. and infra-red region and has wavelength between
4000 to 7000 A . i.e ( 0.4 µ m to 0.7 µ m )
O
BASIC - DEFINATIONS
• Source:
A body which emits light is called source. Source can be a point one (or) extended one.
(a) Self-luminous-source: The source which possess light of it own.
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• Ray: The straight line path along with the light travels in a homogeneous medium is called a
ray. A single ray cannot be propagated form a source of light.
• Beam: A bundle can bunch of rays is called beam it is called beam it is of following 3 types
• Convergent-beam: In this case diameter of beam decreases in the direction of ray
• Divergent Beam: It is a beam is with all the rays meet at a point when produced backward and
the diameter of beam goes on increasing as the rays proceed forward.
• Parallel Beam: It is beam in which all the rays constituting the beam move parallel to each
other and diameter of beam remains same
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• Image: An optical image is decided by reflected (or) refracted rays only. It is of two types.
(a) Real Image: This is formed due to real intersection of reflected (or) refracted rays, Real
image can be obtained on screen.
• Virtual-Image: This is formed due to apparent intersection of reflected (or) refracted light rays.
Virtual image can’t be obtained on screen.
(Note: Human ray can’t distinguish between real and virtual image because in both case rays
are diverging)
• REFLECTION:
The phenomenon by virtue of which incident light energy is partly or completely sent back into
the same medium from which it is coming after being obstructed by a surface is called
reflection.
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• LAWS OF REFLECTION:
1) First Law: The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface at the
point of incidence, all lie in one plane which is ⊥' r to the reflecting surface.
2) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection ∠i = ∠r .
Note:
1) The laws of reflection are valid for any smooth reflecting surface irrespective of geometry.
2) Whenever reflection takes place, the component of incident ray parallel to reflecting surface
remains uncharged, while component perpendicular to reflecting surface (i.e. along normal)
reverse in direction.
→ ^ ^ ^ → ^^^
r1 = xi+ jy + zk ,
r2 = xi+ jy − zk
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^ ^ ^^ ^
R I−= 2 I.N N
R → Unit vector along the reflected ray
^
I→ Unit vector along the Incident ray
^
N→ Unit vector along the normal ray
OA = AI
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b) Extended source:
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Multiple Reflection:
δnet = ∑ δi δi = deviation due to single reflection.
Note while summing up, sense of rotation is taken into account.
Q: 1) Two plane mirror are inclined to each other such that a ray of light incident on the first mirror
and parallels to the second is reflected from the second mirror parallel to the first mirror.
Determine the angle between the two mirror. Also determine the total deviation produced in the
incident ray due to the two reflections.
Solution:
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 7
δ1 = π − 2 i
=180 − 2 ×50 0 =100 ↑
δ 2 = 180 − 2 × 20 0 = 140 0 ↓
δ 2 = 180 − 2 ×10 0 = 160 0 ↓
δ net = 100 ↑ +140 ↓ +160 ↓ = 100 ↑ ( or ) 260 0 ↓
Q: 3) Two plane mirrors are inclined to each other at an angle θ . A ray of light is reflected first at
one mirror and then at the other. Find the total deviation of the ray?
Solution: Let α = Angle of incidence for M1
β = Angle of incidence for M2
δ1 = Deviation due to M1
δ2 = Deviation due to M2
From figure
δ1 = π − 2 α
δ2 = π − 2 β
Also ray is rotated in same secure (i.e.) anticlockwise
δ Net = δ1 +δ2 Now in ∆ OBC
= π − 2α + π − 2 β ∠OBC + ∠BCO + ∠COB = 180 0
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∴ δ Net = 2π − 2(θ ) α + β =θ
δ Net = 2π − 2θ
• Velocity of Image:
Let
xO/m = x-co-ordinate of object w.r.t. mirror
xI/m = x-co-ordinate of image w.r.t. mirror
yO/m = y-co-ordinate of object w.r.t. mirror
yI/m = y-co-ordinate of image w.r.t. mirror
For plane mirror
xO/m = -xI/m
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time (t)
d
( xO / m ) = − d ( x I / m )
dt dt
→ →
VO / m = −VI / m
x x
→ →
V Ox − Vmx = −VIx − V mx
→ →
VIx = 2 V mx − V Ox
Similarly yI/m = yO/m
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time we get
→ →
VI / m = VO / m
y y
In nutshell, for solving numerical problems involving calculation of velocity of image of object
with respect to any observer, always calculate velocity of image first with respect to mirror
using following points.
→ →
VI / m = VO / m
11 11
→ →
VI / m = −VO / m
1 1
→
→
→
V I / m = VI / m +V I / m
11 1
Velocity of image with respect to required observer is then calculated using basic equation for
relative motion.
→ → →
V A/ B = V A − V B
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Q: 1) Point object is moving with a speed V before an arrangement of two mirrors as shown in figure.
Find the velocity of image in mirror M1 w.r.t. image in mirror M2?
→ → →
Solution: 2V sin θ
V 1/ 2 = V 1 − V 2 =
F.B.D
Is 2 θ ∴ their magnitude is V.
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 10
(VI ) 11 = 8m / s
∴ Velocity of time VI = (VI )12 + (VI ) 2n
= 100 +64 = 164 m
4
∴ θ = tan −1
5
A point object is approaching the intersection point of mirror with a speed of 100cm/s. The
velocity of the image of object formed by M2 w.r.t. velocity of image of object formed by M1 is:
Solution: The components of various velocities are as shown in the figure below
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 11
→ ^ ^ ^ ^
V = 1 s 3 i+1 s 3 ic03 j+ 7−1inc0 3o7i+1n0s73 c 3o0 j 7 si 0 o7 ns70 0 s
I2 M
02 0 0 02 0 0
^ ^
= − 2 i+ 48 j c8 / sm
→ → →
V IM 2 , IM1 = V IM 2 − V IM1
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 12
Vi = Vm = −(V0 −Vm )
[
Vi − ( − 5 cos 30 0 ) = − 10 cos 60 0 − ( − 5 cos 30 0 ) ]
( )
^
∴ Vi = − 5 1 + 3 i m / s
Along y-direction V0 = Vi
^
∴ Vi = 1 0s i n6 0 = 5 j m / s
0
()
^ ^
= − 5 1+ 3 i + 5 j m / s
∴ Velocity of the image
Q: 5) An object moves with 5m/s towards right while the mirror moves with 1m/s towards the left as
shown. Find the velocity of image.
Solution: Take → as +ve direction.
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Q: 6) Find the region on y-axis in which reflected rays are present object is at A(2, 0) and MN is a
plane mirror, as shown
Solution:
A ' = ( 6,0 )
M ' = ( 0,6 )
N ' = ( 0,9 )
Q: 7) An object moves towards a plane mirror with a speed v at an angle 600 to the ⊥1 r to the plane
of the mirror. What is the relative velocity between the object and the emage?
3 V V
a) V b) V c) d)
2 2 2
→ → →
Solution: V OI = V O − V I
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 14
Q: 8) A ray of light making angle 200 with the horizontal is incident on a plane mirror with itself
inclined to the horizontal at angle 100, with normal away from the incident ray. What is the
angle made by the reflected ray with the horizontal?
Solution: AO = Incident ray
OB = Reflected ray
The reflected ray goes along the horizontal. Hence angle made by the reflected ray with the
horizontal is zero.
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b) When mirror are perpendicular: In this case, three images are formed. The ray diagram is
shown.
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1
∴ M 2 E1 = y ( Say ) = N 2 E = ( BE ) ………(2)
2
Adding equation (1) and (2) yield
x + y = length of mirror = 1 ( AE + BC ) = 1 ( AB ) = 1 (Height of person)
2 2 2
Note:- Minimum size is independent of distance between man and mirror.
Q: 1) A plane mirror is inclined at an angle θ with the horizontal surface. A particle is projected
from point P (see fig.) at t = 0 with a velocity v at angle α with the horizontal. The image of the
particle is observed from the frame of the particle projected. Assuming the particle does not
collide the mirror, find the (a) time when the image will come momentarily at rest w.r.t. the
particle (b) path of the image as seen by the particle.
Solution:
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 17
Vy
= tan θ
Vx
V sin α − gt
= tan θ
V cos α
V cos α ( tan α − tan θ )
t=
g
(b) St. line ⊥1 r to mirror
Q: 2) An a oblong object PQ of height ‘h’ stands erect on a flat horizontal mirror. Sun rays fall on the
object at a certain angle. Find the length of the shadow on screen placed beyond the shadow on
the mirror.
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 18
^ ^
(2m, 0, 0) with a velocity of
2 i+ 2 j m / s . The relative velocity of image with respect to object is
along
→ →
Solution: V0 = VI = (2)2 +( 2 )
2
→
V0 =2 2 m/s
Relative velocity of image with respect to object is in negative x-direction as shown in figure.
9 9
x= , y=
2 2
q q
∴ P = ,
2 2
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Q: 6) Two plane mirror A and B are aligned parallel to each other as shown in the figure. A light ray
is incident at an angle 300 at a point just inside one end of A. The plane of incidence coincides
with the plane of the figure. The maximum number of times the ray undergoes reflection
(including the first one) before it emerges out is____
Solution:
0.2
d = 0.2 tan 30 0 =
3
2 3
∴ Max . No . of reflection = = 30
0.2 / 3
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Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 21
3) A ray of light passing through (or) appears to pass through centre of curvature is reflected
back.
4) A ray of light hitting pole is reflected making equal angle with principal oxis
• Relation between the speeds of object and image formed by a spherical mirror
We know that, mirror formula is given by
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1 1 1
b) As we know that u + v = f
Multiplying both sides by V, we get
v v v
+ =
u v f
v v
+1 =
u f
v v v−f
= −1 =
u f f
v
Since m = −
u
v − f f −v
= −
f ( or ) m = f
Note: a) +ve magnification mean both object and image are upright
b) –ve magnification means, object and image have different orientation (i.e.) if object is
upright, then image is inverted.
• LATERAL-MAGNIFICATION (mL)
length of image Li
mL = =
length of object L0
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 24
V A − VB
m2 =
u A − uB
For tip A
u = −( x + L )
R
f =−
2
V =V B
1 1 1
+ =
v u f
1 1 −2
− = from which VB can be obtained
vB x + l R
∴Subtracting VB from VA, we can calculate the length of the image.
• Combinations of mirrors:
What do we do if we have a combination of mirror? If an object is placed between the mirrors,
how do we find the final position of he image?
Analysis: In such situations, we need to simply solve for the reflection at each of the mirror
keeping in mind that the image formed by the first mirror is the object of the second mirror
and so on.
Case must be taken to correctly apply the sign conversion at each of the mirror.
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 25
→ ^ ^ ^
Solution: V0 = 9i+ 2i = 1 i m/1s
→ ^
Vm = − 2i m/s
f − 20
∴m = = = −2
f − u − 20 − ( − 30 )
→
∴(VI / M )11 =−m 2 V O / M
11
^
= -(-2)2 11
i
^
= -44
i m/s.
− −
∴ (VI / m ) = V I / m +V I / m
n I
= −( − 2 ) 12 x = −24 j m / s
−
− −
∴V I / m = V I / m + V I / m
n n I
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 26
f −5f
u = − 2 f − =
3 3
f = −f
5f
− ( − f )
u f 3 5f
v= = =
u− f − 5 f 2
− (− f )
3
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CONCEPTUAL POINTS
• It a hole is formed at the center of mirror, the image position and size will not change.
The intensity will reduce depending on the size of the hole.
• For all object positions a convex-mirror forms a virtual and erect image
PROBLEMS OF MIRRORS
Q: 1) A short linear object of length ‘b’ lies along the axis of a concave mirror of focal-length f, at a
distance u from the mirror. The size of image approximately is
2 2
V f
Solution: M axial = =
u f −u
2
I f
=
O
f −u
I f
2
f
2
= ⇒ I = b
b f − u f − u
Q: 2) Two spherical mirrors M1 and M2 one convex and other concave having same radius of
curvature R are arranged coaxially at a distance 2R (consider their pole separation to be 2R). A
bead of radius a is placed at the pole of the convex mirror as shown. The ratio of the sizes of the
first three images of the bead is
Solution: The first image is formed due to the reflection from concave mirror M2
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 28
Q: 3) When an object is placed at a distance of 60cm from a convex spherical mirror, the
magnification produced is 1/2. where should the object be placed to get a magnification of 1/3?
Solution: u = −60 cm
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Q: 4) Two objects A and B when placed one after another in front of a concave mirror of focal-length
10cm, form images if same size. Size of object A is 4 times that of B. If object A is placed at a
distance of 50cm from the mirror, what should be the distance of B from the mirror?
Solution: For object A For object B
h f h' f
m= 2 = m' = 2 =
h1 f − u1 h '1 f − u1
m h2 h11 f − u2
∴ = × 2 =
m ' h1 h2 f − u1
As h1 = 4h11 and h2 = h21 , f = −10 cm
u1 = −50 cm
1 − 10 − u 2
∴ =
4 − 10 + 50
u 2 = −20 cm
Q: 5) A concave mirror of focal length 10cm is placed at a distance of 35cm form a wal. How far from
the wall should an object be placed to get in image on the wall?
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Q: 6) An object is placed at a distance of 36cm form a convex mirror. A plane mirror is placed in
between so that the two virtual images so formed coincide. If the plane mirror is at a distance if
24cm from the object, find the radius of curvature of the convex mirror.
Solution: OP = u = −36 cm
V = PI = +12 cm
1 1 1 1 1 −1 + 3 1
∴ = + = + = =
f u V 36 12 36 18
∴ f =18 cm
∴ R = 2 f = 2 ×18 = 36 cm
1
Q: 7) A convex mirror of focal length ‘f’ forms an image which is times the object. The distance of
n
1
the object which is times the object. The distance of the object from the mirror is
n
1 V
Solution: η =+ =−
η u
u
V =−
η
1 1 1
∴ = +
f V u
1 1 1
= +
f −u η
η
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Q: 8) An object of size 7.5cm is placed in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 25cm at a
distance of 40cm. The size of the image should be
I f
Solution: η= = u = −40
O f −u
I
=
( R / 2) = ( 25 / 2)
7.5 ( R / 2) − u ( 25 / 2 ) − ( − 40 )
I =+1.78 cm
Q: 9) The image formed by a convex mirror of focal length 30cm is a quarter of the size of the object.
The distance of the object from the mirror is
f
Solution: m=
f −u
1 + 30
+ =
4 + 30 − u
u = −90 cm
Q: 10) A concave mirror of focal length f (in air) is immersed in water ( µ = 4 / 3) . The focal length of
the mirror in water will be
4 3 7
a) f b) f c) f d) f
3 4 3
Solution: On immersing a mirror in water, focal length of the mirror remains uncharged.
Q: 11) An object is 20cm away form a concave mirror with focal-length 15cm. If the object moves with
a speed of 5m/s along the axis, then the speed of the image will be
1 1 1
Solution: − =
V 20 −15
V =−60 cm
2
V
Vi = − . V0
u
2
60
= .( 5)
20
= 45 m / s
Q: 12) A concave mirror is placed at the bottom of an empty tank with face upwards and axis vertical
when Sun-light falls normally in the mirror, it is focused at distance of 32cm form the mirror. If
4
the tank filled with water µ = upto a height of 20cm, then the Sunlight will now get
3
focused at
Ans: 9cm above water level
Q: 13) A small piece of wire bent into an ‘L’ shape with upright and horizontal portions of equal-
lengths, is placed with the horizontal portion along the axis of the concave mirror whose radius
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 32
For part PQ
f
L 1=
f −u
L0
−5 L
= × L0 = − 0
− 5 − ( − 20 ) 3
For part QR
2
f
L 2=
f −u
L0
2
−5 L0
=
− 5 − ( − 20 )
× L0 = 9
L1 3
∴ =
L2 1
• CONCEPT OF NEWTON’S FORMULA (FOR A MIRROR)
In this formula, the object and image distance are expressed w.r.t. focus. Consider an object O
kept beyond ‘C’ of a concave mirror, and whose image is formed at I with in C.
Let OF = x and IF = y
From triangle OMC
OC OM OM
= = …………(1)
sin θ sin ( π − α ) sin α
And from triangle ICM
IC IM
= ………….(2)
sin θ sin α
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1
1) As x y = f 2
(or) xα y
(i.e.) The distance of object and image form the focus are inversely proportional to each other.
In other words, the more the object distance (from the focus), the less will be the image distance
(from the focus) and vice versa
2) If x → 0; y → ∞ and if x → ∞; y → 0 . If the object is at focus the image is a far off distance and
vice-versa.
3) From xy = f 2 ; if x = f , then y = f .
Thus, if the object be at C, then image will also be at C (for a concave mirror) and if the object
is at P, then the image will also be at P (for a convex mirror)
4) Since f 2 is necessarily +ve for both types of mirror, so x and y bear the same sign, which
implies that both the object and the image always lie an the same side of focus.
B) GRAPH OF U Versus V :
Since xy = f 2
∴( u − f )( v − f ) = f 2
For a convex mirror, u is always negative and V is always positive. Further ‘f’ is also positive.
∴Putting u = x and V = y we have
(x − f ) ( y − f ) = f 2
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 34
∴ u = x, v = y and f =−f
We have, form
(u − f ) ( v − f ) = f 2
(u + f ) ( y + f ) = f 2
Or [ x − ( − f )] [ y − ( − f )] = f 2
1 1
3) GRAPH OF VERSUS
v u
From mirror formula
1 1 1
+ =
v u f
1 1
Putting = x and = y , we have
u v
1
x+y =
y
It is the equation of a straight line having a slope +1 (or) -1 according as u and v bear the same
1 1
(or) opposite signs. The intercepts on x and y axis are each + f ( or ) − according as the
f
object and image are to the right (or) left of the mirror.
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 35
For a convex mirror u is always negative v is always positive and f is always positive.
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 36
1 1 1
v
=
−f
(∴u is very large so ≈ 0
u
Or v = − f
It means image is formed at focus
Taking ' f ' as radius and using
θ= when = d and r = f
r
d
∴θ = or d =θ f
f
From ∆le
s OBC and IBC
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 37
1
µ2 1 1 µ2 − 1
− = → This formula is derived for convex surface and for real
v u R
Image
From denser to rarer medium
µ1 µ 2 µ1 − µ 2
− =
v u R
Q: How can we derive a mathematical expression for the equation of a ray in the medium? The
medium is of variable refractive index. Ray of light is incident at an angle α at air medium
interface?
Analysis: Here two cases a rise. Refractive index is varying either as function of y (or) function
of x.
Case-I: µ = f ( y ) (i.e.) Refractive index varies with y
At some height h angle of incidence is θy and refractive index is f ( y ) from Snell’s Law
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 38
µ sin θ = constant
For initial refraction at the air medium interface
1 × sin α = µ0 sin ( 90 − θ 0 )
sin α = µ0 sin ( 90 − θ 0 )
∴sin α = µ0 cos θ0
Here θ0 angle of refracting ray at point A with OX
sin α
So cos θ0 =
µ0
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 39
µ 2 µ1 µ 2 − µ1
− =
v u R
µ = −25 cm
µ1 = 1
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 40
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 41
D=
t
( 3 −1 ) ∴
D
=
(
3 2− 6 )
6 t 6
Q: 3) Light of a certain colour has 2000 waves in one millimeter of air. Find the number of waves of
that light in one millimeter length of water and glass respectively?
Solution: λa = wavelength in air
λm = wavelength in medium
The number of waves of that light in a length of ‘d’ will be
d
n1 =
λa
d
And n2 =
λm
n2 λa
∴ = = µm
n1 λm
∴ n2 = µm × n1
n2 = 1.33 × 2000 = 2660 in water
n2 = 1.50 × 2000 = 3000 in glass
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 42
Q: 5) A rectangular glass slab of thickness 12cm is placed over a small coin kept on a table. A thin
transparent beaker filled with wager to a height 6cm & placed over the block. Find the
apparent shift of the position of the coin, when viewed from a point directly above it?
1
Solution: S1 = t1
1 − µ
1
2
= 12 1 −
3
=4 cm
1
S 2 = t 2 1 −
µ2
3
= 61 −
4
= 1.5 cm
∴ S = S1 + S 2 = 4 +1.5 = 5.5 cm
3 ×10 8 9
Solution: Cw = = ×10 8 m / s
4/3 4
d 9 ×10 −3 × 4
t= = = 4 ×10 −11 sec
Cw 9 ×10 8
= 4 ×10 −11 ×10 9 ns
=0.04 ns
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 43
sin i
Solution: µ=
sin r
3
0
sin 60 1
sin r = = 2 =
µ 3 2
∴r =30 0
PC = QC
∴∠CPQ = ∠PQC = ∠r = 30 0
Angle between reflected ray QR and refracted ray QS at the other face
= 180 − r − 60 0
= 180 − 30 0 − 60 0 = 90 0
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 44
Q: 2) A particle executes a simple harmonic motion of amplitude 1.0cm along the principal axis of a
convex lens of focal length 12cm. The mean position of oscillation is at 20cm from the lens. Find
the amplitude of oscillation of the image of the particle?
Solution: When the particle is
At R
u = −19 cm
V1 = ?
f =12 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
− = = +
V1 u f V f u
1 1 1 7
= − =
V1 12 19 12 ×19
12 ×19
V1 =
7
When the particle is at left extreme position
u = −21 cm, V2 = ? f = 12 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9
− = ( or ) = + = − =
V2 u f V2 f u 12 21 12 × 21
V1 −V2
∴Amplitude of oscillation of image =
2
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 45
Q: 3) A point object is moving with velocity 0.01m/s on principal axis towards a convex lens of local-
length 0.3m when object is a distance of 0.4m form the lens, find
a) Rate of charge of position of the image and
b) Rate of charge of lateral magnification of image
Solution: Differentiating the
1 1 1
a) Equation f = v − u w.r.t. time
1 dv 1 du
0=− 2. + 2.
V dt u dt
dv V 2 du
= 2.
dt u dt
1 1 1
= − ⇒ V = 120 cm
30 V − 40
du
u = −40 cm , = 0.01 m / s
dt
dv 120 ×120
∴ = × 0.01 m / s
dt 40 × 40
= 0.09 m / s
2
dv V 2 V
b) M = = 2 = 1 −
du u f
dm Vd V
= 2
1 − f
dt
1 − f
dt
V 1 dv
= −21 − f f . dt
2 V dv 2 120 −1
=− 1− =− 1 − 0.09 s
f f dt 30 30
= 0.018 / sec
Q: 4) Find the position of the image formed by the lens combination given in figure?
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 46
Q: 5) Two Plano-concave lenses of glass of refractive index 1.5 have radii of curvature 20cm and
30cm respectively. They are placed in contact with the curved surfaces towards each other and
the space between them is filled with a liquid of refractive index 5/2. Find the focal length of the
combination.
Solution: For first plano concave lens
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 47
Q: 6) Given the object image and principal axis find the positions and nature of the lens
Solution: First join the object and image
If the one point is above the optical axis and the other below it, then the lens is always a convex
lens.
Q: 7) For the given positions of the objects and the image in figure determine the location and the
nature of the lens used?
Solution:
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 48
Q: 9) A fish is rising up vertically inside a pond with velocity 4cm/s and notices a bird which is diving
vertically downward and in velocity appears to be 16cm/s (to the fish). What is the velocity of
the diving bird, if R. I of water is 4/3?
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 49
Q: 10) Solar rays are incident at 450 on the surface of water ( µ = 4 / 3) . What is the length of the
shadow of a pole of length 1.2m erected at the bottom of the pond, if the pole is vertical
assuming that 0.2m of the pole is above the water surface?
Solution: Applying Snell’s law at point c
4
1 × sin 45 0 = sin θ
3
3
sin θ =
4 2
Here AE = CD = 0.2m
BC BE
tan θ = = = BE
CE 1
BE
sin θ =
1 + ( BE )
2
3 BE
=
4 2 1 + ( BE )
2
BE = 0.625 m
∴ The length of shadow = AB = AE + EB = 0.2+0.625 = 0.825
Q: 11) In a lake, a fish rising vertically to the surface of water uniformly at the rate of 3m/s, observes a
bird diving vertically towards the water at a rate of 9m/s vertically above it. The actual velocity
of the dive of the bird is_______ ( µ = 4 / 3)
Solution:
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 50
Q: 12) A convex lens of focal length 0.2m is cut into two halves each of which is displaced by 0.0005m
and a point object is placed at a distance of 0.3m form the lens, as shown in figure. The position
of the image is ________
Solution:
1 1 1
= −
f v u
1 1 1
= +
v f u
u = −0.3m f = 0 .2
1 1 1
= −
v 0.2 0.3
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 51
Q: 13) A pole 5m high is situated on a horizontal surface. Sun rays are incident at an angle 30 0 with the
vertical. The size of shadow in horizontal surface is______
Solution:
BC
tan 30 0 =
5
5
BC = 5 tan 30 0 = m
3
Q: 14) The Sun subtends an angle α = 0.50 at the pole of a concave mirror. The radius is curvature of
concave mirror is R = 1.5m. The size of image formed by the concave mirror is_____
Solution: As Sun is at infinity image is formed at the focus of mirror
1
1) = ×0.5 0 ×108
2
1 π
= × 0.5 × ×105
2 180
= 0.654 cm
DS
∠POQ = α = Or
u
Di
= magnification = v = f
DS u u
Di R
=
DS 2u
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 52
• LATERAL MAGNIFICATION
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 53
In passing through the prism, ray KL suffers two refractions and has tweed through an
LQPN = δ . (with is angle of direction)
In ∆ PLM ,
δ = ∠PLM + ∠PML
δ = ( i1 − r1 ) + ( i2 − r2 )
δ = ( i1 + i2 ) − ( r1 + r2 ) ……………(1)
In ∆ OLM
∠O + r1 + r2 = 180 0 ……………(2)
In Quadrilateral ALOM,
As ∠L + ∠M = 180 0 (∴Sum of 4 angles of a Quad = 360)
∴ A + ∠O =180 0
Prism formula:
In minimum derivation position
i1 = i2 = i and r1 = r2 = r
∴ from equation (3)
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 54
• MAXIMUM DEVIATION:
For i1 = 90 0
∴ i2 = ?
At surface BD
µ1 sin i1 = µ.sin r1
1×sin 90 0 = µ.sin r1
1
∴sin r1 = µ
1
r1 = sin −1
µ or ( r1 = θC )
We know that r1 + r2 = A
r2 = ( A − r1 )
r2 = ( A − θ C )
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 55
Axial Chromatic Aberration: The variation of the image distance form the lens with the colour
measures axial chromatic Aberration.
Lateral Chromatic Aberration: The variation in the size of the image with colour measures the
lateral transverse chromatic aberration.
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 56
In this Situation
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 57
= ( µ − 1) A − ( µ '− 1)
( µV − µ R ) A
(µ '
V − µ R' )
( µ − µ R ) ( µ '− 1)
= ( µ − 1) A V × '
( µ − 1) (
µ V − µ R' )
ω
δ1 1 −
ω1
Usually ω' <ω so δ is in the same direction as produced by the first prism.
The prism which produces deviation without dispersion is called achromatic prism.
II) Dispersion without deviation:
Net deviation = 0, Net dispersion ≠ 0
Necessary condition δ1 + δ ' = 0
( µ −1) A + ( µ '−1) A ' = 0
− ( µ −1)
∴A ' = A
( µ '−1)
In this situation
(
Net dispersion = ( µ v − µ r ) A + µ v − µ r A '
' '
)
θ = ( µv − µr ) A + ( µv' − µr' )
( µ −1) A
( µ '−1)
θ = ( µv − µr ) A + µv' − µr' ×
( µ −1) A
( µ '−1)
µ − µ r µv' − µ r'
= ( µ − 1) A v −
( µ − 1) ( µ '−1)
θ =δ [ω−ω']
If ω' >ω , the resultant dispersion is negative. (i.e.) opposite to that produced by the first
prism.
This prism which produces dispersion without derivation is called direct vision prism.
Q: 1) A prism having an apex angle 40 and refractive index 1.5 is located in front of a vertical plane
mirror. Through what total angle is the ray deviated after reflected form the mirror?
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 58
Q: 2) A container contains water upto a height of 20cm and there is a point source at the centre of the
bottom of the container. A rubber ring of radius ‘r’ floats centrally on the water. The ceiling of
the from is 2.0m above the wager surface.
(a) Find the radius of the shadow of the ring formed on the ceiling if r = 15cm.
(b) Find the maximum value of ‘r’ for which the shadow of the ring is formed on the ceiling
( µ w = 4 / 3) ?
Solution: a) Using Snell’s Law
µsin i = sin r
4 15 x
× = 1×
3 15 + 20 2
2
x + 200 2
2
800
∴x = cm
3
∴ Radius of shadow = 15 + 800
3
845
= cm
3
=2.81 m
b) For shadow to be formed angle of incidence should be less than critical angle
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 59
2
16 rmax = 9rmax
2
+ 9 × 20 2
2
7 rmax = 9 × 20 2
9
rmax = ×20 cm = 0.2268 m
7
Q: 3) Monochromatic light falls on a right angled prism at an angle of incidence 450. The emergent
light is found to slide along the face AC. Find the refractive index of material of prism?
Solution:
r2 =θC ………..(1)
r1 + r2 = A = 90 0
r2 = 90 − r1 ………..(2)
∴θC =90 −r1
sin θC = sin ( 90 − r1 )
sin θC = cos r1
1 1
= cos r1 and sin r1 = 1 − cos 2 r1 = 1 −
µ µ2
Snell’s law AR
1 sin 45 0 − µ sin r1
1
sin 45 0 = µ 1 −
µ2
1
= µ 2 −1
2
1
= µ 2 −1
2
3
µ 2 = = 1. 5
2
µ = 1.5
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065. 60