TechRef VoltageSource

DIgSILENT PowerFactory
Technical Reference Documentation
AC Voltage Source
ElmVac
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9
72810 - Gomaringen
Germany
T: +49 7072 9168 00

F: +49 7072 9168 88
http://www.digsilent.de
info@digsilent.de
r701
Copyright 2012, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
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AC Voltage Source (ElmVac) 1

Contents
Contents
1 General Description 4
2 Voltage Source Types 4
2.1 Voltage Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 Standard Voltage Source (no input signals connected) . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.2 Usage of Input Signals (Ul0 and u0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.3 Voltage Input Signals U A, U B and U C are Connected . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.4 Voltage Magnitude and Angle Controlled by an External Controller . . . . 6
2.2 Ideal RC Voltage Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 Load Flow Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.2 Short-Circuit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.3 RMS-Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.4 EMT-Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.5 Harmonics Analysis Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Ward Equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.1 Load Flow Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Extended Ward Equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.1 Load Flow Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 Harmonics Analysis 10
4 Frequency Sweep Analysis 11
A Signal Definitions 13
A.1 Internal Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Contents
B Parameter Definitions 15
List of Figures 19
List of Tables 20

2 Voltage Source Types
1 General Description
The AC voltage source model is represented in the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence as
illustrated in Figures 1.11.3.
X1 R1 I1
U1set ~ U1
Figure 1.1: Positive sequence voltage source model
X2 R2 I2
U2set ~ U2
Figure 1.2: Negative sequence voltage source model
X0 R0 I0
U0set ~ U0
Figure 1.3: Zero sequence voltage source model
The selection of the Type of voltage source is made on the Basic Data tab of the voltage source
element. The options available for selection are explained in detail in Sections 2.12.4.

2.1 Voltage Source
2.1.1 Standard Voltage Source (no input signals connected)
The internal voltage set points are dependent on the input data usetp, usetp0 and usetp2, as
shown in (1)-(3).
U 1set = usetp U nom (sin(phisetp) + j cos(phisetp)) (1)
U 0set = usetp0 U nom (sin(phisetp0) + j cos(phisetp0)) (2)
U 2set = usetp2 U nom (sin(phisetp2) + j cos(phisetp2)) (3)
2.1.2 Usage of Input Signals (Ul0 and u0)
The voltage input signals U l0 and u0 are used to set the positive sequence voltage set point.
This set point is calculated as follows:
U 1set = u0 U nom (sin(phi1) + j cos(phi1)) (4)
or, if the input signal U l0 is connected, the set point is calculated according to:
U 1set = U l0 (sin(phi1) + j cos(phi1)) (5)
The angle phi1 can be configured with the input parameter Positive Sequence Voltage Angle
(phisetp) in units of degrees, or with the input signal dphiu, in units of radians.
180
phi1 = phisetp + dphiu (6)

The zero- and negative sequence voltage set points are calculated according to (2) and (3).
2.1.3 Voltage Input Signals U A, U B and U C are Connected
The phase-ground voltage input signals U A, U B and U C are internally transformed into the
012 sequence system as shown in Figure 2.1.
UA U1set
ABC
UB U2set
3 012
UC U0set
Figure 2.1: ABC-012 transformation
If the input signals U A, U B and U C are connected, the complex voltages U A , U B and U C
are calculated as follows:
U A = UA (sin(phiA ) + j cos(phiA )) (7)
U B =UB (sin(phiB ) + j cos(phiB )) (8)
U C =UC (sin(phiC ) + j cos(phiC )) (9)

The angle for phase A (phiA) can be configured with the input parameter Positive Sequence
Voltage Angle (phisetp) in units of degrees, or with the input signal dphiu, in radians.
180
phiA = phisetp + dphiu (10)

For the angles of phases B and C, two additional signals are available. The angles are relative
to the angle of phase A:
phiB = phiA + phiuB (11)
phiC = phiA + phiuC (12)
If the two angle signals phiuB and phiuC are not connected, PowerFactory uses the standard
120 shift to calculate the two angles:
phiB = phiA 120 (13)
phiC = phiA + 120 (14)
2.1.4 Voltage Magnitude and Angle Controlled by an External Controller
The voltage source can be used to control the active power, reactive power or the voltage angle
at a busbar. To do this, it is necessary to define a load flow controller model and select it as a
voltage magnitude controller and/or a voltage angle controller.
Voltage magnitude
Load Flow
Controller 1 output
uctrl
V~
output
phictrl
Load Flow
Controller 2
Voltage angle
Figure 2.2: Voltage source controlled by external load flow controller
The output signal of the load flow controller is automatically connected to the voltage set point
signal, uctrl, or to the voltage angle set point signal, phictrl. These two internal input signals
are used to define the positive sequence voltage set point:
U 1set = uctrl U nom (sin(phictrl + dphiu) + j cos(phictrl + dphiu)) (15)
The zero- and negative sequence voltage set points are similarly derived, as per (2) and (3),
respectively.

2.2 Ideal RC Voltage Source
2.2.1 Load Flow Model
The AC voltage source model is not considered by the load flow calculation, and is therefore
treated as having zero current.
2.2.2 Short-Circuit Model
The AC voltage source model is not considered by the short-circuit calculation, and is therefore
treated as having zero current.
2.2.3 RMS-Simulation Model
The AC voltage source model is not considered by the RMS-simulation, and is therefore treated
as having zero current.
2.2.4 EMT-Simulation Model
The AC voltage source model is not considered by the EMT-simulation, and is therefore treated
as having zero current.
2.2.5 Harmonics Analysis Model
The AC voltage source model is considered by the harmonic load flow calculation (but is ignored
by the frequency sweep calculation). In the harmonic load flow, for all harmonic orders other
than the fundamental frequency, the model is considered to be a normal voltage source. At the
fundamental frequency (50Hz), the model is not considered and is therefore treated as having
zero current.

2.3 Ward Equivalent
P, Q
Pprim Psec
G Kpf Ksf
Pgen, Qgen
- -
Const. P,Q Const. Z f f
Pload, Qload Pzload, Qzload
Figure 2.3: Ward equivalent model
The total reactive power injection is expressed according to the equivalent circuit given in Fig-
ure 2.3:
Q = Qgen Qload Qzload (16)
and likewise for the total active power injection:
P = Pgen Pload Pzload Pprim + Psec (17)
In the short-circuit calculation, the model representation shown in Figures 1.11.3 is used.
In the RMS-simulation, the model representation shown in Figures 1.11.3 is used.
In the EMT-simulation, the model representation shown in Figures 1.11.3 is used.
2.4 Extended Ward Equivalent
The equations for the model used by the load flow calculation are derived from the equivalent
circuit shown in Figure 2.4. The model is essentially a Ward equivalent with the addition of a
voltage controller.

P, Q
Pprim Psec Qext

Zext
G Kpf Ksf
Pgen, Qgen E
G
- -
Const. P,Q Const. Z f f
Pload, Qload Pzload, Qzload
Figure 2.4: Extended Ward equivalent model
The internal voltage, E (as shown in Figure 2.4), has a magnitude equal to the voltage set point,
(usetp); i.e.:
|E| = usetp (18)
Two cases apply:
1. If Zext = 0:
u = E (19)
|u| = usetp (20)
where u is the terminal voltage in Figure 2.4, u is the terminal voltage angle and E is
the internal voltage angle. The total active power injection is given in (17); i.e. according
to the equivalent circuit in Figure 2.4.
2. Else:
Pext = 0 (21)
where Pext is the active power of the voltage controller branch, and is set to zero as
the voltage controller produces only reactive power. The total reactive power injection is
expressed according to the equivalent circuit in Figure 2.4:
Q = Qgen Qload Qzload + Qext (22)
where Qext is the reactive power of the voltage controller branch. The total active power
injection is given in (17); i.e. according to the equivalent circuit in Figure 2.4.
For the short-circuit calculation, the model representation shown in Figures 1.11.3 is used.
For the RMS-simulation, the model representation shown in Figures 1.11.3 is used.

3 Harmonics Analysis
For the EMT-simulation, the model representation shown in Figures 1.11.3 is used.
3 Harmonics Analysis
Table 3.1 summarises the consideration of the AC voltage source element by the harmonic load
flow and the frequency sweep. The setting of the AC voltage source Type is done via the Basic
Data page of the element.
AC Voltage SourceType Consideration in Harmonic Load Flow and

Frequency Sweep
Voltage Source
Considered in harmonic load flow (also
at fundamental frequency);
Considered in frequency sweep.
Ideal RC-Source
Considered in harmonic load flow (but
ignored at fundamental frequency, i.e.
treated as having zero current);
Ignored in frequency sweep.
Ward Equivalent
As for Voltage Source type.
Extended Ward Equivalent

As for Voltage Source type.
Table 3.1: Consideration of AC Voltage Source by Harmonic Load Flow and Frequency Sweep
PowerFactory facilitates the modeling of background harmonics. This is done using either the
AC voltage source element (ElmVac, ElmVacbi) or the external grid element (ElmXnet), on
their respective Harmonics/Power Quality pages. If only the harmonic voltage amplitude is
known (and not the angle), the IEC 61000 option can be selected. Table 3.2 describes the
consideration of the sequence components of the harmonic orders for the AC voltage source
model.

4 Frequency Sweep Analysis
Harmonic Load ElmVac Setting Sequence Components of Harmonic Injections

Flow Command
Setting
Balanced
Phase Correct
Positive (i.e. 4, 7, 10, ...), negative (i.e. 2, 5, 8,
...);
Non-integer harmonic orders (i.e. 5.5, 6.2,
8.35, ...) are considered in the positive se-
quence.
Zero sequence orders (i.e. 3, 6, 9, ...) are

ignored (with warning).
IEC 61000
Positive, negative;
Zero sequence orders and non-integer har-
monics are in the positive sequence.
Unbalanced
Phase Correct
Positive, negative, zero;
Non-integer harmonics are considered.
IEC 61000
As for balanced harmonic load flow.
Table 3.2: Consideration of Sequence Components of Harmonic Injections for AC Voltage

Source
In the frequency sweep calculation the internal voltage magnitude and angle of the voltage
source are set to 0kV and 0 (short-circuited), respectively. An internal voltage can be defined
on the Harmonics tab of the element dialog, via the use of parameters Spectral Density of
Voltage Magnitude/Angle (dudf , ddf ) in p.u./Hz (or deg/Hz), and the corresponding frequency
dependent characteristic. This internal voltage is calculated according to:
ui (h ) = dudf uchar (h ) (23)
U i (h ) = ddf U,char (h ) U i (24)
where
U i = U i U ref (25)
and dudf and ddf are constant input parameters used to scale the frequency characteristics
uchar and U,char in (23). The characteristics can be either polynomial (using the PowerFactory
ChaPol object) or a vectorial characteristic (using the ChaVec object) with a frequency scale

(using the TriFreq object). The angle U i accounts for the angle deviation between the internal
voltage and the system reference voltage angle; that is, the angle of the reference machine or
slack bus. It allows for the compensation of the voltage shift introduced due to components such
as delta-wye connected transformers. Therefore, U i (h ) is a relative angle - the voltage angle
of the harmonic referred to the voltage angle of the source, as calculated by the load flow.
A typical application is the analysis of the transfer function of a part of the system or a particular
piece of equipment, or the propagation of a voltage impulse in the frequency domain. For these
kinds of applications, the user can assign the spectrum (amplitude and phase) of the excitation
voltage to the voltage source and then execute a frequency sweep calculation to calculate the
voltage at the remote end.
Table 3.1 summarises the consideration of the AC voltage source element by the frequency
sweep and the harmonic load flow.

A Signal Definitions
A.1 Internal Signals
Parameter Unit I/O Description Symbol

u0 p.u. IN Voltage-Input u0
Ul0 kV IN Voltage-Input (Line-Line) U l0
UA kV IN Voltage, Magnitude, Phase a UA
UB kV IN Voltage, Magnitude, Phase b UB
UC kV IN Voltage, Magnitude, Phase c UC
phiu B deg IN Voltage, Angle, Phase b phiuB
phiu C deg IN Voltage, Angle, Phase c phiuC
dphiu rad IN Voltage Angle Input dphiu
uctrl p.u. IN Voltage Input uctrl
phictrl rad IN Phase Input phictrl
dF Hz IN Frequency Deviation
Table A.1: Internal signals (Load Flow)

dphiu rad IN Voltage Angle Input dphiu
Table A.2: Internal signals (Short-Circuit)

f0 p.u. IN Frequency-Input
F0Hz Hz IN Frequency-Input
dphiu rad IN Additional Angle dphiu
phiu rad STATE Voltage Angle
fref p.u. IN Reference Frequency
xspeed p.u. OUT Frequency
Table A.3: Internal signals (RMS-Simulation)


f0 p.u. IN Frequency-Input
F0Hz Hz IN Frequency-Input
dphiu rad IN Additional Angle dphiu
phiu rad STATE Voltage Angle
Table A.4: Internal signals (EMT-Simulation)

B Parameter Definitions
Parameter Unit Default Description Range Symbol

Value
loc name Name
bus1 Terminal (StaCubic)
bus1 bar Terminal
cpZone Zone
cpArea Area
outserv 0 Out of Service x0 and
x1
nphase 3 No. of Phases 1:2:3
Unom kV 1, Nominal Voltage: Line- x>0 U nom
Line
Unnom kV 0,5773503 Nominal Voltage: Line- x>0
Ground
itype Voltage Nominal Voltage: Type Voltage
Source Source:Ideal
RC-Source:-
Ward
Equivalent:-
Extended
Ward Equiv-
alent
usetp p.u. 1, Positive Sequence: Volt- x0 usetp
age, Magnitude
p uctrl Positive Sequence: Ex-
ternal Controller (ElmLd-
fctrl*)
phisetp deg 0, Positive Sequence: Volt- phisetp
age, Angle
p phictrl Positive Sequence: Ex-
ternal Controller (ElmLd-
fctrl*)
R1 0, Positive Sequence: Re- R1
sistance, R1
X1 0, Positive Sequence: Re- X1
actance, X1
Pload MW 0, Load, P,Q = const.: Active
Power
Qload Mvar 0, Load, P,Q = const.: Reac-
tive Power
Pzload MW 0, Load, Z = const.: Active
Power
Qzload Mvar 0, Load, Z = const.: Reac-
tive Power
Kpf MW/Hz 0, Prim. Frequency Bias
Ksf MW/Hz 0, Sec. Frequency Bias
Pgen MW 0, Generated Power: Active
Power
Qgen Mvar 0, Generated Power: Reac-
tive Power
Table B.1: Input parameters for AC voltage source element


Value
Rext 0, Extended Ward: Resis-
tance
Xext 0, Extended Ward: Reac-
tance
usetp0 p.u. 0, Zero Sequence: Voltage, x0 usetp0
Magnitude
phisetp0 deg 0, Zero Sequence: Voltage,
Angle
R0 0, Zero Sequence: Resis- R0
tance, R0
X0 0, Zero Sequence: Reac- X0
tance, X0
usetp2 p.u. 0, Negative Sequence: Volt- x0 usetp2
age, Magnitude
phisetp2 deg 0, Negative Sequence: Volt- phisetp2
age, Angle
R2 0, Negative Sequence: Re- R2
sistance, R2
X2 0, Negative Sequence: Re- X2
actance, X2
iztreqz 1 Positive Sequence: Tran- x=0 or x=1
sient = Subtransient
Impedance
R1s 0, Positive Sequence Tran-
sient: Resistance, R1s
X1s 0, Positive Sequence Tran-
sient: Reactance, X1s
iFreZ 0 Use Frequency Related x=0 or x=1
Impedance for X/R Ratio
Calculation
matZ Frequency related
impedances (Positive,
Negative and Zero se-
quence)
iztreqz 1 Positive Sequence: Tran- x=0 or x=1
sient = Subtransient
Impedance
Ikd kA 0, Steady-State Shc. Cur- x0
rent: Ikd
tdss s 0,03 Time Constants: Td x>0
tds s 1,2 Time Constants: Td x>0
curpreld kA 0, Preload Conditions: Cur- x0
rent
cospreld 1, Preload Conditions: x>0 and
Power Factor x1
iAstabint 0 A-stable integration algo- x=0 or x=1
rithm
cfreqs Hz 0, Frequency
ifreqs 0, Harmonic


Value
u1 mag p.u. 0, u1, Mag.
u1 phase deg 0, u1, Ang.
fcharR1 Frequency Depen-
dencies: R1(f)
(ChaPol,ChaVec,ChaMat)
fcharL1 Frequency De-
pendencies: L1(f)
dencies: R0(f)
pendencies: L0(f)
dencies: R2(f)
pendencies: L2(f)
dudf p.u./Hz 0, Frequency Sweep Calcu- x0 dudf
lation only: Spectral Den-
sity of Voltage Magnitude
fchardu Frequency Sweep Cal-
culation only: Fre-
quency Dependency
dphidf deg/Hz 0, Frequency Sweep Calcu- ddf
lation only: Spectral Den-
sity of Voltage Angle
fchardphi Frequency Sweep Cal-
culation only: Fre-
quency Dependency


Value
gnrl modif 01.01.1970 Object modified
01:00:00
gnrl modby Object modified by
sernum Serial Number
manuf Manufacturer
constr 0 Year of Construction
iComDate 01.01.1970 Commissioning Date
01:00:00
chr name Characteristic Name
for name Foreign Key
dat src MAN Data source
doc id Additional Data ()
pOwner Owner (ElmOwner)
pOperator Operator (ElmOperator)
desc Description
appr status Not Ap- Approval Information:
proved Status
appr modif 01.01.1970 Approval Information:
01:00:00 Modified
appr modby Approval Information:
Modified by
cimRdfId RDF ID

List of Figures
List of Figures
1.1 Positive sequence voltage source model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Negative sequence voltage source model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Zero sequence voltage source model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 ABC-012 transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Voltage source controlled by external load flow controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Ward equivalent model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Extended Ward equivalent model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

List of Tables
List of Tables
3.1 Consideration of AC Voltage Source by Harmonic Load Flow and Frequency Sweep 10
3.2 Consideration of Sequence Components of Harmonic Injections for AC Voltage

Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
A.1 Internal signals (Load Flow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
A.2 Internal signals (Short-Circuit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
A.3 Internal signals (RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
A.4 Internal signals (EMT-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
B.1 Input parameters for AC voltage source element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

List of Tables

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Technical Reference Documentation

T: +49 7072 9168 00

AC Voltage Source (ElmVac) 1

2 Voltage Source Types 4

2.1 Voltage Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.1 Standard Voltage Source (no input signals connected) . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.2 Usage of Input Signals (Ul0 and u0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.3 Voltage Input Signals U A, U B and U C are Connected . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.4 Voltage Magnitude and Angle Controlled by an External Controller . . . . 6

2.2 Ideal RC Voltage Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2.1 Load Flow Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2.2 Short-Circuit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2.3 RMS-Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2.4 EMT-Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2.5 Harmonics Analysis Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.3 Ward Equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.3.1 Load Flow Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.3.2 Short-Circuit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.3.3 RMS-Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.3.4 EMT-Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.4 Extended Ward Equivalent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.4.1 Load Flow Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.4.2 Short-Circuit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.4.3 RMS-Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.4.4 EMT-Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4 Frequency Sweep Analysis 11

A.1 Internal Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

AC Voltage Source (ElmVac) 2

AC Voltage Source (ElmVac) 3

Figure 1.1: Positive sequence voltage source model

Figure 1.2: Negative sequence voltage source model

Figure 1.3: Zero sequence voltage source model

2 Voltage Source Types

AC Voltage Source (ElmVac) 4

2.1 Voltage Source

2.1.1 Standard Voltage Source (no input signals connected)

2.1.2 Usage of Input Signals (Ul0 and u0)

2.1.3 Voltage Input Signals U A, U B and U C are Connected

Figure 2.1: ABC-012 transformation

AC Voltage Source (ElmVac) 5

phiB = phiA + phiuB (11)

phiC = phiA + phiuC (12)

phiB = phiA 120 (13)

phiC = phiA + 120 (14)

2.1.4 Voltage Magnitude and Angle Controlled by an External Controller

Figure 2.2: Voltage source controlled by external load flow controller

U 1set = uctrl U nom (sin(phictrl + dphiu) + j cos(phictrl + dphiu)) (15)

AC Voltage Source (ElmVac) 6

2.2 Ideal RC Voltage Source

2.2.1 Load Flow Model

2.2.2 Short-Circuit Model

2.2.3 RMS-Simulation Model

2.2.4 EMT-Simulation Model

2.2.5 Harmonics Analysis Model

AC Voltage Source (ElmVac) 7

2.3 Ward Equivalent

2.3.1 Load Flow Model

Figure 2.3: Ward equivalent model

2.3.2 Short-Circuit Model

2.3.3 RMS-Simulation Model

In the RMS-simulation, the model representation shown in Figures 1.11.3 is used.

2.3.4 EMT-Simulation Model