Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I.E.
CRDENAS CENTRO
CICLO IV
GRADO OCTAVO
2
TABLA DE CONTENIDO
pg.
1. GRAMMAR 4
1.1. SIMPLE PRESENT & PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE 4
1.2. IMPERATIVES DIRECTIONS 6
1.3. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 8
1.4. IF CLAUSES 12
2. VOCABULARY 15
2.1. PLACES AT A TOWN 15
2.2. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 16
2.3. ADVERBS, AGENT NOUNS 17
2.3.1. Adverbs 17
2.3.2. Agent nouns 19
TERCER PERODO
1. GRAMMAR 22
1.1. COUNT/NON-COUNT NOUN 22
1.2. MUST & SHOULD 23
1.3. MUSTNT & DONT HAVE TO 24
2. VOCABULARY 26
2.1. MEDICAL ADVICE, HEALTH AND NUTRITION 26
CUARTO PERODO
1. GRAMMAR 27
1.1. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE 27
1.2. SIMPLE PAST & PAST CONTINOUS TENSE 31
1.2.1. SIMPLE PAST FORM: 31
1.2.2. PAST CONTINUOUS FORM 34
1.3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 38
1.4. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS & ADJETIVES 43
2. VOCABULARY 46
2.1. TIME EXPRESSIONS 46
2.2. SOME/ANY 47
2.3. HOUSEHOLD PROBLEMS AND REPAIRS 50
PRUEBA SABER 52
BIBLIOGRAFA 54
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PRIMERO Y SEGUNDO PERODOS
Compare how these two tenses are used. I have two cars.
have = possess, own
Why are you walking to work? Don't you
usually go by bus? I am having my lunch now.
I live in Kharkiv, but now I am living in have = eat
Moscow.
Usually we have dinner at 7, but today we I am seeing my friend tomorrow evening.
are having it at 9. see = meeting with
2. Some verbs are not normally used in the I see what you mean.
Continuous Tense. They are called "state" See = understand
verbs.
4
PRACTICE play _____________ burn ________________
matter ____________ measure _____________
Decide if these English verbs are action
contain ___________ agree _______________
verbs, state verbs, or can be both action and
state verbs. look _____________ worry _______________
_ _
Enjoy_____________
read ___________________
We use the Present Simple in the conditional clauses afterif, when, as soon as, until etc, and when we
talk about timetable, schedules, itineraries etc.
PRACTICE..
Put the verb in brackets in the correct form, either the Present Simple Tense or the Present Continuous Tense.
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7. My wife ______________________ coffee for breakfast. (prefers is prefering)
8. What ____________________________ for breakfast? (do you usually have are you usually having)
You can use the imperative form to give an order, to give a warning or advice, and (if you use "please") to make
a request.
To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without 'to':
"Come here!"
"Sit down!"
To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb:
"Don't go!"
"Do not walk on the grass."
The imperative can be used for all subjects (you, he, they and we), but you can also use "let's" before the verb if
you are including yourself in the imperative:
Orders
Adults do not usually give each other orders, unless they are in a position of authority. The intonation of an order
is important: each word is stressed, and the tone falls at the end of the sentence:
"Sit down now!" ('Sit', 'down' and 'now' are all stressed, and the tone falls on 'now'.)
Here are some orders you could give your pet dog:
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"Come here!"
"Sit!"
"Heel!"
"Fetch!"
Warnings. You can use the imperative to warn someone of danger. All the words in the warning are stressed,
but the last word has a higher tone than the first word:
"Watch out!"
"Look out!"
"Don't cross!"
Advice. When you give advice using the imperative, the words are stressed normally:
"Don't tell him you're resigning now! Wait until Monday when he's in a better mood."
You can often read articles in magazines that give advice on a subject. Sometimes, this advice is presented as
"Dos and don'ts".
For example:
Travelling long-distance
Requests
You can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite word before the verb:
In written English, you might also see "Kindly" used as a polite word:
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EXERCISE
Examples: Adjective
8
To make comparative and superlative forms of adjectives some rules must be followed.
9
Like adjectives some adverbs can take comparative and superlative forms, with -er and -est:
Examples:
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The bird sings loud.
The moose sang louder than the bird.
Pete sang the loudest of them all.
However, the majority of adverbs do not take these endings. Instead, they form the comparative using more and
the superlative using most:
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Practice
Write the comparative form of the following. Write the superlative form of the following.
1.4. IF - CLAUSES
There are four basic types of conditional sentences in the English language.
Examples:
The zero conditional: I take my umbrella if it rains.
The first conditional: I'll call you if I work late.
The second conditional: If the bus didn't arrive on time, I would drive you to the airport.
The third conditional: She wouldn't have come if I hadn't invited her.
The zero conditional describes situations that are always true. If has the same meaning as when orwhenever.
If I go to school, I get up at seven. (Whenever I go to school I get up at the same time.)
If you park your car on double yellow lines, you pay a fine. (Whenever you park illegally, you pay a fine.)
We use the present simple tense in both the main clauses and the if clauses.
The first conditional sentences are used to speculate about possible situations that can really happen at
present or in future.
We do not use will in an if clause to describe future activities (compare it to time clauses).
If he studies hard, he'll pass the exams. If we catch the 10.15 train, we will arrive on time. If you don't get the
ticket, what will you do?
We make if clauses with if + present tense and main clauses with will + bare infinitive.
In the second conditional sentences we speculate about situations that will probably never happen at present
or in future.
If I had more time, I would help you. (But I am not free at the moment. I can't help you).
If I won a million dollars, I would start a business of my own. (But I know that it is not realistic.)
We make if clauses with if + past tense and main clauses with would + bare infinitive.
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Note: the verb to be can be specific in the if clause.
If I were rich, I wouldn't work. If he were younger, he would marry her.
(But was is also possible: If I was rich, I wouldn't work. If he was younger, he would marry her.)
But: If I were you, I wouldn't do it. (In this expression, were is much more usual than was.)
Sometimes we must use either the first conditional or the second conditional to make it clear that the situation is
real or unreal.
If you get up late, you will miss your bus. (a real situation)
If I came from your country, I would understand your problems. (an unreal situation - I am not from your country.)
Other forms
Apart from the basic structures (if + the present simple + will and if + the past simple + would), we can also make
different combinations.
Examples - type 1:
If you have finished your dinner, you can ask for the bill.
If you are feeling tired, take a rest.
If he is a good skier, he might make it.
If you want to be slim, you should eat less.
If you meet her, could you let me know?
Examples - type 2:
If I knew his address, I might go and see him.
If we were on holiday, we would be lying on a beach now.
Why are we watching this film? If we were watching the news, it would be more interesting.
The third conditional sentences always refer to the past. We speculate about situations that happened or did
not happen in the past.
If I had won a million, I would have started a business of my own. (But I didn't win anything.)
If he had met her, he would have told her. (Unfortunately, he didn't meet her.)
If we hadn't practised, we wouldn't have won the match. (But we practised and won.)
We make if clauses with if + past perfect and main clauses with would + perfect infinitive (have + past participle).
But we can also combine other verb structures in third conditional sentences.
We didn't save any money. If we had saved some money, we might have bought the house.
She wasn't there and I wasn't sitting next to her. But if she had been there, I would have been sitting next to
her.
I was looking at the trees when I fell off the bike. If I hadn't been looking at the trees, I wouldn' t have fallen off
the bike.
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The mixed conditionals
In the mixed conditional sentences we can combine the second and third conditional.
If he had left immediately, he would be here now. (He didn't leave immediately and isn't here.)
If I had studied hard when I was young, I wouldn't be a porter now. (I didn't study and I am a porter.)
If we hadn't told him the way while he was preparing for his journey, he would get lost now. (We told him and he
isn't lost.)
Note
If is the most frequent expression in the if clauses, but other expressions are also possible.
even if, provided (that), unless, on condition (that), in case
Examples:
You will leave tonight even if you don't want to.
You can have your birthday party provided that you aren't noisy.
We'll sell you the ranch on condition you pay in cash.
You should take a dictionary with you in case you forgot some words.
Unless you do something, she won't come back. (If you don't do anything, ... )
EXERCISES
Tell her if you (see will see) ________________her.
If I had lost my job what (would I have done would I do)______________________________ now?
I would have eaten the meat if it (had not been was not) _________________ tough.
Unless she (puts on will not put on) _______________________a coat she'll catch a cold.
If he had asked you what would you (say have said) __________________.
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2. VOCABULARY
airport - the place you go when you want to travel by plane to another city.
bakery - you can buy fresh bread and cakes here.
bank - you deposit or withdraw/take out your money here. You can cash a cheque.
bookstore - a place where you can buy books and magazines.
bus station - the place you go when you want to travel by bus to another city.
butcher's - they sell fresh meat.
caf - you can buy a cup of coffee and cakes or sandwiches.
church - a religious place of worship
court - the place where they have trials and law cases. A judge works here
craft market - a place that sells typical products (normally hand-made) of a region/country.
department store - a large store that sells clothes, household appliances etc. in sections.
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cinema/movies - you can see the latest movies here. Many people eat popcorn while they're here.
fire station - the building where firemen keep their equipment including the fire-engine
gas / petrol station - the place you go to put petrol (gas) in your car.
gym - you can do exercises, weight training and keep fit here.
hairdresser's - you go here when you want to cut your hair.
hospital - you go here when you need an operation or someone is going to have a baby.
hotel - where you sleep when you visit another city.
gallery - you can see paintings and other works of art.
jail / prison - criminals are sent here by a judge for a number of days or years.
laundromat / launderette - a place where you can wash your clothes in coin-operated machines.
library - a place where you can read and borrow books.
museum - you can see many old objects (and sometimes paintings)
pharmacy/drugstore - you can buy medicine and (legal) drugs.
police station - you are taken here when you break the law and are arrested
pub - a place where you can buy a beer or other types alcoholic drinks
park - An area of public land in a city that contains an area of grass where you can rest, play or walk your dog.
Sometimes children can play on swings, a slide or a climbing frame here.
restaurant - you go here when you don't want to cook at home. They prepare meals for you.
school - a place where children learn. You normally start school at the age of 5.
square - an open area within a city in the shape of a square. It is usually the heart of the city.
supermarket - a large store that sells food, drinks and household items
video store - you rent a movie or a DVD for a couple of days from this place.
zoo - a place where you can see many types of animals in cages.
Transport options vary by region and travel distance, so your student may be using the train, taking a bus, flying
by plane, driving a car or riding a bike. Each form of transport opens the door for unique vocabulary and practical
English language learning. A lesson on driving by car could include information on visiting a mechanic, with
students learning the words for flat tire and oil change. Traveling by plane can lead to an extensive lesson on the
airport, including everything from finding parking to buying a snack.
bus
car
coach
van
light rail
train
plane
ferry
motorbike
taxi
bicycle
truck
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2.3. ADVERBS, AGENT NOUNS
2.3.1. Adverbs
An adverb is a modifying part of speech. It describes verbs, other adverbs, adjectives, and phrases. They are used to
describe how, where, when, how often and why something happens. Here are a few examples:
Verb- The cat climbed quickly up the tree. (quickly describes how the cat climbed)
Adverb- Mike worked very carefully on his paper. (very shows how carefully he worked)
Adjective- She is nearly ready to go. (nearly tells to what extent she is ready)
Adverbs of manner describe how something happens. Where there are two or more verbs in a sentence, adverb placement
affects the meaning. Some commonly used adverbs of manner include:
Carefully
correctly
eagerly
easily
fast
loudly
patiently
quickly
quietly
and well.
Adverbs of place describe where something happens. Most adverbs of place are also used as prepositions. Some
commonly used examples include the following:
Abroad
anywhere
downstairs
here
home
in
nowhere
out
outside
somewhere
there
underground
upstairs.
I wanted to go upstairs.
She has lived in the city since June. (in the city prepositional phrase)
Adverbs of purpose describe why something happens. Here are some common examples:
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So
so that
to
in order to
because
since
accidentally
intentionally
and purposely.
Adverbs of frequency describe how often something happens. The following adverbs are commonly used in this way:
always
every
never
often
rarely
seldom
sometimes
and usually.
Adverbs of time describe when something happens. These examples are commonly used:
after
already
during
finally
just
last
later
next
now
recently
soon
then
tomorrow
when
while
and yesterday.
Some adverbs often get overused, such as very, extremely, and really. Using there is/are or it is at the beginning of a
sentence adds nothing. Sentences with these adverb phrases become wordy, boring, and less clear. Look at some
examples:
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* There are many bird species living in the sanctuary. Many bird species live in the sanctuary.
* It is important to hold hands when crossing the street. Holding hands when crossing the street is important.
* There may be more than one way to solve the problem. The problem may be solved in more than one way.
Well, did you catch all that? Recognizing the various adverbs used in the English language can take practice. Using them
properly can make writing and speaking far more interesting.
Now you have a list of adverbs because you read this article carefully and thoroughly...
Adverbs of Completeness
Everywhere
here
there
In linguistics, an agent noun (or nomen agentis) is a word that is derived from another word denoting an action,
and that identifies an entitythat does that action. For example, "driver" is an agent noun formed from
the verb "drive". The endings "-er", "-or", and "-ist" are commonly used in English to form agent nouns. "Agent
noun" is also used as the name of the derivational meaning (also called a derivateme).
Agent nouns are more common than recipient ones simply because recipients need agents while agents do not
need recipients. Here are just a few of the thousands of agent nouns in English:
debtor
director
employer
flyer
lecturer
payer
performer
prosecutor
runner
server
teacher
There are far fewer established ee words. Here are a few of the more common ones:
employee
evacuee
honoree
lessee
payee
trustee
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EXERCISES
HAROLD NEVER GOT THERE!
He took Bus Number 42, but he got off at the wrong stop. He got off at River Road instead of Rolling Road. He
turned left and walked along River Road one block. He turned left again and walked two blocks, turned right,
and got completely lost.
Harold was very upset. He really wanted to go to the party last night, and he cant believe he made such a
stupid mistake!
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TRUE OR FALSE?
Its very easy to get _________(1) the zoo from here. Walk up this street _________ (2) the corner and turn
right. Walk two blocks and youll see a bus stop ___________(3) the corner ____________(4) Grove Street and
Fourth Avenue. Take the West Side bus and get _____________(5) ________________(6) Park Road. Youll
see the zoo ______________(7) the left. Its next ________________(8) the library and across
_____________(9) the museum.
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TERCER PERODO
1. GRAMMAR
Count nouns are the names of objects which can be counted, such as elephants:
Non-Count nouns are the names of things or substances which cannot be counted, such as water:
You need to know the difference between count and non-count nouns in order to
Count or Non-Count?
1. man
a) count 6. class
b) non-count a) count
c) both b) non-count
c) both
2. rice
a) count
b) non-count
c) both
3. time
a) count
b) non-count
c) both
4. information
a) count
b) non-count
c) both
5. weather
a) count
b) non-count
c) both
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1.2. MUST & SHOULD
The words 'must' and 'should' are called modal auxiliary verbs or 'modals' in English. They help other verbs.
The modal 'must' is used to talk about when something is certain. There is a lot of evidence, clues or information
to support the statement. It can also be used when there is no other explanation for
something.
For example,
He is smiling and laughing. The joke must be really funny.
That necklace has lots of big diamonds on it. It must be expensive!
I looked everywhere in my house for my umbrella, but couldn't find it. I must have
lost it.
For example,
I should wash my car. (Keeping my car clean is my duty. Society wants me to clean it because it looks nicer.)
The bathroom is hard to find. They should have more signs. (The owner of this building has a duty. That duty is
to help people find the facilities (bathroom).)
The modal 'should' is also used for probability. This is usually used when we have
some evidence or proof.
For example,
She should win the gold medal. She is a fast runner. (Because she is a fast runner
is more likely to win or has a better chance of winning
the gold medal.)
The manager went to a meeting. He should be back in an hour. (I am pretty sure the
manager will be back in an hour because he usually has a meeting for one hour.)
The main difference between these two modals is that 'must' is more probable or
more likely to happen than 'should'.
For example,
You must clean the floors. (I told you to clean the floors. If you don't clean the floor, I
will be angry. I will force you to clean the floor.)
You should clean the floors. (I will feel better if you clean the floors, but you don't
have to.)
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There should be something wrong with this car. (There is some evidence for me to think there is something
wrong, but I can't prove it a 100%. For example, the dealer is selling the car for a cheaper price than usual or the
car hasn't been started for a long time. I'm less certain because I did not drive the car or experience anything
wrong. I'm only guessing after seeing the evidence.)
EXERCISES
Choose the correct modal for the following sentences. (must should)
1. You ________ take off your shoes when you enter a Japanese house. It is a strong rule that everyone
follows.
6. Pedestrians _______________ look both ways before they cross the street.
12. People who are sick ______________ stay home from work.
Don't have to do something ==> you don't need to do it but if you want, you can.
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EXERCISES
Choose the correct modal for the following sentences. (mustnt dont have to)
1. Whatever you do, you______________ touch that switch. It's very dangerous.
2. I don't want anyone to know ; you _________________ tell anyone.
3. He ___________________ wear a suit to work but he usually does.
4. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I _______________ go to work.
5. There's a lift in the building, so she _________________ climb the stairs.
6. You _______________________ forget what I told you. It's very important.
7. Sue ____________________get up early. She gets up early because she wants to.
8. Don't make so much noise. We _________________ wake the baby.
9. I ________________ eat too much. I'm supposed to be on a diet.
10. You ______________________be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis.
1. __________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________________________
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2. VOCABULARY
A good diet is central to overall good health, but do you know the best foods to include in your meals, and those
best avoided?
EXERCISE
1. Research about food groups, them, make a list of each group.
2. Make 20 sentences about health and nutrition with the vocabulary researched.
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CUARTO PERODO
1. GRAMMAR
Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike Simple
Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
Examples:
You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Examples:
You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous with little
difference in meaning.
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Using "Be Going To"
Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in
the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to
using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
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Examples:
REMEMBER. In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In the
Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action.
Examples:
When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both
actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific point in the future.
Example:
When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are
going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be
drinking beer. They always do the same thing.
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REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such
as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Present
Continuous is used.
Examples:
While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct
While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct
Examples:
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses will be or be going
to.
EXERCISE
1. Sandra: Where is Tim going to meet us?
Marcus: He (wait) ________________________________ for us when our train arrives. I am sure he (stand)
2. Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry (watch) ____________________________ TV, Sam (make)
Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things.
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Ted: I am absolutely positive they (do) ____________________________________ the same things; they
always do the same things.
3. Florence: Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who (wash) _________________________ all of those?
Jack: I promise I (do) ___________________________ them when I get home from work.
Florence: Thanks.
Jack: When you get home this evening, that mountain will be gone and nice stacks of sparkling clean dishes
Examples:
Most verbs conjugate by adding -ed like the verb "wait" below.
Positive Negative Question
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USE 1. Completed Action in the Past
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past.
Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th,
and so on.
Examples:
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action
often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
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Examples:
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning
as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often,
usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE
4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."
Examples:
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Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
Examples:
Examples:
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USE 1. Interrupted Action in the Past
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a
shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However,
you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
Examples:
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IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a
specific time only interrupts the action.
Examples:
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both
actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
USE 4. Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.
Example:
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones,
the bosswas yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was
yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad
service.
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USE 5. Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or
shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative
emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
Examples:
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain
non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past
Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past.
Examples:
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EXERCISE
Using the words in parentheses and complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela (call) __________________. She said she (call)
______________ me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked her if she (wait)
______________ for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall lecturing while she (talk)
______________ to me. I couldn't believe she (make) ________________ a phone call during the lecture. I
asked what was going on.
She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students (sleep, actually) __________________
in class. Some of the students (talk) _______________ about their plans for the weekend and the student next
to her (draw) ___________________ a picture of a horse. When Angela (tell) ___________________ me she
was not satisfied with the class, I (mention) ________________ that my biology professor was quite good and
(suggest) ________________ that she switch to my class.
While we were talking, I (hear) ________________ her professor yell, "Miss, are you making a phone call?"
Suddenly, the line went dead. I (hang) _______________ up the phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner.
As I (cut) ___________________ vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once again. It (be) _____________
Angela, but this time she wasn't sitting in class.
FORM
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:
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USE 1. Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is
not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one
year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN
use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many ma times, several times,
before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
TOPIC 1. Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience.. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You
can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect
Perfe is NOT used to
describe a specific event.
Examples:
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He has never traveled by train.
Joan has studied two foreign languages.
A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.
Examples:
TOPIC 3. Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a
specific time.
Examples:
Examples:
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Examples:
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such
as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
Examples:
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USE 2. Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that
something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since
Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
3. My best friend and I (know) ____________________________________ each other for over fifteen years.
We still get together once a week.
5. I (have, not) ________________________ this much fun since I (be) __________________________ a kid.
6. Things (change) ______________________ a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start)
__________________________ working here three years ago, the company (have, only)
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to include more than 2000 full-time workers.
7. I (tell) ______________________________ him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander)
8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) _________________________ the bus this morning. You (be)
9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) __________________
the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.
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EXERCISE
Part C. Fill out the chart below with the correct possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns.
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2. VOCABULARY
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EXERCISE
Write a sentence with each of the expressions time in past, present and future.
2.2. SOME/ANY
The words some and any are used for countable and uncountable nouns. In general, we could say
that some means a few / a little and any means none in negative clauses or a few / a little in questions.
Positive Clauses
In positive clauses, we usually use some.
some
Example:
Negative Clauses
In negative clauses, we use any.. Note, however, that any alone is not a negative - it must be not ... any
Example:
Questions
In questions, we usually use any.
Example:
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Compound Words with some & any
Some & any can also be part of compound words such as:
something / anything
someone / anyone
somewhere / anywhere
Note that some & any have to be used with a noun while compound words with some & any can stand on their
own.
Example:
However, some and any need not stand directly before the noun. Sometimes, the noun appears somewhere
before some or any and is not repeated. So if you are not sure whether to use some or something for example,
check if there is a noun in the sentence that you can place after some.
Example:
I do not have to buy bread. Rachel has already bought some [bread].
Exceptions
We usually use some in positive clauses. But after never, without, hardly, we use any.
Example:
We never go anywhere.
She did her homework without any help.
Theres hardly anyone here.
We usually use any in questions. But if we expect or want the other to answer yes, we use some.
Example:
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Would you like some biscuits?
we offer something and want to encourage the other to say ja
EXERCISES
Fill in the correct word (some or any).
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2.3. HOUSEHOLD PROBLEMS AND REPAIRS
A plumber
1 The bathtub is leaking.
2 The sink is clogged.
3 The hot water heater
isnt working.
4 The toilet is broken.
B roofer
5 The roof is leaking.
C (house) painter
6 The paint is peeling.
7 The wall is cracked.
D cable TV company
8 The cable TV isnt
working.
E appliance
repairperson
9 The stove isnt
working.
10 The refrigerator is
broken.
F exterminator/pest
control specialist
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G locksmith
12 The lock is broken.
H electrician
13 The front light doesnt go
on.
14 The doorbell doesnt
ring.
15 The power is out in
the living room.
I chimneysweep
16 The chimney is dirty.
J home repairperson/
handyman
17 The tiles in
the bathroom are loose.
K carpenter
18 The steps are broken.
19 The door doesnt open.
EXERCISE
Research the vocabulary about Cleaning supplies, household cleaning and Laundry.
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EVALUACIN DE COMPETENCIAS
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9. What does the manager think of the report? the town and found rooms for everyone but in four
a) People dont understand the advice given. different hotels. By this time the coach had gone so
b) People think they will soon be given we had to get taxis and some of the tourists started
different advice. to get very angry with me. I still dont know who
c) People dont bother to read these reports. made that phone call, but it definitely wasnt me.
d) People are more concerned about losing
weight. 11. What is the writer trying to do?
a) Argue. c) Explain
10. Which of the following is part of the government b) Apologize. d) Complain
report?.
a) The population of this country should eat 12. Who was the text written to?
less.
b) Bad health in this country is caused by a) One of the tourists. c) The hotel manager.
people eating the wrong kinds of food. b) The writers employer. d) The coach company.
c) People should take the time to prepare their
own food at home instead of eating in 13. Why werent any rooms available at the Hotel
restaurants. Riviera?
d) Working people should make sure they
have a good hot meal in the middle of the a) A conference was taking place there.
day. b) There were more people in the group than
expected.
Las preguntas 11 a 15 se responden de acuerdo c) Someone had forgotten to book them.
con la siguiente informacin. d) Someone had said they were not needed.
READING COMPREHENSION
14. What happened in the end?
I know that it is my job to make sure that everything a) The tourists got angry with the local manager.
goes well for the tourists and I feel I work hard for b) The tourists couldnt stay together.
the company. I cannot be blamed for last week. I c) The writer found other hotels with rooms.
d) The writer called the coach driver back.
met the group 25 at the airport and took them to the
coach. The coach driver was a bit annoyed 15. Which of the following diaries was written by one of
because the flight was late. But it wasnt far to the the tourists?
hotel and everyone was looking forward to their a) Someone had made a mistake with our hotel
dinner. We hadnt used the Hotel Riviera before but booking and the hotel had given our rooms to
our normal one had a conference in it so was fully other people.
booked. When I announced our arrival at the b) The hotel we were taken to wasnt good enough
reception desk, they said they were full. I had so we asked to change to a different one.
booked rooms for the group but the manager said c) We got to the airport and had to wait for the
coach. So it was really late when we got to the
they were cancelled by phone a few days before. hotel.
He insisted that he recognized my voice and that I d) The coach driver took us to the wrong hotel and
had made the phone call. We had a bit of an they knew nothing about us.
argument but they obviously didnt have enough
rooms. Finally the manager phoned other hotels in
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BIBLIOGRAFA
http://busyteacher.org/6568-following-and-giving-directions-imperative.html
http://www.english-at-home.com/grammar/imperative-form/
http://www.mce.k12tn.net/reading60/english/comparative.htm
http://www.e-grammar.org/if-clauses/
http://www.thesmithfamily.com.au/webdata/resources/files/lesson_plan_transport.pdf
http://www.vocabulary.cl/Basic/Places_City.htm
http://www.momswhothink.com/reading/list-of-adverbs.html
http://www.ablongman.com/samplechapter/0132402556.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_noun
http://www.grammarist.com/grammar/agent-recipient-nouns/
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/count.htm
http://www.englishspark.com/en/students/450-must-should
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-14439.php
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/some-any
http://englishwilleasy.com/english-through-pictures/people-english-through-pictures/household-problems-and-
repairs/
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