The Trauma Question Roger Luckhurst J fouledge weoworron LOOKdasa Stas athe Schoo of Advanced Seuss. am lucky to have such bilan ad opursosstadete snd I pariealy want to mention Rob Harding, Anne ‘Holbway and frances Gender fr hap referees and dscsion, Porton of this book esely and halng form, bave appeared in iis Siu Psion Snes, New Brain [trate ed the Coens et by Roger Euchre and Peter Masi, Ltrry Thy end Otc: Ord Gide cates by Parca Waugh, and Untag Maden ete by Jo Colins and Jos Jers [Auhough Ive wandormed nay every word see, I want thank evayone toad ere oppor 9 develop dis projat “Ts book i a alway fo Jule, Jui has ended his project under her root for many years and bas bees untining oppor recommending reading [ghing ov fr obecure ar show and unblabiclylnitng through whatever ‘enum fl came up next. Tt support was aly mally undersine by 2 t- Getto conduc dnoasions of trata in a ort af cod Masiene Dictich accent ‘a te ground sounded stably agi and burdened by history sige Si, his comes your way wth usbounde eve 1.1960, he Amevian Pichiatic Anecation ined in the new ein of lial agnosie manual de symptom indicators for a new nese Poe "Tenuate Seen Doren, howe cnftonted with an esprence noting ‘on threstened dra seriou injury or physical threat othe pica neg, | of the sel” considered wo be outside he tange of ermal experince are Gag” rowed wit PSD i they present certain cst of symptoms Individuals who ‘experience wan, diastes accdens or other extreme ‘esr events seem t0 proce ceria dentate somatic and paychosomucdisusbanees. Aide -nytad physical symptoms, rama ips memory and therfore identi i, omar ways. The et later of aympor elt othe ways in hich the was Zale ent pes eexperence’~ through inusve fatibacks, rear pervade the undenanding of adja and experience inthe advanced ins {al wook Each secs edton of the Digg Masala expanded the cate {pie of ther who might be iagposed wits PTSD. At fox PTSD was only Sibu to thve cud invaded, Bt scondary’ wen sass now ine witness Iytanders, ese works relatives cat up in he immediate afte ath, a pony now een onl ecing new of he dest ory af {eduihe An undereanding ofthe prychalgal consequences of uauma has per aed into many diferent content and Wester cultures have commie around ‘noni wauma event. Funes might be found © conceal histories of domestic ‘lhe, au eco memory texte abe the pec defenees of ena and [emata and whole sets of aamas ichods retarn to consiousnes i fl Tomiie techni. Collate, whaler dey are polal sts, sarvveried groups or ens, repo or asl formation nite around the e-espevening of thee woundedaes Etre of gene, seule raial lence have dor ‘lable reasons for Sing explanatory power in ideas of tama, yet traumatic deny now lo coerony rgd to bea dhe ot of many national elev ‘remo, Frm Sigman Feu speculations on the bare waar at the orn of Jw tory one can nw zed upon the traumas that die posewar Gera ‘owe3/11 Armes, Eater Europe ster Cran, pes-olonial rain Sinner 160, Kaplan 2005, Baer 200, Eyal 2004, Lndsxy 2004, Howe 2005, ‘To Andes Hine, seemed asi he ene went etary vs matted under thesign of ical aura? yen 2008: 8) Td elu cote, extremity an survival are pivieged markers f iene iy Concenrason camp ia, Viewam and Galf War veterans, vctins of ‘hockey raumatined prens and savior of axe ae the subject of intense pelea, soe lec, pryehist, therapeutic and lal ives nd dapute, Goverment inguren medal sk fren newpapes leader couse Sd gsr presie groupe ents the nature and etent~ or even the base Fea of taut pace, Resta Hate cared nas detating exter | me it ae ei el i i ‘saghconi eens of raumate memory Academic monographs hve pra | ered fn appearing to mune the wile sea of Memory Sais under the | Sgn of taunting memory wort ing about wort remember Sbrmerory of num’ (Ante and Lambek 1996. Meare in he carious ‘rl of ee tare, au can amplify or even became te sale reason or lime Whae Mack Seer has termed te ‘patologzal public phere Sele 19973) periodically develops around moments of ana snd engenders partic: ‘ar dof communi Inuances might lnchode the death of Princes Dans, ‘Sue or ual cid marery he nasguraton af Holocaust Memorial Days oF ‘eer tacks on New You, Madi o London. One recent commentary is ‘le to open nomnlgn forthe New York of September 200, when, in he wake ofthe terra there wae thera raion of new publicaphere cme Ser Tete conmeedon to seangers Thad never el before (Kaplan 205: 2, For another of thc leading cultural hort of seen ears wring exp in he ‘wake of 9/1, gi ino one of he bet ens for inking about sca ella the ence i farisbes a seme of pola community ofa complex ode and ‘esha fit fal by bringing tte fre Bertin es ha awe inplicadoas {r theoisig findsmntl dependency and ehial resposity Bute 200% 22, Welsome 0 contemporary ueuma ce "Trauma derive fom the Grek word meaning wound ist wed in Baglin ine evententh entry in wedine, i refered to a body injury caused by 23 vera agat. What wounded and what eared shared he sme tern: physicians pled ctumatic herb or Iasams to ius. In easly edtons of the Oxi! ‘ig Dina the exes fr asm, easmate, waumatism and the prefix traimato- esl frm sources enceming physical wounds The one exeep- ‘on comes frm an 1895 eon of Pyar Scowe Many. We have named this chia aut, a morbid nervous condition’ Tis san ext indication of the Indus 5 rtf rama the physic tothe ment esi hat woul aren ac) {2 tela scent conta ne cunt eon of the OED, caso hy? fil weds are edd to the and sembly otaubered by oe from pahoanays and pciry The redriant poplar connotes of] ‘tsuma now ile aound meas of pes ware ae metal wounds. Te ‘ecaghr of « plo Spc lean the sens of wound cured by Shani agae The OED abe ects farther 28 ppc age of the ‘siesta’ fray clit or wtowasd event Ts, bowers ‘cers o bly ry in medicine and ar Seven Conor ober, te ft 2 ‘he bosndary of the ain nial pring eating or etn conn Hey with power boc in oan extarl Tru car screed wi fe ain tas been th vile ohne of any lerent forme of magna of ‘cial mal nthe modern word (Conor 200 65. Tne, elo retain + ens tt meaing of auma healed one] sete ten te pis and th pci. Vial evry sat onder’ ‘seen the ose fr vn date vein lsat ng, whether ind cele sel abc, ero sycboene, cba igor PTSD, Are the papas the el ox psa rn ae pode by Wet bie exeroa! agents ora whol papi border cstraced by sma ‘getin, nal resdown of ineret meal weaken? Or doe emerge ‘Eom the ‘ner at uncertain, trl laa sormenbere Between he ody td mind? Nero hack or ners exhrion were onal proserd By Viet doctors cling fra hi rn wo i been the erga sd the ‘eal rerley» icing pout wher he ppg aed pope eo ‘ergo and cmnered in spree ways. Janes Oppec commend, ‘Sraphor penmeatod all Visor and Edwardian drtson othe nerve? (Gppeniein 191: #3) Arguments ovr the ply or preemie aura repully reese grounds of algerie ner et he sue ‘Sivof te dapc ha not etal hanged fra handed yer “i pein or neach of border ht pate and out eto a sang commision. Tena ven opens pages ewes ans {ater once ores making freon connections hat das conf. "Tuma ale apps be worn tannins between meal an) pipial mptons, between patent nthe ‘oman of nei thal {hock bowen patent nd cts vi th ius proces of waneence) ‘cr mggerton and betes vt pd hetero wero ae co ‘only maved ta farms f ones apy even othe tent of eiming ‘Seondey vitinbood. Thenpita hme dase the problem of doling fear cnumatiaron’ fm lneing to di poet soar Ann ‘plana wod thi de to age» wider problematic of the lation (togh te men aod oer rou) of taunn aces ieent communi, ‘Tranaaby as base cent] ebialconcem aboot the repentaion) ‘depo anamats nares nn images Cas er hold he et ope (carn be ted wo io rary vse? Who can cla ondary’ ‘thot ang eprops? Dee LaCapn,reogiing eum’ ottonfie nf and oer aed coliape al dinsian has nugget disncson “crs beeweendenication, which lint this dangerous eonfison, and empathy, which preserves dstnce LaCapea 2001; 21). is releration of hie ‘ie ogzets that erst unde dea of being overran "This uncerin, urbownded outed movment of texume fom io original wound dramascalydemonstated by the vey teach the te has now tan ‘Tosgmp i fil msontnces one new fo be eas mally aware of the itary of pcbodmane phology inthe ne nineteenth ery cunt ar om texte he wrk of Sigmund Keod, and thn the progres of thew of tert rearing rcvery of damages elaing tthe neghgen ines of eres hol? ‘Ser 100, and then terol of miliary pacha nd pean aged aces e+ ‘ene wae cf the wee centr and the the pce of wauza a deonstucion ‘nd pomstctrat peopl since about 1990, nd then ecologies of “ua a soiymodaed ato, «frm of calleatve arnocal pace | hac theefine jc de ‘atric falacy’ of pycologs (Alexander 20088, td den ret sien of drain popslogy of Ch bw das andthe efecto ‘etary sid eaten of csachlamines le norepinephrine Wen under seve ‘re and then, aly he elon in weatent of tata ees ng com> : ‘Satin of drug feed on rerotnin abd cogalve behavioral Crap Gen the oli sr sth eg thang of exper wets ale neta laen |e imoninge and wnderanding As LaCape obser, No gee o dine “oma saan pres e an poi ei bnandas ef aap 200105, Trams ra aye eching ef ines Hower he donna adler! asa, my inp concern inchs soak dee farce saw eget of tis eompl mula) [ie The wre Cnty Cay ono thcenal gre wo ebpataerhe ‘oun in eal esa hry heey 180m ern he dev of ai, ‘se aneaabe pare. Tama, Cara sggeed aan insodacon ae “leon Peony Cole and Trt fs 181, "axed been the neo a marginal patlogy sadn ecome acetal cater of the ver epscoce of or tme’(Carth 1991: 417), Evens, wou was = ‘Srey rnc experienc’ (Cart 091: 17, An reat ibe om Staci emaatcto the extent Ont onenvned he pyc dence and oe tol prowess ort memory taco Tea somehow ie weared diel ite te pre alow ike apie of tapi and not nije to te dior fos oftkjecie memory. a pom of Har (Cart 19 3) Set otal btn of hs anual memory region, Xmny be Gat what a Tot oaumate that wiih oes aot sppearin conus meme “Trauma ‘pesene ae Cart forming aaa parade: hate mes {Ec scing of sent event may oor at an alte bit © kao {Chri 91-7) Prana roud hx tnt a 2 i= See yet uinowable tcmory lige ia he mind unde the sig of wn" try ane grasped ony the ver acebay ois arene, i ah (2 ota pie of uk (Cath 1981 7A fare Brewin dation 5 ado he sage poral of want memory an stent cn only “deod arama gfe fo, hog he symptom and aback an {in dale amp at sndonnading at hve ga of bance profi. ‘The pean temporal acta the ted of aur anor poi: ‘ice the usta event not experienced aerial evdest ny enncton wth acter ply se in aot in” (Carah 19D: 7) Fo ‘Gams ma there sri of repeenao, of Rr sd mth and of| ‘ante tne, Repestdy, thre eh cain tht pycosnaje an Keene efor rm of wig a ae rpg | arth sil by of work he heen eee inn and it & worth ‘pening some neon coring the cements t manager» ells com ‘Eom cnld be mito dre Boon hee dict nes of ought. Thee Invokes he work of the German jw Mana piste Theor Aorao nthe ranaton of Wenn poopy byte wauac fas of Nein, co ‘used fori none proper ae: Assn 1919, Adamo declared ina Entec ard uch mngeted ane ht To wit poetry aftr Air asta (Aone IN: 58, Win hire emp to muscle ue wtin a remorlelyexpropcndve cpl, Adorno lp trang, td modulating, deceration vic had begun to caste beyond bis cone In Nt Dik be sw Ans lenge to the ey aco aught ‘Our metal fay prajed because acta ves have sated the bush on hc ppcltne thongs ed be seca! wath expoence ‘Mr Aue then word ged rem on hgh poten aes oe, thachas any ight ule under tana’ (Adorno 1978: 362, 387, Tr Adora, ll Weer atria once contaminted by and camp wi) ‘chi yore desl oclne equal bata. I lence m0 open {ihe Adorn se arn tral witcher td prada, pers} te of Bing way of representing the nepal : Tn Adorno wal he pee! of Asie the deterining csp _batnaogune the aun praign oraflr 198 al ete mus ade {ston We une ar, was Gorge Stier abr atement (Stee 1957: {2 Girgio Agamben has reed he peri of Ae she ery apovia {hl onl sexiehenes between fatto rh een ve Season and comprekenson’ (Agen 109" 12} Jean Rane Lyotard i Indy rpded Aus ss Sign of itr, supra mement of 92 ‘cy hat changed he pris of comtentonal strap tea, {Ee hnoca nt ek th the monopoly of hry gated othe cogs ‘pine of pss ade oe ovat ary ening i her ea hub ot psec une eof owe’ Qyotaré 1988-57 Lyoaed ‘ly stked the ein idea of the paradacealy reser yet ue {Sed trun, poring mode ab something nent ane what nd voles er gst the ape tha wos ial even nthe pret specae Qj 1990 11) Forpotranin een Lyotard | {ined tery ef the bing, where pening very Seo proce© nseacin |! overening event pardon Sgures is cot asa wef art Lyotard {eave avant gaece arta pried place in relating thi paradox What ar can os bear wes not to the sublime, bat this peda art and opal. Te docs noc sa de unstable, but sys Ua cannot ny (Lytar’ 199047. “The second main reference fr this epurede taking came fom Jacques | Diaria'sdeconsrucon of i mporzant place in erry tory (Jn he American academy inthe 1970 and 1960 Ina ate loc elled poy, ‘Der elec on how hi readings had alas sought oot piicant momen ‘of apparent contradiction or iresltion, so many aporese places or dioca- ‘ions that cach text tended to reveal (Drs 1988-19, Dercida figured the ‘apora 22 Hocking of page, 2 ling or hestaon, a foe hovering 00 the ‘hresbel, caught betwen advancing and fling back, between Se pile snd {he impossble Derrida had parsed the posbiy and imposibity of ran Jing in Pal de Mass work, the paradoxes of memory in Feud modelo py. chicnverption, burn cso ners of meray sd the seria ofthe wound {Pal Calan’ poetry (Dera 1088, 109, 2001, 208). Preering the aces of pera war central to Derrida’ comianent to resonable tosh, ee nd polite: the atma ve tha rove Western thought mapped Ue fag of undesiablig hata meaphyse enacted ain of violence. ‘Deri’ principal avenue ito the American academy was though the 1- called Yale School fom the mid-1970s The lini of thie rouping was Pal {2 Man, who devloped spurdclar deconsrucie reading of Ingusge Inthe 1p bervesn reference and representation at Teast some of what we intended ‘ean was always open to mterpeation or ror erate in pariclar ‘seemed 'o foreground the sippages iahereat inthe act of representa, sd ‘often came tobe av! his ering Te de Man, his inevitably afecred the work of Ira nterpretton on which he formulated in che pithy parade "The Blegoy of ceacng narrates the impo of reading (de Man 1979-77), De ‘eings and alppages Between sfeence and repreeetacon clay informed Cara's formation of the paradotss of taumate rpresenation (Gere i a whole chapter on his theories of refeeatalty and language in relied Eyes and her theory of waumasc spria was Gt formulated ‘when ate Vale Hngsh department, Yet his reading of de Man was aly past (of a wider more by Yale eis to tana theory. Gefitey Hartman, whose ‘econatuctive readings of Romantic Meratie and expostion of Desist ‘work were prominent in eablshing the in uence of the Yale School, started to ‘ur his interest tothe remembrance and repesetation af the Holcaut in the cent 19905. The Foran? Holocaust Video Archives at Yale which collects the textnny of Holocaut nivivery and which Herman co-bunded, prompted Jaina expore his zea both theoretically and utoingrapiclly (Haronan had ‘eespod the penton and murder of the Baropean Jews iy waving ors ‘Germany fit eo England and then America es che). By 1995, Hatman bad | eBecvly eandatd hs long erel carer ‘nto varias on the at of tovuma, I tua masks the dijucton between the event and the forever belted, incomplete understanding of the event, then Hlaranan argued tha his tin 7 ‘was.at the heart of Romantic. poetry Figurative language is 2 form of ‘perpetual)) Top ant may ape ta ne cel Wiehe Geni facet Mesa compas) peng Blea Wiles order suc en en oo ey eet eh wounding events, Hartman proposed that trauma theory was a key expository Wie ta ad teen pesos ed ec) eee ee ee ey ease vl tel Lage ao po Spo aa 4) Windle ein Geel cates Sorte tone ‘eum (er 55) Aner Inger ale Sotas ina an leptin of dsc insta nya he SEG Rang ae tobe ihren ey lee {( Sm th ee hw th hr ory ha ten eee gr Cotas eae ene ae ee ings nga, una med howe fe gel iy AiLeeis conn tt pte Inge tno we enn dE tema ute al mag ete ra ‘oo me oP 1 nea or ligt ent eleittwray far oe anion toon pa ‘gj Cas Luma nn yt eto of er Seep casts p pas fw no asin ot Nain ce eee a a Eoectnpanocn ne ee IESTISA a nce s nna of ind pec sb] ‘groper rr eases acon ar sy, ‘an age in which witnessing itvelf has undergone a major trauma’ (Felmas 1991: 4 Seca ants bees pre ego caer nortan yore ea tiem deeds cise SSRIS Soomnane cee meeay hoy oso hea SihDpanel taylor eaot anes gy aha Soe Eaeity oem fine 16175 Te wag pa, Earp Haley coun Do ay nen Ae Them ofr Holes pnp ao cca pied sd ay aaa ere Te ances pected ara tne Tiny abwong mn get ng ss ne Gm ed Te GipThela of ayes Gone bp f ai) prec as eta int ‘Lesa rad ny ped ef uo ich hci ssl nel as enue 9 tly hy oe gf oman ac 0024 Rm de tte ay SST ie ety ens sag i abr Soot Wen conng wnt, Pacing as ee "arash a someting pe ant a 9 3) Tas [hin pene uned ae ncn br ey cp, SESE LS na mune ceed ees nt nr Spake gon Thcchmon wu nape pues gh hth eei nmducsion Ae alfcve wansmision and culation of aunt emotions Tsay headed {le boomin the entrain of Yale decnerctcn no tna hor wich Hen taveled actos ier and earl sacs, Fels’ theory of edvcaton appeared ft i Carus posi ies of mean Jag, where Cara spe spprvingy of ‘he psy of a ely pedagogieal encour [whic re tes ew wey of gang acest hist, forthe whe atempe {west om ar (Cruh 10918: 422. The sade ieee of these ‘ots actly drone the ranemisnbiiy of uate ae ‘Tie thf and mos explicit youre for thors of curl sua bs poaho- aia That card, Denis, Peman ad Cth Cage with tara va “iad sages that is woo sth wean fr thease of aco, sand ths undoubted the cae for cla ude, els engagement with he ‘Taumatc nearer: was actly ater itereitent od Rath Ly comments that Bros wings on trauma and the meshaiane of ne ace dope in aj that eto int oF ner, real desi (Lye 2000 £74. As ‘era red tes aor interventions have each proved mode hat ae nt slvays compatble bat which pant ito conterporary dicasont “On the J Pail Mechanien of Hyteceal Phenomens, co-authored wih Jeph Breas in 189, regarded traumatic hy aa pein border of memory eee lated inthe frou epignts “Farmar mai om ain” (ed 1895 158) Traumatic memery i psig, mpl abe at ema kn ay ‘eis asamal peopel sé, but which persis below he Uebold of conaclon ‘st “onshing intact and with ‘emaslale sensory force’ (Hee 1095: ‘The seth ofthe Weatment tured the hy’ body ito a erypogram each boty or mental symptom to be traced back oa tormenting sere ant be cared by "rig clar i he mer of hee adn ig spaying low ft had erie hat thre ore dele ha i ‘giao want ead 1885-57). hese eaumae event raed, atin the feos cae of ‘Mana Ot the death of the er and epee gle ‘tse years ater Fred ined hat thes mative‘ he ed ini ‘inet the Bel of semual experienc’ (red 1856 199), a posidon inxebly linked to dhe ergs of peychonalysis isl dhe term Fea ened i 186, Tit produced a dierent emphasis in Weovsng se raumate orgie of yea Freud smal seis supposed a to-stage development, an early phase of inf tie semaly that was repened Sr period of chidhood aeoey and wich ‘retuned wih puberty andthe emergence of al sexe Sens neared ererins were ascrbedt devon ofthe eal aims that reed sn i te isarbance (this normative language Fes or, in bie The Baas ox ‘Sal nother words, cay taumasin cklchoodwosld be gon in sen But emerge in als. Seal Gorden therloe acted ke eae inn wa ie ‘dea crime busied in infty: iepretve excavation to uncover the el wot became the bass of Fred’ case hstais Ths nweatage Deory of ats, the first erga Iida ord tat frond tea tepraly ofan event ot dod ra ‘eu tn Face 18, No ath of ap canbe ln) {esr wo bara ite gun tr ace commensal eat Ten ocanl conenp pyc He recede poe 1B be sco enn olen ef tn ascod te ten ef e reat ‘Wat Hi dani modelo th che cond nox ppaeny act ap ttf ea neon nde wich wey ried yan cee seh in wai a ighoars, oh pm oor of sat ale ‘cons Tac puri of rear end rad candy tern ovat cae ect and ial nije of temas neo end 19 209), ‘Boone Pas Pry St pbled 120, vas Heads hy Spectre ‘SReopts wien wre ted Shr penn ompalia Ieee dye cosy sae eo wpe be yen ea mma ervey tepebcaedy ose nae ‘Rm ond way of rating the uma reroncte ooc meh, Fel eminged sind arn sop lw an cnr tebe hat ou Sool Rcng mn dented wet peony maton eng {in and tng the negro a Borda =f ere coc in ‘Nemun etttomehng menue ats pe ere snd toate col wih rcign tary ving he el rewind yng fey the damage "We cre “esti any xo Bon oa, eps enough ek vag the oc shall Hed al ‘Sch an event ata external trauma is bound to provoke dstsbance on ‘large eae the fancining of the oan’ cergy and tet in motion ‘ery posable defence mente. Ar the ame tne there fo longer ay posit of prevendag the ental apparatus om being Dooded wih age Sroun of stimulus, and anther problem ares instead ~ the problem of ‘marering the arounts of seal which hee broken ia and of bnding ‘hems, i the pez sens, so that they ca be dspesed of (Pread 19200: 30) ‘he compo epent we aud an 0 mane ems inp Belong og of un wa ‘mouse tesresin rn essed dig ccc tf te moter chenie guns), el cradle seat CSplavrl opciones be besa th et ey camara Poe erful impresion far more thoroughly by being active than they could by merely ‘Spesrcay py fend 00 27, Regen smo a oe Tia dan i Secuencia {ps an ance a rappig en eo neompenting pe Snes mine on open ee roc owing eg fee Bea 10, i “nea ee Mo eM 29 wa gener Fea penn oi iby sng ee en)10 taadition (on he inden fr ae. pops th th Jews cared a i “Es una eae nao oe meer oth ne we Si Anara pated of bey he Manele oe rng 6ob ‘ned rearing srs onshesighn ihr renew he Tebigus cat of Crean Lane sngomdel rons oh as om Jetory wee pl ef Vitorian antipope fr eof clan Sem a ese el, sping te ats nee oe Inika the gp in rw oer ie ce yon the penomenon of Inenoy de nese of ihe manson cling bra xpanaton tetany sins xo eet ear trina Wea fd the characteristic of compulsion’ (Preud 1999: 72). In one of his clearest summa Scat te aco of rum rots Feed aed ha be compen: Sony fess begoenommnaere dlyd-pe peony SPOR une ebita ae rnchny pnt of he rans fe Sos! eral poem: Toy ace chances Sawin Sx red Tos 79. Ts logy ed the pee ssn Jos wana pean Bp nasa we nd tii ws expt asked ‘pn tng ceed by he eof Nain Gere, ee Rta, ead cn London Te bo bene a8 ary Gye nto section on expo nd ee Can Neste heparan oor ow cop cen la thie of ring «has fom win (art 86 TERA Cah emphases pao cry en yo nent Sumte eehsony fener eter of eevee noma cei ‘Sprout fom Pen opecton Kai Eon deed lee eae fwd ts tis of tcf ht henge he bonds raching ee (pets and main rong sn of comin on 1981 10, “the coum censors Bem conch, soe of tice the nea sate rison 109-4) Terra among eumte-edion [Sessa ate onmodling ose on ts india pe: rng wh atts Halen and conc with wok by Pao Conan and Jey {Aendey solace memory sega 3 of changing tel paces (aida eins of ppc erste Yt Hea can of ese | ttl nny hs besa Seer porn plc where reel Was SEIEmSiee dated ad nly oem by aml ping «to Sen gee cesion tssecg twit he rumen by nan, Car andi cova cspoe um ede fem Bboy of paeoanas re Slt slave a tr wont te lent pester nd Fed ine 100 ant 1005 guetta nme retained he enuibton of pinnae ater cole the expo e327 ‘flop of eau tage wih Fri In hese en Fw ft om the enone these fatima In 90 ae fisas advan the be at sonal a wn ween and tre Ett e putrcalfniy ey Moon pblce! Hs rpreton Iida previously upublsed sates inthe Feud archive. Masons Asan Tt ‘Fad ond Chil Seu! dhe argued hat Teco bad come tot sesliation tat al iis women pasents hoa been sexual abt by the ars, Although Feud td polled these Sings n"The Acnogy of Hiystr’ 1896, Mason ug (ute hat this pe bad peiptatd a rfenional and ceded ris played ct manly in eters to ie end Wilblm Fes, Over the ext to years Fred (Gosanded he srl ‘eduction Gory’ fran account ofthe univer sexual fase of ons and Gaughte =the eed ofthe Oxi complex tht woud be ‘ead’ foundation for his eshodyamsic theory ofthe univers development of the subject In Mazin’ vetodramale acount Fiend had come acres a a4 ‘Gae tu that he could noe countenance and suppres wih a theory tha ‘Roned acta ebse into uct! ftasy if ot Abication A signe erand [3 fenat eltaral theory had vebed on psehoenas, bat Mason ‘Shes ptsachivent on suppresang the tah of women experienc, Masons (ies gonereed an xtpourng of ealy invested atacand defences ee, for {inant Borchacobeen L000, A Sot 1986, Malcla 1987) “A cna to this dapat bega to devo in the Int 1980 when advocates of moored memory therapies claimed to be unearthing pristine memories of ‘pened or divodated chidhood rab of pane, This reed onthe conven at trauma memory wate ‘ent in retin form ouside coscoar eal but could be recovezed complete! ‘Sin appropri therapeutic inervenon (alle! Recovered Memory Taerapy, oF EMT} Some chimed thi to be ave on Freud's modelo he zpresin of ou. ‘Baie memory Recovered reores of abuse ft wo criminal procedings and) Tnpssoenn ven changer the nes on natn in some Avian ae, (ivi argument een hnging on sync experi about the specie pew. Jr of traumatic memory The Scale legal ae was the impisormcat of (Geang Banlin in Caf in 1990 on the tole evidence of is daughter who ‘ha, ih ber therapist ecovered represed memories ofthe murder of chile ood Sen fom 1569 Prehnrc expert tht cote the abit © rere ‘rewed memories in pring for ws preted by Lenore Tee equal and ce payne epee dat uumase memories wee unonallymalesble ear of Pau Ingram’ inrionment tual abuse of his dates in the Naw [Prin 1995, he bool Rononbing Sater appearing year ater. Two high-proBle ‘ct in England daiming organisa Satanic abuse collapse in Rochen 190 Ghd Osineyin 1991, Meare, at he outer Hinges of this coral imaginary ley Seibce poblsbed hi bestoler Communi atthe height of thee pc deating hs Iypmotereotey of profoundly amass memocis of12 bandon nap aid seal abuse by Ben ceatures A dew of len abduction narratives followed, ocuéing te glbaly siceufal weston serie, the 2 Flr (ee ‘adr: 198), Bene therepiss were anxious nota deny the realy of a= ‘matic esimony and ths place hemes in the postion of the realiy-denying Freud, cate eflorecenees had to be upheld at Etrally tre. Tis helped the [Ease of coupterzmovement ike the Fle Memory Sycore Foundation ft op “ji 1999, wich argued that aussie memory might be igen, the produ, {of de ery therapy eed to meat ‘reed’ maze was egal i ellen inacsrtely invoked inthe dpe, Tae campaigning antcfeodian, Rede Crem, segaded recovered memory a¢ {he epi of Freudian and which helped conte tat yonalys wat ‘he partdignai prendoaence of oa epoch (Crewe 197: M9, Crew aia tended tbe seabergan, consandy shifting tele gound. Fed might deed hve figured traumatic memory a a hidden uth that could be released foza ‘represon and brought to ght. Howeve ae Richrd Temas ha pine! ox, | hee are wo modes of memory Ut ex a pres eon in Feats work ‘The uncon might sx to jroxrve fetes recor, be Soon as ta | "serie Sy reached consoumen the marae memory ‘isp wane ton dys to the wu’ (Reiman 1995: 299, At ea a ‘Screen Memerir, | Freud resogized tha cidhood memories wire highly malleable, sect to ences revision ad interpretation ‘emay indeed be quesioned whether we have ny memories a al fr ot ctildhood: memories religous cidhood may be al that we poses. ‘Our childhood memories how os our esas: years nat as hey were but a= ‘they appeared at ater periods when the memories were aroured. (Pred 1899: 329) (The aiicuty that recovered memories could be constructions or confabula- “tions had lead been snscipated by Trew, Howeve, Cree’ endeniou st eeudian jouraliam wat backed by a boat of soa: adhlely and scene ‘sterogaon int the founding prminesof pocheanalyis athe ine Slay 19, Ktcber 1982, Webster 1995). Redecng the shit away fom the Mad of pryciodymamic moves that underpinned Freud's thinking, ahiany beg to egimate ina by an appeal tothe biochemistry and nearoendberinolgy of the brain fom the 1970 on. This biclogiaion, lls. Young has argue, infact Ihe proce she very term poe raumati ses dior’, nd cern key symp cise Te Aandamental ways the lec bar fr PTSD was come patible wih poehoaralyss. Thus, wilt archivists and histrians exploded the [ray of the origins oF payhoanals, the eovientaton of pyehisry had ako ‘marginalize Fev "Bed pavsion of eran par of dhe humane nd hi flv abroee in the cal sod natural sciences bald o eat of tau tery tat coe along paral acs with only dhe vaguest (usualy contempes) avareaes of tach oer For Carth a east sm challenge besa ian aperia that ron io Intact 13 ent a Bb a ee ‘central corpus through which to articulate dhe traumatic paradox, Yet, to her credit, ‘Selctsenthan manic deep eae Sacra eet eee cies Seesaw eee areas seep Shere is wht ‘Sicted noe nav talemenenein teres Ear canmenarmnertaatene eae intranet eke een ae ache say arama a ee sel pees eis et mms nme Sater ga ome era ord pclae vise’ asprin tanga woe eta eee ac a irae see eh cre Sinsieha easier gece ‘Van der Kole at the ‘mjpuotic!pole.of sraums.thearg iat which cauma & the) ee ee Seer pene lees ee men naan Saree Seine cern berepec dteeaem [Ley it means ‘carent debates over uma are fate to end in an imps (Ls) gy a cmon se Bese ele eeraren oped tay tea vc Cer Soran tate eee ‘ci Pome aoe leg a] Soe Sa cemented ened anita Toeawinr ‘in another ‘genealogical’ sudy, Whll Kansteiner has charged chat ‘the most ee aes a i a Sony etimnstetiahescas tea a eStats tet tane a tne! te St mie ening conan gee atop meant, pees aes iemigemmie ee aon eee ae ‘pace thereon aes Sree eee ree ey aed “Kanutiner outage deven by his sense that there ba been an appropriation of14 Inedation lundersandably where the diel of wimess as been hari by Holocaust revsionisn es mst often aseiatd withthe saris Hie Wioelinience on {he eizal and polcal demands produced by unprecedented leno agt ‘he Joos, Vt excepinalion ar a become contort ome claiming tha the elevation ofthe Jewish catasrophe ences oer geockal cs and hasbeen wed fer reaconary pli ends Thee debates need tne and cre (nd re weatd in the fea chap) here the point more about dcinay Karten pe lege istry over cla oi, yr Bis geneaiogy is orant of the history of tenuis in poclogy ae law sce the 1060s, discourse that have shaped how “Hllocas furl hasbeen constructed. Widaut a maedseptinary knowedge an ony be an unappetsng competition becween dcpines impose their specie conception of wauma. We nend another mode! for wndaanding he | rows history and hewiderng contemporary extent of a paradigm that an Invinscalyine-ascipioary eonjunce ‘The dead metaphor in Kantner ny yenalogy” Rca propos fa soil genealogy was to mpect llencempasingzod gba hot node 9 tend Ue dncomsuos parla and oa al howe ioral consents dat ve been bared or masked in finesonlcoberace or foraal stematiaon? ‘gona pure But even sore we he projet Broa Lat emp evi toce aes story as eb concede, pol a | ese Latour dor does nt patiowledge it hierarchies bu so kawleges “Land pracioeso forming complied neers A ccs statement an be me ‘ed by how many Ens or sats it makes, not only within the rg of is ‘ dcpine burr bon ta,asitlope icagh erent node tions, practices soci, poll and earl rome: Ascent concep herere tueccoe thugh fe eterogenciy rather than fs pou ‘the umber of pots Enka the length and sregth ofthe inage’ (Latour 1987 201). In this nett, [aur prefs to call concep ak becase bps ovale he many hero. encasement itbinds tage The hry of suck a not woul bean ac Ureveling,reteaing bow the knots intensely connected oa much ger reper (or of reseuron? (atu 1958108). -Rcemetome tht thera of the concept of trauma agg elf aan exer ‘ary concepnl not whowesuceal permeation cat be undertod by te “mpreasve range of elements that is together and which allows it to asel to “rach dvene places in the netwoe of nowledge. Bren more rere T see Jtrauma a ne of thse dtnctie Ibid asemlage that Latour suggests on ‘front win the contemporary word nereasinghy, we ave to deal with ange ‘bjet, inbropos that maw up our fundamental categories of subject and ‘object, human and non-human, society and nature. Laour examples include ‘zone hole, global warming, mad ew ea’ or mano deen iran ‘ing: ha sccm to emerge somewhere boneen the natural nd dhe manmade sand hat tangle up questions of science, lw technology, capi, pais, daca 15 medic and Ths hae no car oan apps een tom hod and et evenmeatatat M04 9, Pandas they notyet saa ant ef ct se comnts ry ee thet en be deed by crpng sh ere eed fo (Elect Lin of scl sd pal iene a ae ug rs ‘Ee sppnr sna ema ne ea nt re ery sn at (feed oe veges may dare Oar 08 6 Tolbert ete fra hon toe a) fll ww nga onsnen sa ngs eee a | SSDS pec inte and te ny do py eigen pole pepe content dete Rater hn le tect boca pls popes weed egy sctling ecg) ‘ena dat hve breasted he oo fee Pecan tae oct ran gee awe tke seme of te dept reoues at hve ben Hoel Bo he ony of Sims eco in pea dre, drat henry Thi penbgy nck te dinner of aa nthe neat ary tang) ‘lel nd rece eto pgolgyiay l goe ‘enter ple sping rent eure hogatnt She dere and deme oa oper ety pods fe 1870 Tag Say me es ec cine rd hat ‘cad dag the ear mae cine io Pat Hwa mae Sioug cis ar urna lve een nr oot ua cng SS no poramumaée vane, t Be Soy hed om et | Toe Th cob tena set ny apc of a ‘Rehan pint seis hme Became prt igi of te pon "ete np, mine ay yop fon re {Son af oem nent etc xpeine, ut pte oso yet apes ia ce aac pee ‘alae npn cn otros ow inp fe a her Date grote as a abd meet aie Sal Pe ee eine log tere rata sree post SESS Ane ene weed et i cera ar ae dors te cend he range tcl clench he ae aurea oes Sar play bts icine unima ery T vane t nove teed Mowat sates of fapmenntin sl apr le pope sare enor nt fpr tata ao he eran of eal ssjecyin ct in of eit a i heard Tagg vat Since una papa nigeneos