Rationalism

a=a
contradiction
excluded middle
Rene' Descartes - > meditation "Evil genius"
* sense perception
* Self evident truth
*He is correct because of God
*deus ex machina -> God sorting out
"There Are demons"
*Takes medications and doubted sense perception
*"How will i compare whether I am living or not
*There must be one thing I cannot doubt
*I think I am cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am)
Descartes and the Evil Genius
*Arguement against deception (p72)
*You are unable to discern the difference . And we are unable to tell the diffe
rence
between reality and deception. <-Deception is so good
*Unless there is a flaw, it still may deception
*If you are decieved and notice that you were decieved cause of a flaw, loophol
es
*If it is deception, then you must discern it but if your are able to discern
then you are no longer
a genius.
Senses deception
DREAMS
Waking State | Dreaming State | Waking State | Dreaming State
|______________________________| |
= |
|____________________________|
not equal
Dreams are inconsistent
If there is something abnormal in dream states, then there must be something
normal in the waking states.
Normal -> Concensus follower
Dreams are private and highly subjective.
Our dreams are our own, and we dont share it simoultaneously
ILLUSIONS & HALLUCINATIONS
*Not correspondent
Ex. The Dress
<------> vs >------<
Illusions -> quality
Hallucinations -> Existence
Physical World
- also called the external world.
- Public World
- Basis where we ground publicly known truths
- We percieve material objects not in our sensual perception (It
exists independently of Perception)
Material things exist even when not perceived.
-Material things are accessible to more than one of the senses.
-Material things also have certain causal powers.(Perceptual Rea
lism)
The boulder that rolls cause objects in its path to move
.
We cant touch the sun since we'll die but it emits heat
and light.
Illusions when we perceive to have certain qualities it doesnt have.
Can be solved by changing perception.
Hallucinations (existence)
*Try to observe certain things under standard conditions but there
are objects which can be perceived optimally.
*Scientific instrumentation.
*How about things we cannot see?
-Qualities unobservable under the naked eye, does not belong to
observation, instead it is inference.
*THere might be too small things (atomoi ~ atoms)
John Locke
All things contains primary and secondary qualitites
*Correspondence
Primary
- exist even without perceivers
Secondary
- Color
- able to elicit Sensation
Berkley
If sensations dictate existence how are these things exist without us?
No object independent of the mind exist. What the mind perceives is by e
xperience
Berkley's Idealism
Ideas and Experience forms it existence.
Collection of experiences
Accessible to multiple senses
To conceptualize past experiences

If it defies what we see is normal, then it might be different

Family of sense experiences, Coherence not correspondence
COMPLEX experiences
A object is nothing more than a family of experiences
The criterion for hallucinations
-observe whether the sense experience perception belongs to a family, in
doing this we relate our sense experience to our reality and to check for correp
spondence
Physical Realism -> Physical World exists independent of perceivers
-> Accesible to multiple senses
Locke (PWEIP) -> realism
Berkley (ATMS) ->Idealism
Locke- primary and secondary characteristics
->secondary is independent, does not relate to existence
Correspondence theory is in Locke's theory
-> Sensations = Existence
PROBLEMS
*If knowledge is of our sensations, how can we know that there even exist outsid
e that
produces these sensations. (Objects have primary qualities? How Sure?)
B: The mind perceives our ideas formed by impressions
No objects exist independent of the mind
Justified True Belief -> EXISTENCE
L: Multiple sense experiences
THese experiences are coherent, where they form patterns
B: the experience comes from the collection of an ordered series
The existence of a thing is dependent on perceivers
IDEALISM : ARE FAMILIES OF SENSE EXPERIENCES
EXPERIENCES DO NOT EXIST UNEXPERIENCED
Physical experiences cann
ot exist unexperienced
Nat ggure of Existence -> To be is to be perceived Esse Est percipi"
Idealist : WE iaaaaaaaaaaaaaaantion in this case
our knowledge just our experiences
Physical objects are experiences
Experiences cant exist without experiences
Physical objects cannot be exist without experiences

We have knowledge of things beyond experiences because of God

All of our experiences must be coherent with reality
Criticisms of berkley:
P85
Peoples minds-> how can we understand our thoughts
"Esse est picora (wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww
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To exist = to be able to perceive the world
Berkeley
nott just observaions
Inferrence
Phenomonea descend