NEBOSH IGC Compilation

NEBOSH International General CertificateRevision Book IGC1 and IGC2
NEBOSH International General

Certificate
Revision Book Contents

IGC1:- Management of Health and Safety Pages
Element 1:- Foundations in Health and Safety 2 to 5

Element 2:- Policy 6 to 8
Element 3:- Organising for Health and Safety 9 to 12
Element 4:- Promoting a positive health and 13 to 23
safety culture
Element 5:- Risk Assessment 24 to 26
Element 6:- Principles of Control 27 to 31
Element 7:- Monitoring, Review and Audit 32 to 35
Element 8:- Incident and accident investigation 36 to 39
and reporting
Practice examination papers IGC1 40 to 44
IGC2:- Controlling Workplace Hazards
Element 1:- Movement of people and vehicles - 45 to 50

hazards and control
Element 2:- Manual and Mechanical Handling 51 to 56
Hazards and control
Element 3:- Work equipment hazards and control 57 to 60
Element 4:- Electrical hazards and control 61 to 64
Element 5:- Fire Hazards and control 65 to 70
Element 6:- Chemical and biological hazards and 71 to 77
control
Element 7:- Physical and psychological health 78 to 88
hazards and control
Element 8 :- Construction activities hazards and 89 to 96
control
Practice examination papers IGC2 97 to 101
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Page 1
Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2 NEBOSH International General Certificate
IGC1 Element 1:- Health and Safety Foundations

Accident Definition:- An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event which
results in a loss of some kind
Incident/Near miss:- An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event that

had the potential to result in a loss
Acute:- resulting from a single or short-term exposure, producing an

immediate effect, which is usually reversible, e.g. intoxication by solvent
vapours leading to suppression of the nervous system, e.g. car spraying
Chronic:- resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure producing a

gradual effect that may be unrecognised for a number of years and is
often irreversible, e.g. the long-term effects of exposure to asbestos
causing Asbestosis
Hazard:- Something with the potential to cause harm
Risk:- The likelihood that harm will occur and the severity of the harm
HIDDEN COSTS OF ACCIDENTS
Accident investigation;
Payments for non productive time (injured persons);
Payments for non productive time (witnesses, First-aiders
investigators, clearing up etc.);
Replacement labour (probably less effective);
Training for replacement labour
Business interruption/disruption;
Loss of reputation;
Damage repair;
Replacement plant;
Compensation payments;
Legal costs and fees;
Insurance.
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Page 2
BENEFITS OF GOOD HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICE are (also

benefits of a positive safety culture Element 4):-
Increased levels of compliance with rules and procedures

Improved production
Improved staff morale
Improved company reputation
Reduced accidents
Reduced ill health
Reduced damage to equipment
Reduced staff complaints
Reduced absenteeism
Reduced staff turnover
Reduced insurance premiums
Reduced fines and compensation claims
Law:- Civil and Criminal
Aims:-
Civil:- The aim of civil law is to compensate an injured party for loss as a
consequence of an accident or ill health
Criminal:- The aim of criminal law is to punish and deter

individuals/Organisations from behaving in a way that society has decide is
unacceptable and is considered a crime against society and is prosecuted by
the state.
Fault Liability
There was a duty of care owed to the injured party.
The duty of care was breached (Negligence)
The breach caused the injury or loss
Employer to provide
Safe plant and equipment
Safe systems of work
Competent staff
Adequate supervision
Adequate instruction
Safe buildings
Safe environment
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Page 3
Variation of Legislation between countries caused by:-

Different legislative systems
Powers granted to the Enforcing Authority
Funding, number and authority of Enforcing Authority
Ability and knowledge of the Enforcing Authority
Level of reporting to enforcing Authority
Different penalties for breaches
Religious beliefs and cultural issues
Public reaction and interest
Political pressure
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
INTERNAL
Risk assessments
Policies
Inspection reports
Medical records
Health and safety committees
Plant registers
Safety advisors
EXTERNAL
Government bodies
National safety organisations
Suppliers and manufacturers
International standards
Consultants and specialists
Insurance companies
SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
1) Policy:- Health and safety aims of the organisation, health and

safety objectives and management commitment
2) Organising:- Clear roles and responsibilities, Competence,
commitment and control, Co-operation, Communication
3) Planning and Implementation:- Identify hazards, assess risks, and
decide how risks can be eliminated or controlled. Sets standards
against which performance can be measured
4) Measuring performance:- Be used as a means of determining the
extent to which health and safety policy and objectives are being
implemented and should be both reactive and proactive
5) Reviewing:- Analysing data gathered through monitoring to see
whether performance is adequate
6) Audit:- Systematic critical examination of each stage of an
organisations management systems and procedures
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Page 4
IGC1 ELEMENT 1 QUESTIONS

1 Outline the possible benefits to an Organisation of achieving
good standards of health and safety.. (8)
2 Replacement and retraining of staff is a cost that an

Organisation may face following a workplace accident.
List EIGHT other possible costs to an Organisation when an

Employee has been hurt in such an accident. (8)
3 Replacement or repair of damaged plant and equipment is a

cost that an Organisation may face following a workplace
accident.
List EIGHT other possible costs to an Organisation when an

Employee has been seriously injured in such an accident. (8)
4 Outline the main components of a health and safety

management system. (8)
5 It is generally accepted that, following a workplace accident, the

hidden costs (usually uninsured) greatly exceed the more
obvious costs which are usually covered by insurance.
Outline FOUR of these hidden costs, giving examples in each

case. (8)
6 List the sources of information that may be consulted when

dealing with a health and safety problem at work (8)
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Page 5
IGC1 Element 2:- Setting Policy for Health and Safety

PURPOSE OF A SAFETY POLICY
Set out the Employers/Management commitment to safety

Set out the organisation and arrangements for controlling work
related hazards
Protect people from injury and occupational ill health
Comply with legal requirements and avoid prosecution
Manage health and safety on a cost effective basis
THREE ELEMENTS OF A POLICY

STATEMENT OF INTENT:- A statement establishing the importance of
health and safety in the organisation and providing targets and the
general aims and objectives for improvement
ORGANISATION:- The roles and responsibilities of everyone in the
organisation
ARRANGEMENTS:- The arrangements for effective planning,
organisation, control, monitoring of the organisations health and safety
CONTENTS OF ARRANGEMENTS SECTION

Risk assessments
Fire policy
Evacuation procedures
Safe systems of work
Permits to work
First aid policy
Display screen policy
Manual handling policy
Hazardous chemicals policy
Fork truck policy
Contractor policy
Noise policy
Drugs and alcohol Policy
WHEN DOES POLICY NEED TO BE REVIEWED

Accidents/incidents
New equipment/New staff
New technology
New premises
Changes in legislation
Accident investigation
Enforcement action
Prosecution
Compensation claims
Periodic review
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Page 6
COMMUNICATING THE POLICY
Displaying it on notice boards

Introducing it at induction and subsequent training sessions
Considering it at team briefings or tool box talks
Using newsletters
Inserting parts or summaries in wage slips
Use of posters
Incorporating it into safe systems of work or codes of practice
Asking Managers, Trade Union Safety Representatives to stress
particular point discussions with the Workforce.
WHY ARE TARGETS IMPORTANT:- Gives evidence of Management

commitment and motivates staff by giving them something to aim for
TYPES OF TARGETS
Reduced/zero accidents
Zero prosecutions
Reduced sickness absence
Reduction in compensation claims
Improve reporting of near misses
Improve reporting of minor accidents
Improve audit scores
ISSUES TO BE LOOKED AT WHEN BENCHMARKING
Existence and quality of safety policy

Accident/ near miss records
Staff roles and responsibilities
Documented health and safety plans measured
Quality of risk assessments
Type and quality of training
Level of monitoring whether pro-active or reactive
INNEFFECTIVE SAFETY POLICIES
No commitment or leadership
No annual objectives
Health and safety not given enough priority
Insufficient resources provided
Personnel do not understand the aims
Too much emphasis on employee responsibility
No measurement of performance
Management unaware of their role
No training of management in their responsibilities
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Page 7

1 a) Explain the purpose of EACH of the following sections of a health
and safety policy document:-
1) Statement of intent (2)
2) Organisation (2)
3) Arrangements (2)
b) Outline the issues that may be included in the arrangements

section of a health and safety policy (8)
c) Outline the circumstances that may give rise to a need for the
health and safety policy to be revised (6)
2 Outline the issues that are typically included in the arrangements

section of a health and safety policy document. (8)
3 A medium sized engineering organisation intends to benchmark

its health and safety with similar organisations.
Outline the health and safety management issues that could be

used to benchmark with the other organisations. (8)
4 a) Explain why it is important for an organisation to set targets in

terms of health and safety performance (2)
b) Outline the various targets that an organisation might set for

health and safety issues (6)
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Page 8
IGC1 Element 3:- Organising for Health and Safety

EMPLOYERS RESPONSIBILITY
Safe plant and equipment

Information, Instruction, Training
Supervision
Safe place of work and access and egress
Safe environment and Welfare facilities
Safety policy
Consult and inform employees
Risk assessments
Effective H & S Management Arrangements
Competent health and safety assistance
Health surveillance
Serious and imminent danger
Do not charge employees for health and safety measures
THOSE NOT IN EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT:-
Contractors
Visitors
General public
Other employers Employees
Trespassers.
PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFETY OF VISITORS:-
Signing in
Providing identification badge
Providing PPE
Site induction e.g. fire precautions etc.
Escorting visitor to area of work
Remaining with visitor or regular monitoring
Escorting back to reception area
Signing out visitor and removing badge.
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Page 9
Duties of Employees
The duty to take reasonable care for the health and safety of himself and other
persons who may be affected by his acts or omissions
If there are duties placed on their Employer the Employee should co-operate
with his employer to meet these requirements
Not to intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything provided in
the interests of health, safety or welfare e.g. removing a guard from a machine
Employees should follow health and safety instructions and training that they
have received
They should inform their Employer (and other Employers) of any dangers or
shortcoming in the health and safety arrangements.
Duties of Designers, Manufacturers and Suppliers

Ensure equipment is safe and without risks when being used
Ensure substances are safe and without risks when being used
Carry out any necessary tests
Provide information
Take reasonable steps to provide further information if new serious risks
appear
SELECTING A SUITABLE CONTRACTOR

Experience of the type of work and industry
Suitable references
Enforcement record
Safety management such as Policy, risk assessments etc.
Accident and ill-health data
Membership of trade/professional bodies
Competence and training of employees
Arrangements for selection of sub-contractors
Arrangement for ongoing liaison with clients
Safety Representatives rights (ILO Convention) C155

Have access to all parts of the workplace
To be able to communicate with workers
Protection from dismissal
Protection from other prejudicial measures
To contribute to the decision making process
Free to contact enforcement agencies
Contribute to negotiations in health and safety matters
Given appropriate training
Given reasonable time to exercise their health and safety functions
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Page 10
Informing:- Suggests a one-way process of providing information to an

employee
Consulting:- A two way process in which the employee receives

information and provides feedback, taking into account the views and
issues of the employees.
MATTERS ON WHICH EMPLOYEES SHOULD BE CONSULTED

Introduction measures that affect their health and safety
New processes or technology
New organisation of work patterns
New personal protective equipment
Planning and organisation of training
SAFETY COMMITTEE AGENDA

The study of accident/notifiable disease statistics so that
recommendations can be made
Examination of Audit Reports
Analysis of reports provided by Inspectors
Consideration of reports by Safety Representatives
Development and monitoring of work safety rules and safe systems of
work.
Constant appraisal of effectiveness of safety training
Monitor the adequacy of health and safety communications
Establish a link with the appropriate enforcing authority.
FACTORS TO MAKE COMMITTEE EFFECTIVE
Clear Terms of Reference.

Balanced representation.
Actual influence in decision making.
Respect of management and workforce.
Commitment from committee members.
Good leadership and Chairmanship.
Good communication channels.
Access to relevant information and specialist advice.
Formalised procedures with agendas.
Relevant and non trivial agenda items.
Agenda not led by Industrial Relations.
Obviously an ineffective Committee is the opposite of the above.
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Page 11
1 Outline the checks that could be made in assessing the health

and safety competence of a contractor (8)
2 a) To whom does an employer owe a duty of care to other than

his employees (2)
b) What precautions should employers take to protect visitors to

their premises (6)
3 a) Outline the key health and safety responsibilities of employers

which are common in many countries. (4)
b) Outline the key health and safety responsibilities and rights of

employees which are common in many countries. (4)
4 List the factors that might be considered when assessing the

health and safety competence of a contractor (8)
5 Outline the topics that may need to be included on the

agenda of a safety committee (8)
6 Give reasons why a health and safety committee may be

ineffective (8)
7 a) Explain the difference between Informing and consulting (4)
b) Outline the health and safety matters on which Employers

should typically consult their employees (4)
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Page 12
IGC1 Element 4:- Promoting a Positive Health and Safety

Culture
Indicators of positive or negative culture
Attitude/Morale
Accidents/Absenteeism/sickness rates
Staff turnover
Compliance with rules
Complaints about working conditions
Factors that can cause the culture to decline

Lack of effective communication
Perception of growing blame culture
Lack of leadership and commitment
Lack of monitoring
Failure to implement remedial action
Lack of consultation and employee involvement
Poor working environment
External influences
Health and safety seen as low priority
Lack of supervision
Reorganisation and uncertainty
The safety culture of the organisation can be improved by:-

Senior management commitment
Ownership of health and safety at every level
Effective communication and consultation
Training for all levels of employee
Shared perception of risks
Standards of acceptable behaviour
Learning from experience through monitoring and review
Balance between health and safety and production
BENEFITS TO EMPLOYER OF A POSITIVE CULTURE

Increased levels of compliance with rules and procedures
Improved production
Improved staff morale
Improved company reputation
Reduced accidents and reduced ill health
Reduced damage to equipment
Reduced staff complaints
Reduced absenteeism
Reduced staff turnover
Reduced insurance premiums
Reduced fines and compensation claims
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Page 13
WHY A PERSON MAY FAIL TO COMPLY WITH SAFETY PROCEDURES

Lack of motivation
Unrealistic working procedures
Lack of management commitment
Over familiarisation
Repetitive work leading to boredom
Peer group pressure
Inadequate supervision
Fatigue and stress
Lack of information, training and consultation
Job insecurity
REASONS WHY HAZARDS MAY BE UNDERESTIMATED

Over familiarity & complacency
Lack of instruction, information & training
Lack of experience,
Sensory impairment
Some hazards may be invisible &/or intangible
Routine, repetitive tasks can lead to lack of attention
Inadequate design
MOTIVATION:- Motivation is the driving force behind the way a person acts in
order to achieve a goal
What motivates people

Incentives
Recognition
Job satisfaction/Personal achievement
Team spirit
Peer approval
Realistic goals
Committed management/involvement in decisions
Safe environment
Threat of Discipline
EMPLOYERS CAN MOTIVATE THEIR WORKFORCE BY

The recognition of good health & safety performance
Disciplining employees who choose to ignore safe working procedures
Involving employees in carrying out risk assessments etc.
Demonstrating a high level of management commitment;
Ensuring a good working environment;
Providing training and ensuring good communication.
Setting a good example
Realistic goals
ATTITUDE:- The tendency to respond in a particular way in a given situation
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Page 14
Factors that affect attitude

Background
Personality
Experience and Training
Competence
Peer group pressure
Management actions
Culture of the organisation
PERCEPTION:- The way that people interpret and make sense of

presented information
Factors which may affect perception

Sensory input
Personal protective equipment
The nature of the hazards
Previous experience
Over familiarity
Feeling of being in control
Level of training
Peer group pressure
Confidence in others ability
Personal characteristics
Personal factors that might place an individual at greater risk of harm

while at work
Poor attitude to work
Low motivation
Physical capabilities
Poor perception of risk
Drugs or alcohol problems
Age related factors and medical problems
Levels of training and experience
PRACTICAL MEASURES A MANAGER CAN DO TO IMPROVE HEALTH

AND SAFETY
involving employees in:- risk assessments; accident investigations;
The development of safe systems & procedures;
encouraging hazard-spotting & the reporting of defects;
setting up suggestion schemes;
organising training courses & information programmes;
supporting active involvement in safety committee meetings;
Accompanied by employees on safety tours & inspections;
Giving employees responsibilities for mentoring young workers
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Page 15
Human Error causes

Slips
Lapses of attention
Mistaken actions
Mis-perceptions
Mistaken priorities
Wilfulness
Inadequate design
Inadequate information
Violations
REDUCING HUMAN ERROR

Skilled competent workers
Well motivated employees
Clear roles and lines of responsibility
Adequate levels of supervision Clear information and instructions
Drug and alcohol prevention policies
Good environmental conditions e.g. lighting, noise etc.
Avoiding monotonous work
Breaks to avoid fatigue
Barriers to written communication

Illiteracy
Competence
Level of written material
Presentation
Quality of information
Quantity
Attitude
BARRIERS TO VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Hearing defects
Speech defects
Noise
Distance
Language (Jargon)
Lack of knowledge
Attitude
Speed/duration
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Page 16
WHY USE A VARIETY OF METHODS TO COMMUNICATE

People respond differently to different stimuli
That variety prevents over familiarisation with one method and helps to
reinforce the message
The need to overcome language barriers and the inability of some
employees to read
The need to motivate, stimulate interest and gain involvement and
feedback
The acceptance that different types of information require different
methods of communication
COMMUNICATIONS WITHIN AN ORGANISATION

Meetings
Team Briefings
"Tool Box" talks
Policy, procedures, rules, standards etc
Training
Safety and health reports.
Posters
THE HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION ON A NOTICE BOARD

Information for Employees Regulations poster
Health and safety policy
First aid arrangements
Contact details for safety representatives
Targets set for reduction of accidents
TO MAXIMISE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NOTICE BOARDS

Locate in common/prominent area
Dedicating board to health and safety matters
Information displayed relevant and current
Keep information in a neat and orderly state
Make notice boards eye catching by use of colour and graphics
ADVANTAGES OF POSTERS
Low cost
Flexibility
Brevity
Reinforce verbal instructions
Constant message
Involve Employees in selection
Graphic message
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Page 17
DISADVANTAGES OF POSTERS
Need to be changed on regular basis
May become soiled
May become defaced
May become out of date
Over reliance
May appear to trivialise important matters
Easy way to discharge Health and Safety responsibilities
Safety Campaigns
TO ENSURE SAFETY CAMPAIGNS ARE UNDERSTOOD BY EMPLOYEES

Everyone within the organisation knows the part they have to play
Clear aims and objectives and targets
Key responsibilities for aspects of the campaign are allocated
Ensuring that the workforce are made fully aware of the campaign by
means of tool box talks, team briefings, meetings, training sessions and
notice boards
Use of clear language (no jargon etc.) to help understanding.
Provide feedback to check employees understanding of the campaign
Show that management is totally committed to the campaign.
Giving ample time to ensure that everyone within the organisation is
fully aware of and understands the needs for the campaign
FACTORS OTHER THAN COMMUNICATION THAT COULD AFFECT

CAMPAIGN
Lack of management commitment
Production or other pressures take priority over health and safety
Insufficient time, funds and resources are made available
A general poor safety cultural
Poor working conditions create lack of interest among employees
Poor industrial relations and lack of confidence in managements ability
Work patterns (e.g. shift work) could mean some sections of the
workforce are not considered or supported due to lack of key staff
When is training needed

On recruitment (Induction)
Before starting work (Job specific)
Refresher training
New equipment
New technology
New systems of work or system changes
Promotion
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Page 18
INDUCTION TRAINING PROGRAMME CONTENT

Management commitment to safety
Health and safety policy
Consultative procedures
Roles of safety representatives
Emergency procedures
First aid arrangements
Welfare and amenity provisions
Specific hazards
Health surveillance procedures
What accidents to be reported
How to report accidents
Drink and drugs policy
ADDITIONAL TRAINING MAY BE REQUIRED

Increase in accidents/incidents
As a result of an accident investigation
A reported dangerous occurrence
Introduction of new technology/processes
Job change/promotion/refresher
Changes in working procedures
Changes in work patterns
Enforcement action
Result of risk assessment
Results of audits/inspections
Insurance company requirements
YOUNG PERSONS AT RISK BECAUSE

Keen to learn and be over enthusiastic
Have no experience comparisons
More likely to take risks
Open to influence and peer group pressure
Body not fully developed
PRECAUTIONS FOR YOUNG PERSONS SHOULD INCLUDE:-

Provide suitable work equipment
The organisation of work and processes
Health and safety training
Mentoring
Supervision
Limiting hours of work
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Page 19
Levels of Supervision
The age of the employee
His/her experience of work in general & of the task to be performed in
particular;
The nature & complexity of the task & its inherent risks;
The persons skills & qualifications for the work;
His/her attitude & aptitude;
The systems of work & any specific safety requirements applying to the task;
The employees communication skills & any special needs that he/she may
have.
Benefits of training to employee

Reduces personal suffering and pain
Increases the opportunity for full life style
Increases job satisfaction/earning capacity
Allows employee to reach experienced worker standard more quickly
Increases flexibility of staff
Improves safety Attitude
Benefits of training to Employer

Reduces accidents
Reduces absenteeism
Reduces claims and insurance premiums
Reduces the chance of prosecution/enforcement notices
Improves moral
Less product damage
Greater productivity/improved efficiency
Factors to consider developing health and safety training programmes

What employees need to know with what they do know
Employees responsibilities
Activities carried out
Risks associated with activities
Actions required by Employees to minimise the risks
Employees existing knowledge and previous experience
Type of training already received
Different requirements for various levels of staff
Numbers involved
Resources needed (Cost, time, facilities)
Competence of own staff to deliver training/External sources
Communicating to employees and getting their commitment
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Page 20
To assess the effectiveness of the training post training evaluation by:-

The Trainers
The delegates
Their Supervisors
Accident rates
Sickness absences
Compliance with procedures
Concerns raised by employees as result of training
Results of attitude surveys
Quality of suggestions made
COMPETENCE:- Sufficient Knowledge, Training, experience and any

other qualities to carry out their functions
Knowledge of limitations
Checks to assess Competence

Qualifications
Level of training
Membership of professional/trade organisations
Undertaking written or practical assessments
References or recommendations
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Page 21

1 Outline the methods by which the health and safety culture of
an organisation may be improved (8)
2 Outline the factors that might contribute towards a positive

safety culture within an organisation (8)
3 Outline the practical means by which a manager could involve

employees in the improvement of health and safety in the
workplace (8)
4 Outline the personal factors that might place an individual at a

greater risk of harm while at work (8)
5 Outline the ways in which employers might motivate their

employees to comply with health and safety procedures (8)
6 Explain the meaning of EACH of the following terms:-

1) Motivation (3)
2) Perception (3)
3) Attitude (3)
Outline ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in the

workplace (11)
7 Outline the reasons why employees may fail to comply with

safety procedures at work (8)
Describe the types of human error that can lead to an accident

8 at work (8)
9 Outline ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in the (8)

workplace.
Give FOUR reasons why the seriousness of a hazard may be

underestimated by someone exposed to it. (4)
Outline ways in which managers can motivate employees to

work safely. (8)
10 Explain why it is important to use a variety of methods to

communicate health and safety information in the workplace (8)
11 Outline the reasons that may prevent a verbal instruction being

clearly understood by an employee (8)
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Page 22
12 a) Identify Four types of health and safety information that might

usefully be displayed on a workplace notice board (4)
b) Explain how the effectiveness of notice boards as means of

communicating health and safety information to the workforce
can be maximised (4)
13 Outline FOUR advantages and FOUR disadvantages of using

posters to communicate health and safety information in the
workplace (8)
14 Following a significant increase in accidents, a health and safety

campaign is to be launched within an organisation to encourage
safer working by employees.
a) Outline how the organisation might ensure that the nature of

the campaign is effectively communicated to, and understood
by the employees. (8)
b) Other than poor communication describe the organisational

factors that could limit the effectiveness of the campaign. (12)
15 Outline the main health and safety topics to be included in an

induction training programme for new Employees (8)
16 Outline reasons why an employee might require additional

health and safety training at a later stage of employment within
an organisation (8)
17 Identify the factors that place young persons at greater risk of

accidents at work (4)
Outline the measures that could be taken to minimise the risk

to young persons (4)
18 a) Explain the meaning of the term Competent Person. (4)
b) Outline FOUR checks that could be made to help assess a

persons competence. (4)
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Page 23
IGC1 Element 5:- Health and Safety Risk Assessment

Hazard:- Something with the potential to cause harm
Risk:- Likelihood that harm will occur and the severity of the harm
Suitable and Sufficient

Be proportionate to the level of risk
Ensure that all aspects of work activity are covered
Take account of the way the work is organised
Identify the significant hazards and risks
Evaluate the risks
Identify control measures
Enable priorities to be set
Residual risk low
Competence of Risk Assessor

Experience and training in risk assessment techniques
Knowledge of process or activity
Technical knowledge of the plant or equipment
Good communication and report writing skills
Ability to interpret legislation and guidance
Possess right attitude
Knows limitations
5 STEPS TO RISK ASSESSMENT

Identify the hazards
Decide who might be harmed and how
Evaluate the risks and the existing precautions
Record the findings
Review the assessment and revise if necessary
IDENTIFYING HAZARDS
Workplace inspections
Talking to the workforce
Noninspection techniques
Examination of documents
Combined techniques
Accident and ill health data
Near miss reports
Hierarchy of Control:- Definition:- A preferred series of measures to

control risks in order of priority starting with elimination and ending with
discipline (ERIC Prevents Death)
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Page 24
HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
Eliminate
Reduce
Isolate
Control
PPE
Discipline
WHEN ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE REVIEWED

After an accident/incident
New equipment
Changes to equipment, plant, process
Changes in personnel
Result of monitoring or audit
Action by enforcing authority
New information becomes available
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN CARRYING OUT RISK

ASSESSMENT
1. The hazards involved
3. Likelihood and severity of harm / risk
2. Number of employees involved
2. Frequency of exposure
X. Competence of persons carrying out activities
X. Competence of person carrying out risk assessment
3. Evaluation of existing control measures
X. Training / informing / instructing people on control measures
Risks to New and expectant mothers

Ergonomic
Manual handling
Extremes of temperature
Radiation
Chemical agents
Biological hazards
Working conditions
Risks to disabled workers

Reduced mobility for access and egress
Ability to access welfare facilities
Reduced sensory ability e.g. speech, hearing or eyesight
Reduced ability to lift, carry or move objects
Ergonomic hazards
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Page 25

1 Outline the factors that need to be considered when carrying
out a risk assessment (8)
2 A factory manager intends to introduce a new work process for

which a risk assessment is required.
a) Outline the factors that should be considered when carrying out

the risk assessment (8)
b) Explain the criteria that must be met for the assessment to be

deemed suitable and sufficient (4)
c) Identify the various circumstances that might require a review

of the risk assessment. (8)
3 Outline the specific factors that should be considered when

assessing the risks to employees working on night shifts. (8)
4 a) In relation to risk assessments explain the meaning of the term

Suitable and Sufficient. (4)
b) Outline the changes in circumstances that may require a risk

assessment to be reviewed. (4)
5 Outline the factors that may increase the risks to pregnant

women (8)
6 a) Explain the meaning of the term hazard (2)
b) Outline the main hazards that may be present during the

demolition of a building (6)
7 Outline a hierarchy of control measures for controlling risk and (8)

give examples of EACH
b) Outline techniques for identifying hazards in the workplace (6)
__________________________________________________________________________
Page 26
IGC1 Element 6:- Principles of Control in Health and Safety

General Principles of Prevention
Avoid the risk e.g. eliminate the hazard or task
Evaluate risks which cannot be avoided
Combat risks at source
Adapt the work to the individual
Adapt to technical progress
Replace the dangerous by the less dangerous
Develop a coherent prevention policy
Give collective measures priority over individual measure
GENERAL HIERARCHY OF CONTROL

Eliminate:- Remove trailing cables
Reduce:- Use low voltage electrical equipment
Isolate:- Cover dangerous machinery with guards
Control:- Limit time and frequency of exposure
PPE:- Issue safety footwear
Discipline:- Enforce rules and procedures
Safe Systems of Work:- A step by step procedure for carrying out a task
safely, identifying the hazards, assessing the risks and the precautions
needed to eliminate or reduce the risks.
FACTORS IN DEVELOPING A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK

1) Select the task to be studied
2) Identify the hazards
3) Develop the safe system looking at:-
Materials/Equipment/Environment/People
4) Implement system
5) Monitor the system
PERMIT TO WORK:- Is a formal written procedure requiring written

confirmation that certain actions have been carried out to eliminate or
control risks before a specific high risk activity is carried out
WHERE PERMITS NEEDED

Confined spaces
Electricity
Hot work
Cold work
___________________________________________________________________________
Page 27
OPERATION OF PERMIT TO WORK

Identify the task (Where and when)
Identify the hazards
List the precautions to eliminate or reduce the hazards
Additional precautions
Time limits
Issue by competent person
Receipt by person in charge of work
Completion
Cancellation
Confined Space:- Is any space where there is a specified risk of serious

injury from hazardous substances or conditions within the space
What are the hazards in a confined space

Fire or explosion
Loss of consciousness due to increased body temperature
Loss of consciousness due to asphyxiation
Drowning
Asphyxiation due to free flowing solids
Confined space examples:- Cellars, Excavations, Sewers, Silos, Tanks,

Vats
Avoiding entry
Modify confined space so entry not required
Have work done from outside
Precautions for working in a confined space

Permit to work
Competent staff
Appoint a supervisor
Isolate
Ensure suitable size of entry
Gas purging
Ventilation
Regular testing of the atmosphere
Special tools and lighting
PPE
Communications
Limit working time
__________________________________________________________________________
Page 28
Benefits of PPE
Often low cost
Can be used as short term measure
Portable for worker away from base
Disposable PPE reduces risk of infection
WHY PPE USED AS LAST RESORT

Does not eliminate or reduce the hazard
Only protects the wearer
Always fail to danger
May introduce new hazards
Relies on worker to use it
May not be worn correctly
It may be uncomfortable
Worn for only part of task of shift
Wrong size
Used when damaged
Not properly maintained
Management may not enforce wearing
SELECTION OF PPE
What are the hazards
Type of equipment
Made to suitable standards
Comfort
Compatibility
Storage
Training
Cost
Factors affecting the wearing of PPE

Fit
Health of worker
Period of use
Comfort
Maintenance
Training
Interference
Management commitment
Peer pressure
Safety Signs
Prohibition (Circular, Red, white background)
Warning (Triangular, Yellow black edging)
Mandatory (Circular, Blue white symbols)
Safe Condition (Green, White symbols)
___________________________________________________________________________
Page 29
LONE WORKER (Working Alone) FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED

Work location
Type of work
The equipment
Manual handling
Sex of the worker
Emergency facilities
Lack of Training
Lack of Supervision
Limited communication
PRECAUTIONS FOR LONE WORKERS

Information on hazards
Training to deal with hazards
Regular contact
Supervisors regularly visiting
Automatic warning devices
Check the worker has returned home
PPE
Emergency action if worker becomes ill
AIMS OF FIRST AID:- aim is to preserve life, prevent deterioration and

promote recovery
ASSESSMENT FOR FIRST AID REQUIREMENTS

The nature of the work and the size of the organisation
Past history and accident type
The nature and distribution of the workforce
Remoteness of site from emergency medical services
The needs of travelling, remote or lone workers
Employees working on shared sites
Absence of first aiders due to holidays etc.
Compliance with legal requirements
Factors to be considered in drawing up emergency procedures:-

Type of emergency (Fire, Bomb, Chemical spillage) etc.
Type/location of workplace
Emergency service contact and response time
Appointed persons to deal with the emergency
Communication systems
First Aid/medical facilities
Effects on surrounding community
Post emergency action e.g. repairs, media, investigation
__________________________________________________________________________
Page 30
IGC1 ELEMENT 6:- QUESTIONS

1 Outline the factors to be considered when developing a safe
system of work (8)
2 Identify EIGHT sources of information that might usefully be

consulted when developing a safe system of work (8)
3 Define a Permit to Work (2)

Outline THREE types of work situation that may require a
permit to work system giving reasons in EACH case. (6)
4 Define the term permit to work (2)

Explain the operation of a permit-to-work system for entry into
confined spaces (6)
5 Outline the factors to be considered when selecting personal

eye protection for use at work. (8)
6 Identify FOUR different types of hazard that may necessitate

the use of special footwear explaining in EACH case how the
footwear may afford protection (8)
7 An organisation uses various types of personal protective
equipment (PPE). Outline the general issues relating to the
requirements, benefits and limitations of PPE (8)
8 Outline the factors to be considered in the selection and use of

personal head protection (8)
9 State the shape and colours of the following types of safety

signs and give a typical example of EACH:
1) Prohibition (2)
2) Warning (2)
3) Mandatory (2)
4) Emergency escape and first aid (2)
10 Identify the factors to be considered to ensure the health and

safety of persons who are required to work on their own, away
from the workplace (8)
11 a) Identify the TWO main functions of first-aid (2)

b) Outline the factors to consider when making an assessment of
first-aid provision in a workplace (6)
___________________________________________________________________________
Page 31
IGC1 Element 7:- Monitoring, Review and Audit of Health

and Safety Performance
The reasons for monitoring
Identify substandard H & S Practices
Identify Trends
Compare actual performance against targets
To Benchmark
Identify use and effectiveness of control measures
Make decisions on suitable remedial measures
Set priorities and establish realistic timescales
Assess compliance with legal requirements
Provide information to Board, Committees etc.
REACTIVE MONITORING
Accidents
Incidents
Ill-health statistics
Near misses
Dangerous occurrences
Complaints by workforce
Enforcement action
Prosecutions
Civil claims
SAFETY AUDIT
A safety audit is a thorough, critical examination of an organisations
safety management systems & procedures. It is normally a lengthy
process carried out by a trained auditor, often someone from outside the
organisation. It is a structured way of assessing the H&S performance of
an organisation by supplying answers to a series of questions, & often
involves a scoring system such that improvements can be made
DOCUMENTS LOOKED AT DURING AUDITS INCLUDE:-

Safety policy
Risk assessment procedures
Safety monitoring procedures
Maintenance records
Accident and incident reports
Health surveillance records
Safety committee minutes etc.
Training records
Statutory inspections
Previous audit reports
__________________________________________________________________________
Page 32
WORKPLACE INSPECTIONS
A safety inspection involves the straightforward observation of a
workplace &/or the activities or equipment within it. A safety inspection,
usually carried out by a manager or employee representative & often
aided by the use of a checklist, may be carried out routinely & has the
aim of identifying hazards & assessing the use & effectiveness of
control measures
Limitations of inspections
Some hazards are not visible
Some hazards not always present
Unsafe practices not seen
Types of inspections
General workplace inspections
Statutory inspections
People who carry out inspections

Managers
Supervisors
Health and Safety advisors
Employee safety representatives
Enforcement agencies
Inspection Checklist
Condition of processes and plant
Contractors
Electrical
Environmental conditions
Fire protection
First aid
Hand held tools
Hazardous substances
Housekeeping/cleanliness
Lifting equipment
Manual handling
Machinery guarding
Noise etc.
STRENGTHS OF CHECKLISTS
Enables prior preparation and planning so inspection is more structured
and systematic
Reduces the chances of important areas or issues being overlooked
Provides an immediate record of findings
Ensures consistent approach
Provides easy method of comparison and audit
___________________________________________________________________________
Page 33
WEAKNESSES OF CHECKLISTS
May lead to blinkered approach meaning significant risks might be
missed
May not be reviewed or updated to take account of changes in work
processes etc.
Become routine with no follow up questions
Too objective and restrictive no scope for peripheral issues
Procedure subject to human error or abuse
SAFETY SURVEY
Focus on particular activities e.g. major key areas revealed by safety
audits and may be carried out by specialists
SAFETY TOURS
An unscheduled examination of a workplace to look for acceptable
standards. A tour can be carried out by a Manager and demonstrates
commitment to safety
SAFETY SAMPLING
A random exercise in which assigned observers walk in allotted
timescale noting incidence of health and safety defects on pre-prepared
sheets
Benchmarking
Takes key performance indicators and compares them externally with similar
organisations or industry standards
__________________________________________________________________________
Page 34
1 Outline the methods that may be used to assess an

organisations health and safety performance. (8)
2 Exp Explain how the following may be used to improve safety

performance within an organisation:-
(4)
1) Accident data
(4)
2) Safety Inspections
3 What areas should be looked at when undertaking a safety

inspection (8)
4 Outline FOUR proactive monitoring methods that can be used

in assessing the health and safety performance of an (8)
organisation
5 Outline the reasons why an organisation should monitor and

review its health and safety policy (8)
6 State EIGHT measures that can be used to monitor an

organisations health and safety performance (8)
7 Explain the main features of:-
a) A safety inspection (4)

b) A safety audit (4)
8 A production manager intends to implement a programme of

regular workplace inspections.
a) Outline the factors that should be considered when planning

the inspection programme (6)
b) State the main health and safety issues that might be included
on the inspection checklist (8)
c) Other than inspections, outline THREE proactive methods of

monitoring health and safety performance (6)
___________________________________________________________________________
Page 35
IGC1 Element 8:- Investigation, Recording and Reporting

of Health and Safety Incidents
ACCIDENT DEFINITION
An accident is an unplanned/unpremeditated event caused by unsafe
acts or conditions which results in a loss.
NEAR MISS(INCIDENT)
A near miss is an unplanned/unpremeditated event that has the potential
to cause injury to people or damage to property.
Immediate/direct causes
The immediate/direct cause is the unsafe act or condition that results in an
accident or incident.
Root/underlying cause
The Root (Underlying) cause is the failure of procedures, management
systems that have resulted in the unsafe act or condition.
Principal causes of accidents

Attitude
Unsafe Acts
Unsafe Conditions
BENEFITS OF COLLECTING NEAR MISS DATA

To Identify underlying causes which may allow preventative action to be
taken before something more serious occurs
Gives message to workforce that all failures are taken seriously not just
those leading to injury
Generally accepted near misses greatly outnumber accidents and can
therefore produce more data from which a greater understanding of the
deficiencies in management systems can be identified and rectified.
THE AIM OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION IS:-

To determine cause to prevent a recurrence
Identify weaknesses in management systems
Identify weaknesses in risk assessment procedure
Demonstrate management commitment
To comply with legal requirements
To provide information for any subsequent criminal/civil action
Provide information to insurance company
__________________________________________________________________________
Page 36
IMMEDIATE AND LONGER TERM ACTION AFTER AN ACCIDENT

First Aid for Injured Party
Calling Medical assistance if necessary
Isolation of the Accident Scene
Report to relevant enforcing authority if necessary
Identification of witnesses
Setting up Investigation Team
Full Investigation to determine root cause
Making Recommendations
Implementing Corrective Action
Preparation before investigation

Who should be involved
If possible the accident scene is left untouched
Collating relevant existing documents
Identifying who are witnesses
Check that legal reporting requirements have been met
What equipment is needed
The style to be adopted
The style of report and who should receive it
The depth of the investigation
INVESTIGATION TEAM
Line Manager:- He has knowledge of the processes involved
Supervisor:- also has knowledge of the process
Safety Representative:- has legal right
Safety Practitioner:- to advise on health and safety implications
Engineer:- to advise on technical matters
Senior Manager from different department:- Unbiased
INVESTIGATION REPORT
Who the injured person
When Date and time
Where Location details
What Type of accident and nature of injury
How Detail of events
Why Analysis of cause
Recommendations
Documentation
Reference to possible breaches of law
___________________________________________________________________________
Page 37
Reasons for reporting accidents

Implement initial controls
Monitoring Health and Safety performance
Starting point for investigation
To comply with legal requirements
To prevent recurrences and further injuries/losses
To provide information for any subsequent civil claim
Review of Risk Assessments.
Accident Data can:-

Show patterns and trends
Identify weaknesses in procedures and policies
Prioritise safety measures
Identify areas for improvements
Set targets for reduction
Employees can be discouraged from reporting accidents because of:-

Ignorance of procedures
Peer pressure
Retribution by Management
Preserve Departments safety record
Over complicated reporting procedures
Lack of Management response to reports
__________________________________________________________________________
Page 38

1 Outline the reasons for reporting accidents at work. (8)
2 Outline the immediate and longer term actions that

Management should take following a serious injury at work. (8)
3 Outline the information that should be included in an accident

investigation report (8)
4 a) Explain why an organisation should have a system for the

internal reporting of accidents (6)
b) Give TWO reasons why one department may have more

reported accidents than another department over a specified
period of time (2)
5 a) Give FOUR reasons why an organisation should have a system

for the internal reporting of accidents (4)
b) Outline factors that may discourage employees from reporting

accidents at work (4)
6 A driver of a fork truck has been seriously injured after the

vehicle overturned.
a) Outline the possible immediate causes of the accident in terms

of BOTH the behaviour of the driver AND the conditions of the
workplace and work equipment (4)
b) Describe the underlying factors that may have led to the unsafe
acts or conditions identified in a) (4)
7 An employee has been seriously injured after being struck by a

reversing vehicle in a loading bay.
a) Give FOUR reasons why the accident should be investigated by

the persons employer (4)
b) Outline the information that should be included in the

c) Outline FOUR possible immediate causes and FOUR possible

underlying root causes of the accident (8)
___________________________________________________________________________
Page 39
Mock Paper P1 a
1 a) Outline ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in the (8)
workplace.
b) Give FOUR reasons why the seriousness of a hazard may be
underestimated by someone exposed to it. (4)
c) Outline ways in which managers can motivate employees to
work safely. (8)
2 Outline the measures that an employer might consider to

minimise the risk of violence against workers (8)
3 Outline the Main features of:-

a) A safety inspection (4)
b) A safety audit (4)
4 a) Explain with an example the meaning of the term risk (2)

b) Outline the key stages of a risk assessment (6)
5 Outline the items that may be included in the arrangements

6 a) Explain the health and safety benefits of restricting smoking in

the workplace (4)
b) Outline the ways in which an organisation could implement an
effective no smoking policy (4)
7 Outline a procedure designed to ensure the safety of visitors

to work premises (8)
8 Explain why an organisation should have a system for the

internal reporting of accidents (4)
Identify the reasons why workers might not report accidents
at work (4)
9 Replacement or repair of damaged plant and equipment is a

cost an organisation may face following a workplace accident.
List EIGHT other possible costs to and organisation when an
employee has been seriously injured in such an accident (8)
10 Explain the meaning of the term competent person (2)

Outline the organisational factors that may cause a person to
work unsafely even though they are competent (6)
11 Outline EIGHT sources of information that might usefully be

consulted when developing a safe system of work (8)
__________________________________________________________________________
Page 40
Mock Paper P1b

1 a) Explain the purpose of EACH of the following sections of a
health and safety policy document:
1) Statement of intent (2)
2) Organisation (2)
3) Arrangements (2)
Outline the items that may be included in the arrangements
Outline the circumstances that may require a policy to be
revised (6)
2 Outline the factors to considered when developing a safe

system of work (8)
3 Outline the information that should be included in an accident

4 a) Explain the meaning of the term Hierarchy of Control (2)

b) Outline with examples the standard hierarchy of control to be
used for controlling risks in the workplace (6)
5 List EIGHT sources of information that may be consulted when

dealing with a health and safety problem at work (8)
6 Outline FOUR proactive monitoring methods that may be used

to assess health and safety performance of an organisation (8)
7 Identify FOUR types of health and safety information that might

usefully displayed on a workplace notice board
Explain how the effectiveness of notice boards as a means of (8)
communicating health and safety information to the workforce
can be maximised
8 An employee has been struck by a fork truck in the workplace.

Outline FOUR possible immediate causes and FOUR possible
root causes of the accident (8)
9 Outline ways in which the safety culture of an organisation may

be improved (8)
10 Outline the reasons/benefits to the employer of maintaining

good standards of health an safety in the workplace (8)
11 List the factors to consider when assessing the health and

safety competence of a contractor (8)
___________________________________________________________________________
Page 41
Mock Paper 1c
1 a) Explain the difference between the objectives of a criminal law
system and a civil law system (2)
Outline the typical actions that might be brought against an
employer who has breached criminal law in relation to health
and safety (6)
Outline the three standard conditions that are usually required
to be met to prove a case of alleged negligence against an
employer (6)
Explain why health and safety legislation might be enforced to
different standards in different countries (6)
2 a) Give FOUR reasons why accidents should be reported. (4)

b) Identify reasons why employees might not report accidents at
work (4)
3 Identify TWO main features of first aid (2)

Outline the factors to consider when making an assessment of
first aid (6)
4 Outline the practical means by which a manager could involve

employees in the improvement of health and safety in the (8)
workplace.
5 Outline how an organisation can ensure that safety campaigns

are effectively communicated to and understood by employees (8)
6 Explain why personal protective equipment (PPE) should be

used as a last resort in the control of occupational hazards (8)
7 Give TWO situations where permit to work systems should be (2)

used and give reasons why
Explain the operation of a permit to work system (6)
8 Outline the issue that should be addressed in a training

programme for employees on the emergency action in the (8)
event of fire
9 Outline the main components of a health and safety

management system (8)
10 Outline the factors that can cause the safety culture of an

organisation to decline (8)
11 Identify the factors to consider for employees who are required

to work on their own away from the workplace (8)
__________________________________________________________________________
Page 42
Mock Paper P1d

1 a) Explain the benefits of the training of staff to the employer (4)
b) Outline reasons why employees might require additional health
and safety training at a later stage of employment within an
organisation (8)
c) Outline the main health and safety issues to be included in an
induction training programme for new employees (8)
2 a) Explain why it is important for an organisation to set targets in (2)

terms of health and safety performance
b) Outline the various targets that an organisation might set for
health and safety issues (6)
3 Outline the factors that may indicate a need for health

surveillance of employees in the workplace. (8)
4 List the written information that is likely to be examined during a

health and safety audit. (8)
5 Explain the purpose and benefits of collecting near miss data (8)
6 Other than poor communication, describe the organisational

factors that could limit the effectiveness of safety campaigns (8)
7 Employers may have requirement under health and safety law

to involve their employees in health and safety matters
Explain the difference between consulting and informing.
Outline the health and safety matters on which an employer
should consult his employees. (8)

assessing the risks to employees working on night shifts (8)
9 a) Explain using an example the meaning of the term risk (2)

b) Outline the factors that should be considered when selecting
individuals to assist in carrying out risk assessments in the
workplace (6)
10 Give reasons why a verbal instruction may not be clearly

understood by an employee (8)
11 Outline the key points that should be covered in a training

session for employees on the reporting of accidents/incidents (8)
___________________________________________________________________________
Page 43
Mock Paper P1e
1 An employee has been seriously injured in an accident with a
vehicle in the workplace.
a) Outline the immediate and longer term actions that should be
taken following the accident (8)
b) Giving reasons in EACH case identify FOUR categories of
persons who may be considered a useful member of an internal (8)
accident investigation team
c) Identify the measures an employer could take in order to
ensure that the drivers of internal transport are, and remain
competent (4)
2 Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to a

long distance lorry driver (8)
3 Outline FOUR advantages and FOUR disadvantages of using

posters to communicate health and safety information to the (8)
workforce
4 Outline the topics that may be typically included on the agenda

of a safety committee (8)
5 Explain the meaning of the term hazard (2)

Outline techniques for identifying hazards at work (6)
6 Explain the reasons why young persons may be at greater risk (4)
of accidents in the workplace
Outline the measures that could be taken to minimise the risks
to young persons (4)

assessing the risks to employees working on night shifts (8)
8 Explain how accident data can be used to improve health and (4)
safety performance within a organisation
Outline TWO proactive methods that can be used when
assessing an organisations health and safety performance. (4)
9 Identify EIGHT measures that could be used by an

organisation in order to monitor its health and safety
performance (8)
10 Outline the strengths and weaknesses of using a checklist to
complete a health and safety inspection of the workplace (8)
11 Explain why it is important to use a variety of methods to

communicate health and safety communication to the workforce (8)
__________________________________________________________________________
Page 44
IGC2 Element 1:- Movement of People and Materials

The factors that contribute slip, trip accidents are:-
The floor surface:- Slippery surface, holes, uneven surface etc.
Contamination:- Spillages, Leaks etc.
Obstructions:- Rubbish, Trailing cables, Rugs etc.
The Task:- Carrying loads, space to work
Environment:- Lighting
Footwear:- unsuitable footwear
The People:- Unaware of the dangers
Precautions be taken to prevent slips and trips should include:-

The design and layout of the workplace, with designated walkways and
non-slip floors
Maintenance procedures to ensure quick repair of floor defects such as
holes and bumps
Procedures to avoid spillages and deal quickly with them if they occur
The provision of adequate lighting and highlighting strips if necessary to
warn of a difference in levels
Good housekeeping including the suitable management of cables etc.
Procedures for reporting defects and incidents.
Eliminate need to carry loads
Make employees aware of the hazards and provide footwear
THE HAZARDS OF STAIRS ARE:-

Inadequate design (dimensions, treads, no handrails)
Poor Housekeeping (obstructions, trailing cables)
Poor lighting
Slippery surfaces (Oil/water/Ice) or unsuitable footwear
Damaged flooring or coverings
Manual handling
Hurrying on stairs
ACTION NEEDED TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS ON STAIRS

Adequate width of walkways/stairs and handrails fitted
Remove obstructions/trailing cables
Improve lighting levels and install emergency lighting
Non-slip surfaces/spillages procedures/covered walkways
Maintain/report and repair defects
Use lifts for loads/sites rules
___________________________________________________________________________
Page 45
Employers who have employees who work at height should ensure that:-
All work at height is properly planned and organised
Those involved in work at height are competent
The risks are assessed and appropriate work equipment is selected
The risks from fragile surfaces are properly controlled
Equipment for work at height is properly inspected and maintained
A suggested hierarchy of control for working at height is:-

Avoid working at height wherever possible
Use work equipment or other measures to prevent falls where they cannot
avoid working at height
Where they cannot eliminate the risk of falls use work equipment/other
measures to minimise the distance and consequences of a fall
Poor housekeeping can cause:-

Someone could slip or fall
Increased risk of fire
Fire exits could be blocked
A risk of infection where chemicals are being used
Infestation
Vehicle collisions if traffic routes are blocked
Falling materials
PRECAUTIONS FOR VEHICLES AND PEOPLE

Segregated systems for vehicle and pedestrian traffic, barriers etc.
Appropriate road markings,
Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of
lighting etc) and audible warnings on vehicles.
Drawing up and enforcement of site rules,
The provision of refuges, (Safe places)
The wearing of high-visibility clothing,
Good standard of housekeeping,
Training of and supervision of all concerned.
Reversing of Vehicles
One-way systems
Drive through systems
Turning circles
Separation of vehicles and pedestrians
Suitable workplace design
Audible reversing alarms
Mirrors on blind corners
Adequate lighting
Use of banksmen (men guiding the lorry when reversing)
High visibility clothing
Site rules
Training
__________________________________________________________________________
Page 46
Driver Selection
Reliable and mature
Subject to Pre-employment medical check
Physically fit
Routine medicals e.g. every 5 years or if suffering from:- Limited limb
movement, Heart problems, Vision difficulties, Hearing problems
Licensed
Trained and competent
Supervised and monitored
Given refresher training
Training programmes for drivers of vehicles in a workplace:-

Personal responsibilities
Safe working load estimation
Pre-use vehicle inspection and maintenance
Safe parking and security of vehicle
Speed restrictions
Safety rules and signs sounding horn/no passengers etc.
Floor conditions pot holes/housekeeping etc.
Vehicle reversing audible warning/banksmen etc.
Hazards of Battery Charging

Release of Hydrogen gas during charging (Fire and explosion)
Electrical short circuits
Corrosive and burning effect of battery acid
Manual Handling of batteries etc.
Precautions for charging batteries should be:-

Well ventilated area to prevent build up of hydrogen
No sources of ignition near refuelling/recharging points.
Suitable PPE (Acid resistant gloves, eye protection etc.
Insulated tools/procedure for connecting charger
Lifting equipment for removing batteries
OFF SITE VEHICLES

The Job, The Driver, The Vehicle, The Load
Hazards of fork trucks

Overturning
Overloading
Loss of loads
Collision with other vehicles
Collision with pedestrians
Explosions and fire
___________________________________________________________________________
Page 47
Why can trucks overturn

Travelling on gradients that are too steep
Travelling forwards when descending slopes
Overloaded or unevenly loaded
Travelling over soft or uneven ground
Travelling over slippery surfaces
Travelling too fast
Striking kerbs or other edges
Not suitable for the task
Carrying loads at a dangerous heights
Pre-use check on fork trucks

Condition and pressure of tyres
Functioning of lights, horns, brakes
Warning devices working
Suitable mirrors
Engine for oil leaks
Water leaks
Seat securely fixed and suitable restraints where fitted
Signs of damage to bodywork and lifting mechanisms
Security of equipment fitted i.e. LPG tank
PARKING OF FORK TRUCKS

Put in neutral
Put on handbrake
Switch off engine
Remove key
Give key to appropriate person
Forks on floor
Mast slightly forward
Parked in suitable location
No blocking of exits
__________________________________________________________________________
Page 48

1 Outline measures to be taken to prevent accidents when
pedestrians are required to work in vehicle manoeuvring areas. 8)
2 Outline the factors that should be taken into account when

planning traffic routes for internal transport. (8)
3 a) Identify the types of hazard that may cause slips or trips at (4)
work
b)
Outline how slips and trip hazards in the workplace might be (4)
controlled
4 Outline the precautionary measure to be taken to avoid

accidents involving reversing vehicles within the workplace. (8)
5 List Eight design features and /or safe practices intended to

prevent to reduce the risk of accidents on staircases used as
internal pedestrian routes within a work premises. (8)
6 Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the

safety of pedestrians in areas where fork-lift trucks are
operating.
(8)
7 Outline the health and safety considerations when a fork-lift
truck is to be used to unload palletised goods from a vehicle
parked in a factory car park. (8)
8 Outline the hazards and corresponding precautions to be

taken when charging batteries for fork lift trucks. (8)
9 Diesel powered fork-lift trucks are used in a wide range of

organisations and can introduce additional hazards into the
working environment.
Identify FOUR hazards associated with such vehicles that may

pose a risk to the health of drivers. (4)
Describe the various circumstances that may cause such a

vehicle to overturn. (8)
Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the

safety of pedestrians in areas where fork-lift trucks are (8)
operating.
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10 List EIGHT rules to follow when leaving a fork-lift unattended

in the workplace. (8)
11 Outline the main precautions to be taken to ensure the safe

transport of hazardous substances by road. (8)
12 Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to a

long distance delivery driver. (8)
13 Outline the precautions that might be needed to ensure the

safety of pedestrians in vehicle manoeuvring areas in a busy
distribution depot working a 24 hour operation. (8)
14 A fork-lift truck has overturned in a busy warehouse. Identify

EIGHT ways this may have occurred. (8)
15 List EIGHT items to be included on a checklist for the routine

inspection of a fork-lift truck at the beginning of a shift. (8)
16 Outline the possible causes of a dumper truck overturn. (6)
Identify TWO design features of the vehicle intended to

minimize the consequences of an overturn. (2)
17 Outline the precautionary measures that may be needed to

prevent slip and trip hazards in an office environment (8)
18 Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to an

overnight delivery driver.
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IGC2 Element 2:- Manual and Mechanical Handling Hazards
MANUAL HANDLING INJURIES

External:- Cuts, bruises, abrasions, crush injuries
Internal:- Strains, Tears, Hernias
LOAD
Weight
Size
Shape
Rigidity
Difficult to grasp
Unstable
Sharp, hot, cold etc.
INDIVIDUAL
Sex
Stature
Individual capability
Training
Persons assessment of own capability
TASK
Holding away from trunk
Twisting
Stooping
Reaching upwards
Large vertical movement
Long carrying distances
Strenuous pushing or pulling
Unpredictable movement of loads
Repetitive handling
Insufficient rest or recovery
Work rate imposed by the process
ENVIRONMENT
Constraints on posture
Poor floors
Variations in levels
Hot/Cold/ humid conditions
Poor lighting
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PRACTICAL MEASURES TO AVOID MANUAL HANDLING INJURIES

Avoid manual handling
Risk reduction
Automation and Mechanisation
Team handling
Training
Smaller lighter loads
Selection
Good environmental working conditions
CORRECT KINETIC HANDLING TECHNIQUE

Assess the load
Position feet as close to load as possible
Bend the knees and keep back straight
Secure grip
Lift using thigh muscles
Load close to the body
Avoid jerking make a smooth movement avoid twisting
Put down slide to desired position
Types of Cranes
Mobile
Tower
Gantry
Overhead
SAFE USE OF MOBILE CRANES

Suitable crane
Suitable ground conditions
Use of outriggers
Avoidance of obstructions
Care near overhead power lines
Designated and protected area
Suitable and tested lifting tackle
Correct slinging technique
Competent personnel
Load near ground if travelling
Good visibility
Good communications
Suitable storage for fuels etc
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Cranes may fail because of

Overturning
Overloading
Unsuitable support or inadequate bases for crane
Loss of load
Failure of load
Lack of maintenance
Failure of load bearing part
High winds
EMPLOYEE SAFETY DURING LIFTING

Not exceeding safe working load
Trained personnel (Crane operator, Slinger, Banksman(Signaller))
Good communication between all operatives
Properly maintained equipment
Equipment has undergone statutory inspections
Correct lifting accessories free from defect
Ensuring load is secure
Warning of lift taking place
Ensuring load is secure
Path free from obstacles
Avoid overhead power lines
All personnel clear of the load
Load lifted vertically
Lifted to correct height
Moved at appropriate speed
Put down in a safe position and tension released
Safety helmets
.
Precaution when using Accessories
All accessories properly certificated and tested
Properly inspected by a competent person at regular intervals
Safe Working Load (SWL) clearly marked
Inspection prior to use
No repair to accessories on site
Not used be used purposes not intended
Packing between accessory and load
Properly stored after use
Training provide for staff in safe use
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The hazards of hoists are:-

Failure of the chains, slings etc.
Being struck by moving parts of the hoist
Being hit by materials falling from the platforms
Falling down the hoist way from a platform
Striking against landing levels riding goods hoists
Precautions when using hoists
Controls only operated from one position

Clear visibility of landings
Clear signals
Secure objects being carried on goods hoists
Do not overfill items being carried on goods lifts
Do not carry loose items on goods lifts
No passengers on goods lifts
Safe working load clearly marked
Hoist properly examined and tested
Suitable fencing and gates at all levels
Training in use of hoists
Conveyors
Hazards Precautions
Trapping in drive mechanisms Guards, No loose clothing
Traps, Nips, Drawing in Pop out rollers, nip guards
Sharp edges Edge protection, eliminate edges
Items jamming conveyor Adequate design
Falling objects Edge guards, barriers
Riding or crossing conveyor Bridges, complete enclosure
Impact with objects Helmets, padding
Noise Hearing protection
Manual handling Mechanical handling
Electrical hazards Suitable electrical equipment
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1 Outline a procedure for the safe lifting of a load by the use of a
crane having ensured that the crane has been correctly selected
and positioned for the job. (8)
2 Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile

cranes. (8)
3 Outline the factors to be considered when undertaking a

manual handling assessment of the work undertaken by
baggage handlers at a large, busy airport (8)
4 With respect to manual handling operations:-
Identify ways in which the nature of the load may present a risk
of injury (4)
State FOUR factors relating to the individual that may increase

the risk of injury (4)
5 In an assessment of manual handling operations, outline the

factors that should be considered when assessing:-
a) The task (4)

b) The load
(4)
6 Outline the factors that should be considered in an assessment
of manual handling activities (8)
7 Outline the issues to consider when undertaking a manual

handling assessment of a task that involves lifting buckets of
water out of a sink (8)
8 A storeman is required to place boxes of metal components by

hand onto shelved racking.
List FOUR types of injury to which the employee may be at risk

when carrying out this task (4)
Outline the factors in relation to the task and the load that will
affect the risk of injury (10)
Outline a good manual handling technique that could be

adopted by the employee when required to lift one of the boxes
from ground level (6)
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9 Outline FOUR hazards and the corresponding precautions

when using conveyor systems for moving materials within a (8)
workplace
10 An office employee is required to replace 20 litre (20Kg) water

bottles located on top of water coolers
Identify FOUR factors specific to the employee that might

increase the risk of injury when carrying out the task (4)
Outline a good handling technique that could be used when

lifting a full bottle from the floor (4)
11 Outline the precautions to be taken to prevent accidents to

employees working at ground level in a workshop where heavy
loads are lifted and transported by means of an overhead gantry
crane (8)
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IGC2 Element 3:- Work Equipment Hazards and Control

Factors to consider prior to installing new machinery
What are the hazards i.e.

1. Are there heat or cold problems
2. Chemicals
3. Biological
Is it suitably guarded
The location of the equipment
Is it capable of being Isolated/locking off
Is there safe access and egress
Are personnel trained and competent
Any other Specific Risks
The Hierarchy of Controls for Machinery Guarding

Fixed enclosing guards
Other guards or protection devices such as interlocked guards and pressure
mats
Protective appliances such as jigs, holders, push sticks, etc.
The provision of information, instruction training and supervision
Mechanical Hazards of Machinery

Entanglement
Traps
Impact
Contact
Ejection
ENTICE
NON MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY

Electricity
Hot surfaces
Dust and fumes
Fire/explosion
Noise
Vibration
Biological
Hazardous chemicals
Radiation
Access and egress
Obstructions and projections
Manual handling
Noise
Splinters
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FIXED GUARDS:- A physical barrier not connected to machine controls

which has no moving parts and requires a tool to remove it
FIXED GUARDS
Advantages Disadvantages
Minimal maintenance Not linked to machine controls
Only defeated by deliberate act No protection when removed
Only visual inspection Access to dangerous parts
when removed
May protect against other More difficult to remove not
hazards e.g. noise, dust, practical when frequent access
ejection of materials required
Tends to be left unfixed when
frequent access required
May hamper visibility
Interlock Guard:- Linked to the machine controls so that when the

machine is in a dangerous condition the guard cannot be opened or
opening the guard causes the machine to become safe
Interlock Guard
Allow safe access for feeding Increase the complexity of the
materials machine
Convenient to use Difficult to test and maintain
Less likely to be deliberately May need a brake or time delay
defeated
Speeds up operations Components could fail in service
Regular maintenance required
May not fail to safety
Pedestal drill
Mechanical hazards
PEDESTAL DRILL
Entanglement with hair, clothing, jewellery etc.
Contact (Stabbing/puncture)
Impact from an unsecured workpiece
Cutting from swarf
Ejection of a broken bit or materials
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Precautions using portable power tools

Never carry a tool by the cord or hose
Never pull the cord to disconnect it
Keep cords and hoses away from heat
Disconnect tools when not in use
Keep observers at a safe distance
Secure work with clamps
Avoid accidental starting
Use RCDs etc.
With electrical tools
Ensure good footing
Wear appropriate PPE
Maintain tools
Regular inspection and defect reporting
Remove damaged tools from use
Hazards of machinery
Unintentional starting of machinery
Release of stored energy e.g. pressure, electricity.
Movements due to gravity
Residual high or low pressure
Restricted access/egress
Residues e.g. Toxic, Flammables, Corrosives
Mechanical hazards
Heat or cold
Biological hazards
CONTROL OF MAINTENANCE HAZARDS

Isolate Electrical power
Permit to work
Isolate pipelines
Allow hot machinery to cool
Release loads
Provide barriers
Provide adequate lighting, means of access etc.
Provide suitable PPE
Ventilate work area
Competent staff
Segregate
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1 Provide sketches to show clearly the nature of the following
mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery.
(1) Entanglement (2)

(2) Cutting (2)
(3) Drawing in (2)
(4) Stabbing/puncture (2)
2 Outline the sources and possible effects of FOUR non-

mechanical hazards commonly found in a woodworking shop. (8)
3 Identify FOUR mechanical hazards presented by pedestal

drills and outline in EACH case how injury may occur. (8)

mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery
(1) Entanglement (2)

(2) Crushing (2)
(3) Drawing in (2)
(4) Shear (2)
5 Outline the practical precautions that might need to be taken

prior to the repair of a large item of process equipment (8)
6 Outline the practical precautions that to be taken prior to the

maintenance of machinery (8)
7 A company is to carry out essential repairs to a large item of

process machinery. Outline the practical precautions that
should be taken prior to commencement of the work. (8)
8 Outline the precautions that should be taken in order to ensure

the safety of employees undertaking maintenance work in an
underground storage vessel (8)
9 a) Outline the principles of the following types of machine guard:-
1) A fixed guard (2)

2) Interlock guard (2)
b) Identify TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of a fixed

machine guard (4)
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IGC2 Element 4:- Electrical Hazards and Control
Main Hazards of Electricity

Electric shock
Arcing
Fire/Explosions
Burns
Factors Influencing severity of electrical shock

Current in amperes
Length of contact time
Current path through the body
Conductivity/resistance of the body
The voltage
Conductivity of the environment
The nature of the contact
Age and health status of the victim
Action on finding someone in contact with electricity

Isolate the supply if possible
Summon help
Give first-aid if capable
Remain with casualty until emergency services arrive
Causes of Electrical Fire

Inadequate circuits
Overloaded circuits
Incorrect fuses
Damaged wiring and insulation
Loose connections
Overheating of cables on coils
Overheating due to thermal insulation
Overheating due to lack of ventilation
Flammable materials too close to electrical equipment
Health effects of Electricity on the body

Damage to nervous system
Irregular heartbeat (Fibrillation)
Internal burns
External burns
Muscular contractions
Stopping breathing
Stopping of the heart
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Secondary Effects of Electricity

Thrown backwards
Falls from height
Unintentional movement of machine
Fuse:- A weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at excessive

currents
Circuit Breakers:- Electromagnetic device which perform the same

function as fuses i.e. break the circuit at excessive current although
slightly faster
Earthing:- Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means
providing a path to earth lower than the human body
Isolation:- The disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment

from every source of electrical equipment in such a way that the
disconnection and separation is secure
Reduced voltage systems:- By reducing the voltage present system the

consequences of electrical shock can be greatly reduced
Residual Current Devices (RCD):- It compares the current flowing into

the system with the current flowing out. When the level differs by a
preset value the RCD will open rapidly and interrupt the supply
Double Insulation:- Covering live parts by two separated layers of

insulation
Safety of Portable Electrical Appliances

The appliance:-
Battery operated
Checked before use
Suitable selected equipment
Properly maintained equipment
The Lead:-
Ensure not run over by vehicles
Dragged over rough services
Trapped in machinery
Exposed to hot surfaces or corrosive chemicals
Continuous flexing
Joints, Connections and plugs:-
Makeshift temporary connections
Leads getting pulled out
Poor made connections
Fuse being replaced
Battery operated
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The precautions required when using portable equipment are:-

Reduced voltage operation
Use of residual current circuit breakers
Apparatus and cables should be protected against overload
All cables should be insulated and protected against mechanical damage
Sufficient socket outlets to minimise the need for trailing cables
The use of cable drums wherever possible
Correct maintenance and repair
Correct connections
Regular inspections and checks to remove damaged equipment
Properly trained operators
User checks
Equipment is of an approved standard
Wiring and casing are free from damage
Cables are correctly routed
System not overloaded
Correct fuses
Plug properly wired and gripped
Competent users
Using reduced voltage in wet conditions
Using RCDs
ELECTRICAL SAFETY IN OFFICE ENVIRONMENTS

Equipment manufactured to appropriate standards e.g, BS/EN
There is a means of isolation and system protected by RCDs
System of pre use checks on leads, plugs etc for damage
Equipment positioned close to suitable sockets
No extension cables which can cause tripping hazards
Avoid multi-socket extension boards which can lead to overloading
Control private electrical equipment brought from home
System for reporting defective and damaged equipment
Disconnect or switch off electrical equipment overnight
Test appliances at regular intervals
Safety precautions for working on live electrical equipment

People who are properly trained and competent
Accompanied by another person
Provision of adequate information
Suitable insulated tools
Insulated barriers and screens
Suitable instruments and test probes
Personal protective clothing
Rubber mats
Permit to work
Restricted access
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1 a) Outline:-
(1) The effects on the human body caused by electric

shock (4)
(2) The emergency action to take if someone suffers a

severe electric shock. (4)
b) Outline practical measures to reduce the risk of electric shock

when using portable electrical appliances (12)
2 In relation to electrical safety, explain the meaning of the

following terms:
(1) Isolation (2)

(2) Earthing (2)
(3) Reduced low voltage (2)
(4) Over current protection (2)
3 Outline the measures that should be taken to minimise the

risk of fire from electrical equipment. (8)
4 Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk of injury

from electricity when using a portable electrical appliance on a
construction site. (8)
5 a) Describe the function and limitations of a fuse as an electrical (6)

protection device.
b) Explain ONE advantage that a residual current device (RCD)

has over a fuse (2)
6 a) Outline the dangers associated with electricity (4)
b) Outline the emergency action to be taken if a person suffers

a severe electric shock (4)
7 Outline a range of checks that should be made to ensure

electrical safety in an office environment (8)
8 a) Describe the possible effects of electricity on the body (4)
b) Outline FOUR factors that may affect the severity of injury

from contact with the body. (4)
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Page 64
IGC2 Element 5:- Fire Hazards and Control

The fire triangle:- Fuel, Source of ignition, Oxygen
SOURCES OF IGNITION
Naked flames
Electricity (Overheating/Arcing)
Smoking materials
Hot work (welding, burning)
Chemical reactions (Giving off heat)
Heating appliances (Hot surfaces)
Friction (Inadequate lubrication)
Static electricity
Lightening
Improper Storage of Flammable Materials
Lack of Inspection and Supervision
Ways in which persons can be harmed in fires are:-

being burnt
Inhaling toxic fumes
Affects of smoke
Depletion of oxygen supply
Collapse of the building
Getting crushed or suffering some other type of injury in attempting to escape.
Flash point:- The temperature at which a vapour given off by substance

will ignite when brought to a source of ignition
PRINCIPLE CAUSES OF THE SPREAD OF FIRE

CONDUCTION:- Heat travels within a solid material from hotter to cooler
parts
CONVECTION:- Hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and
unburnt gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one
room to another.
CONVECTION:- Hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and
unburnt gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one
room to another.
DIRECT CONTACT:- The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct
contact and the fuel heats up and eventually ignites.
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Causes of fire
Deliberate (Arson)
Electrical faults
Misuse of electrical equipment
Smokers materials
Smoking in prohibited areas
Loss of control over the firing of rubbish
Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters
Unsafe storage of materials
Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas
Welding/hot work
Mechanical heat (Sparks/friction)
Classes of fire
A Combustible solids (Coal, paper etc.)
B Flammable liquids (Alcohol, Petrol)
C Flammable gases (Butane, hydrogen,propane)
D Metals
F Cooking media (Vegetable oil or animal fats)
To minimising the risk of electrical equipment starting fire

Pre-inspection by users
Suitability of equipment for task
Frequent inspection and maintenance by competent persons
Avoid misuse of equipment
Prevent overloading of circuits
Correct design and rating for tasks
Isolate if not in use
Improved means of protection, e.g. RCD
High standards of housekeeping
Staff awareness training
Fire Risk Assessment

Identify the Hazards:- The hazards are the three elements of the fire triangle
the fuel, ignition and oxygen sources.
Identify who could be harmed and how:- Who are the persons at risk and
consider especially vulnerable people such as the disabled
Evaluate the risks and the adequacy of the control measures:- This
should consider the prevention, protection and precautions measures.
Record findings and actions
Review:- If no longer valid
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Page 66
factors to be considered in fire risk assessment

Construction and use of building
Flammable materials
Sources of ignition
Work activities generating heat
Methods of control
Means of fire detection
Means of raising alarm
Means of fighting fire and maintenance of equipment
Evacuation routes/Protection of evacuation routes
Numbers of persons/Specially at risk
Fire prevention training/Fire drills
PREVENTION OF FIRE
Eliminate or reduce the storage of flammable materials
Control of ignition sources
Control smoking and smoking materials
Good housekeeping (Preventing accumulation of rubbish)
Lubrication of machinery to prevent friction
No overloading of electrical systems
Regular inspection of electrical systems
Ventilation outlets not obstructed
Controlling hot work with permits etc.
Proper storage of flammable liquids
Segregation of incompatible chemicals
Security to prevent arson
Regular inspection and supervision
Storage of flammable gases and liquids

Minimum quantities (50 litres maximum in workrooms)
Suitable fixed storage tanks
Keep upright in well ventilated storage area
Clear marking of containers
Clearly marked storage area
Spillage controls
Adequate ventilation
Suitable fire fighting equipment
Trained competent staff
Adequate Warning signs
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The main requirements of a safe means of escape will be:-

If necessary 2 routes in opposite directions
Fire resistant walls & ceilings
Adequate size relative to numbers of persons
Within travel distance guidelines
Clearly marked/direction arrows
Emergency lighting
Exit route free from obstructions
Final exit door opening outwards
Fire/smoke doors on route/self closing
Fixed stairs to upper floors
Exit to safe place/assembly point
A FIRE TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR EMPLOYEES SHOULD INCLUDE

Means of raising alarm/sound of alarm
Contact the emergency services
Fire evacuation routes/Fire evacuation signs
Who are and the role of fire marshals
Assembly points/Places of safety/role call
When not to tackle fire
Types of fire extinguishers to be used to maintain escape
Prevention of spread of fire/fire doors/close windows
Not to use lifts
Evacuation in orderly manner/no running
Prevention of return/Disabled evacuation procedure
REGULAR FIRE DRILLS SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN TO

Satisfying a legal requirement, or one specified in a fire certificate
Checking that the alarm can be heard in all parts of the premises;
Testing the effectiveness of the evacuation procedures
Familiarising employees (particularly those new to the undertaking) with
the alarms, evacuation procedures, escape routes & assembly points so
that, in the case of a real emergency, they would know the actions to be
taken;
Providing an opportunity for fire wardens & others with specific
functions to practice their designated roles
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1 Explain the methods of heat transfer that can spread fire in a
building. (8)
2 Outline the main requirements of a safe means of access from a

building in the event of a fire. (8)
3 a) Identify FOUR different types of ignition source that may lead to

a fire in the workplace. (4)
b) For EACH type of ignition source identified in a), Outline the

precautions that could be taken to prevent a fire starting. (4)
4 Outline reasons for undertaking regular fire drills in the

workplace (8)
5 Outline the issues that should be included in a training

programme for employees on the emergency action to be taken
in the event of fire. (8)
6 a) With reference to the fire triangle Outline TWO methods of

extinguishing fires. (4)
b) State the ways in which persons could be harmed by a fire in

work premises. (4)
7 a) Explain with a suitable sketch the meaning of the term Fire

triangle. (4)
b) List FOUR types of ignition source that may cause a fire to occur
giving an example of EACH type. (4)
8 a) What are the principal reasons for the spread of fire in buildings? (6)
b) Explain the mode of operation of:
1) A dry powder fire appliance: and (4)
2) A foam appliance (4)
c) What practical measures must be taken to ensure a safe means

of escape?. (6)
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9 List EIGHT ways of reducing the risk of a fire starting in a

workplace (8)
10 Give reasons that may delay the safe evacuation of employees

from a workplace during a fire (8)
11 Identify the FOUR methods of heat transfer and explain how

EACH can cause the spread of fire (8)
12 Outline TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of using

hose reels as a means of extinguishing fires (4)
Outline the main factors to consider in the siting of hose reels (4)
13 Outline the requirements to ensure the safe evacuation of

persons from a building in the event of fire. (8)
14 In relation to the classification of fires, give an example of a

material (Fuel) that falls within EACH of the classes A, B, C, D (4)
Identify TWO methods of heat transfer and explain how EACH

method contributes to the spread of fire. (4)
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Element 6:- Chemical and biological health hazards and

controls
Classification of Hazardous Substances
Irritant:- Non-corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged

or repeated contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause
inflammation e.g. Petrol
Corrosive:- Substances which on contact with living tissue may destroy
it by burning e.g. acids
Harmful:- Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin
may cause damage to health
Very Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause
death, acute or chronic damage to health
Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death,
acute or chronic damage to health
Carcinogenic:- Substances which cause disorders to cell growth that
may lead to cancer
ROUTES OF ENTRY INTO BODY

Inhalation
Ingestion
Absorption
Direct entry
Injection
ACUTE EFFECTS DEFINITION:- Adverse health effects resulting from

single or short term exposure which is usually reversible
ACUTE EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE

Headaches
Dizziness
Nausea
Inflamation
Eye irritation
Unconsciousness/Death
CHRONIC EFFECTS:- Adverse health term effects resulting from

prolonged or repeated exposure leading to a gradual often irreversible
effects e.g. liver disease caused by Alcohol
Target Organs:- A part of the body which sustains an adverse effect

when it is exposed to or by contaminated by a particular harmful agent
Examples:- Mercury, Lead the brain, Asbestos, Ammonia the Lungs
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ASBESTOS
MAIN TYPES:- Blue, Brown and White
DISEASES:- Asbestosis, Lung cancer, Mesothelioma
USES
Pipe lagging
Wall and roof panels
Ceiling tiles
Textured coatings
Insulation materials
Gaskets
Brake linings
Health hazards Organic solvents

irritation of the eyes, skin, throat, and lungs.
Headaches
nausea and dizziness
loss of consciousness (narcosis) and even death.
Dermatitis Symptoms:-
inflammation of skin, usually on the hands, wrists and forearms. The skin
turns red and in some cases may be itchy.
Dermatitis can be prevented by:-

Substitution/change process
Clean working conditions and properly planned work systems
Careful attention to skin hygiene principles
Prompt attention to cuts, abrasions, and spillages onto the skin
Use of protective equipment
Barrier cream can help
Pre-employment screening for sensitive individuals
Control measures for Biological Hazards

Cleaning and disinfection
Water treatment
Vermin control
Containment of the biological agent
Avoidance of sharp implements
Proper disposal of contaminated waste
Immunisation
Personal hygiene
PPE
Total inhalable dust is defined as:- The total dust that will enter the nose
and mouth and lungs during breathing.
Respirable dust is defined as:-Airborne dust of such a size that it is able

to enter the lungs during normal breathing.
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Dust can cause respiratory diseases such as Asbestos, Silicosis, Asthma,

Bronchitis, Lung Cancer, Farmers Lung
BODIES DEFENCES AGAINST DUST

The hair and wetness of the nose
The change of direction of the larynx
Sneezing and coughing
The hair cells in the respiratory tract
Tears and blinking of the eyes
INDICATION OF DUST PROBLEM

Visual signs of dust
Complaints by employees
Monitoring
Health problems possibly detected by health surveillance
Equipment problems such as blocked filters
TO ASSESS LEVELS OF DUST

Carry out visual examination
Use a dust lamp
Measuring levels of dust using:- Sampling:- Personal or Area sampling.
CONTROL MEASURES FOR DUST

Eliminate source e.g. outsourcing
Substitution e.g. pellets instead of powders
Change process
Use liquid process as opposed to dry/damping down
Enclosure of the process
Local exhaust ventilation
Vacuuming instead of sweeping
Limiting time of exposure
Limiting numbers exposed
Respiratory protective equipment
Ensuring suitable maintenance
INFORMATION ON MANUFACTURERS SAFETY DATA SHEETS

Identification of substance/preparation
The manufacturer/supplier
Health effects
First Aid measures
Fire fighting measures
Accidental release measures
Handling and storage
Personal Protective Equipment
Environmental/Disposal considerations
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Hazardous substance risk assessment 5 steps as normal
Control of health hazards

Eliminate
Reduce by substitution
Isolate:-
Total Enclosure
Segregate the people
Control
Engineering Control (LEV)
Maintenance of controls
Change the work pattern or method
Hygiene and housekeeping
PPE/Discipline
Emergency Procedures deal with emergencies:-

First aid facilities
Relevant safety drills and warning devices
Suitable training for staff
Availability of personal protective equipment
Provision of emergency showers and eye-wash facilities;
Spillage and leakage procedure
Evacuation procedures.
Warnings to other people
Procedure to deal with a major spillage:-

Isolation of the area
Evacuation of employees at risk
Issue of appropriate PPE to those dealing with the spillage
Provision of spillage booms and absorbent materials
Contact with emergency services
The safe disposal of the spilled substance and absorbent material used.
Main Parts of LEV:- Hood, Ducting, Filter, Fan, Exhaust (Draw it)
LEV becomes inefficient because of:-
Hood positioned to far away from contaminant
Hood incorrectly positioned
Increases in level of contaminant
Broken or blocked ducting
Filters blocked or wrong filters used
Wear or corrosion of fan blades
Lack of maintenance
Unauthorised alterations
Incorrect setting
Operators failing to use it correctly
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Page 74
USER checks on LEV

Checking hood positions and repositioning if necessary
clean of ducting
Check the condition and correct installation of filters
Examine fan blades to ensure there is no build up of contaminant
Tightening and cleaning of drive belts
General lubrication of moving parts.
Repair physical damage;
Grab Sampler (Chemical stain detector tube) (Draw it)

Low cost Inaccurate
Takes little time Positioning of tube
Immediate result Only a snap shot
Little training Inefficient
Information during spillage Chemical use only
Good for coarse indication Substance specific
WASTE STORAGE
Storage area of a sufficient size
Storage area suitable located away from drains etc.
Storage area clearly labelled
Individual containers clearly labelled
Different types of waste stored separately
Incompatible wastes never stored together
Appropriate containers for type of waste
Storage of waste kept to a minimum
Protect waste from the elements if necessary
If necessary protect storage area with bunds etc.
Do not dispose of hazardous waste in general waste skips
Ensure storage area is secure
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Page 75
1 a) List THREE respiratory diseases that could be caused by

exposure to dust at work. (3)
b) Describe the bodies respiratory defence mechanisms against

atmospheric dust. (7)
c) Outline with practical examples where appropriate the control

measures that may be used to reduce levels of dust in a
workplace. (10)
2 State the effects on the body of the following types of hazardous

substance giving a relevant example of EACH
(1) Irritant (2)

(2) Corrosive (2)
(3) Toxic (2)
(4) Carcinogenic (2)
3 a) Define the term Target Organ with the context of occupational

health. (2)
b) Outline the personal hygiene practices that should be followed

to reduce the risk of ingestion of a hazardous substance (6)
4 a) State TWO respiratory diseases that may be caused by

exposure to asbestos. (2)
b) Identify where asbestos is likely to be encountered in a building

during renovation work. (6)
5 List FOUR classifications of dangerous substances and sketch

their associated warning signs. (8)
6 a) List FOUR respiratory diseases that could be caused by

exposure to dust at work (4)
b) Identify the possible indications of a dust problem in a workplace (4)
7 a) Define the term Target Organ within the context of occupational

health. (2)
b) Describe the bodies respiratory defence mechanisms against

atmospheric dusts. (6)
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Page 76
8 a) Describe the aid of a labelled sketch, a chemical indicator (Stain

detector) suitable for atmospheric monitoring. (4)
List the main limitations of chemical indicator (Stain detector)

tubes. (4)
9 a) Give TWO examples of a disease resulting from biological
hazards at work. (2)
b) Outline the control measures that could be used to reduce the

risk of infection from ONE of the biological hazards given in (a). (6)
10 Outline with examples, the appropriate control measures for

dealing with exposure to a hazardous chemical, ranging from the
most effective to the least effective. (8)
11 a) Explain the term respirable dust (2)
b) Outline methods for measuring airborne dust in the workplace (6)
12 a) Identify possible routes of entry of biological organisms into the (4)

body
b) Outline the control measures that could be used to reduce the

risk of infection from biological organisms (4)
13 Identify the information that should be included on a

manufacturers hazardous substance safety data sheet (8)
14 List TWO substances that can cause occupational dermatitis and

describe how this occurs (4)
Outline specific measures designed to prevent the occurrence of

occupational dermatitis. (4)
15 State the principles of EACH of the following methods used to

control airborne contaminants at work.
1) Dilution ventilation (1)

2) Local exhaust ventilation (1)
Draw a labelled sketch of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV)

system clearly showing the main components (6)
16 Outline the factors that may reduce the effectiveness of a local

exhaust system 8)
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Page 77
IGC2 Element 7:- Physical and psychological hazards
Frequency:- The number of wave fronts assign a point in one second

measured in Hertz
Intensity:- The loudness of the noise
Decibel:- The sound pressure level
A Weighting:- A filter in the noise meter that equates the noise to how
the human ear perceives the noise
Hearing Damage
Acute Chronic
Stress Noise induced hearing loss
Temporary threshold shift Permanent threshold shift
Temporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitus
Blast deafness Prebyacusis
Noise Control
Practical measures to reduce noise at source on plant

Tighten loose guards and panels
Maintenance with regular lubrication for both oil and grease
Eliminate unnecessary compressed air and steam leaks
Machinery properly adjusted
Use damped or rubber lined containers for catching components
Switch off plant not in use, especially fans
Use rubber or plastic bushes in linkages, use plastic gears.
Path
Moving the source away from the noise sensitive area.
Enclosure
Silencers
Absorption
Damping
use of rubber/cork, springs etc in noise path
Isolation
sound proofed rooms
Lagging
Screens
Person/Reciever
issue hearing protection
limit the time of exposure.
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Practical measures to reduce exposure to excessive noise:-

Lubrication and maintenance
Change the process
Reduce energy
Isolation
Silencing
Enclosure
Insulation
Absorption
Damping
PPE
Reduce time of exposure
Radiation
Non-Ionising
Type Use in Industry
Infrared Heating and brazing
Lasers Cutting, Bar code readers
Microwaves Food preparation, Signal transmission
Ultra-violet Welding
Health effects
Burns
Reddening of the skin
Cataracts
Arc eye
Temporary sterility
Ionising Radiation
Type Use in Industry
Alpha Smoke detectors
Beta Thickness testing
Gamma Non-Destructive testing
X-Ray Medical
Neutron By product nuclear fission
Acute effects from high dose Chronic Effects

Reddening of the skin Cancers
Radiation sickness, Nausea, Sterility
Vomiting, Diarrhoea
Hair loss Hereditary defects
Death Effects on unborn children
Death
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Page 79
CONTROL MEASURES FOR IONISING RADIATION

Time
Distance
Shielding
PPE
Environmental and personal monitoring
Correct disposal of radiation materials
Good hygiene practices
Training and supervision
CONTROL MEASURES FOR NON-IONISING RADIATION

Shielding
Distance between source and the person
Reducing duration of exposure
Protective creams
Health effects of poor lighting

Eye strain/Headaches
Poor posture
Tripping over unseen objects
Increased likelihood of human error
Increased time to vacate work area
Factors to consider when assessing adequacy of lighting

The tasks being undertaking
The size and layout of the work area
The equipment used
Availability of natural light
Shift times/work patterns
Suitable number of artificial light
Contrast levels
Glare
Areas in shadow
Need for localised lighting
Maintenance of lighting
Adequate emergency lighting
Work in a Hot Environment

Health effects
Skin burns
Cataracts
Dehydration
Heat cramps
Headaches
Fainting
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Page 80
Precautions
Medical pre-selection
Acclimatisation
Limit time of exposure
Cold drinks
PPE
Work in Cold Environment

Health effects
Hypothermia
Loss of concentration
Shivering
Frost bite
Precautions
Medical pre-selection
Acclimatisation
Limit time of exposure
Hot drinks
Insulated clothing
HEALTH EFFECTS OF BEING SEATED FOR LONG TIME

Vertebral and muscular damage
High blood pressure
Circulation problems
SUITABLE SEAT FOR SEDENTARY WORKERS

Good lumbar support
Good width and depth
Ability to adjust seat back and height
Stable base
Ability to swivel
Provision of arm rests
Welfare
Sufficient toilets and washing facilities
Eating and changing facilities
Clothing storage
Seating
Rest areas
Arrangements for non-smokers
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Working environment factors that can cause stress

Inadequate lighting
Cramped/dirty working conditions
Untidy working conditions
Poor layout leading to lack of privacy or security
Problems of glare
Extremes of temperature/humidity
Inadequate ventilation/stale air
Noise
Vibration
Inadequate welfare facilities
Bad weather conditions
Ergonomics
The study of the relationship between workers and their environment, work
equipment and work task.
Symptoms of WRULDs
Numbness in fingers
Pains in hands or arms
Restriction of joint movement
Soft tissue swelling
Activites causing of WRULDs

Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements
Twisting movements
Squeezing
Hammering
Pushing, pulling or reaching movements
Control Measures (Precautions) for WRULDs

Identify job involving frequent hand and arm movements
Reduce the force required and the frequency and duration
Design or redesign the task.
Design or redesign the equipment.
Design or redesign the work station.
Automate or mechanise the process.
Job rotation.
Regular breaks.
Training employers in correct use of tools.
Training workers in safe postures
Medical surveillance.
Assessment of individuals for task.
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Page 82
Display Screen Equipment (DSEs) Health effects

Upper limb pains and discomfort
Eye and eyesight effects
Epilepsy
Radiation effects on pregnant women
Fatigue and stress
Workstation requirements
Good lighting with Adequate contrast, no glare or distracting reflections
Distracting noise minimised
Leg room and clearances to allow postural changes
Window covering if necessary to minimise glare
Suitable software appropriate to the task
Screen:- stable image, adjustable, readable and glare free
Keyboard:- usable, adjustable, detachable and legible
Work surface:- Space for flexible arrangement of equipment/documents
Chair:- Stable and adjustable
Footrest if user needs one
Suitable environment e.g. temperature
Hand-Arm Vibration
Health Effects
Tingling in the hands and extremities
Numbness and blanching of the fingers
Swollen painful joints
Reduction in manual dexterity
Reduction in the sensation of touch
Control Measures
Elimination
Reduce the degree of vibration
Select low vibration equipment
Select ergonomically designed equipment
Maintenance of equipment
Reduce grip and push force with work equipment
Reduce the time workers exposed
Introduce health surveillance
Gloves and heated pads
Information and training on the nature of risks
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Page 83
Stress
Physical Effects Psychological effects
Headaches Increased anxiety
Dizziness Reduced concentration
Aching neck and shoulders Irritability
Skin rashes Sudden mood changes
Prone to infections Inability to cope
Panic attacks Reduced work output
Raised heart rate Increased use of alcohol, etc
Increased blood pressure Poor sleep patterns
Heart disease
Stomach ulcers
Causes of Stress
Culture
Demands
Control
Relationships
Change
Role
Individual
Environment
Control measures for stress

Selecting suitable employees
Training
Clearly defined roles
Clearly work objectives
Comfortable working environment
Good lines of communication
Realistic work schedules
Employee involvement
Grievance procedure
Impartial investigation of stress
Management support
Violence at work
Occupations at risk
Taxi drivers
Hospitals
Schools
Cash transactions
Delivery/collection of money
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Page 84
CONTROL MEASURES FOR REDUCING VIOLENCE

Video cameras, alarm buttons, visible security staff
Protective screens and coded security locks
Wider counters and higher floor on staff side
Queue Management and information
Change the job to give less face to face contact
Use cheques, credit cards, tokens instead of cash
Check identity of clients and suitability of meeting locations
Avoid lone working in high risk areas
Call in system for lone workers
Arrangements to get staff home if working late
Training employees to deal with aggression
Changing public waiting areas
Provide staff at risk with escape routes
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Page 85
1 What THREE main factors must be considered when protecting

a worker from the effect of a noise environment?. Use typical
practical examples to explain your answer. (8)
2 A pneumatic drill (chisel) is to be used during extensive repair

work to the floor of a busy warehouse.
Identify by means of a labelled sketch, THREE possible

transmission paths the noise could take (3)
Outline appropriate control measures to reduce the noise

exposures of the operator and warehouse staff (5)
3 a) Explain the meaning of the following terms in relation to noise:-
1) Frequency (2)
2) Intensity (2)
b) Outline TWO acute and TWO chronic health effects from

exposure to noise (4)
4 Explain the meaning of the following terms in relation to noise

control:-
1) Silencing (2)
2) Absorption (2)
3) Damping (2)
4) Isolation (2)
5 A pneumatic drill (chisel) is to be used to remove a concrete

wall located within a factory.
Identify by means of a labelled sketch THREE possible

transmission paths the noise from the chisel could take. (6)
Outline the means by which noise exposures of both chisel

operator AND factory employees might be minimised. (8)
Explain the limitations of personal protection used in these

circumstances. (6)
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Page 86
6 a) Identify TWO workplace sources of ionising radiation. (2)
b) Describe the effects of Ionising radiation on the body. (2)
c) Outline the measures that may be used to protect workers

from exposure to Ionising Radiation. (4)
7 a) For EACH of the following types of Non-ionising Radiation

identify a source and state the possible health effects on
exposed individuals.
(1) Infrared Radiation (2)

(2) Ultraviolet (2)
b) Identify the general methods of protecting people against

exposure to Non-ionising Radiation. (4)
8 a) Outline the possible health risks associated with working in a

seated position for prolonged periods of time (4)
b) Outline the features of a suitable chair for sedentary work (4)
9 Outline EIGHT factors in the physical environment that may

cause a person to feel stressed at work (8)
10 Identify the possible effects on health that may be caused by

working in a hot environment such as a foundry. (4)
Outline the measures that may be taken to help prevent the

health effects identified in a) (4)
11 A group of production line workers are required to check the

operation of padlocks manually as the last stage of a
manufacturing process. A number of cases of work related
upper limb disorders (WRULDs) have been reported amongst
the employees.
1) Identify the typical symptoms that the affected employees

would have shown (4)
2) Outline the specific causal factors that may have

contributed to the condition (4)
3) Outline the measures that should be considered in order

to minimise the risk of WRULDs to these employees (12)
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Page 87
12 Outline the factors to be considered when assessing risks to

the health of a user of display screen equipment
13 Outline the possible risks to health associated with the use of

display screen equipment (DSE) (4)
Identify the features required for a suitable chair for use at a

DSE workstation (4)
14 Outline the measures an employer might consider to

minimise the risk of violence to employees (8)
15 State the health and safety risks associated with welding

operations (8)
16 A glassworks produces covers for streetlights and industrial

lighting. The process involves molten glass being blown by
hand and shaped into moulds.
Identify FOUR health effects that may be caused by working

in the hot conditions of the glass factory (4)
Describe measures that could be taken in order to minimise

the health effects of working in such hot environments (6)
Outline the factors relating to the task and the load that may
affect the risk of injury to an employee engaged in stacking
the finished product on to racking (10)
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Page 88
IGC2 Element 8:- Construction Activites Hazards and Control
SITE PRECAUTIONS FOR CHILDREN

Fencing,
Hoardings,
Warning Signs
Security Patrols,
Visiting schools,
Viewing panels.
Covering or fencing excavations
Removing ladders
Immobilising plant and machinery
Locking away chemicals and tools
Reducing the height of materials
Isolating services
Clearing away rubbish and debris
The main hazards associated with roof work include:-

Fragile roof materials
Roof edges
Slippery sloping roof surfaces
Materials falling from roof
Contact with overhead electricity cables
Manual handling
PRECAUTIONS FOR PITCHED ROOFS

Carry out roof survey prior to work starting
Safe means of access to roof
Roof edge barriers
Roof ladders or crawling boards provided
Identifying and covering roof lights
Facilities to raise and lower materials safely
Protection for persons below
Provision of safety harnesses if necessary
Avoid working in severe adverse weather conditions
Competent workers and supervisors
Flat roof precautions As above plus:-

Safe use of bitumen boilers
Safe use of burning gases
Training in manual handling
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Page 89
Ladders main hazards in use

Over-reaching from ladder
Un-secured/unstable ladder
Ladder at wrong angle
Ladder not extended above step off point
Using a damaged/worn ladder
Metal ladder contact with overhead electrical cables
Falling material being carried up ladder
Vehicle collision with base of ladder
Manual handling carrying out and erecting
HAZARDS OF LADDERS CAN BE MINIMISED BY:-

The ladder is of the correct length/type
It is in good condition (e.g. not painted or damaged).
The ladder must be placed the right way up
Ladder rested on a firm level base
Use of stabilization devices or otherwise footed
Correct angle 75% or 1:4 ratio.
Tied off at top to avoid over-reaching
Extend suitable distance above step off point (1.05metres min)
The top of the ladder should be rested against a solid surface
Use wooden ladders near overhead power lines
Protect the base of the ladder from collision with vehicles
Provide equipment to raise materials
Provide holsters to carry tools
Only one person at a time on a ladder
Users of the ladder should have suitable footwear
Rungs should be clear of grease, oil or other slippery substance.
Use of ladder by only trained users
Assistance when moving/erecting ladder
Inspection and maintenance of ladders/ladder register
Precautions when using stepladders

Suitable for task
No work carried out from top step
Workers maintain three point contact
Step ladder in good condition
Properly erected and legs fully extended
Positioned on even ground
Close to work avoid overreaching
Not overloaded
Footed if necessary
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Page 90
Scaffolding
Draw and label key parts of an independent Tied Scaffold
Inspection checking the above are correct Plus

Staggered joints
Not overloaded
Suitable access
Show how scaffold is attached to the building
When should scaffolding be inspected

After erection and before use
Every seven days
After adverse weather conditions
Being struck by vehicle
After substantial alteration
Reasons for scaffolding collapse

Wrong materials
Unstable foundations
Improperly designed
Improper erection
Overloading
Modified incorrectly
Undermined by excavations
Hit by machinery
Excessive winds/Rain
Carrying out scaffolding inspection

Base Firm ground and sole plates
Line of standards and ledgers
Spacing of transoms to support boards
Boards good condition
Guardrails and toeboards
Bracing
Means of access
Ties number and position
Correct couplers
Joints staggered
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Page 91
PRECAUTIONS USING A MOBILE TOWER SCAFFOLD

Only to be used on firm, stable level ground
To be moved only by pulling or pushing at the base.
Working platforms should be clear of men and materials when being
moved.
Wheels should be turned outwards to provide maximum base
dimensions
Wheel brakes must be on and locked when the scaffold is being used.
Correct height to width ratio
Diagonal bracing
Working platform properly boarded and evenly supported
Working platform properly fitted with guardrails and toeboards
Not overloaded
Properly secured access extending above landing place
Account taken of overhead obstructions/power lines
Correct fittings and materials used and inspected every 7 days
Precautions using MEWPs

Competent staff
Guard rails and toeboards
Erected on firm level ground
Not overloaded
Clear of obstructions
Work area is cordoned off
Outriggers are extended
Procedure if machine fails
Good lighting
Precautions for suspended access cradles and platforms

Regular inspections
Safe working load
Competent staff
Safety equipment working
Platform edge protection
Adverse weather rules not used in strong winds
Guard rails and toeboards fitted
Protected electricity supplies
Safety harnesses worn
Communication
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Page 92
Excavations main hazards

Undermining existing foundations
Collapse
Underground services
Persons falling in
Vehicles close to edge
Access and egress
Hazardous atmospheres
Flooding
Contamination
Type of soil
Removal of soil/type of soil and conditions
HAZARDS OF DEMOLITION
Falling debris, masonry.
Premature collapse of building.
Falls from a height or on the same level.
Services (electricity, gas and water).
Explosion and fire.
Chemical contamination e.g. splash, dust, fumes.
Asbestos.
biological e.g. weils (stagnant water); hepatitis (syringes).
Manual handling e.g. strains fractures.
The use of explosives.
Collisions with heavy plant, plant toppling over.
Noise e.g. heavy plant, pneumatic drills, power tools.
Construction health hazards

Noise
Vibration
Dusts
Asbestos/Lead/Silica/Sawdust
Cement
Solvents and cleaners
Biological hazards
Storage of Flammable Materials

Keep quantities to a minimum
Secure storage areas
Storage area properly ventilated
Containers and cylinders returned to storage at end of day
Prohibit smoking and other ignition sources from storage area
Suitable and properly labelled containers for decanted materials
Protection of storage area from vehicle impact
Inspection of gas cylinders to ensure valves fully closed
Correct and right number of fire extinguishers
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Page 93
Precautions using Skips

Obtained from reputable supplier i.e. licensed if necessary
Hazardous wastes stored separately
Skip in good condition i.e. no holes
Skip not overloaded
Skip properly sited on level ground
Adequate room for delivery and removal
Chutes for filling
Netting or sheeting for removal
PPE for staff
Suitable precautions using electrical equipment on site:-

Ensuring suitable equipment
Using reduced voltage 110V supply.
Extra low voltage for wet locations
Use of RCDs
Double insulated tools
Battery operated tools
Suitable connections
Pre-use inspections
Regular maintenance and frequent testing
Avoid working in wet conditions if possible
Competent staff.
Precautions for underground services

Plan job
Locate cables
Avoid cables
Safe digging procedures
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Page 94
1 Mobile tower scaffolds should be used on stable, level ground.
List EIGHT additional points that should be considered to

ensure safe use of a mobile tower scaffold. (8)
2 a) What are the main hazards connected with the use of ladders
at work. (3)
Explain how such hazards can be avoided. (5)
3 Outline the precautions to be taken when using a mobile

elevated work platform (MEWP) to reach a high point such as a
streetlight. (8)
4 Outline the hazards and corresponding precautions when

working on the flat roof of a building. (8)
5 Outline FIVE factors that may contribute to the collapse of an

independent tied scaffold (5)
Outline precautions that could be taken to prevent materials

falling from a scaffold whilst work is being carried out. (3)
6 Outline the main dangers and the corresponding precautions

that should be taken with the use of ladders. (8)
7 Outline the precautions that might be taken to reduce the risk

of injury when using stepladders (8)
8 Describe options for reducing the risk of electric shock when

using a portable electric drill on a construction site. (8)
9 Outline the precautions to take to protect against electrical

contact when:-
1) Excavating near underground cables (4)
2) Working in the vicinity of overhead power lines (4)
Outline the main hazards that may be present during the

demolition of a building (6)
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Page 95
11 Outline EIGHT precautions that may be taken to ensure the

safety of children who might be tempted to gain unauthorised
access to a construction site. (8)
12 a) Outline four ways in which a person may be injured when using

a ladder at work (4)
b) List the precautions that should be taken to ensure the safe use
of ladders (4)
13 A contractor is to be selected to drain and clear a section of

canal.
Identify the information that might be required to establish the

suitability of the contractor. (4)
Describe the hazards associated with the draining and clearing

operation. (8)
Outline suitable controls to minimise the risk from the hazards (8)
14 Outline the precautions to be taken when carrying out repairs

to the flat roof of a building (8)
15 Identify ways in which accidents may be prevented when using

ladders as a means of access. (8)
16 Outline the possible risks to health and safety associated with

laying paving slabs in a busy high street (8)
17 Outline the precautions to be taken to reduce the risk of injury

when work is carried out on a pitched (sloping) roof (8)
18 Outline the main precautions to be taken when carrying out

excavation work (8)
19 Outline the main dangers associated with excavations on a

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Page 96
Practice Examination Paper P2 A

1 Battery powered fork lift trucks are used to move palletised goods
within a warehouse.
a) Describe FOUR hazards associated specifically with battery
powered for lift trucks (4)
b) Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety of
pedestrians in the areas where the fork lift trucks are operating (8)
c) Outline Eight rules to follow when a fork lift truck is left unattended (8)
2 Outline the factors that may lead to unacceptable levels of

occupational stress amongst workers (8)
3 a) Explain with a suitable sketch the meaning of the triangle of fire (4)
List FOUR sources (types) of ignition that may cause a fire to occur
b) giving a typical workplace example of EACH (4)
4 a) For each of the following types on non-ionising radiation identify an

occupational source and state the possible ill-health effects on
exposed individuals
1) Infra-red radiation (2)
2) Ultra-violet radiation (2)
b) Identify the general methods for protecting against exposure to non-
ionising radiation (4)
5 Outline the particular hazards that might be encountered by staff

working in a busy kitchen (8)
6 Outline a range of checks that should be made to ensure electrical

safety in an office environment (8)
7 a) Outline the principles of the following types of machine guard

1) A fixed guard (2)
2) An interlocking guard (2)
b) Identify TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of a fixed
machine guard (4)
8 Outline the factors to be considered in the selection and use of

personal head protection (8)
9 a) List TWO types of injury that may be caused by the incorrect manual
handling of loads (2)
b) Outline a good manual handling technique that could be adopted by
a person required to lift a load from the ground (6)

b) Outline the main hazards that may be present during the demolition
of a building (6)
11 Identify ways in which accident may be prevented when using

ladders for means of access (8)
___________________________________________________________________________
Page 97
Practice Examination Paper P2 B

1 Employees working for a specialist shoe manufacturer are engaged in
trimming soles by hand prior to using a solvent based adhesive to glue
them on to the shoes.
a) Describe FOUR possible adverse health effects that may be experienced

by these employees (4)
b) Identify the information that should be included on the manufacturers
material safety data sheet that has been supplied with the adhesive (8)
c) Outline measures to minimise health and safety risks both from the
trimming and gluing operations (8)
2 In relation to the ill health effects from the use of vibrating hand held-held
tools:-
a) Identify the typical symptoms that might be shown by affected individuals (4)
b) Outline the control measures that may be used to minimise the risks of
such effects (4)
3 A storeman is engaged in placing boxes of metal components by hand onto

shelves:
a) Outline FOUR types of injury to which the storeman may be at risk (4)
whilst carrying out this operation
b) Outline the factors in relation to the task that will affect the risk of
injury (4)
4 a) Describe the possible health effects of electricity on the body (4)

b) Outline four factors that may affect the severity of injury from contact with
electricity (4)
5 Outline the measure that should be taken to minimise the risk of fire from
electrical equipment (8)
6 Identify the possible indications of a dust problem in the workplace (4)

Describe how the body may defend itself against the harmful effects of
airborne dust (4)
7 Outline measures to be taken to prevent accidents when pedestrians are

required to work in vehicle manoeuvring areas. (8)
8 Outline the measures and employer might consider to minimise the risk of
violence against workers. (8)
9 Identify FOUR mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drills and in

EACH case outline how injury may occur (8)
10 Outline the requirements to ensure the safe evacuation of persons from a

building in the event of fire (8)
11 Outline a procedure for the safe lifting of a load by the use of a crane
having ensured that the crane has been correctly selected and positioned
for the job. (8)
__________________________________________________________________________
Page 98
Practice Examination Paper P2 C

1 A group of production line workers are required to check the operation of
padlocks manually as the last stage of a manufacturing process. A number
of cases of work related upper limb disorders (WRULDs) have been
reported amongst the employees.
a) Identify the typical symptoms that the affected employees would have
shown (4)
b) Outline the specific causal factors that may have contributed to the
condition (8)
c) Outline the measures that should be considered in order to minimise the
risk of WRULDs to these employees (8)
2 Identify FOUR methods of heat transfer and explain how EACH can cause
the spread of fire (8)
3 Provide sketches to show clearly the nature of the following mechanical

hazards from moving parts of machinery:
a) Entanglement (2)
b) Crushing (2)
c) Drawing in (2)
d) Shear (2)
Outline the factors that may affect the risk from manual handling activities
4 in relation to:
a) The load (4)
b) The individual (4)
5 Outline with practical examples where appropriate the control measures

that may be used to reduce levels of dust in a working environment (8)
6 A large item of process equipment is being cleaned manually with a

flammable solvent before being partially dismantled for repair
a) Identify FOUR possible health effects from exposure to the solvent (4)
b) Outline the safety precautions that should be taken when using such
solvents (4)
7 A computer user has complained of neck and back pain.

Outline the features associated with the workstation that might have
contributed towards the condition (8)
8 a) Describe the possible health effects of electricity on the body (4)

b) Outline the emergency action to be taken if a person suffers a severe
electric shock (4)
9 Outline FOUR types of engineering control that may be used to reduce

noise exposure in the workplace giving an example of each (8)
10 Outline the precautions to be taken when repair work is being carried out
on a sloping roof (8)
11 List EIGHT ways of reducing the risk of a fire starting in the workplace (8)
___________________________________________________________________________
Page 99
Practice Examination Paper P2 D

1 A contractor is to be selected to drain and clear a section of canal.
a) Identify the information that might be required to establish the (8)

suitability of the contractor
b) Describe the hazards associated with the draining and clearing (6)
operation
c) Outline suitable controls to minimise the risk from the hazards (6)

mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery
a) Entanglement (2)
b) Cutting (2)
c) Drawing in (2)
d) Stabbing/Puncture (2)
3 Outline EIGHT precautions that may be taken to ensure the safety of

children who might be tempted to gain unauthorised access to a
4 Outline the possible health and safety risks associated with welding
operations (8)
5 Outline the precautionary measures to be taken to avoid accidents

involving reversing vehicles within a workplace. (8)
6 Outline reasons for undertaking regular fire drills in the workplace (8)
7 Outline the precautions to be taken to ensure the safety of

employees carrying out maintenance work on process equipment (8)
8 An essential raw material for a process is delivered in powdered form

and poured by hand from bags into a mixing vessel.
Outline the control measures that might be considered in this

situation in order to reduce employee exposure to the substance (8)
9 Outline the issues to consider when undertaking a manual handling

assessment of a task that involves lifting buckets of water out of a
sink (8)
10 Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk of injury from

electricity when using a portable electrical appliance on a construction
site. (8)
11 Identify the possible effects on health that may be caused by working

in a hot environment such as a foundry. (4)
Outline the measures that may be taken to help prevent the health
effects identified in a) (4)
__________________________________________________________________________
Page 100
Practice Examination Paper P2 E

1 a) Provide sketches to show clearly the nature of the following mechanical
hazards from moving parts of machinery:
(i) entanglement (2)
(ii)crushing (2)
(iii)drawing-in. (2)
(iv)Shear (2)
b) Outline a hierarchy of measures that may be used to eliminate the risk of
injury from dangerous parts of machinery. (4)
c) Identify FOUR non-mechanical hazards to which woodworking machine
operators may be exposed & outline the possible health & safety effects in
EACH case. (8)
2 Outline the precautionary measures that may be needed to prevent slip

and trip hazards in an engineering factory (8)
3 Outline the factors that could contribute towards the development of work-
related upper limb disorders (8)
4 A company is to carry out essential repairs to a large item of process

machinery. Outline the practical precautions that should be taken prior to
commencement of the work. (8)
5 Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes. (8)
6 Outline the possible effects on health from exposure to high levels of noise (8)
7 a) Describe the differences between acute and chronic health effects (4)
b) Identify the factors that could affect the level of harm experienced by an
employee exposed to a toxic substance (4)
8 Outline the issues that should be considered by an organisation when

developing a system for the safe collection and disposal of its waste (8)
9 Outline the factors that that may reduce the effectiveness of a local
exhaust ventilation (LEV) system (8)
10 In relation to occupational dermatitis

(i) Identify TWO common causative agents (2)
(ii) Describe the typical symptoms of the condition (3)
(iii) State the sources of information that may help identify dermatitic
substances in the workplace (3)
11 Outline the possible health risks associated with working in a seated

position for prolonged periods. (4)
Outline the features of a suitable seat for sedentary work. (4)
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Page 102

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NEBOSH International General CertificateRevision Book IGC1 and IGC2

NEBOSH International General

Revision Book Contents

Element 1:- Foundations in Health and Safety 2 to 5

IGC2:- Controlling Workplace Hazards

Element 1:- Movement of people and vehicles - 45 to 50

IGC1 Element 1:- Health and Safety Foundations

Incident/Near miss:- An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event that

Acute:- resulting from a single or short-term exposure, producing an

Chronic:- resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure producing a

Hazard:- Something with the potential to cause harm

HIDDEN COSTS OF ACCIDENTS

BENEFITS OF GOOD HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICE are (also

Increased levels of compliance with rules and procedures

Law:- Civil and Criminal

Criminal:- The aim of criminal law is to punish and deter

Variation of Legislation between countries caused by:-

SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

1) Policy:- Health and safety aims of the organisation, health and

IGC1 ELEMENT 1 QUESTIONS

2 Replacement and retraining of staff is a cost that an

List EIGHT other possible costs to an Organisation when an

3 Replacement or repair of damaged plant and equipment is a

List EIGHT other possible costs to an Organisation when an

4 Outline the main components of a health and safety

5 It is generally accepted that, following a workplace accident, the

Outline FOUR of these hidden costs, giving examples in each

6 List the sources of information that may be consulted when

IGC1 Element 2:- Setting Policy for Health and Safety

Set out the Employers/Management commitment to safety

THREE ELEMENTS OF A POLICY

CONTENTS OF ARRANGEMENTS SECTION

WHEN DOES POLICY NEED TO BE REVIEWED

COMMUNICATING THE POLICY

Displaying it on notice boards

WHY ARE TARGETS IMPORTANT:- Gives evidence of Management

ISSUES TO BE LOOKED AT WHEN BENCHMARKING

Existence and quality of safety policy

INNEFFECTIVE SAFETY POLICIES

IGC1 ELEMENT 2 QUESTIONS

1) Statement of intent (2)

b) Outline the issues that may be included in the arrangements

2 Outline the issues that are typically included in the arrangements

3 A medium sized engineering organisation intends to benchmark

Outline the health and safety management issues that could be

4 a) Explain why it is important for an organisation to set targets in

b) Outline the various targets that an organisation might set for

IGC1 Element 3:- Organising for Health and Safety

Safe plant and equipment

THOSE NOT IN EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT:-

PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFETY OF VISITORS:-

Duties of Designers, Manufacturers and Suppliers

SELECTING A SUITABLE CONTRACTOR

Safety Representatives rights (ILO Convention) C155

Informing:- Suggests a one-way process of providing information to an

Consulting:- A two way process in which the employee receives

MATTERS ON WHICH EMPLOYEES SHOULD BE CONSULTED

SAFETY COMMITTEE AGENDA

FACTORS TO MAKE COMMITTEE EFFECTIVE

Clear Terms of Reference.

Obviously an ineffective Committee is the opposite of the above.

IGC1 ELEMENT 3 QUESTIONS

1 Outline the checks that could be made in assessing the health

2 a) To whom does an employer owe a duty of care to other than