Professional Documents
Culture Documents
daviT malazonia
istoria
saxelmZRvanelo abiturientebisa da moswavleTaTvis
ISBN 978-9941-16-374-6
sarCevi
3
Tavi VII. saqarTvelos gaerTianeba......................................................................89
$1. axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibeba............................................... 89
$2. saqarTvelos gaerTianebis dasawyisi ..................................................................... 91
$3. Turq-selCukebi da maTi dapyrobiTi omebi maxlobel aRmosavleTSi................ 94
testi #7........................................................................................................................... 96
4
XI Tavi. saqarTvelo da msoflio XVIII saukunesa
da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi......................................................................................174
$1. aSS-is Seqmna (brZola damoukideblobisaTvis, damoukideblobis gamocxadeba)... 174
$2. ganmanaTlebloba.......................................................................................................178
$3. revoluciis mizezebi, samefo xelisuflebis damxoba.........................................180
$4. respublikis damyareba; iakobinelTa diqtatura;
9 Termidoris gadatrialeba.........................................................................................183
$5. 18 briumeris gadatrialeba; pirveli imperia; venis kongresi, saRvTo kavSiri.... 186
$6. vaxtang VI .................................................................................................................193
$7. qarTuli samefoebi XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi..................................................195
testi #11.........................................................................................................................199
6
2013 wlis erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis
programa istoriaSi
7
7) arabebi da maTi dapyrobebi, islamis warmoSoba da arabTa saxalifos Camoyali-
arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi beba, arabTa dapyrobebi;
habib-ibn maslama da `dacvis sigeli~;
murvan yrus laSqroba da Tbilisis saamiros Camoya-
libeba.
8) saqarTvelos gaerTianeba axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibeba;
bagrat mesame da saqarTvelos gaerTianeba.
9) Turq-selCukebi da maTi da- selCukTa pirveli laSqrobebi maxlobel aRmosav-
pyrobiTi omebi maxlobel aRmosa- leTsa da saqarTveloSi, `didi Turqoba~.
vleTSi
10) daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqa daviT aRmaSeneblis saSinao politika;
jvarosnuli laSqrobebis gamomwvevi mizezebi;
pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba;
didgoris brZola.
11) Tamaris epoqa Tamaris saSinao da sagareo politika (yuTlu-ars-
lanis dasis gamosvla, Samqorisa da basianis brZolebi);
meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqroba da trapizonis impe-
riis daarseba;
saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba erTiani qarTuli monarqiis
periodSi;
evropuli wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi
(inglisi).
12) monRolTa imperia da saqar- monRolTa laSqrobebi;
Tvelo monRolTa mier saqarTvelos dapyroba;
giorgi brwyinvale da saqarTvelos erTianobis aRd-
gena (saqarTvelos urTierToba egviptesa da romis pap-
Tan).
13) cvlilebebi saqarTvelosa da osmalTa mier bizantiis damxoba da am movlenis mniS-
msoflioSi XV-XVII ss. vneloba;
erTiani saqarTvelos daSla;
didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi (kolumbi da amerikis
aRmoCena, magelanis mogzauroba dedamiwis garSemo);
sefianuri iranisa da osmaleTis agresia qarTuli
saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg (luarsab I da simon I);
Sah-abasis laSqrobebi kaxeTsa da qarTlSi;
aRorZineba da humanizmi evropaSi;
reformacia dasavleT evropaSi.
14) saqarTvelo da msoflio aSS-is Camoyalibeba (brZola damoukideblobisaTvis,
XVIII ss. damoukideblobis gamocxadeba);
safrangeTis revolucia (ganmanaTlebloba, revo-
luciis mizezebi, respublikis damyareba; iakobinelTa
diqtatura; 9 Termidoris gadatrialeba);
qarTuli saxelmwifoebi XVIII saukuneSi (vaxtang
VI-is kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba, vax-
tang VI-is urTierToba ruseTTan, solomon I, erekle
II, georgievskis traqtati).
8
15) napoleonis epoqa da venis kon- 18 briumeris gadatrialeba;
gresi pirveli imperia (austerlicis brZola, kontinentu-
ri blokada, laSqroba ruseTSi, laipcigisa da vater-
loos brZolebi);
venis kongresi.
16) imperializmi da kolonializ- ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoe-
mi bis gauqmeba;
ajanyebebi carizmis winaaRmdeg;
saqarTvelo mefisnacvlobis periodSi;
aleqsandre II-is reformebi.
17),,aRmosavleTis sakiTxi ruseT-TurqeTis omebi da saqar-Tvelo XIX s-Si;
XIX s-Si ruseT-iranis omebi da saqar-Tvelo XIX s-Si.
18) revoluciebis, samoqalaqo revoluciebi evropaSi (me-19 saukunis Sua xanebSi);
omebisa da erovnul-ganmaTavisu- ilia da Tergdaleulebis moRvaweoba;
flebeli moZraobebis periodi germaniis gaerTianeba frako-prusiis omi, mesame
respublika safrangeTSi;
italiis gaerTianeba;
samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si.
19) pirveli msoflio omi da pari- politikuri partiebi XX saukunis dasawyisSi
zis samSvidobo konferencia samxedro blokebis Seqmna da omis gamomwvevi mizezebi;
omis mimdinareoba da omis Sedegebi;
parizis konferencia da misi mniSvneloba. erTa liga;
revoluciebi ruseTSi da saqarTvelos damoukide-
blobis gamocxadeba.
20) saqarTvelo da msoflio mso- saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis
flio omebs Soris periodSi brZola teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis da diploma-
tiuri aRiarebisTvis, saSinao politika);
sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos pirveli respu-
blikis okupacia(1921 w).
sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna da saqarTvelo mis Semadgen-
lobaSi;
faSizmi italiasa da germaniaSi;
samoqalaqo omi espaneTSi;
,,didi depresia~;
,,daSoSminebis politika~.
21) meore msoflio omi germaniis Tavdasxma poloneTze;
molotov-ribentropis paqti da ssrk-is mier bal-
tiis respublikebisa da dasavleT ukrainis okupacia;
ssrk- fineTis omi;
`ucnauri omi~;
germaniis Tavdasxma ssrk-ze, stalingradisa da kur-
skis brZolebi;
qarTvelebi meore msoflio omSi;
iaponiis Tavdasxma perl-harborze;
operacia `overlordi~;
Teiranis, ialtisa da potsdamis konferenciebi;
germaniisa da iaponiis kapitulacia.
9
22) saqarTvelo da msoflio ,,civi `civi omi~ da misi mizezebi;
omis epoqaSi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi _ koreaSi, ,,karibis
krizisi, vietnamSi, avRaneTSi, egvpitesa da israels
Soris;
NATO-sa da `varSavis xelSekrulebis~ blokis Se-
qmna;
1956 wlis 9 martisa da 1989 wlis 9 aprilis movle-
nebi saqarTveloSi;
dekolonizacia _ ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba in-
doeTSi;
brZola ,,aparteidis~ winaaRmdeg samxreT afrikaSi;
helsinkis SeTanxmeba.
10
I Tavi. preistoriuli xana
ganmarteba
homohabilisi _ marjve adamiani.
homoereqtusi _ gamarTulad mosiarule adamiani (homohabilisis Semdgomi popula-
cia).
evolucia _ ganviTareba mkveTri cvlilebebis gareSe, TandaTanobiT.
revolucia _ mkveTri cvlileba, gardatexa.
11
dmanisSi aRmoCenili mdedris simaRlea 150 sm. Tavis qala nakleb ganviTarebulia
da tvinis moculobac Tanamedrove adamianisas orjer Camouvardeba... dmaniseli Sem-
groveblobasa da patara cxovelebze nadirobas eweoda.
dmanisSi didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda cxovelTa naSTebic. esenia: cxeni, antilopa,
spilo, mgeli, martorqa, afTari, Jirafi, iremi, siraqlema, cxvari da sxva. am cxo-
velTagan zogierTi siTbos moyvarulia da dResdReobiT kavkasiaSi aRar binadrobs.
es ki imas niSnavs, rom Zvelad dmanisis midamoebSi ufro Tbili klimati iyo. swored
aman SeaZlebina `mzias~, `zezvas~ da maT STamomavlebs ecxovraT dRevandeli saqar-
Tvelos samxreT teritoriebze.
`dmanisel adamianSi~ da, zogadad, homoereqtusTa populaciaSi arsebobda socia-
luri urTierTobis martivi saxe _ pirvelyofili jogi. TiToeul jogSi 20-30 ada-
miani iyo gaerTianebuli. maT umTavres saqmianobas nadiroba da Semgrovebloba war-
moadgenda. jogis SigniT ar arsebobda qonebrivi diferenciacia. jogis wevrebi erTad
cxovrobdnen da erTmaneTSi inawilebdnen sakvebs.
daaxloebiT naxevari milioni wlis win centraluri afrikidan gavrceleba
daiwyo `hominidTa~ axalma populaciam `neandertalelma adamianma~. `homoereqtu-
sis~ da `neandertaleli adamianis~ ganviTarebis procesi istoriis garkveul eta-
pze, savaraudod, mkveTri acivebis gamo Sewyda. adamianis uSualo winapari maTze
bevrad gvian Cndeba, daaxloebiT 200-150 aTasi wlis win. mas `homosapienss~ anu `go-
nier adamians~ uwodeben. gonieri adamianic afrikis mkvidria da isic mogvianebiT
gadasaxlda evraziis, amerikisa da avstraliis kontinentebze. `homosapiensi~ fizi-
kuri aRnagobiTa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebiT didad ar CamorCeboda Tanamedrove
adamians.
`homosapiensi~ adamianTa sxvadasxva rasis saxiT ganviTarda. yvelaze adre, daa-
xloebiT 200-150 aTasi wlis win, mas afrikaSi mcxovrebi buSmenebi da hotentotebi
gamoeyvnen; Semdeg negroidebi _ 100 aTasi wlis win, avstraloidebi (avstro-abori-
genebi) _ 50 aTasi wlis win, bolos ki evropeidebi _ 30 aTasi wlis win. mogvianebiT,
20-25 aTasi wlis win, evropeiduls gamoeyo monRoloiduri rasa. isini Crdilo-aR-
mosavleT aziidan amerikaSic gadasaxldnen (indielebi). rasebis asaki ar gansazRvravs
maT ganviTarebas. Tavidan yvela rasa kulturuli ganviTarebis erTnair doneze idga.
TiTqmis erTdroulad iwyeben isini cxovelebis moSinaurebas, qvis iaraRebis damza-
debas, misdeven Semgroveblobasa da monadireobas, msgavsia maTi religiuri warmod-
genebi da Cveulebebi.
paleoliTi. kacobriobis istoriis uZveles periods qvis xana ewodeba. is sam na-
wilad iyofa: paleoliTad (Zveli qvis xana. adamianis warmoSobidan _ daaxloebiT 12
aTasi wlis win), mezoliTad (Sua qvis xana. 12-8 aTasi wlis win) da neoliTad (axali
qvis xana. 8-4 aTasi wlis wina).
TviT paleoliTSi gamoyofen ganviTarebis or: qveda (adre) da zeda (gvian) perio-
debs. qveda paleoliTs ganekuTvneba dmanisis midamoebSi, tba faravnis maxloblad
Wiqianis mTaze, soxumis maxloblad mTa iaSTxvaze, zugdidis maxloblad sof. ruxSi,
kacxSi (WiaTuris municipaliteti), laSebalTaSi (znauris municipaliteti), javaxe-
Tis zeganze, Sida qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, mdinareebis jejorasa da yvirilas saTaveebTan
mdebare kodarosa da wonas mRvimeebSi da a.S. aRmoCenili sadgomebi.
zeda paleoliTis Zeglebi mikvleulia: devis xvrelis saxeliT cnobil mRvimeSi
(xaragoulis municipaliteti, mdinare Cxerimelas xeoba), sakaJias mRvimevi (Terjo-
lis municipaliteti), sagvarjiles mRvimeSi da sxv.
Zveli qvis xanaSi erTmaneTs enacvleboda daTbobisa da gamyinvarebis periode-
bi. Tu Tbili klimatis pirobebSi pirvelyofil adamians mTian adgilebSic SeeZlo
12
ecxovra, magaliTad, kudarosa da wonas mRvimeebSi da javaxeTis zeganze, acivebisas
iZulebuli iyo ufro dablob adgilebSi gadmoenacvla (mRvimevi sakaJia, sagvarjile,
devis xvreli...).
qveda paleoliTSi TandaTan ixveweboda qvis damuSavebis teqnika. Zveli qvis xanis
bolos adamians ukve SeeZlo qvis, Zvlisa da gaqvavebuli vulkanuri lavisagan nair-
gvari culebis, danebisa da safxekebis damzadeba.
qveda paleoliTSi Caisaxa Sromis danawileba mamakacsa da qals Soris. qalis saq-
mianobis sferod iqca sacxovreblis dacva, mudmivi cecxlis movla, zrunva bavSvebsa
da moxucebze, mcenareuli sakvebis Segroveba da sxva sameurneo movaleobani. mamakac-
Ta Sromas upiratesad nadiroba warmoadgenda.
daaxloebiT 40-35 aTasi wlis win daiwyo zeda paleoliTi. am dros ixvewe-
ba qvis damuSavebis teqnika. mkveTri acivebis gamo adamianis ZiriTad sadgo-
mad gamoqvabuli iqca. progresi ganicada adamianTa sazogadoebamac. Tu pir-
velyofilTa jogi SemTxveviTi da aramyari gaerTianeba iyo, sisxliT na-
Tesaobaze damyarebuli gvarovnuli Temi adamianTa ufro mtkice kavSirs
ganasaxierebda. Tavdapirvelad gvarSi wamyvani mdgomareoba qals ekava da naTesaobac
mxolod misi xaziT vrceldeboda. aseT urTierTobebze dafuZnebul gvars dedamTa-
vruli anu matriarqaluri ewodeba.
zeda paleoliTSi moxda adamianis mier religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis formire-
ba. imdroindeli adamiani bunebasac adamianur Tvisebebs miawerda. sulier arsebebad
aRiqvamda mcenareebsa da qvebs, Tayvaniscemis obieqtad xdida cxovelebsa da frinve-
lebs. zogierT maTgans sakuTari gvaris winapradac ki Tvlida.
uZveles religiur warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba xelovnebis warmoSobac. adamiane-
bi boroti Zalebis zemoqmedebisagan dasacavad an zebunebrivi mfarvelebis keTil-
ganwyobis mosapoveblad akeTebdnen sxvadasxva saxis samkaulebs. erTgvari magiuri
daniSnuleba hqonda kedlis mxatvrobasac. daxatul nadirs SubebiT Cxvletdnen, mis
win ritualur cekvas asrulebdnen da amiT monadireTa mfarvel Zalebs dasaxmare-
blad uxmobdnen.
13
cvleulis veluri jiSebis kultivireba, moiSinaures gareuli cxovelebi da safu-
Zveli Cauyares miwaTmoqmedebas, mecxoveleobasa da xelosnobas.
davaleba
1. ganmarteT kreaciuli da evoluciuri Teoriebis arsi da maT Soris arsebuli
gansxvaveba.
2. ra faqtorebi ganapirobebda afrikidan pirvelyofilebis migracias?
3. CamoTvaleT `homosapiensis~ ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli rasebi.
4. axseniT, ratom Camoyalibda dedamTavruli gvari.
ganmarteba
eneoliTi _ spilenZ-qvis xana.
mosiniki _ qarTveluri tomi.
14
brinjaos xana. metalurgiis ganviTarebis momdevno etapze adamiani brinjaos miRe-
bis wesebs eufleba. brinjao bunebaSi TviTnabadi saxiT ar arsebobs. is spilenZis, da-
riSxanisa da kalis SereviT miiReba. brinjao spilenZTan SedarebiT mtkice liTonia,
amitom misgan damzadebuli Sromis iaraRebi farTod inergeba sameurneo saqmianobaSi.
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda saxnav-saTesi farTobebi, SesaZlebeli gaxda miwis ukeT da-
muSaveba. namati produqciis dagrovebam xeli Seuwyo vaWrobis ganviTarebas Temebs
Soris.
brinjaos xana Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi iwyeba da sam (adre, Sua da
gvian) periodad iyofa.
amierkavkasiaSi adre brinjaos xanis kulturis centri xdeba mdinareebis
mtkvrisa da araqsis xeobebsSorisi teritoria (Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis dasasruli
_ Zv.w. III aTaswleulis I naxevari). amitom am xanas mtkvar-araqsis kulturis
saxeliTac vicnobT. arqeologiurma gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom mtkvar-araqsis
kultura mniSvnelovnad scildeboda am mdinareebis Semogarens da mcire aziis Cr-
dilo-aRmosavleT teritoriebzec vrceldeboda. mtkvar-araqsis kultura miwaT-
moqmedebisa da mecxoveleobis dawinaurebiT aRiniSna. xelosnur nawarmSi iaraRe-
bTan erTad gvxvdeba mravalgvari keramikuli nakeToba da natifad damuSavebuli
samkaulebi.
icvleba sacxovrebeli nagebobebis arqiteqturac. dasaxlebas qmnidnen SemaRle-
bul adgilebze, borcvebze, romelsac dacvis mizniT, galavans Semoavlebdnen. Tu ne-
oliTsa da eneoliTSi wriulgumbaTian nagebobebs aSenebdnen (Sulaverisa da imiris
gora), adre brinjaos xanis sacxovrisebs sworkuTxa formebi hqonda. gamouwvavi Ti-
xis nacvlad samSeneblod agurs, gaTlil qvasa da xes xmarobdnen.
mwarmoeblur Sromaze gadasvlam, sxvadasxva samuSao iaraRis gaCenam da calkeul
gvarTa Soris sabrZolo Setakebebis gaxSirebam gazarda mamakacis socialuri roli.
matriarqaluri gvari TandaTan icvleba mamamTavruli (patriarqaluri) gvariT.
Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi iwyeba Sua brinjaos xana (grZeldeboda Zv.w. II aTaswleulis
I naxevramde). saqarTveloSi am periodis kulturaze warmodgenas gviqmnis yorRanul
samarxebSi aRmoCenili masala. aseTi yorRanebi ZiriTadad TrialeTis zeganzea aRmo-
Cenili, amitomac Sua brinjaos xanis kulturas sxvagvarad TrialeTur an yorRanul
kulturasac vuwodebT.
yorRanSi dakrZalul tomis belads `imqveyniuri cxovrebisaTvis~ gamosadeg
yvela nivTs atandnen. samarxebSi aRmoCenili brinjaos iaraRi mravalferovani da
daxvewilia. igive iTqmis keramikul nawarmzec. xelosnebi Tixis WurWels ukve ara
xeliT, aramed specialur sameTuneo dazgaze amzadeben, Semdeg ki ornamentebiT amko-
ben.
Sua brinjaos xanaSi ganviTarebis maRal safexurs aRwevs oqromWedloba. wnoris
samarxSi aRmoCenilia maRalmxatvrul doneze Sesrulebuli lomis oqros qandakeba.
TrialeTSi napovni Tasi furclovani oqrosganaa damzadebuli da Zvirfasi Tvle-
biTaa Semkuli. Sua brinjaos xanis vercxlis nakeTobaTagan gamoirCeva TrialeTis
vercxlis Tasi. masze gamosaxulia sakulto-ritualuri Sinaarsis scena. Tasze re-
liefuri figurebi da ornamentebi didi xelovnebiTaa gamoyvanili.
brinjaos metalurgiis ganviTarebis kvaldakval xelosnoba gamoeyo miwaTmoqme-
debasa da mecxoveleobas da meurneobis calke dargad Camoyalibda. meurneobis dawi-
naureba calkeul ojaxebs gvarisagan damoukidebeli cxovrebis saSualebas aZlevda.
TandaTan irRveva gvarovnuli urTierTobebi da mis adgils mezoblobaze damyarebu-
li Temi _ e.w. `samezoblo Temi~ ikavebs.
gvarovnuli (Temuri) mmarTvelobis Tavdapirveli forma demokratiuli Sinaar-
sis iyo. gvaris wevrebs Tanabari uflebebi hqondaT. isini saerTo krebaze irCevdnen
15
gvaris (Temis) mmarTvels, belads. mcirericxovani Temebis tomebad da tomTa did
kavSirebad gaerTianebis Semdeg Camoyalibda warCinebulTa fena, romelic rigiTi
meTemeebisgan Semdgar saxalxo (saerTo) krebas sul ufro iSviaTad unawilebda
Zalauflebas da xelisuflebas memkvidreobiT iRebda da gadascemda. TiTqmis me-
furi (SeuzRudavi da memkvidreobiTi) ZalauflebiT aRiWurvnen tomTa mmarTvel-
-beladebic.
saqarTveloSi gvian brinjaos xana Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan iwyeba (gr-
Zeldeboda Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisamde). am dros kidev ufro winaurdeba brin-
jaos metalurgia, miwaTmoqmedeba da mecxoveleoba. safuZveli eyreba vaWrobas. Tav
dapirvelad fulis funqcias brinjaos rgolebi asrulebda, mogvianebiT ki ucxou-
ri monetebis Semodis brunvaSi. viTardeba xelosnobis sxvadasxva dargi: meTuneoba,
qviTxurooba, xiTxurooba...
saqarTveloSi arsebobda gvian brinjaos xanis ori mZlavri kulturuli kera: da-
savlurqarTuli (kolxuri) da aRmosavlurqarTuli. saomari iaraRidan gvian brin-
jaos xanaSi kolxeTSi gavrcelebuli iyo culebi (`kolxuri culebi~) da satevrebi,
xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ grZeli maxvilebi da Subebi.
Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi brinjaos TandaTan cvlis rkina. rkina gacilebiT
myari liTonia da misi danergva sameurneo da samxedro warmoebaSi civilizaciis ki-
dev erT wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda.
saqarTvelo rkinis metalurgiis erT-erTi uZvelesi keraa. Zveli berZnebi qarTve-
lur toms _ xalibebs `rkinis gamomgoneblebs~ uwodebdnen. isini aseve miuTiTebdnen
`mosinikuri foladis~ saukeTeso Tvisebebze. gvianbrinjaos xanis dawinaurebulma
sameurneo yofam da kulturam misca biZgi pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi gaer-
Tianebebis Camoyalibebas.
davaleba
1. risgan amzadebdnen brinjaos? ra upiratesoba hqonda mas spilnZTan SedarebiT?
2. meurneobis romeli dargebi ganviTarda brinjaos xanaSi? ra ganapirobebda maT
dawinaurebas?
3. imsjeleT patriarqaluri urTierTobebis gabatonebis mizezebze.
16
testi #1.
I. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
17
9. romel periodSi Caeyara safuZveli mwarmoeblur meurneobas?
a) mezoliTi; b) zeda paleoliTi; g) neoliTi; d) brinjaos xana.
viciT, rom istoria faqtebisagan Sedgeba. magram ra aris istoriuli faqti? am ki-
Txvaze pasuxis gacema sakmaod rTulia, radgan mecnierebi istoriul faqts sxvadasxva-
gvarad ganmartaven. gTavazobT ingliseli istorikosis, edvard helet karis mosazrebas:
`... sayovelTaod miRebuli azriT, arsebobs garkveuli ZiriTadi faqtebi, romle-
bic saerToa yvela istorikosisaTvis da warmoadgens istoriis safuZvels... aseTia,
magaliTad, faqti, rom hastingsis brZola 1066 wels moxda. magram, gamomdinare aqe-
dan minda gavakeTo ori SeniSvna; rasakvirvelia, unda vicodeT, rom es didi brZola
1066 wels moxda da ara 1065 an 1067 wels, rom brZolis adgili hastingsi iyo da ara
istborni an braironi. istorikosma, cxadia, zustad unda miuTiTos movlenis droc
da adgilic; oRond, roca aseTi sakiTxebi wamoiWreba, yovelTvis maxsendeba hausmanis
sityvebi: `sizuste movaleobaa da ara siqvele~. istorikosis Seqeba sizustisaTvis
igivea, rac arqiteqtoris Seqeba mSeneblobisas kargad gamomSrali xis masalis an
maRalxarisxovani betonis gamoyenebisaTvis... istorikoss ar moeTxoveba gansakuTre-
buli unari, romelic saSualebas aZlevs eqsperts, zustad daadginos keramikuli an
marmarilos nakeTobis warmomavloba Tu periodi, amoikiTxos droTa ganmavlobaSi
gauferulebuli, manamde ucnobi xelnaweri an astronomiuli gamoTvlebis gziT gan-
sazRvros ama Tu im movlenis zusti TariRi. es, e.w. sabaziso monacemebi, rac saerToa
yvela istorikosisaTvis, ganekuTvneba `nedleulis kategorias~ _ nedleuls ufro
istorikosisaTvis, vidre istoriisaTvis... ama Tu im istoriuli faqtis dadgena gan-
pirobebulia ara TviT faqtis mniSvnelobiT, aramed istorikosis aprioruli gada-
wyvetilebiT... amboben, rom faqtebs versad gaeqcevi. es, rasakvirvelia, sicruea. fa-
qtebs ver gaeqcevi, roca es awyobs istorikoss, adamians, romelic Tavad wyvets, Tu
rogor, ranairad da ra konteqstSi mogvawodos isini. mgoni, pirandelos erT-erTma
gmirma Tqva, rom faqti tomarasaviTaa: ver dgeba myarad, sanam ar gaavseb. erTaderTi
mizezi, ris gamoc gvainteresebs, rom hastingsis brZola 1066 wels iyo, aris is, rom
18
istorikosebi mas did movlenad miiCneven. swored istorikosebma gadawyvites, rom
keisris mier rubikonis, am pawawina, wyalmarCxi mdinaris gadakveTa, ginda Tu ar gin-
da... istoriuli movlenaa, Torem manamdec da mis Semdegac uamravma xalxma gadaWra
es oxeri mdinare, magram aravin gagiJebula, ratom ar vici es ambavio. is, rom Tqven
aq moxvediT naxevari saaTis win fexiT, velosipediT Tu manqaniT, iseTive faqtia
warsulis Sesaxeb, rogorc keisris mier rubikonis gadakveTa. arsebobs mxolod erTi
patara gansxvaveba: Tqveni mosvlis faqts istorikosebi arafrad Caagdeben...~ .
upasuxe SekiTxvebs:
1. ra aris istoriuli faqti?
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19
II Tavi. Zveli aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo
asureTis saxelmwifo. asureTis saxelmwifo jer kidev Zv. w. III aTaswleulis bo-
los Camo yalibda. CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi igi daaarses iranis zeganidan mosul-
ma hurituli modgmis tomebma. misi dedaqalaqi aSuri mniSvnelovan gzajvaredinze
mdebareobda. igi msxvili sakulto-religiuri da savaWro centri iyo. ganviTarebis
adreul etapze asureTi ar gamoirCeoda sididiTa da ZlierebiT. didi xnis ganmavlo-
baSi igi Sedioda miTanis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi. Zv. w. XIV saukuneSi asureT-
ma damoukidebloba moipova, xolo Zv. w. XII saukunis bolos, mefe tiglaTfalasar
I-is mmarTvelobis dros, asureTi axlo aRmosavleTis uZlieres imperiad gadaiqca.
Zv. w. XI saukunis SuaxanebSi mesopotamiaSi SeiWrnen momTabare tomebi _ arameelebi.
maTTan brZolam asureTi droebiT daasusta.
Zv. w. VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi iwyeba asureTis Zlierebis epoqa. am dros igi
mTlianad gabatonda axlo aRmosavleTis centralur da samxreTis miwebze. es aRzeveba
mniSvnelovanwilad iyo dakavSirebuli mefe tiglaTfalasar III-is administraciul
da samxedro reformebTan. man ganaxorciela samxedro saqmis Zireuli reorganizeba.
Camoayaliba regularuli armia, romelic srul saxelmwifo kmayofaze imyofeboda.
Seicvala politika imperiis dapyrobili mosaxleobis mimarT. adre Tu arbevdnen,
Zarcvavdnen, monebad aqcevdnen an xarks akisrebdnen, axla xSirad iyenebdnen mTlianad
xalxebis ayrisa da ucxo mxareSi gadasaxlebis meTods.
tiglaTfalasar III-is da misi memkvidreebis, gansakuTrebiT sargon II-is
(Zv. w.VIII saukunis II naxevari) da asarxadonis (Zv. w. VII saukunis I naxevari) me-
fobisas asureTi Zveli samyaros istoriaSi pirvel udides samxedro imperiad iqca.
axlo aRmosavleTis regionis xalxTa umetesoba cota xniT iZulebiT iyo gaerTiane-
buli am imperiaSi. asurelebma am dros egvviptec ki daimorCiles. Zv. w. VII saukuneSi
maTi Zalaufleba vrceldeboda mesopotamiaze, aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvis sanapi-
ro qveynebze, egvipteze, mcire aziis mniSvnelovan da Tanamedrove iranis did nawilze.
samxedro laSqrobebis mimarTulebis arCeva, upirveles yovlisa, ekonomikuri Tval-
sazrisiT xdeboda. asureTi cdilobda gaekontrolebina yvela olqi, romelic mdida-
ri iyo oqro-vercxliT, rkinis madniT da aseve teritoriebi, sadac mesaqonleoba da
miwaTmoqmedeba iyo ganviTarebuli.
urartu. urartu anu vanis samefo mdebareobda dRevandel somxeTis zeganze. da-
blobebsa da xeobebSi mravlad iyo saxnav-saTesi miwebi, xolo mTebSi, romelTaganac
yvelaze maRalia ararati _ xe-tye, liToni da samSeneblo qva. reliefis msgavsad, aq
klimatic mravalferovani iyo: zeganze mkacri, kontinenturi hava, xolo dablobebSi
_ ufro Tbili.
urartu ebrZoda Zlier asureTs, romelic xSirad awyobda laSqrobebs. asureTi
angrevda da Zarcvavda urartus qalaqebs. Tavdasxmebisgan Tavdasacavad vanis tbis
napirze daarsebul dedaqalaq tuSpas didi lodebisagan agebuli galavani hqonda
garSemortymuli. qveynis gaerTianeba daasrula menuam (Zv.w. IX-VIII ss. mijna). man
gaafarTova samflobeloebi aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT. SeiWra kavkasiaSi. aSenebda
axal simagreebs da sarwyav sistemebs xelovnuri rwyvisaTvis.
urartu gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda Zv.w. VIII saukuneSi menuas memkvidreebis argiST
I-isa da sardur II-is dros. gaiyvanes arxebi, aages didi marnebi da xorblis sacavebi,
aSenda axali cixesimagreebi. CrdiloeTiT urartum didad Seaviwrova da gaanadgura
20
uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba diaoxi. Semdeg SeebrZola ufro
CrdiloeTiT mdebare kolxas. Tavad urartu, asureTTan brZolaSi dasustebuli, Zv.w.
590 wels midielebma gaanadgures.
urartus saxelmwifo aRar arsebobs. misi teritoriis didi wili dRes somxeTis,
nawili _ TurqeTis, iranisa da azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSia. urartuli civiliza-
cia XIX saukuneSi aRmoaCines britaneTisa da berlinis muzeumebis arqeologiurma
eqspediciebma da rusma arqeologebma.
davaleba
1. CamoTvaleT asureTis istoriis mniSvnelovani periodebi da mefeebi.
2. daaxasiaTeT asureTis damokidebuleba dapyrobili xalxebis mimarT.
3. Tanamimdevrulad CamoTvaleT urartus mefeebi da imsjeleT maT wvlilze samefos
gaZlierebis TvalsazrisiT.
ganmarteba
`nairis qveynebi~ _ tomTa kavSiri, romelSic wamyvani pozicia diaoxs ekava.
mina _ urartuli wonis erTeuli, udris daaxloebiT 506 grams.
21
saTvis. nairis vrcel qveynebs mTlianad daveufle da maTi yvela mefe Cems fexT
winaSe davamxe~.
diaoxis dasapyrobad ibrZoda urartuc. misma mefeebma menuam (Zv.w. IX-VIII sauku-
neebis mijna) da argiST I-ma (Zv.w. VIII saukunis I nax.) araerTxel ilaSqres aq, aao-
xres cixesimagreebi, samefo qalaqebi, qveyanas daakisres mZime xarki:
`RvTaeba xaldi gaemarTa salaSqrod Tavisi iaraRiT diaoxis Zlevamosili qveynis
winaaRmdeg... davipyari diaoxis qveyana, qalaqi sasilo... utufursi, mefe diaoxisa,
movida Cems winaSe, momexvia fexebze, Zirs daemxo; me mas mowyaled moveqeci, Seviwyale
igi xarkis gadaxdis pirobiT. momca man oqro da vercxli, momca xarki~ (fragmenti
urartus mefe menuas warweridan).
`... gavemarTe me salaSqrod didis qveynis winaaRmdeg... qalaqi zua, diaoxis qveynis
samefo qalaqi, me gadavwvi; warwera davdgi qalaq zuaSi... 105 cixe-simagre davangrie,
453 qalaqi ki davwvi... diaoxis mefe davimorCile, Seviwyale igi xarkis gadaxdis pi-
robiT... 41 mina sufTa oqro, 37 mina vercxli, aTi aTasi mina spilenZi, 100 sajdomi
cxeni, 300 suli msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi. ai, rogori xarki davade me diaoxis
qveyanas~ (fragmenti urartus mefe argiST I-is warweridan).
22
Tvel mosaxleobas Seerwya. es procesi qarTul enaSic aisaxa. sityvebs: `Tavdayira~,
`yiramala~ urartuli Ziri aqvs. `yira~ am enaze miwas niSnavda. igive iTqmis Zvel
xalxur misamRerebze _ ivri arale, Tari arale da ari arale. `arale~ Zveli aRmo-
savluri mosavlis RvTaebaa, xolo `ivri~ (meufe), `Tari~ (Zlieri) da `ari~ (momec)
_ urartuli warmoSobis sityvebia.
kimerielTa gamanadgurebeli laSqrobis Semdeg dasavleT saqarTveloSi maleve
aRdga saxelmwifoebrioba. axali kolxuri saxelmwifo, romelsac qarTveli istori-
kosebi egrisis saxeliTac moixsenieben, kulturulad winamorbedze dawinaurebuli
da vrceli iyo.
Zlieri politikuri (istorikosTa nawilis azriT, saxelmwifoebrivi) gaerTiane-
bebi Seqmnes qarTvelurma tomebma muSqebma da sasperebma. muSqebi Zv.w. IX-VII sauku-
neebSi mcire aziis aRmosavleT nawilSi cxovrobdnen. maT aq frigielebTan erTad
Zlieri saxelmwifo daaarses. mogvianebiT, asureTisa da urartus dacemis Semdeg,
muSqebis nawilma aRmosavleTiT gadmoinacvla da saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT na-
wilSi dasaxlda.
berZeni istorikosi herodote sasperebs sparselebis, midielebisa da kolxebis
gverdiT ixseniebs, rac am qarTveluri tomis siZliereze metyvelebs. istorikosebi
Tvlian, rom termini `iberi~ `sasperidan~ warmodga.
davaleba
1. asuruli da urartuli warwerebis mixedviT daaxasiaTeT diaoxisa da kolxas po-
litikuri mdgomareoba, mmarTveloba, meurneoba.
2. argonavtebze miTis safuZvelze imsjeleT kolxas ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
3. ram gamoiwvia kolxas samefos ganadgureba?
23
kiros II-m daipyro lidia, finikia, palestina da babilonis samefo. kirosma neba
darTo babilonelTa mier gadasaxlebul ebraelebs dabrunebuliyvnen iudeaSi. sabo-
lood sparselTa dapyrobebis Sedegad warmoiSva uzarmazari saxelmwifo, romelsac
saukuneebis manZilze aqemenidebis dinastia marTavda. igi aerTianebda mesopotamias,
aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvispireTs, mcire azias, egviptes, Sua aziis did nawilsa da
indoeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTs.
qveynis samarTavad saWiro iyo moqnili saxelmwifo aparati. aseTi struqtura
Seiqmna Zv. w. VI saukunis bolos mefe darios I-is administraciul-finansuri refor-
mebis Sedegad.
mTeli qveyana dayofili iyo daaxloebiT 20 administraciul erTeulad. maT sa-
trapiebi ewoda. yovel olqs saTaveSi edga mmarTveli anu satrapi. igi ganagebda
samoqalaqo saqmeebs. samxedro TvalsazrisiT ki, imperia ufro did erTeulebad
toparqiebad iyofoda. jars marTavda mxedarTmTavari, romelic uSualod mefes
eqvemdebareboda. arsebobda iseTi Soreuli provinciebic, romelTa yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi sparsTa administracia ver ereoda. amitom maT marTavdnen adgilobrivi
mmarTvelebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sparseTis me-19 satrapiaSi qarTuli tomebic Sediodnen. isini
ixdidnen xarks da gamoyavdaT jari. kolxeTis nawili gadaurCa sparseTis uSualo
dapyrobas. berZeni istorikosis herodotes cnobiT kolxebi aqemenidebs yovel xuT
weliwadSi erTxel nebayoflobiT Cuqnidnen 100 yrmasa da 100 qalwuls.
dariosma SemoiRo saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis axali sistema: yvela satrapia val-
debuli iyo maTze dakisrebuli begara gadaexada vercxliT. gadasaxadi ganisazRvre-
boda dasamuSavebeli miwebis nayofierebidan gamomdinare. qveynis samarTavad Seiqmna
didi centraluri aparati, romelsac mefis kancelaria xelmZRvanelobda. maTi admi-
nistraciuli centri iyo qalaqi suza. am qalaqs kveTda mniSvnelovani savaWro gzebi.
mogvianebiT ki aSenda axali dedaqalaqi _ persepolisi.
24
selebi centralur saberZneTSi SeiWrnen. sxva mraval qalaqTan erTad maT daipyres
da aaoxres aTeni.
qalaqis mcxovrebni momzadebulni Sexvdnen sparselTa SemoWras. mteri rom mo-
axlovda, isini aiyarnen da kunZul salamins Seafares Tavi. brZolebma axla zRva-
ze gadainacvla. ramdenime wliT adre, Temistokles winadadebiT, aTenelebma Zlieri
flotis Seneba daiwyes. aTenis Zlierma flotma Temistokles meTaurobiT Zv. w. 480
wels gaanadgura sparselTa floti.
sparselTa saxmeleTo laSqari ki Zv. w. 479 wels Sua saberZneTSi, qalaq plate-
asTan brZolaSi sastikad daamarcxa berZenTa gaerTianebulma armiam. Zv. w. 478-477
wlebSi sparseTTan omis warmatebiT gasagrZeleblad Seiqmna aTen-delosis sazRvao
kavSiri. ase uwodes mas imitom, rom am kavSiris Seqmnis xelSekrulebas xeli moewera
egeosis zRvaSi mdebare patara kunZul delosze. iqve inaxeboda kavSiris saerTo xa-
zina. mogvianebiT mas aTenis sazRvao kavSiri daarqves da xazinac aTenSi gadaitanes.
aTenis sazRvao kavSiri ganagrZobda warmatebul saomar moqmedebebs da aviwroeb-
da sparselebs. Zv. w. 449 wels sparseTTan zavi daido. am zaviT sparseTma xeli aiRo
mcire aziis berZnul qalaqebze da aRiara maTi Tavisufleba. sparselTa flotisTvis
ki sruliad Caiketa egeosis zRva, Sav zRvaSi gamavali sruteebi da mcire aziis zRvis-
pireTis nawili.
Zv. w. 334 wels aleqsandre makedonelma omi gamoucxada sparseTs da mis winaaRmdeg
wamoiwyo laSqroba. Zv. w. 334-329 wlebSi man mTlianad daipyro da daimorCila sparse-
Tis imperia. aqemenidebis saxelmwifom arseboba Sewyvita da aleqsandre makedonelis
Zalauflebis qveS moeqca.
Zv. w. 323 wels, aleqsandre makedonelis sikvdilis Semdeg, misi uzarmazari imperia
ramdenime elinistur samefod daiSala. maTgan yvelaze didi iyo selevkidebis siria,
romelic Zv. w. IV-I saukuneebSi arsebobda. Tavidan igi moicavda axlo aRmosavle-
Tis, iranis da avRaneTis teritoriebis did nawils. Zv. w. III saukunis SuaxanebSi
selevkidebis saxelmwifos gamoeyo parTia. mogvianebiT ki, Sida dapirispirebebiTa da
taxtisTvis gauTavebeli brZolebiT daZabunebuli selevkidTa saxelmwifo wvril-
-wvril samefoebad daiSala.
25
am periodSi saxelmwifo samsaxuris sanacvlod izrdeba kerZo pirebisTvis samefo
fondidan miwebis boZeba. mimdinareobda saxelmwifo miwebis Semcireba da TandaTano-
biT maTi gadacema didgvarovnebisa da msxvili moxeleebis srul mflobelobaSi. isi-
ni iqcnen am mamulebis erTpirovnul da xelSeuxebel ganmkargvelebad. miwaTmflo-
belebi axla ukve TviTneburad awesebdnen gadasaxadebs, saTaveSi edgnen sasamarTlos
da gamoscemdnen kanonebs. ukve III saukunis SuaxanebSi iwyeba monaTa nawilis gaTa-
visufleba da maTTvis miwebis gadacema. VI saukuneSi sasanidebis irani feodalur
saxelmwifod iqca.
davaleba
1. CamoTvaleT aqemeniduri sparseTis mefeebi da miuTiTeT maT damsaxurebaze sparse-
Tis imperiis winaSe.
2. ramden satrapiad daiyo sparseTi? aRwereT satrapebisa da toparqebis movaleo-
bebi.
3. romel satrapiaSi erTiandebodnen qarTuli tomebi? ra valdebuleba ikisra
kolxeTma sparseTis winaSe?
4. CamoTvaleT berZen-sparselTa brZolebi.
5. romeli saxelmwifoebi Camoyalibda aqemeniduri sparseTis nangrevebze?
26
testi #2
I. testis Sesworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
27
3. ra mizniT asaxlebdnen asurelebi dapyrobil xalxebs mSobliuri teritoriebidan?
a) gaezardaT maTi Cagvra;
b) gamoeyenebinaT isini axali asuruli qalaqebis asaSeneblad;
g) moespoT maTi religia da kultura;
d) moexdinaT maTi asimilacia.
28
12. vin ilaSqra kolxaSi Zv.w. VIII s-is Sua wlebSi?
a) urartus mefe menuam;
b) asureTis mefe sargon II-m;
g) urartus mefe sardur II-m;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
29
20. vin xelmZRvanelobda berZenTa flots salaminis brZolaSi?
a) Temistokle; b) miltiade; g) leonidasi; d) soloni.
kiTxvebi:
1. ra saxis gaerTianebas warmoadgens `nairis qveynebi~? saxelmwifos Tu tomTa did
gaerTianebas? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
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Tavi III. berZnuli kolonizacia
da elinisturi epoqa
31
(oCamCire) da fazisi (foTis maxloblad). wyaroebis mixedviT, dasavleT saqarTvelos
teritoriaze koloniebi berZnulma qalaqma miletma daaarsa.
berZnulma koloniebma ver moaxerxes kolxur saxelmwifoze politikuri gabato-
neba. piriqiT, zogjer isini eqceodnen kolxeTis gavlenis qveS. amasTan, koloniebi
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdendnen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis kulturul, socialur
da ekonomikur winsvlaze.
saberZneTTan savaWro kavSirebi kolxTaTvisac momgebiani aRmoCnda. berZnebs sa-
qarTveloSi SemohqondaT qsovilebi, oqrosgan damzadebuli nakeTobebi, Zvirfasi Tv-
lebiT morTuli samkaulebi da mravalferovani WurWeli. saqarTvelodan gahqondaT
Zvirfasi xis masala, romelsac isini ZiriTadad gemebis asagebad iyenebdnen, aseve
didi raodenobiT bewveuli, tyavi da saiuveliro nawarmi. Zveli berZeni istoriko-
sis strabonis cnoba karg warmodgenas gviqmnis kolxeTis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze:
`qveyanaSi kargi nayofi icis, garda Taflisa, moipoveba navTsaSeni yovelive masala,
radgan izrdeba aq mravali tye da mdinareebiTac Camoitaneba. amuSaveben blomad sels,
kanafs, cvilsa da fiss. xolo selis damuSaveba ganTqmulic aris... am qveynis simdi-
dre oqroTi, vercxliT, rkiniTa da spilenZiT gvixsnis (argonavtTa) laSqrobis swor
sababs~.
sxvagvari viTareba iyo CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi. aq daarsebulma berZnulma
koloniebma (xersonesi, pantikapeoni, olvia, feodosia) politikurad daimorCiles
adgilobrivi xalxi da Zv. w. V saukuneSi Seqmnes berZnuli saxelmwifo _ bosforis
samefo.
kolxeTSi, berZnulTan erTad, adgilobrivi qalaqebic arsebobda: sairxe, vani da
dablagomi. saintereso masalas Seicavs vanSi aRmoCenili mdidrulad dakrZaluli
warCinebuli kolxi qalis samarxi (Zv. w. VI s.). xis sarkofagSi aRmoCenilia cxenis
ConCxi rkinis lagamiT, vercxlis, brinjaos, feradi minisa da Tixis WurWeli, romel-
Tagan TerTmeti nakeToba berZnuli warmoebisaa; xolo oqro-vercxlisagan damzade-
buli samkauli mTlianad adgilobrivi xelosnebis Semoqmedebaa.
kolxeTis kulturul da ekonomikur ganviTarebaze miuTiTebs adgilobrivi fu-
lis _ kolxuri TeTris arsebobac (Zv.w. VI-IV ss.). kolxuri monetebi CrdiloeT
SavizRvispireTis berZnul koloniebSic aris aRmoCenili.
Zv.w. V saukunidan kolxeTi SedarebiT dasustda. qveyana skeptuxiebad daiyo.
kolxeTis nawili aqemeniduri sparseTis imperiaSi moeqca, xolo centraluri pro-
vinciebi, rogorc ukve iciT, Sahs xarkis saxiT yovel xuT weliwadSi 100 vaJsa da
qals Cuqnida. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, Zv.w. IV saukunis bolosTvis kolxeTis
(egrisis) mniSvnelovani nawili aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebul qarTlis
(iberiis) samefos SeuerTda.
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT, riT iyo sasargeblo saberZneTisa da Tavad koloniebisTvis koloni-
zaciis procesi?
2. ra niSniT arCevdnen berZnebi adgilebs koloniebis dasaarseblad?
3. imsjeleT, ratom ver gabatondnen berZeni kolonistebi kolxeTze.
4. imsjeleT kolxeTisaTvis berZnul samyaroTan urTierTobis mniSvnelobaze.
aleqsandres laSqrobebi aRmosavleTSi. Zv.w. 334 wels aleqsandrem mcire aziis Cr-
dilo-dasavleTiT, mdinare granikosTan, sparsTa 40.000-iani jari daamarcxa. Zv.w. 333
wels ki mdinare isosTan TviT sparseTis mefe darios III-s sZlia. ase daiwyo aqemeni-
dTa sparseTis imperiis dapyroba. siria-finikiis qalaqebi da sparseTis floti make-
donelebs ubrZolvelad danebdnen. egviptis sparselma satrapmac qveyana aleqsandres
gadasca. qveynis mmarTvelad aleqsandrem Tavisi megobari ptolemaios laga daniSna.
Zveli msoflios erT-erTi udidesi brZola Zv.w. 331 wels gavgamelas mindorze
gaimarTa. sparselTa Setevis mogeriebis Semdeg aleqsandrem ieriSi mowinaaRmdegis
centrze miitana. mis danaxvaze darios III brZolis velidan gaiqca. gaqceuli dariosi
baqtriis satrapma da sparsma didebulma mokles. aleqsandrem mefis mkvlelebi si-
kvdiliT dasaja, dariosi ki mefuri pativiT dakrZala.
Zv.w. 329 wels aleqsandrem xelSi Caigdo sparseTis saxelmwifos uzarmazari te-
ritoria da daipyro Sua azia. ori wlis Semdeg aleqsandrem gadalaxa mdinare indi
da daipyro purus (indoeTSi) samTavro. gauTavebeli brZolebiT daRlilma meomrebma
roca gaiges, rom win saSineli udabnoa, ajanydnen. aleqsandre jaris nebas dahyva da
ukan dabruneba brZana. mZime mogzaurobis Semdeg jarma SuamdinareTs miaRwia. babilo-
ni aleqsandrem imperiis sataxto qalaqad gamoacxada, xolo laSqrobebi _ damTavre-
bulad. veteranebi uxvad daajildova da Sinisaken gaistumra.
Zv.w. 323 wels 33 wlis aleqsandre makedoneli babilonSi malariiT gardaicvala,
zogierTi cnobiT _ mowamles. gvami rom ar gaxrwniliyo, TaflSi Casvenebuli qvis
kuboTi samSoblosken waasvenes. egviptis satrapma ptolemaios lagam cxedari moita-
ca, oqros kuboSi Caasvena da aleqsandres mier egvipteSi daarsebul qalaq aleqsan-
driaSi dakrZala.
33
ebas. igi ar devnida dapyrobili xalxebis tradiciebsa da religiebs. Tumca droebiT,
magram damyarda imperiaSi Semaval xalxTa Tanasworoba, iyo mcdeloba, berZnulis
safuZvelze SeeqmnaT da SemoeRoT erTiani saxelmwifo ena, magram verc es moeswro.
aleqsandrem aTobiT axal qalaqs Cauyara safuZveli. ase, Zv. w. 331 wels aSenda sa-
xelganTqmuli egviptis aleqsandria, romelic xmelTaSua zRvaze dResac egviptis
umniSvnelovanesi sazRvao portia. axlad aSenebul qalaqTa umravlesobas swored
aleqsandria daerqva. makedonur imperiaSi swrafad viTardeboda vaWroba da xelos-
noba. egvipteSi amonis taZris misanma aleqsandre amonis Svilad gamoacxada da amiT
egviptis faraonadac aRiara. aRmosavleTis xalxTan dasaaxloeblad aleqsandre aR-
mosavlurad imoseboda da adgilobriv wesebs asrulebda. 10.000 berZen-makedonels
colad aRmosavleli qalebi SerTo. Tavad sparseTis mefeebis _ darios III-isa da
artaqserqse III-is qaliSvilebze daqorwinda da erTdroulad 3 aRmosavleli meuRle
hyavda. aleqsandres akldamas amSvenebda epitafia: `es saflavi sakmarisi aRmoCnda
misTvis, visac ar hyofnida mTeli samyaro~.
aleqsandre makedonelis sikvdilis Semdeg misma sardlebma erTmaneTSi gadainawi-
les imperia. igi ramdenime damoukidebel saxelmwifod daiSala. eseni iyo: makedonia
(Sedioda saberZneTi, Trakia da iliriis nawili); selevkidebis siria (teritoriulad
yvelaze didi, romelSic Sedioda mcire azia, siria, mesopotamia, sparseTi da Sua
azia); plotemaiosebis egvipte. mogvianebiT, selevkidebis siriis daSlis Sedegad mci-
re aziis Crdilo-dasavleTSi Camoyalibda pergamosisa da biTiniis samefoebi, pontos
samefo _ maT aRmosavleTiT da sxv. am saxelmwifoebs istorikosebi `elinisturs~
uwodeben.
34
dasavleTsa da axlo aRmosavleTSi arsebulni ki _ romma. Zv.w. 30 wels egviptis
mmarTvelis _ kleopatras TviTmkvleloba da romis mier egviptis gamocxadeba pro-
vinciad iTvleba elinizmis epoqis dasasrulad.
davaleba
1. rodis gaimarTa qeroneas brZola da ra Sedegi mohyva mas?
2. CamoTvaleT aleqsandres mier dapyrobili qveynebi.
3. imsjeleT, ratom cdilobda aleqsandre berZnul-aRmosavlur kulturaTa daa-
xloebas da raSi gamoixata es procesi?
4. daaxasiaTeT aleqsandre makedoneli, rogorc pirovneba da rogorc mmarTveli.
5. ganmarteT termin `elinizmis~ Sinaarsi.
35
vi brZola SesTavaza. farnavazma Crdilokavkasielebic daiqirava da gaerTianebuli
ZalebiT sZlies azos. gamefebis Semdeg farnavazma mniSvnelovani reformebi gaatara.
man qveyana rva saerisTavod da erT saspaspetod dayo. spaspeti, romelic mcxeTasa
da Sida qarTls marTavda, mefis Semdeg pirvel kacad iTvleboda da sxva erisTavebze
`mTavrobda~. erisTavebs emorCilebodnen spasalarebi da aTasisTavebi. erisTavebis
ZiriTadi funqcia jarisa da samefo gadasaxadebis Sekreba iyo. farnavazma religiuri
reformac gaatara. mcxeTasTan, armazis mTaze aRmarTa armazis kerpi. armazis RvTaeba
samefos mTavar salocavad iqca. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobiT, `...ese farnavaz iyo
pirveli mefe qarTlisa; man aRaSena da ganavsna queyana Tvisi, mozRudna qalaqni da
cixeni ganamagrna...~, manve Seqmna `...wigni qarTuli da ganavrco ena qarTuli~.
qarTlis samefos Seqmnis gansxvavebul versias gvTavazobs meore qarTuli sais-
torio Txzuleba `moqcevai qarTlisai~. aqac samefos Seqmna aleqsandre makedonelis
laSqrobis peripetiebs ukavSirdeba. amasTan, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ mixedviT, azo
aris ara qarTlis dampyrobi ucxotomeli, aramed tomiT qarTveli, `arian qarTlis~
mefis Ze. `moqcevai qarTlisais~ ucnobi mematianis cnobiT swored azom Camoiyva-
na `arian qarTlidan~ Tanamedrove qarTlSi qarTveli xalxi da amiT daudo saTave
qarTlis samefos. mematiane azosve miawers kerpebis _ gacisa da gaimis aRmarTvas _
`... xolo ese azo wavida arian qarTlad. mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana rva saxli da
aTi saxli mama-mZuZeTani da dajda mcxeTas. aRmarTa kerpni RmerTad gac da gaim. ese
iyo pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina azo, Ze arian qarTlisa mefisa da Semdgomad misi dadga
farnavaz. man aRmarTa kerpi armaz~ (`moqcevai qarTlisai~).
`arian qarTlis~ realurobaze an mis mdebareobaze istorikosebi gansxvavebul
Tvalsazrisebs gvTavazoben. erT-erTi gavrcelebuli versiiT, `arian qarTli~ war-
moadgenda aqemenidTa imperiis mier dapyrobil qarTlis (saqarTvelos) teritorias.
rogorc viciT, es imperia aleqsandre makedonelma daamarcxa da sparsTagan dampyro-
bili xalxebis nawilma Tavisufleba moipova. SesaZlebelia, Seqmnili viTarebiT
aqemenidTa morCilebaSi myofma qarTulma tomebmac isargebles da saxelwifoebri-
vi gaerTianeba Seqmnes, romelic `arian qarTlad~ (anu `iranis qarTlad~) iwode-
boda. rogorc Cans, `arian qarTlis~ CrdiloeTiT, Sida qarTlSic arsebobda sxva
saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba, romlis centri mcxeTa iyo. ar aris gamoricxuli,
rom `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ swored am or qarTul gaerTianebas Soris pirvelobi-
saTvis brZolaa asaxuli. azo (arian qarTli) ikavebs mcxeTas (Sida qarTls) da qmnis
pirvel aRmosavlur qarTul saxelmwifos. farnavazTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mosa-
zreba, rom wyaroebSi areklilia Sida qarTlSi mesxuri tomebis SemoWrisa da maTgan
qarTuli saxelmwifos daarsebis faqti.
davaleba
1. SeadareT erTmaneTs `qarTlis cxovrebis~ da `moqcevai qarTlisais~ cnobebi qar-
Tlis samefos SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT da daajgufeT saerTo da gansxvavebuli
monacemebi.
2. CamoTvaleT farnavazis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi da SeafaseT maTi mniSvne-
loba.
3. ganxiluli Tvalsazrisebis mixedviT aRwereT qarTlis samefos Seqmnis procesi.
36
testi #3
I. teqstis Sesworeba.
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
37
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
38
8. aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis daSlis Semdeg, romel saxelmwifos marTavda
ptolemaosTa dinastia?
a) sirias; b) Trakias; g) sparseTs; d) egviptes.
instruqcia: TiTo kiTxvaze swori pasuxi fasdeba 0.5 quliT. maqsimaluri Sefaseba
2 qula.
39
yofiliyo gansxvaveba, radgan yovelive sisxliTa da saerTo STamomavlobiT unda
aRreuliyo~.
kiTxvebi:
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________ (2 qula)
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________ (2 qula)
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________ (1 qula)
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________ (2 qula)
40
IV. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 5 qula)
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________ (1 qula)
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________ (1 qula)
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________ (1 qula)
41
Tavi IV. romi da saqarTvelo
mefeTa xana romSi. tradiciis mixedviT, qalaqi romi daarsda Zv. w. 753 wels. igi
daaarses tyupma Zmebma _ romulusma da remusma. isini omis RmerTis _ marsisa da
mokvdavi qalis _ reas Svilebi iyvnen. dedis mxridan Zmebi iyvnen qalaq alba-longas
mefeTa memkvidreebi. es iyo laTinTa tomis centraluri qalaqi. ZalauflebisTvis
brZolis gamo axlad dabadebuli Zmebi kalaTSi Casves da adidebul mdinare tibrs
gaatanes. legendis Tanaxmad, kalaTi tots gamoedo da napirze gamoiriya. Cvilebi
mgelma ipova, Tavisi rZiT gamokveba da gadaarCina. ramdenime xnis Semdeg biWebi mwye-
msma naxa da gazarda. rodesac davaJkacdnen, romulusma da remusma gaiges TavianTi
warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da alba-longaSi brZoliT daibrunes xelisufleba. gamarjve-
bis aRsaniSnavad maT gadawyvites, daearsebinaT axali qalaqi, magram waiCxubnen. Cxub-
Si romuluss remusi Semoakvda. man iglova Zma, pativiT dakrZala da daaarsa qalaqi,
romelsac, Tavisi saxelidan gamomdinare, romi uwoda.
rogorc legenda mogviTxrobs, romis qalaq-saxelmwifos pirveli mefe romulusi
iyo. masve miawers tradicia senatis Seqmnas. senati 300 yvelaze avtoritetuli uxu-
cesisgan Semdgar sabWos erqva. is sakmaod farTo uflebebiT sargeblobda da zRuda-
vda mefis Zalauflebas.
roms Svidi mefe hyavda. romis ukanaskneli mefe _ tarqvinius amayi cdilobda ga-
eZlierebina mefis xelisufleba. man senati (uxucesTa sabWo) CamoaSora saxelmwifos
marTvas da mniSvnelovnad Seaviwrova gvarovnuli aristokratia. amis gamo mosaxle-
oba ajanyda da Zv. w. daaxloebiT 509 wels tarqvinius amayi gaaZeves romidan. romSi
damyarda saxelmwifo marTvis axali forma. mas respublika (laT. res publika _
saxalxo saqme) ewoda.
42
istoriis manZilze ori yvelaze mZime damarcxeba ganicada: trazimenis tbasTan da
daba kanasTan (Zv.w. 216 w.). didma karTagenelma mxedarTmTavarma _ hanibalma orivegan
pirwmindad gaanadgura mowinaaRmdegis jarebi da saTuo gaxada romis saxelmwifos
momavali.
saboloo jamSi, romma moaxerxa Zalebis mobilizeba. Zv. w. 204 wels karTagenis
miwaze, zamasTan, sastikad daamarcxa hanibali da moigo meore punikuri omic. hani-
balma, romaelebs tyved rom ar Cavardnoda, sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula.
mesame punikuri omic (Zv. w. 149-146 ww.) romis gamarjvebiT dasrulda: romae-
lebma karTageni daangries, gadawves da mTlianad gaanadgures, xolo gadarCenili
mcxovreblebi monebad aqcies. karTagenis miwebi romis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi
Sevida.
karTagenis ganadgurebasTan erTad, xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi batonobisaTvis br-
Zola aRmosavleTiT, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulzec mimdinareobda. omebi Zv. w. 229
wels daiwyo da Zv. w. 148-146 wlebSi makedoniisa da saberZneTis saboloo dapyrobiT
damTavrda.
Zv.w. I saukunis Sua xanebSi romi kvlav warmatebiT agrZelebs dapyrobiT omebs. amis
Sedegad imperiis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda praqtikulad mTeli mcire azia, axlo aR-
mosavleTis didi nawili da keltebis qveyana. keltebs romaelebi galebs eZaxdnen. am
tomebis umravlesoba alpebs gadaRma cxovrobda. maT samSoblos romaelebi transal-
pur galias uwodebdnen. igi ZiriTadad dRevandeli safrangeTisa da belgiis terito-
riebs moicavda. am teritoriebis romTan SeerTeba umTavresad ori mxedarTmTavris _
gneus pompeusisa (Zv. w. 106-48 ww.) da iulius keisris (Zv. w. 100-44 ww.) damsaxureba
iyo. Zv. w. 49 wels maT Soris omi gaCaRda. igi keisris gamarjvebiT dasrulda.
iulius keisars mieniWa `eris mamis~ tituli. igi sicocxlis bolomde gamocxadda
diqtatorad. imavdroulad senatma keisars mianiWa imperatoris sapatio titulic.
man miiRo ufleba memkvidreobiT gadaeca es tituli.
qveyanaSi, faqtobrivad, keisaris erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba damyarda. igi warad-
genda kandidatebs arCeviT Tanamdebobebze. saxalxo krebam dakarga politikuri mniS-
vneloba da keisris nebis aRmasruleblad iqca. imavdroulad, saxelmwifos gaZliere-
bis mizniT, keisarma Seamsubuqa plebsis mdgomareoba. igi daxmarebas uwevda samxedro
veteranebs, xels uwyobda provinciebis romanizacias, ucxoelebs romis moqalaqeobas
aZlevda. amasTanave keisari xels uwyobda qalaqebis TviTmmarTvelobis gafarToebas.
manve moawesriga sagadasaxado sistema; zrunavda vaWrobis ganviTarebisTvis; gaatara
kalendris cnobili reforma (SemoiRo iuliusis welTaRricxva).
respublikelebi verafriT eguebodnen keisris erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas. respu-
blikuri mmarTvelobis gadarCenis mizniT senatorTa nawilma, kasiusisa da brutusis
meTaurobiT, SeTqmuleba moawyo da Zv. w. 44 wels senatSi gaius iulius keisari mok-
les.
keisris sikvdilis Semdeg gaCaRda samoqalaqo omi. igi Zv. w. 30 wels dasrulda.
misma memkvidrem _ gaius oqtaviusma daamarcxa mowinaaRmdege _ markus antoniusi,
ukanaskneli elinisturi saxelmwifo, ptolemaosebis egviptec romis imperias Semou-
erTa, riTac dasrulda xangrZlivi samoqalaqo omebi.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT punikuri omebis msvlelobasa da maT Sedegebze.
2. ganmarteT, ratom aujanydnen keisars senatorebi.
3. CamoTvaleT romis mier dakavebuli teritoriebi da dapyrobili xalxebi.
43
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
romis daarseba _ Zv. w. 753 w.
pirveli punikuri omi _ Zv. w. 264-241
meore punikuri omi _ Zv. w. 216-204
kanasTan brZola _ Zv. w. 216 w.
zamasTan brZola _ Zv. w. 204 w.
mesame punikuri omi _ Zv. w. 149-146
iulius keisris mmarTveloba _ Zv. w. 49-44 ww.
44
bisa da simagreebis mTeli sistema. yvelaze grZeli limesi mdinare dunais saTavidan
mdinare rainis SesarTavamde iyo gadaWimuli. msgavsi simagre romaelebma britaneT-
Sic aages. mas adrianis miwayrili erqva da 112 kilometrze iyo gadaWimuli Crdilo-
eTis zRvidan irlandiis zRvamde.
imperator markus avreliusis mmarTvelobis dros (161-180 ww.) imperiaze germane-
li tomebis pirveli mniSvnelovani Tavdasxmebi daiwyo. barbarosebi, ase uwodebdnen
romaelebi germanelebs, marTalia damarcxdnen, magram imperiis CrdiloeT sazRvrebze
saSiSroeba ar iyo sabolood acilebuli.
markus avreliusi ara marto kargi mmarTveli, aramed Tavisi epoqis cnobili
filosofosic iyo. misi filosofiuri nawarmoebebidan gamorCeulia `msjelobani~,
romelSic imperatori ganixilavs adamianis daniSnulebas, misias, Tavisuflebis rao-
bas. misi azriT, WeSmaritad Tavisufalia is adamiani, romelic xelmZRvanelobs gone-
biT da ara vnebebiTa da survilebiT.
III saukuneSi romis imperia mZime Sinaganma krizisma moicva. amis ZiriTadi mizezi
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da centraluri xelisuflebis dasusteba iyo. ekonomikur-
ma krizisma provinciebs Soris Zalian Seasusta kavSiri. aman, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba
maTi swrafva politikuri da ekonomikuri damoukideblobisaken. mniSvnelovnad Se-
mcirda vaWroba, daeca xelosnoba. imperia, imavdroulad, gauTavebelma Sinaomebma
moicva. imperatorobas xandaxan erTdroulad ramdenime pirovneba iCemebda. am mZime
politikur-ekonomikuri krizisis epoqas romis istoriaSi `jariskacTa imperatore-
bis xana~ ewoda. 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi imperiam aTeulobiT imperatori gamoicvala.
bevri maTgani mxolod ramdenime TviT ixveWda am tituls. aseTi uniaTo imperatore-
bis Zalaufleba xSirad romelime provinciis sazRvrebsac ki ver cdeboda. am epoqaSi
gaizarda imperiis samxedro samsaxurSi myof warCinebul barbarosTa politikuri ga-
vlena. moiSala disciplina da dasustda jari. amis gamo imperiam zogierTi provincia
sabolood dakarga kidec.
45
omebi. arc provinciebSi iyo siwynare. gaxSirda ganmaTavisuflebeli ajanyebebi.
imavdroulad gaZlierda barbarosebis Semosevebi. igi gansakuTrebiT imperiis da-
savleTs aCanagebda. erTiani romis imperiis ukanaskneli imperatoris Teodosius
I-is mier 381 wels mowveulma meore msoflio saeklesio krebam qristianoba erTa-
derT saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada, xolo Teodosiusis mier gamocemuli edi-
qti avaldebulebda mis qveSevrdomebs qristianebad moqceuliyvnen da eRiarebinaT
wminda samebis uzenaesoba. daiwyo eretikosTa devna, daingra mravali warmarTuli
taZari. daiwva da ganadgurda aleqsandriis biblioTeka. male aikrZala olimpiuri
TamaSebic. Teodosiusis gardacvlebis Semdeg, 395 wels, romis imperia misma orma
Svilma _ arkadiusma da honoriusma gainawiles. qveyana gaiyo dasavleT da aRmo-
savleT romis imperiebad. male mis aRmosavleT nawils qalaq bizantionis saxelis
mixedviT bizantia ewoda.
davaleba
1. ras ewodeba principati? dominati? riT gansxvavdeba mmarTvelobis es ori sistema
erTmaneTisgan?
2. CamoTvaleT romis imperatorebi da miuTiTeT, riT gamoiCines maT Tavi.
3. CamoTvaleT romis imperiis rRvevis gamomwvevi mizezebi.
46
bis gareSe miaRwies armazis cixes. qarTlis mefe artagma moSala mtkvarze gadebuli
xidi da mdinare aragvisken daixia.
romaeli istorikosis dion kasiusis (II saukune) cnobiT, rodesac pompeusma
mtkvarze gadasvla daapira, artokem (qarTlis mefe artagi) gagzavna masTan el-
Cebi zavis TxovniT, aseve dapirda xidis aSenebas da sursaTis miwodebas. artagma
Seasrula piroba, magram, rodesac dainaxa, rom pompeusi mdinareze gadmodioda,
SeSinebuli gadavida aragvze, dawva xidi da gaiqca, mis meomarTagan zogi brZola-
Si daiRupa, zogic mdinareze gadasvlisas. mebrZolTa nawili aragvispira WalebSi
gaifanta da brZola ganagrZo. pompeusis brZanebiT romaelebma tye gadawves da
amgvarad daamarcxes iberieli mSvildosnebi. romaelebma brZolaSi 9000 qarTve-
li mokles da 10000 tyved Caigdes. tyveTa Soris mebrZoli qalebic aRmoCndnen.
zafxulSi, rodesac aragvma iklo, romaelebs ar gasWirvebiaT mdinaris gadala-
xva. artagi iZulebuli gaxda winaaRmdegoba Seewyvita da pompeusisaTvis mZevlebad
Svilebi gaegzavna.
romsa da qarTls Soris gaformda `megobrobisa da mokavSireobis~ xelSekrule-
ba. am xelSekrulebiT ar izRudeboda qarTlis samefos Sinagani damoukidebloba,
sagareo politikaSi ki is romis mokavSired unda gamosuliyo. qarTlis mefes da-
rialis karis gamagreba evaleboda. Crdilokavkasieli momTabare tomebisagan sazR-
vrebis usafrTxoeba erTnairad mniSvnelovani iyo rogorc romauli, ise qarTuli
mxarisaTvis.
qarTlis dalaSqvris Semdeg pompeusi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida. aq mas fa-
zisTan samxedro floti ucdida. pompeusma kolxeTis mmarTvelad romaeli strate-
gosi datova.
47
sasxamebi gladiatorebs moasxa da cirkis arenaze sabrZolvelad gaiyvana. misi saCu-
qrebis abuCad agdebiT ganawyenebulma mefem gaxsna darialis kari da mokavSire alan-
-osebi romis provinciebs Seusia.
romsa da saqarTvelos Soris daZabuli urTierToba SedarebiT mowesrigda adria-
nes Semdgomi imperatoris _ antonine piusis mmarTvelobis dros. man farsmani romSi
miiwvia. romaeli istorikosis dion kasiusis cnobiT: `rodesac farsman iberi romSi
Cavida... keisarma gaudida mas samefo, neba darTo kapitoliumSi msxverpli Seewira,
enieonSi (belonas taZari) misi cxeniani qandakeba daadgmevina da imperatori iberTa
samxedro asparezobas daeswro~.
48
da, magram iZulebuli iyo uari eTqva romis mokavSireobaze da sagareo orientacia
sparseTze aeRo. qarTlis mefe amazaspi iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina Sah Saburis
uzenaesoba. amis miuxedavad mefes romTan kavSiri ar gauwyvetia. urCi mefis dasasje-
lad 265 wels sparselebi qarTlSi SemoiWrnen, amazaspi maTTan brZolaSi daiRupa.
umefod darCenil qveyanaSi Sahma Tavisi vaJi, imavdroulad amazaspis disSvili, revi
gaamefa, riTac qarTlis samefo Tavis politikur gavlenas daumorCila. `qarTlis
cxovreba~ gadmogvcems, rom revis gamefebiT dasrulda farnavazianTa mmarTveloba
da safuZveli Caeyara qarTlSi sasanianTa dinastias. amave wyaros mixedviT, sasanian-
Ta STamomavalia mefe mirianic. istorikosTa nawili ar iziarebs `qarTlis cxovre-
bis~ am cnobas: `es aris legenda, SeTxzuli pirveli qristiani mefis gansadideblad.
sinamdvileSi, eWvi ar aris, miriani farnavazianTa dinastiis warmomadgenelia...~ (da-
viT musxeliSvili).
296 wels romsa da sparseTs Soris omi ganaxlda. gadamwyveti gamarjveba rom-
ma moipova. daido nisibinis zavi (298 w.), romlis Tanaxmad, sparseTi qarTlsa da
somxeTs romis gavlenis sferod aRiarebda. romi qarTlis formaluri daqvemdeba-
rebiT _ politikuri mokavSireobiT kmayofildeboda da mis saSinao saqmeebSi ar
ereoda.
romsa da irans Soris mSvidobam 338 wlamde gastana. am drois ganmavlobaSi qar-
Tli ucxo Zalebis Tavdasxmebisagan daculi iyo. TandaTan gaRrmavda romaul samya-
rosTan politikuri da kulturuli kavSir-urTierTobebi, maT Soris religiuric _
romis imperiisadmi qarTlisa da somxeTis daqvemdebarebam xeli Seuwyo am qveynebSi
qristianobis aRiarebas.
davaleba
1. gadmoeciT qarTlSi romaelTa laSqrobis peripetiebi.
2. SeafaseT qarTlsa da roms Soris gaformebuli `megobrobisa da mokavSireobis~
xelSekrulebis mniSvneloba orive mxarisTvis.
3. ratom ver SeZlo qarTlma somxeTis SenarCuneba?
4. SeafaseT farsman II-is sagareo politika. ganmarteT, ratom Seicvala qarTlis
mefisadmi antonine piusis damokidebuleba.
5. strabonis cnobis safuZvelze imsjeleT sazogadoebis sxvadasxva gvaris warmo-
madgenelTa uflebebsa da movaleobebze.
6. ra Sedegi mohyva aniketis ajanyebas?
7. rodis daido nisibinis zavi da ra gavlena iqonia man qarTlis samefoze?
49
testi # 4
I. teqstis Sesworeba.
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
50
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
51
b) qarTlis mefes niSnavda romaelTa sardali pompeusi, qarTvel xalxs daekisra
mZime gadasaxadebi;
g) qarTli inarCunebda samefo xelisuflebas da Sinagan damoukideblobas;
d) qarTlis samefo kargavda Sinagan damoukideblobas, is romis saxelmwifos Se-
madgenlobaSi Sedioda, Tumca inarCunebda mefobas.
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52
Tavi V. saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi
IV-VII saukuneebSi
53
is iyo Semoseuli barbarosebis safrTxe aacila roms, gamosca axali ediqti, romlis
mixedviT, mTel imperiaSi ikrZaleboda sxva RmerTebisadmi Tayvaniscema, garda jvar-
cmuli ieso qristesi. warmarTuli taZrebi daangries da qristianuli taZrebis Seneba
iwyes. qristianoba imperiis erTaderT sarwmunoebad gadaiqca.
qristianuli sarwmunoeba imperiis farglebs gareTac swrafad vrceldeboda.
romaul galiaSi, saimperatoro xelisuflebis damxobamdec (476 w.) mravali sae-
piskoposo arsebobda. am centrebidan miemarTebodnen mezobeli warmarTebis mosaqce-
vad qristiani mamebi.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda V saukunis bolodan gaZlierebuli frankebis
moqcevas. frankTa gaqristianeba mefe xlodvigis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. warmarT
mefes qristiani meuRle hyavda, burgundTa mefis asuli. Tavad xlodvigi Wkviani mmar-
Tveli iyo da kargad xedavda qristianobis upiratesobasa da sikeTes warmarTobasTan
SedarebiT. 496 wels xlodvigma qalaqi reimsi daipyro, sadac moRvaweobda wminda mama
remigiusi. am episkoposis saxels uamravi saswauli miewereboda. misi xeliT moina-
Tla xlodvigi da masTan erTad misi mxedrobac. frankTa qveyanaSi qristianoba saxel-
mwifo religiad gamocxadda.
mogvianebiT wminda mamebma qristianoba gaavrceles sxva Zvelgermanul tomebSic:
alemanebSi, saqsebSi, anglosaqsur britaneTsa da evropis sxva qveynebSi.
qristianoba aRmosavleTis xalxebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, ufro adre gavr-
celda, vidre frankebSi.
54
bul formas. momdevno saukuneebSi mowveul msoflio (marTlmadideblur samyaros)
saeklesio krebebze qarTuli samociqulo eklesia yovelTvis iyo warmodgenili.
davaleba
1. Tqveni azriT, ratom mieniWaT qristianebs sxva religiebis gverdiT Tanabari
uflebebi?
2. ra gadawyvetilebebi iqna miRebuli nikeisa da qalkedonis saeklesio krebebze?
3. rogor gesmiT fraza `qristianoba_msoflio religia~ da sxva romel msoflio
religiebs icnobT?
4. ra gansxvavebaa monofizitobasa da diofizitobas Soris? ratom uWerda irani mxars
monofizitur qristianobas?
5. sad gavrcelda monofizitoba da ra gavlenas iqoniebda es faqti bizantia-iranis
urTierTobaze?
ganmarteba
kuxeTi _ istoriuli mxare aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. moicavda mdinareebis _ arag
visa da mtkvris marcxena napirs Jinvalidan garejis udabnomde. kuxeTis mniSvne-
lovani centrebi iyo rusTavi, kawareTi da bodbe.
55
zemoT, pirispir, xolo diliT, roca xalxi Sekrebila, TavisiT damdgara safuZvelze.
eklesiis dasrulebis Semdeg iberebma imperator konstantines mimarTes TxovniT, ga-
moegzavna mRvdelmsaxurebi eklesiis sakurTxevlad da xalxis mosanaTlavad...
qarTlis gaqristianebaze saintereso cnobebs gvawvdian somexi istorikosebic _
agaTangelosi (IV s.) da movses xorenaci (V s.). magaliTad, movses xorenaci gelasi
kesarielis cnobas gvikonkretebs da gvamcnobs qarTlis mefis (mihrani, igive miriani)
da `tyve qalis~ (nune, igive ninos) saxelebs.
qarTlis gaqristianebis Sesaxeb ufro srulia `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebi.
masSi naTqvamia, rom nino kapadokieli sardlis, zabilonis da ierusalimis pa-
triarqis dis susanas asuli iyo. rodesac nino 12 wlis Seiqna misi mSoblebi RvTis
samsaxurs Seudgnen. nino marto darCa ierusalimSi da or weliwads cxovrobda
dvinel somex qalTan, romelmac mas gaacno qristianoba. Semdeg nino moxvda samefo
warmoSobis qalTan rifsimesTan. rifsimes colad SerTva bizantiis keisars moundo-
mebia. rifsimes aRTqma hqonda dadebuli, rom mTel sicocxles RmerTs miuZRvnida
da qristianobis saqadageblad, 50 qalwulTan erTad (maT Soris iyo nino kapadokie-
li), somxeTSi wavida. somxeTis warmarTma mefe Trdatma isini awama. nino gadarCa
da, RmerTis STagonebiT, CrdiloeTisaken wavida. gadavida javaxeTSi, auyva mtkvars
da Cavida qarTlis qalaq urbnisSi, sadac mcire xans cxovrobda `uriaTa ubanSi~.
Semdeg nino savaWrod da salocavad mimaval xalxs gahyva qarTlis dedaqalaqSi.
ninos vedrebiT, RmerTma setyviT daamsxvria mcxeTaSi aRmarTuli kerpebi (armazi,
gaci, gaimi).
amave wyaros mixedviT, ninos vazis nasxlavisagan gaukeTebia jvari da mcxe-
TaSi, dRevandeli samTavros monastris teritoriaze, mayvlis buCqTan dasa-
xlebula. eqvsi wlis manZilze qadagebda aq nino qristianobas da RvTis ne-
biT mraval saswauls axdenda (saswaulTa rigs ganekuTvneba nana dedoflis
ukurnebeli senisagan gankurneba). `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ saubaria mirian mefis gada-
wyvetilebaze, nadirobidan dabrunebuls daengria qristianuli salocavebi da gaeZe-
vebina axali religiis mqadagebelni, moTxrobilia TxoTis mTaze mefis nadirobisas
mzis dabnelebisa da burusis saswaulebrivad gafantvis Sesaxeb, ramac mirians gada-
awyvetina mieRo qristianoba. imperatorisagan gamogzavnilma mRvdlebma mefe, misi
ojaxi da xalxi monaTles. Semdeg, RvTis nebiT, sami jvari aRmarTes: erTi iq, sadac
axla jvris monasteria, meore TxoTis mTaze da mesame _ ujarmaSi.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba kvlav warmarTul sa-
rwmunoebas misdevda. maT gasaqristianeblad wminda nino qarTlis mTianeTsa da ku-
xeTSi qadagebda, sadac dasneulda da gardaicvala. dakrZalulia bodbis monasterSi.
rogorc irkveva, mTis mosaxleobaSi qristianobis gavrcelebas Tan axlda garkveuli
winaaRmdegobac, romelTa CaxSoba samefo karma xarkis damZimebiTa da `maxvilis mci-
red warmarTviT~ SeZlo.
mirian mefisa da wminda ninos saxelebs ukavSirdeba aragvisa da ivris xeobaTa
maRalmTianeTis mosaxleobis gaqristianeba. mirianis dros momxdara samefosaTvis
hereTis SemoerTeba da gaqristianeba. mefem hereTi saufliswulo mxared gamoacxada,
romlis centri `mefeTa qalaqi~ ujarma gaxda. mTis mosaxleobis gaqristianebis pro-
cesi Semdgom saukuneebSic grZeldeboda. mirianis SviliSvils Trdats (igive, mir-
dats. IV s-is II naxevari) da nekresis episkopos abibos (VI s.) ukavSirdeba TuSeTis
gaqristianeba.
ZvelTaganve arsebobda saqarTvelos gaqristianebis sxva versiac. saeklesio moR-
vawisa da mTargmnelis efTime mTawmindelis nawarmoebSi `andria mociqulis mosvla~
(X-XI s.) saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblad gamocxadebulia qristes 12 mociqulTagan
erT-erTi _ andria pirvelwodebuli.
56
qarTvelTa pirvel gamaqristianeblad andria pirvelwodebuls asaxelebs efrem
mcirec (XI s.). efremis azriT, qarTvelebs Tavidan mtkiced ver SeuTvisebiaT axali
religia, gansdgomian qristes rjuls da mogvianebiT, IV saukuneSi saWiro gamxdara
nino kapadokielis mier qveynis xelaxla moqceva (gaqristianeba).
saqarTveloSi IV saukunemde daiwyo qristianobis gavrceleba. cnobilia, rom aq
qristianoba iqadages mociqulebma andria pirvelwodebulma, svimon kananelma da ma-
taTam. maTgan ori saqarTveloSia dakrZaluli _ mataTa gonioSi (aWara), xolo svi-
mon kananeli axal aTonSi (afxazeTi). Tumca mociqulTa qadagebebs qveynis gaqristia-
neba ar mohyolia. gavrcelebuli versiiT, qristianoba qarTlSi 326 wels gamocxadda
saxelmwifo (oficialur) religiad. arsebobs sxva mosazrebac. magaliTad, istori-
kosi ivane javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom qarTli 337 wels gaqristianda.
daaxloebiT am droisTvis (an odnav adre) qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad mkvi-
drdeba dasavleT saqarTveloSic (lazikaSi). 325 wels bizantiis imperator kons-
tantines iniciativiT qalaq nikeaSi mowveul pirvel saeklesio krebaze biWvinTis
episkoposi stratofilec monawileobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom noqalaqevSi (lazikis
samefos dedaqalaqi) aRmoCenilia IV saukunis dasawyisiT daTariRebuli eklesiis
naSTi, agreTve, jvris gamosaxulebebiani arqeologiuri masala. bizantieli istori-
kosis prokofi kesarielis (VI s.) cnobiT ki `lazebi da afsilebi Zvelidanve qris-
tianebi iyvnen~.
qristianoba, saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebamde, qarTlSic intensiurad vr-
celdeboda. amaze metyvelebs III saukunis aliziT agebuli eklesiis naSTi. sayuradRe-
boa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobac, rom `rev mefe (III s.) Tumca iyo warmarTi, magram
iyo mowyale da Semwe yovelTa gaWirvebulTa, rameTu cota ram smenoda saxarebidan
uflisa Cvenisa qristesi da hqonda siyvaruli qristesi~.
rogorc cnobilia, milanis ediqtis gamocemamde (313 w.) qristianebs romis impe-
riaSi devnidnen da sastikad uswordebodnen. iyo Tu ara aseTi faqtebi saqarTveloSi
ucnobia. mxolod sinas mTaze dacul erT xelnawerSia aRniSnuli _ `romel friadi
moRvawebani da uricxvi saswaulni aRasrula (wminda ninom) da mravalgzis wamebani
mirian uRmrToisa xelmwifisagan...~. es xelnaweri sagangebod Seiswavla ivane java-
xiSvilma da gamoTqva varaudi, rom TxzulebaSi mirianisagan wminda ninos wamebis
ambavi SesaZloa gviandeli xanis gadamwerTa mier yofiliyo Camatebuli. am Tvalsa-
zriss isic aZlierebs, rom sxva wyaroebi qarTlis gaqristianebamde qristianTa wame-
bis Sesaxeb cnobebs ar gvawvdis.
qristianobis miRebas xels uwyobda sagareo viTarebac. III-IV saukuneTa mijnaze
samxreT kavkasiaSi batonobisaTvis ibrZoda sasaniduri sparseTi da romis imperia. ka-
vkasiuri saxelmwifoebis winaSe dRis wesrigSi mkveTrad dadga sagareo orientaciis
problema. politikuri orientacia ki im droisTvis mWidrod daukavSirda religiur
sakiTxs. sparseTis momxreoba mazdianobis gavrcelebas (miRebas) moaswavebda, xolo
romis mokavSireoba qristianobis miRebiT unda ganmtkicebuliyo. qarTul samefoebs
mWidro politikuri da kulturuli urTierToba hqondaT romis imperiasTan. sparse-
Tis agresiis gaZlierebis gamo ki romis mokavSireoba kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda
qarTuli samyarosaTvis.
davaleba
1. SeadareT erTmaneTs ucxouri da qarTuli cnobebi qarTlis gaqristianebis Sesa-
xeb da miuTiTeT msgavseba-gansxvavebebze.
2. ra faqtorebma daaCqara saqarTvelos gaqristianeba?
57
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
mociqulebis Semosvla saqarTveloSi _ I saukune
mirianis mefoba _ IV saukunis I naxevari
qarTlis samefos gaqristianeba _ 326 w.
germanuli tomebi da romis imperia. III-IV saukuneebSi romis imperia jer kidev
vrceli da erTiani iyo. misi sazRvrebi aRwevda espaneTidan SuamdinareTamde, bri-
taneTidan afrikamde. yvela gza jer kidev romisaken midioda. imperia zRaprulad
mdidaric iyo. es simdidre iqmneboda rogorc romaeli moqalaqeebis SromiT, ise da-
pyrobili qveynebisa da monadqceuli xalxebis ZarcviT.
imperiis sazRvrebidan Sors, CrdiloeTiT baltiis zRvamde da aRmosavleTiT
centralur aziamde, cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva enaze molaparake, naxevrad veluri,
gansxvavebuli modgmis xalxebi, romlebsac romaelebi saerTo saxels, barbarosebs
uwodebdnen. barbarosebma jer kidev ar icodnen miwis damuSaveba. maT nadiroba, Tev
zWera, saqonlis movla da sxvaTa Zarcva ufro emarjvebodaT. tanzec umetesad cxo-
velis tyavi emosaT da tyavis qalamani ecvaT. cxovrobdnen Temebad da tomebad. iyvnen
Tavisufalni da Tavisuflebis moyvarulni. hqondaT mZime cxovreba, uWirdaT sarCos
mopoveba, iyvnen xarbebic da Tu sadme nadavls waawydebodnen, itacebdnen.
gviandeli romis imperiis istoriaSi gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs mezobel to-
mebTan, e.w. barbarosebTan urTierTobebs. am epoqaSi daiwyo imperiis sazRvrebisaken
barbarosTa masobrivi moZraoba, romelic TiTqmis sami saukune gagrZelda. isini ro-
misaken modiodnen aRmosavleTidanac, CrdiloeTidanac da Crdilo-dasavleTidanac.
modiodnen da Tan mohqondaT ngreva da awiokeba, sisxli da sikvdili. maT daangries
romauli qalaqebi, sasaxleebi, kulturuli dawesebulebani da bolos, mospes TviT
dasavleT romis imperiac.
romaelebi zemoT xsenebul tomebs germanelebis saxeliTac icnobdnen. `Zveli ger-
manelebi~ aris saerTo, zogadi saxeli yvela im barbarosi tomisa, romlebic romis
sazRvrebTan an ufro Sors cxovrobdnen.
barbarosebis SesaCereblad romma pirvel saukuneSi _ dunaispireTSi aago sima-
greTa mTeli xazi _ limesi (500 km-ze meti sigrZis), magram amaod, es zRudeebic veRar
akavebda momTabare barbarosebs.
sxvadasxva modgmis barbarosuli tomebis masobriv moZraobas romis imperiisaken
IV-VI saukuneebSi, istoriaSi `xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis~ saxeliT icnoben.
58
morCilda hunebs, nawili ki (vestgoTebi _ dasavleT goTebi) gaiqca, qvemo dunai
gadalaxa da romis balkanur provincia meziaSi (dRevandeli bulgareTi) damkvidrda.
hunebis beladi atila. V saukunis 30-iani wlebidan hunebis meTauri gaxda niWieri
da sastiki dampyrobeli atila. atilas sataxto-samyofeli hqonda mdinare tisas na-
pirebTan, dRevandeli ungreTis teritoriaze. aqedan esxmoda Tavs da aoxrebda mTel
dunaispireTsa da romis sazRvrebs.
hunebis safrTxem droebiT gaaerTiana germaneli tomebis nawili da romaelebi.
romaelma sardalma aeciusma mokavSired gaixada adre romis mtrad Seracxuli bar-
barosebi _ frankebi, vestgoTebi da sxvani. amaTTan erTad Seeba is atilas jarebs
451 wels katalaunis velze (adgili Sampanis olqSi, safrangeTSi). orive mxarem didi
zarali naxa. atilam ukan daixia.
atilas damarcxeba katalaunis velze ar niSnavda, rom `RvTis risxva~ SeCerebuli
iyo. momdevno, 452 wels, atila romisken daiZra da qalaqs miaRwia. hunTa urdoebi
moulodnelad SeiWrnen italiaSi da daiZrnen daucveli romisaken.
imperatori valentiniane III winaaRmdegobas ver uwevda momxdurs. barbarosTa be-
ladTan Sesaxvedrad romis maSindeli papi leo I gamovida. patara mdinaresTan Se-
xvedrian erTmaneTs papi da barbarosi. Tavis sicocxleSi pirvelad, atila didZali
xarkis miRebis Semdeg ubrZolvelad gaecala qalaqs. 453 wels atila gardaicvala
(zogierTi monacemiT, mokles). hunTa tomobrivi kavSiri male daiSala, xolo maTi
didi nawili adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi gaiTqvifa.
59
devnilma alanebma, vandalebma da sxva Zvelgermanulma tomebma is iyo fexi moi-
kides espaneTSi, rom CrdiloeTidan vestgoTebi SemoiWrnen. alan-vandalTa beladi
haizerixi gadarCenis gzebs eZebda. swored am dros romauli afrikis mmarTveli,
vinme bonifaciusi, romis saimperatoro xelisuflebas ganudga da karTagenSi Tavi
afrikis imperatorad gamoacxada. bonifaciuss damxmare samxedro Zala sWirdeboda
romis winaaRmdeg da haizerixs daxmareba sTxova. mxareTa Soris SeTanxmeba Sedga da
429 wels alan-vandalebi, TiTqmis mTlianad, CrdiloeT afrikaSi gadavidnen. boni-
faciusma da haizerixma romauli legionebi ukuagdes. alan-vandalebma CrdiloeT
afrikuli aristokratiis miwebi gadainawiles, qalaqebi da simagreebi daikaves. male
haizerixma yofili mokavSire bonifaciusi daamxo da Tavi karTagenis mefed gamoa-
cxada. haizerixma ara marto afrikuli teritoriebi Semoimtkica, aramed romis sa-
qmeebSi scada Careva.
455 wels haizerixma isargebla romis saimperatoro karze areulobiT da Tavs da-
esxa roms. haizerixTan molaparakeba kvlav romis papma leo I-ma iTava. molaparakebis
Sedegad vandalebi mxolod 10 dRiT gaZarcvavdnen qalaqs, Tumca xels ar axlebdnen
eklesiebsa da saeklesio qonebas. vandalebma daTqmul vadebSi ise gaZarcves, daan-
gries da gaanadgures maradiuli qalaqi, msgavsi rom aravis gaegona. am faqtis Semdeg
kacobriobis mexsierebas SemorCa gamoTqma `vandalizmi~, rac yovelive Rirebulis
mospoba-ganadgurebas gulisxmobs.
60
naziarebni iyvnen. britaneTidan romaelTa gasvlasTan erTad iwyeba Zveli germaneli
tomebis Tavdasxmebi, romlebmac mTlianad Secvales kunZulis eTnikuri saxe. konti-
nenturi evropidan britaneTis kunZuls Tavs esxmodnen da aq saxldebodnen saqsebi,
iutebi, anglebi, frizebi da sxvebi.
anglosaqsebis britaneTSi gadasaxlebiT praqtikulad dasrulda e. w. xalxTa
didi gadasaxleba. maSindel dasavleT evropaSi Casaxlebulma Tu gadasaxlebulma
barbarosulma, Zvelma germanelma tomebma gansazRvres momavali evropis eTnikuri da
politikuri saxe.
vestgoTTa, ostgoTTa da alan-vandalTa samefoebi dasavleT romis imperiis te-
ritoriaze aRmocenebuli tipuri barbarosuli saxelmwifoebi iyo (aRmocendnen sxva
samefoebic: burgundebis, langobardebisa da sxv.).
maTi CamosaxlebiT arsebiTad Seicvala maSindeli dasavleT evropis ara marto po-
litikuri saxe, aramed sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesic. barbarosebma TiTqmis mTlia-
nad daangries monaTmflobelobis socialuri da ekonomikuri safuZvlebi da moamza-
des niadagi axali, feodaluri sazogadoebisaTvis.
davaleba
1. CamoayalibeT romis or nawilad gayofis mizezebi da SeafaseT es faqti.
2. CamoTvaleT germanuli tomebi, romlebmac dalaSqres romis imperia.
3. daasaxeleT barbarosTa mier romis aRebis TariRi da aRwereT es procesi.
4. CamoTvaleT dasavleT evropaSi Seqmnili barbarosuli saxelmwifoebi.
5. SeafaseT bizantiis imperiis damokidebuleba am saxelmwifoebTan.
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pirvel wodebas, TavianTi socialuri mdgomareobiTa da amqveyniuri daniSnule-
biT, ganekuTvnebodnen sasulieroni.
sasuliero pirebi, ubralo mRvdlidan patriarqamde Tu papamde, erT saqmes, ada-
mianis sulis amqveyniuri codvebisagan xsnis, ganwmendisa da saiqio netarebisaTvis Se-
mzadebas emsaxurebodnen. am uzenaes mizans eklesiis msaxurni locviT, yoveldRiuri
RvTismsaxurebiTa da im saidumloebaTa aRsrulebiT aRwevdnen, romlis ucilobeli
ufleba uflisagan mxolod eklesias hqonda boZebuli. eklesia, evropeli morwmunis
azriT, Tavad uflisagan iyo Seqmnili, maSasadame, mis miwier uzenaesobasa da RvTae-
briv daniSnulebebSi eWvis Setana momakvdinebeli codvis tolfasi iyo.
eklesia Sua saukuneebSi flobda ara marto adamianebis sulier samyaros, aramed
materialur sikeTesac. eklesia-monastrebi SewirulobaTa da saCuqrebis saxiT uzar-
mazar moZrav qonebas da mamulebs flobdnen. am TvalsazrisiT eklesia saero feodal-
sac emsgavseboda, mis niSnebsac atarebda.
meore wodebas saero feodalebi ganekuTvnebodnen. es wodeba mTeli feodaluri
sazogadoebis politikur struqturas agebda, gansazRvravda da icavda.
Tu pirvel wodebas miznis misaRwevad `sulieri maxvili~ (`sityva~) hqonda ufli-
sagan boZebuli, saero feodalebs `saero maxvili~ epyraT `miwieri mSvidobisa~ da
RvTisagan dadgenili amqveyniuri wesrigis SesanarCuneblad.
saero feodalTa saTaveSi mefe (imperatori, basilevsi) idga. is iyo umaRlesi ins-
tancia yvela saxis saero sakiTxebSi. vinaidan mxolod mefisaTvis, erTi pirovnebi-
saTvis SeuZlebeli iyo mTeli qveynis marTva-gamgebloba, igi daxmarebas saWiroebda.
amisaTvis mas gverdSi edgnen saero da sasuliero didebulebi: mTavrebi, hercogebi
da sxvani. mefe maT TanadgomisaTvis, samsaxurisaTvis, vinaidan fuli maSin nakle-
bad gamoiyeneboda, sazRaurad miwas gadascemda. didebulebma mefisagan male moipo-
ves ufleba es miwebi memkvidreobiT sakuTrebad gadaeqciaT da gadaecaT STamoma-
vlobisaTvis. Tavad feodalebi, didi mTavrebi da hercogebi, mefis msgavsad, TavianT
Tanamdgomebs, damxmareebs wyalobis saxiT gadascemdnen mefisagan boZebuli vrceli
mamulidan miwis nawils soflebTan erTad. aseTi miwis mimRebni, hercogis an mTavris
qveSevrdomni, vasalebi, warCinebulTa ufro dabal fenas ekuTvnodnen. eseni iyvnen
grafebi, baronebi da raindebi. feodaluri sazogadoebis mmarTveloba SeiZleba war-
movidginoT piramidis saxiT, sadac mwvervalze mefea, mis qvemoT mTavrebi an herco-
gebi, ufro dabla grafebi an baronebi da kidev ufro dabla raindebi.
mesame wodebas ganekuTvnebodnen yvela isini, vinc ar Sedioda pirvel da meore
wodebaSi. eseni iyvnen glexebi da moqalaqeebi.
Sua saukuneebis dasawyisisaTvis, rogorc mecnierebi varaudoben, mosaxleobis
95% soflebSi cxovrobda, Sua saukuneebis bolos ki _ 80%-ze meti. maSindel mo-
zrdil evropul sofelSi 100-dan 200-mde komli iqneboda. iyo ufro patara sofle-
bic. soflis centrSi usaTuod idga eklesia, cota moSorebiT _ glexTa qoxmaxebi.
glexs hqonda Tavisi sakarmidamo nakveTi da sargeblobda sasoflo savargulebiT:
saZovriT, tyiT, mdinariT da a. S. oRond miwa, romelsac glexi amuSavebda da ojaxs
arCenda, misi sakuTreba ar iyo. miwa feodals ekuTvnoda.
glexis valdebuleba Tavisi batonis, senioris winaSe mravalnairi iyo, romelic
SeiZleba ori saxiT warmovadginoT _ SromiTi valdebuleba da sagadasaxado val-
debuleba. SromiT valdebulebaSi igulisxmeboda batonis miwis moxvna, daTesva, mo-
savlis aReba-dabinaveba, saxlis aSeneba Tu SekeTeba, wisqvilis gamarTva Tu SeSis
motana. mokled, rac feodals sWirdeboda, glexs unda Seesrulebina. glexis SromiT
valdebulebas begara hqvia.
garda amisa, glexs Tavisi sakarmidamodan miRebuli mosavlis nawili, marcvleuli
Tu Rvino, oTxfexi Tu frinveli, yveli Tu karaqi, kvercxi Tu matyli, batonisaTvis
62
unda mierTmia. misarTmevlis raodenobas batoni gansazRvravda. glexis sagadasaxado
valdebulebas Rala hqvia.
Tu davukvirdebiT, SevniSnavT, rom feodalur sazogadoebaSi pirveli da meore
wodeba gabatonebulia, magram araa mwarmoebeli, e.i. is ar qmnis materialur do-
vlaTs. is mxolod moixmars mas. mxolod mesame wodeba Sromobs, qmnis materialur
dovlaTs, magram ar flobs politikur Zalauflebas.
mesame wodebis gansakuTrebul fenas qmnidnen qalaqis mcxovreblebi.
davaleba
1. daaxasiaTeT Suasaukuneobrivi sazogadoeba.
2. imsjeleT feodaluri urTierTobebisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebze.
63
wamebac~. aseve sayuradReboa somexi istorikosis lazar farpecis (`somxeTis isto-
ria~) cnobebi.
juanSeri mefes zeadamianuri Zalis mqoned warmogvidgens _ `da iyo igi umaRles
kacTa mis JamisaTa, da umSvenieres saxiTa da Zlier ZaliTa, romel Wurvili (aRWurvi-
li) qveiTi iremsa miewios, upyris rqa da daiWiros, da cxeni Wurvili aRiRis mxarTa
zeda da mcxeTiT aRvidis cixesa armazisasa~. gadaWarbebuli Cans juanSeris cnobebi
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mebrZol qarTvel meomarTa (750000) da datyvevebul alan-osTa
(daaxl. 250000) raodenobis Sesaxebac.
vaxtangi sparseTis vasalia. Sahis moTxovniT mas jaris gamoyvana evaleboda. V
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi qarTlis mefe Sua aziaSi ibrZoda iranis aRmosavleTi sazR-
vrebis gasafarToeblad da dasacavad. amasTan, vaxtangi, rogorc sparseTis qveSe-
vrdomi, iranisave daxmarebiT laSqravs da iqvemdebarebs Crdilokavkasiel tomebs
da amagrebs uReltexilebs (darialisa da dvaleTis gadmosasvlelebs). junaSeris
cnobiT, vaxtangma `... Seqmna kari ovseTisani da aRaSena mas zeda godoli da daayena
mas zeda mcvelni maxlobelni mis adgilisani da uwoda karad mas darialisa, da aw
Tvinier mefisa ver xel-ewifebis gadmosvlad~.
juanSeris cnobiT, vaxtangis mcirewlovnobis dros qarTli osebs daulaSqravT.
daurbeviaT da gauZarcvavT teritoria `mtkvridan vinem xunanamde, moaoxres velni,
cixe-qalaqni, Tvinier kaspisa~. momxvdurebs vaxtangis da miranduxtic dautyveve-
biaT. swored am Semosevis sanacvlod daulaSqravT qarTvelebs oseTi.
CrdiloeT kavkasiidan dabrunebulma mefem sparseTis Sahis asulze iqorwina. di-
nastiuri qorwineba qarTlsa da sparseTs Soris politikuri kavSiris ganmtkicebas
emsaxureboda da `mfarvelisagan~ qarTlis samefos gaZlierebisaken mimarTuli po-
litikis mxardaWerasac. marTlac, vaxtang gorgasalma SemoierTa argveTi, svaneTi,
egrisi, hereTi, kambeCovani (qiziyi), daibruna bizantielTagan mitacebuli klarjeTi.
gaerTianebuli qarTuli samefo: kaxeTisa da kuxeTis, hereTis, xunanis, samSvildis,
Sida egrisisa da svaneTis, margvisa da Takveris, klarjeTis, wundis, oZrxis saeris-
Tavoebisagan da Sida qarTlis saspaspetosagan Sedgeboda.
garkveuli mxardaWeris miuxedavad, sparseTi vaxtang gorgaslis mowinaaRmdege
warCinebulebis gadabirebasac cdilobda. momxreobis sanacvlod maT Sahi xalSeuxe-
blobasa da wyalobas hpirdeboda. sparseTis mxardaWeriT gandidebuli xelisufalia
qvemo qarTlis pitiaxSi varsqeni. man Sahis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad uaryo qris-
tianoba da gamazdeanebuli, sparseTis daxmarebiT daimedebuli, aSkarad daupiris-
pirda vaxtangs. sarwmunoebriv niadagze varsqens win aRudga misi meuRle SuSaniki,
somxeTis mxedarTmTavris, vardan mamikonianis asuli.
vaxtang gorgaslis mefobas ukavSirdeba saeklesio reforma, rasac qarTuli (qar-
Tlis) eklesiis avtokefalia mohyva. wyaroebis mixedviT, vaxtangs daupirispirda
mTavarepiskoposi miqaeli. mefesa da mRvdelmTavars Soris konfliq tis gamomwvevi
zusti mizezebi ucnobia. istorikosTa nawili Tvlis, rom mefes `vercxlis moyvare-
obaSi~ mxilebuli mTavarepiskoposisa da ramdenime uRirsi episkoposis gadayeneba
moundomebia, rasac SeiZleba marTlac gamoewvia aRniSnuli konfliqti. ar aris gamo-
ricxuli, rom maRal saeklesio ierarqebs mefis mowinaaRmdege didaznaurTa pozicia
eWiraT da am niadagze upirispirdebodnen mefesa da mis mxedrobas.
konstantinopoli iZulebuli gaxda Serigeboda qarTlis eklesiis damoukideblo-
bas, radgan sparseTTan dapirispirebis gamo, bizantiisaTvis qarTlis politikur po-
zicias didi mniSvneloba hqonda. qarTlis avtokefaluri eklesiis pirveli kaTali-
kosi iyo petre, romlis xeldasxma antioqiis patriarqma ganaxorciela.
vaxtangis dros qarTlis samefoSi arsebobda ocamde saepiskoposo: mcxeTis, samTa-
visis, ruisis, niqozis, wilknis, Tbilisis, manglisis, bolnisis, curtavis, Weremis,
rusTavis, ninowmindis, xornabujis, bodbis, CelTas, awyveris, axizis, eruSeTis da
64
sxva. am saepiskoposo centrebidan zogi vaxtangis mefobamdec arsebobda, nawilic
(ujarma, ninowminda, Weremi, xornabuji da sxva) mefes saeklesio reformis Semdeg
dauarsebia.
qveynis gaZlierebisa da saboloo gaTavisuflebisaken iyo mimarTuli aRmSeneblo-
biTi saqmianobac. vaxtangma daaarsa qalaqebi xornabuji (hereTSi), Weremi (kaxeTSi),
artanuji (klarjeTSi). aigo niqozis, ninowmindis, Weremis, CeleTis, JaleTis, sveti-
cxovlis qvis eklesiebi.
vaxtang gorgaslis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli Tbilisis gadaqceva qarTlis deda-
qalaqad (es saqme vaxtangis memkvidrem, daCim daasrula).
vaxtang gorgaslis umTavresi amocana sparseTis gavlenisagan qveynis sruli ga-
Tavisufleba iyo. am miznis miRweva antiiranuli Zalebis konsolidaciiT Tu moxerx-
deboda. amitom ganamtkica mefem samxedro-politikuri kavSiri Crdilokavkasiel
xalxebTan (hunebTan da osebTan), albanelebTan da somxebTan. sparseTis winaaRmdeg
ajanyebis tolfasi iyo 482 wels varsqenis mokvla. dro gonivrulad iqna SerCeuli.
sparseTs garTulebuli hqonda mdgomareoba Sua aziaSi, ajanyebisTvis emzadebodnen
somxebica da albanelebic. ufro adre (V saukunis 70-ian wlebSi) vaxtangi kavSirs
amyarebs bizantiasTan _ pirveli colis (Sahis asulis) gardacvalebis Semdeg mefe
imperatoris qaliSvilze dainiSna.
somexi istorikosi lazar farpeci wers, rom somxebi qarTvelebis ajanyebas aR-
frTovanebiT Sexvdnen. Tumca maTi sardali vahan mamikoniani sparselebTan brZolaze
Tavs ikavebda, radgan kargad icoda iranelTa Zala da `bizantielTa sisuste da ma-
tyuaroba~. mas arc Tavisianebis imedi hqonda _ `icoda somexTa jaris sisuste da xe-
davda, rom mas dahkargvoda mxneoba, dauZlurebuliyo da srulebiTac ara hgavda sxva
drois gulmodginebasa da mondomebas~ (lazar farpeci). yoymanis miuxedavad, somxeT-
Sic ifeTqa ajanyebam. 483 wels, ajanyebis dawyebisTanave, iranma didi jari gamogzavna
qarTlsa da somxeTSi. vaxtangi moerida mravalricxovan mowinaaRmdegesTan pirispir
Sebmas da somxeTis mTebSi gamagrda. aqve idga somexTa jari mamikonianis sardlobiT.
mdgomareobas arTulebda isic, rom hunTa Sepirebuli Zala ar Canda, sabolood ki
mxolod 300 huni meomari gamocxadda vaxtangTan. brZolis dawyebis win Ralatma iCi-
na Tavi. somex didebulTa nawilma amcno sparselebs, rom maT mxares gadavidodnen.
Ralatis miuxedavad, qarTul-somxurma jarma didi winaaRmdegoba gauwia sparselebs.
magram misi damarcxeba da dawyebuli brZolis gamarjvebamde miyvana mainc ver SeZlo.
damarcxebulma vaxtangma egriss Seafara Tavi.
484 wels sparseTis Sahi perozi hunebTan brZolaSi daiRupa. Seqmnilma mdgomare-
obam axali Sahi valarSi aiZula kavkasieli xalxebis mimarT garkveul daTmobebze
wasuliyo. gawveul iqna sparseTis jari, Sesustda iranelTa batonoba...
V saukunis miwuruls sparseTsa da bizantias Soris morigi omi daiwyo. iranma qar-
Tlis mefes, rogorc mis xeldebuls, daxmareba sTxova. vaxtangma daxmarebaze uari
SeuTvala da sabrZolo samzadiss Seudga. iranelTa mravalricxovani jari qarTli-
saken gamoemarTa. gadamwyveti Setevis dros vaxtangi sasikvdilod daiWra. `sparsma
vinme sca isari mkerdsa vaxtangissa... damZimda wyluleba vaxtangisi, rameTu Seweul
iyo isari firtuad (filtvi) da warvida ujarmos~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~). vaxtangis
gardacvalebis zusti TariRi ucnobia. mefe sveticxovlis taZarSi dakrZales.
davaleba
1. daaxasiaTeT V saukunis Sua wlebis qarTlis politikuri mdgomareoba.
2. ganmarteT, ratom uWerda sparseTis Sahi mxars varsqen pitiaxSs.
3. gansazRvreT mefesa da mTavarepiskoposs Soris dapirispirebis gamomwvevi mizezebi.
4. imsjeleT qarTuli eklesiis mier avtokefaliis mopovebis mniSvnelobaze.
65
5. SeafaseT vaxtang gorgaslis gadawyvetileba, Seeqmna erTiani antisparsuli fron-
ti.
6. axseniT sparseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis marcxis mizezebi.
66
afrikaSi alan-vandalTa samefoSi Seqmnili mwvave socialuri da religiuri dapiris-
pirebani. romaelTa da qristianTa `dacvis~ sababiT 533 wels bizantielTa didi jari
gamoCenili sardlis velizaris meTaurobiT CrdiloeT afrikaSi SeiWra. vandalebTan
orwliani sastiki omis Sedegad karTageni da mTeli CrdiloeTi afrika imperias Seu-
erTda.
italiaSi, ostgoTTa samefo karzec didi areuloba iyo. amaSi bizantiis diplo-
matTa xelic eria. imperiis interesTa da qristianTa `dacvis~ sababiT, 535 wels bi-
zantielTa armia velizaris sardlobiT italiaSi SeiWra. goTebTan mZime da xangr-
Zliv omSi warmatebas bizantielebma miaRwies. SemoerTebul teritoriebs imperato-
ris mier daniSnuli egzarqosi marTavda. misi rezidencia qalaq ravenaSi iyo. amas mo-
hyva omebi espaneTSi, vestgoTebTan, Tumca ara iseTi warmatebiT, rogorc afrikasa da
italiaSi. bizantielebma espaneTis mxolod samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiro daikaves.
iustinianes mizani imperiis aRdgenisa, TiTqos axda. magram es iyo mxolod droe-
biTi warmateba, dapyrobidan ociode wlis Semdeg italiaSi SeiWrnen sxva barbarosi
tomebi, langobardebi da bolo mouRes bizantielTa batonobas.
ufro rTuli viTareba bizantiisTvis aRmosavleTSi iyo. 531 wlidan iranis Sahi
gaxda sasanidTa dinastiaSi yvelaze didi mmarTveli xosro I anuSirvani (sxivmosili,
gabrwyinebuli). 532 wlis maradiuli zaviT, bizantiam da iranma amierkavkasia gaiyves,
iberia (qarTli) iranelebs, lazika (egrisi) ki bizantias ergo. 532 wlis zavi arc ise
myari aRmoCnda. bizantia-irans Soris 542 wels atexili ocwliani omis erT-erT are-
nad lazikis, dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoria iqca.
iustinianes xangrZlivma omebma aRmosavleTSi droebiT ganamtkica bizantiis po-
ziciebi.
davaleba
1. ra nawilebisgan Sedgeboda iustinianes `samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsi~?
2. romeli barbarosuli saxelmwifoebi daamarcxa iustinianem? romis imperiis rome-
li teritoriebi daibruna bizantiam?
3. ras iTvaliswinebda 532 wlis zavi?
67
$7. `didi omianoba egrisSi~
ganmarteba
strategosi _ sardali, mxedarTmTavari.
patrikiosi _ bizantiis sakariskaco tituli.
68
sparselebma daxmareba adgilobriv didebuls, gubazze ganawyenebul farsans sTxoves.
farsanma daiviwya gubazTan mtroba da mefes mosalodneli safrTxe acnoba. Sahis Ca-
nafiqris gamJRavnebam radikalurad Secvala gubazis damokidebuleba sparseTisadmi.
axla lazika bizantielebis mokavSired gamodis. imperatorma iustinianem gubazs 8000
meomari gaugzavna dasaxmareblad. omi mTeli sisastikiT ganaxlda _ `romaelebsa da
sparselebs Soris gaimarTa iseTi brZola da vaJkacobis gamomJRavneba, romlis msga-
vssac am Cvens droSi, vfiqrob, ar hqonia adgili~, _ werda bizantieli istorikosi
agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.).
mokavSireebma, pirvel rigSi, petras Seuties, magram cixesimagris aReba ver mo-
axerxes. mogvianebiT (551 wels) bizantielebma mainc aiRes petra da sparselebis
xelaxali Tavdasxmis SiSiT miwasTan gaaswores. meore mxriv, marcxiT dasrulda
lazikis dedaqalaq cixe-gojze sparselebis ieriSi. omi sakmaod gaWianurda, amaSi,
mefe gubazi brals bizantiel sardlebs sdebda, _ isini swraf gamarjvebaze me-
tad xalxis Zarcvasa da pirad gamdidrebaze zrunaveno... strategosebma, Tavis ga-
darCenis mizniT, gubazs Ralati daswames, mosalaparakeblad mdinare xobis napiras
miiwvies da mokles.
gubaz mefis mkvlelobam lazTa aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. saxalxo krebaze gamosul
oratorTa Soris istoriam ori darbaiseli lazis _ aietisa da fartaZis mier war-
moTqmuli sityvebi Semogvinaxa.
aietis sityva:
`gaqra kolxTa Zveli Rirseba da amieridan veRar veRirsebiT imas, rom sxvebs
vmbrZaneblobdeT. isic unda vikmaroT, Tu mivaRwieT imas, rom Zalian ar dagvCagron
imaT, vinc winaT Cveni qveSevrdomi iyo. nuTu ukidures ugunurebas ar warmoadgens
is, rom imaT Sesaxeb, vinc es Caidina, Cven vzivarT da vmsjelobT, mtrebad CavTvaloT
isini Tu megobrebad? unda vicodeT, rom maTi Tavxedoba amaze ar SeCerdeba... me vina-
tridi kolxeTis samefos hqondes Tavisi Zveli Zliereba, rom mas ar dasWirdes ucxo
da gareSe Zalis daxmareba da rom yovelgvar saqmianobaSi rogorc omianobis, ise
mSvidobianobis dros, mxolod sakuTar Tavs eyrdnobodes. magram, rodesac Cven JamTa
trialis an bedis ukuRmarTobis wyalobiT iseTs uZlurebaSi CavardiT, rom sxvaTa
xelqveiTni gavxdiT, me vfiqrob, umjobesia, imaT xelSi viyoT, vinc ufro keTilis-
msurvelia, vinc uryevad icavs keTilganwyobilebas Tavisianebsa da mokavSireTa mi-
marT~.
fartaZis sityva:
`... nu avyvebiT msjelobis dros mowolil boRmas da gulistkivils, rom ar da-
vkargoT mosazrebis unari da ar gavabundovanoT Cveni msjavri: SevinarCunoT unari
ukeTesis arCevisa... aba ras daemsgavseba Cveni saqcieli, Tu mivemxrobiT uzenaesi ar-
sebis sastik mtrebs? Tu isini agvikrZalaven Cveni saRmrTo wesebis Sesrulebas da
TavianT wesebze gadagviyvanen... gubazi rom aq iyos, mogviwodebda, ar mivcemodiT sa-
sowarkveTilebasa da gulaCuyebas, da monebis msgavsad ki ar gavqceuliyaviT, aramed
aRvWurviliyaviT kolxis Tavisufali SegnebiT, vaJkacurad agvetana ubedureba da
araferi sasircxvo da mamapapuri wesebis SembRalavi ar Cagvedina... me im azrisa var,
rom saWiroa romaelTa (bizantielTa) mefes vacnoboT momxdari ambavi, raTa igi sa-
Tanadod moepyras imaT, visac am mkvlelobaSi mTavari danaSauli miuZRvis, da Tu is
amas izams, amieridan moispoba Cveni uTanxmoeba romaelebTan, Tuki is uaryofs Cvens
Txovnas, maSin moviTaTbiroT, mizanSewonili iqneba Tu ara, meore gzas davadgeT~.
69
bazis mkvlelobaSi braldebul strategosebs sikvdili miesajaT. imperatorma egri-
sis axal mefed gubazis memkvidre waTe daamtkica.
omis momdevno wlebi sparselebis warumateblobiT aRiniSna. adgilobrivi mo-
saxleobis daxmarebis gareSe maT Zalian gauWirdaT miudgomel, gauval adgilebSi
brZola, aranakleb Wirda mravalricxovani jaris sursaTiT momaragebac. 562 wels
mebrZol mxareTa Soris 50 wliani zavi daido. sparseTma egrisidan jari gaiyvana
da dasavleT saqarTvelo bizantiis gavlenis sferod aRiara. ase dasrulda TiTqmis
20-wliani omi anu `didi omianoba~ egrisisaTvis.
bizantielebma warmatebiT isargebles da egrisze sakuTari gavlena ganamtkices.
saimperatoro kari mkacrad akontrolebda qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikas,
egriselebs samxedro begarac daekisraT. VII saukunidan bizantielebi egrisis mmar-
Tvels mefed aRarc moixseniebdnen, mas patrikioss uwodebdnen. bizantielTa batonoba
dasavleT saqarTveloSi VII saukunis miwurulamde gagrZelda. 697 wels maT aujanyda
egrisis patrikiosi sergi barnukis Ze da Tavi arabTa qveSevrdomad gamoacxada. Tumca
dasavleT saqarTveloSi verc arabebma moikides myarad fexi.
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT egrisis samxedro-strategiuli mniSvneloba bizantiisa da sparseTi-
saTvis.
2. imsjeleT, ratom daikaves evriselebma sparseTis mxare.
3. SeafaseT mefe gubazis gadawyvetileba, bizantiis winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebina sparse-
Tis Zala.
2. SeafaseT aietisa da fartaZis mier warmoCenili argumentebi.
3. imsjeleT, ram aiZula imperatori iustiniane daekmayofilebina egriselTa moTxo-
vnebi.
4. aRwerili movlenebis mixedviT SeafaseT patrikios sergi barnukis Zis gadawyveti-
leba _ bizantielTa sapirispirod mimxroboda arabebs.
70
mxardaWeriT gaatara saxelmwifo reformebi da gaaZliera armia. imperiaSi laTi-
nuris nacvlad TandaTan damkvidrda berZnuli ena. imperatori axla ukve berZnul
yaidaze, basilevsad (mefed) iwodeboda. heraklem sagareo politikaSic gamoZebna
saimedo mokavSireebi (mag., xazarebi) da iranis winaaRmdeg gadamwyvet Setevaze ga-
davida. 627 wels bizantielebma da xazarebma (jibRu xakanis xelmZRvanelobiT) Tbi-
liss alya Semoartyes. Tbilisis damcvelebma 1000 iraneli mecixovnis daxmarebiT
SeZles moalyeebis ukugdeba. momdevno, 628 wels xazarebma Tbilisi aiRes da aqedan
iranuli garnizoni gaaZeves. somexi istorikosis movses kalankatuacis cnobiT, xa-
zarebma sastikad aaoxres Tbilisi, mravali moqalaqe gaJlites da mravalic tyved
waiyvanes.
Tbilisis dauflebiT bizantia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kvlav Tavis gavlenas
uqvemdebarebs. qarTlsa da bizantias Soris politikuri kavSiris ganmtkicebis mi-
zniT keisari mkacrad uswordeba proiranul Zalebs, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ki
saeklesio saqmeebis mogvarebas uTmobs _ `heraklem tfiliss da mcxeTas da ujarmas
ganavlinna qadagni, raTa yovelni qristianeni eklesiaTa Sina Seikriben da yovelni
mogvni da cecxlisa msaxurni an moinaTlnen an moisrnen... ~ (`moqcevai qarTlisai~).
bizantielebi monofizit qristianebsac mkacrad gauswordnen. mematianis cnobiT, he-
raklem `ganwmida Sjuli qristesi da warvida~.
istorikosTa SefasebiT, TbiliselTa mimarT gamoCenili sastiki angariSworebis
miuxedavad, dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi bizantiis gavlenis damyareba ra-
mdenadme xels uwyobda qarTveli xalxis kulturuli da politikuri daaxloebis
process.
xazarTagan Tbilisis aRebamde, heraklem 627 wels nineviasTan sastikad daamarcxa
iranelebi, mazdeanTaTvis wminda adgilas (gadmocemiT, sadac daibada zaraTuStra)
maradiuli cecxli Caaqro da iranis Zlierebas bolo mouRo. xolo iqidan wamoRebu-
li jvari didi pativiT gadaasvenes da zeimiT aRmarTes ierusalimSi.
71
ganxeTqilebasTan erTad gaCnda am or eklesias Soris ganmasxvavebeli niSnebic.
kaTolikuri mrwamsiT, papi, rogorc msoflio eklesiis Tavi, dedamiwaze RvTis mo-
adgile da memkvidre wm. petresi, ucodvelia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca is qadagebs.
garda amisa, papi mTeli kaTolikuri eklesiis meTauria.
konstantinopolis patriarqi ki mxolod nominanturad (formalurad) iwodeba
msoflio patriarqad. is realurad ar ereva damoukidebel (avtokefaliur) ekle-
siaTa saqmeebSi. kaTolikur eklesiaSi wirva-locva dRemde laTinur enaze xdeba,
aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi ki Tavidanve mSobliur enaze iwirveboda (e. i. eklesia ero-
vnuli xasiaTisa iyo). kaTolikeebi aRiareben, garda samoTxe-jojoxeTisa, salxi-
nebelis arsebobasac (esaa Sualeduri mdgomareoba jojoxeTsa da samoTxes Soris,
sikvdilis Semdeg aq xvdebian adamianTa sulebi, ixdian sasjels da emzadebian sasu-
fevlisaTvis).
gansxvavebani zogierT wesSic gaCnda. kaTolike RvTismsaxuri uqorwinobis, ubiwo-
ebis aRTqmas sdebs (celibatis wesi). es debuleba aRmosavleTSi mxolod ber-monazv-
nebsa da episkoposebze vrceldeba.
kaTolikuri eklesiis ierarqiaSi arsebobs kardinalis xarisxi, papis Semdeg umaR-
lesi sasuliero mdgomareoba. XII saukunidan papis arCeva xdeba mxolod kardinalTa
kolegiis mier (konklavi). arsebobs agreTve araarsebiTi, zogierTi istoriuli tra-
diciiT SeZenili vizualuri gansxvavebebic.
davaleba
1. daaxasiaTeT herakles religiuri politika qarTlSi; ganmarteT imperatoris mi-
zani.
2. romel saukeneebSi iyo gavrcelebuli xatmebrZoleoba bizantiaSi?
3. rodis gaiyo qristianuli eklesia kaTolikur da marTlmadideblur eklesiebad?
riT gansxvavedeba es eklesiebi erTmaneTisgan?
72
testi #5
SekiTxvebi:
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________ (2 qula)
73
b) ratom iyo dainteresebuli romis imperia misi mokavSire qveynebis gaqristianebiT?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________ (1 qula)
75
b) vestgoTebis beladma stiliqonma 405 wels roms alya Semoartya, magram didZa-
li gamosasyidis miRebis Semdeg ukan gabrunda;
g) vestgoTebis beladma alarixma 410 wels romi aiRo;
d) 410 wels hunebma, atilas xelmZRvanelobiT, romi aiRes da imperia sabolood
gaanadgures.
12. vin iyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos (qarTlis) mefe dasavleT romis imperiis da-
cemis (476w) dros?
a) miriani; b) vaxtang gorgasali; g) daCi; d) arCili.
15. ra politikuri Sedegi mohyva 523 wels iranelTa winaaRmdeg mowyobili ajanye-
bis marcxs?
a) iranma moipova Sav zRvaze gasasvleli;
b) iranma mefoba gaauqma qarTlSi;
g) iranma da bizantiam gainawiles qarTli;
d) gurgen mefe gaiqca xazareTSi.
16. bizantiis imperiam Zlierebis zenits iustiniane I-is dros miaRwia, romelmac
daipyro:
a) dRevandeli safrangeTisa da italiis teritoriebi;
b) CrdiloeT afrika da italia, romlis dedaqalaqi ravena gaxda;
g) sparseTi da italia, romlis dedaqalaqi kvlav romi gaxda;
d) kavkasia, italia, sparseTi da mTeli centraluri da CrdiloeT evropa.
76
19. qarTlSi laSqrobisas herakle keisris mokavSireebi iyvnen:
a) hunebi; g) sparelebi da xazarebi;
b) osebi da hunebi; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
77
Tavi VI. arabebi da maTi dapyrobebi.
arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi
78
medinaSi (winaswarmetyvelis qalaqs niSnavs, adre mas iasribs uwodebdnen) Tavi
moiyara muhamedis aTasobiT mimdevarma, 630 wels maT daikaves meqa da qaabas war-
marTuli kerpebi daamsxvries. meqa muslimTa wminda qalaqad gamocxadda. muhamedi
medinaSi gardaicvala 632 wels da iqvea dakrZaluli, mis saflavze didi meCeTi
aaSenes.
male islami mTel arabul samyaroSi gavrcelda. muhamedis winaswarmetyveleba-
ni, zeSTagonebisa da religiuri aRtkinebis dros warmoTqmuli gamonaTqvamebi gaer-
Tianda muslimTa wminda wignSi yuranSi (yurani arabulad niSnavs kiTxvas; waikiTxe).
yurani Sedgeba 114 Tavis anu surasgan. pirveli Tavi savaldebulo, yoveldRiuri
locvaa.
WeSmariti muslimi valdebulia Seasrulos xuTi aucilebeli moTxovna:
1. aRiaros erTi RmerTi _ ar ars RmerTi, Tvinier erTi RmerTisa alahisa. 2. dReSi
xuTjer unda warmoTqva aucilebeli locva. 3. gaiRos mowyaleba (daxmareba) Rarib-
Ta da upovarTaTvis. 4. ramadanis TveSi marxvisas ar miiRos sakvebi mzis amosvlidan
mzis Casvlamde da 5. yvela muslimi valdebulia sicocxleSi erTxel mainc moilocos
wminda qalaqi meqa.
islamis mixedviT, adamianis beds alahi ganagebs, morwmune mas usityvod unda da-
emorCilos. `araferi mogviva imis garda, rac dagvisaxa alahma~, ambobs yurani. yve-
laze didi madli muslimTaTvis aris urjuloTa moqceva an maT winaaRmdeg brZola.
`saRvTo omi~ anu jihadi islamis gasavrceleblad muslimTa wminda saqmed iTvlebo-
da. jihadi ar vrceldeboda `wminda werilis~ xalxebze _ iudevelebsa da qristiane-
bze. maT religiuri gadasaxadi _ jizia unda gadaexadaT arabTaTvis.
muhamedis sikvdilis Semdeg misi saqme misma moadgileebma, memkvidreebma anu xali-
febma ganagrZes. pirveli xalifebi muhamedis oTxi uaxloesi TanamebrZolebi iyvnen,
abu-beqri, omari, osmani da muhamedis siZe _ ali. am xalifTagan ukanasknelis _ alis
dros arabebSi daiwyo didi sarwmunoebrivi areuloba. muslimebi orad gaiyvnen _
Siitebad da sunitebad. Siebi (Sia _ arab. jgufi, seqta) WeSmariti sarwmunoebis wya-
rod mxolod yurans miiCneven. xolo sunitebi, garda yuranisa, wminda wignad Tvlian
sunas, anu im krebuls, sadac Tavmoyrilia muhamedis gadmocemebi, misi gamonaTqvamebi,
rac yuranSi ar Sesula (padisebi).
xalifa ali mokles. is Siizmis mamamTavrad miiCneva. swored pirveli xalifebis
droidan iwyeba arabTa didi dapyrobebi.
79
arabebma daasrules Sua aziis dapyrobac da maTma samflobeloebma volgispireTa-
mde miaRwia. arabTa uzarmazar teritoriaze gadaWimul saxelmwifos did saxalifo-
sac uwodebdnen.
omaianebi da abasianebi. Siiti xalifa alis mokvlis Semdeg Zalaufleba siriis
jarebis sardalma moaviam Caigdo xelSi. man meqaze uari Tqva da saxalifos cen-
tri damaskoSi gadaitana. moaviam safuZveli Cauyara omaianebis dinastiis batonobas.
didi dapyrobebi swored omaianebis dros moxda. arabTa mZime uRlis gamo dapyrobil
qveynebSi xSirad ifeTqebda xolme xalxTa ajanyebebi, rasac arabebi sadamsjelo Ro-
nisZiebebiT pasuxobdnen. swored am mizans isaxavda arabTa laSqrobebi saqarTveloSi
735-38 wlebSi murvan-yrus sardlobiT. msgavsi gamosvlebi saxalifos sxva kuTxeeb-
Sic xdeboda.
VIII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda iranuli warmoSobis axa-
li aristokratia. maTi daxmarebiT, erT-erTma sardalma aSul-abasma amboxeba moa-
wyo, daamxo omaianebi, erTianad gaJuJa mTeli sagvareulo (gadarCa mxolod Wabuki
abdul-rasmani, romelic espaneTSi gaiqca da iq emiri gaxda) da Tavi xalifad gamoa-
cxada. saxalifos centrad man damaskos nacvlad, axlad aSenebuli baRdadi aqcia. mis
memkvidreebs abasianebs uwodeben, xolo saxelmwifos baRdadis saxalifos. pirveli
abasianebis dros, VIII-IX saukuneebSi, didi saxalifo Zlierebis zenits aRwevs. amis
mere igi nel-nela daiSala mraval mcire politikur erTeulad, saxalifoebad da
saemiroebad.
80
biT aRsaniSnavia omaris meCeTi ierusalimSi, al-hambras sasaxle granadaSi, umusis
mavzoleumi samaryandSi da sxva.
arabuli nagebobani morTuli iyo brwyinvale CuqurTmebiTa da mozaikiT. vinaidan
islami krZalavs cocxal arsebaTa gamosaxvas, qandakeba da mxatvroba TiTqmis ar gan-
viTarebula. mxatvroba mxolod wignis miniaturebSi iyo.
kedlis moxatulobas warmoadgenda arabeskebi, erTmaneTSi garkveuli sime-
triiT gadaxlarTuli xazebis qarga. es iyo mcenareebisa da sxva geometriuli
figurebis kombinaciiT miRebuli ornamenti, romelSic CarTuli iyo warwerebi
yuranidan.
islamur samyaroSi mravali literaturuli Zegli Seiqmna. bevr maTgans Rirseu-
li adgili uWiravs msoflio literaturis saganZurSi. mTel msoflioSia cnobili
arabuli literaturis ukvdavi Zegli `zRapari aTas erTi Ramisa~, romlis Sedgena IX
saukuneSi daiwyo da XV saukuneSi dasrulda.
islamuri literaturis Sedevrebi Seiqmna Sua saukuneebis sparseTSi. firdousis
`Sah-name~ (`mefeTa wigni~), vrceli poema miTologiuri, sagmiro da istoriuli siu-
JetebiT. poemaSi mxatvruli formebiT gadmocemulia rogorc legendaruli gmirebis
cxovreba, ise iranis realuri istoriebic, gansakuTrebiT sasaniduri epoqisa. Sah-
-names imdenad didi gavlena hqonda mTel aRmosavlur literaturaze, rom is male
mraval enaze iTargmna. maT Soris mravladaa qarTuli Targmanis versiebic.
sparsuli poeziis brwyinvale nimuSebi Seqmnes hafezma, omar xaiamma, jalal ed din
rumma, saadma, abd-or-rahman jazma, havezma da sxvebma.
arabma swavlulebma mecnierebis mravali dargi ganaviTares. maT Seqmnes dRevan-
deli algebris sistema. ganaviTares da Tanamedrove saxe misces cifrebs, dRes rom
viyenebT. arabuli mecnierebis udidesi warmomadgenelia abu ali ibn-sina, igive avi-
cena, misi `saaqimo wigni~ XVI s-mde evropuli universitetebis saswavlo saxelmZR-
vanelod iTvleboda.
arabma mogzaurebma da vaWrebma udidesi wvlili Seitanes geografiuli mecniere-
bis ganviTarebaSi. maT Zvirfasi cnobebi dagvitoves sxvadasxva xalxebis, qveynebis
yofa-cxovrebaze, saqmianobaze da sxv. arabi geografebi adgendnen rukebs, romelTa
mniSvneloba im droisaTvis Zalian didi iyo. aseTi gaxldaT XI saukuneSi Sedgenili
al idrisis ruka. arabi geografebi ukve gamoTqvamdnen mosazrebas dedamiwis sferu-
lobis Taobaze.
sakacobrio mniSvnelobisaa arabebis mier Sesrulebuli filosofiuri traqtate-
bis Targmanebi; am TargmanebiT SemorCa dRemde araerTi cnobili berZeni filosofo-
sis naSromebi.
arabebma gaavrceles da evropaSi Seitanes mravali mcenareuli kultura; citru-
sebi, marwyvi, brinji, ispanaxi, komSi, TuTis xe da abreSumi. Cinelebisagan iswavles
da gaavrceles qaris wisqvilebi da denTi. arabulidan gavrcelda bevri samecniero
termini: algebra, alkoholi, admirali, arsenali, bazari, qimia, tarifi, cifri da
sxvani.
davaleba
1. aRwereT arabTa sacxovrebeli garemo.
2. imsjeleT muhamedis mier Seqmnili religiuri moZRvrebis xasiaTze.
3. ramdenad tolerantuli iyo islamis damokidebuleba sxva aRmsareblobebis mimarT?
4. CamoTvaleT arabTa mier dapyrobili teritoriebi
5. imsjeleT arabul arqiteqturaze, mecnierebasa da literaturaze; SeafaseT arabu-
li kulturis mniSvneloba msoflio civilizaciisaTvis.
81
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
muhamedis gadasvla meqadan medianaSi (hijra) _ 622 w.
muhamedis dabruneba meqaSi _ 630 w.
muhamedis gardacvaleba _ 632 w.
640 wels arabebma daipyres somxeTi. momdevno wlebSi maT marbieli laSqari
qarTlSic gamogzavnes. imxanad qarTvelebma arabebs SedarebiT iolad sZlies da
qveynidan gandevnes. amave dros, kavkasiaSi dakarguli poziciis aRsadgenad, bizan-
tielebi somxeTSi SeiWrnen, magram arabebTan brZolaSi sastikad damarcxdnen (654
w.). bizantielTa sardalma mavrianosma Tavi qarTls Sefara. arabebi habib ibn mas-
lamas meTaurobiT qarTls moadgnen. erismTavarma stefanoz II-m arabebTan brZola
mizanSeuwonlad CaTvala. maT ukve daepyroT irani da mezobeli somxeTi, bizantiis
ukanaskneli cda ki, daebrunebina arabTagan warTmeuli kavkasiuri teritoriebi
marcxiT dasrulda. arc qarTlSi iyo centraluri xelisuflebis mdgomareoba mya-
ri. Zlierdeboda calkeuli mxarebis mmarTvelTa separatizmi. aseT pirobebSi ara-
bTa winaaRmdeg erTiani frontis Seqmna qarTlis masStabiTac SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
erismTavarma arab sardals mociqulis xeliT mdidruli saCuqrebi aaxla. morCi-
lebis sanacvlod habib ibn maslamam qarTls `dacvis sigeli~ uboZa. qarTvelebs
(zogadad, qristianebs) komlze dinaris gadaxda daevalaT. qarTvelebs, gadasaxdis
Semcirebis mizniT, ojaxebis gaerTianeba ekrZalebodaT, xolo arabebs ojaxis gayo-
fa. islamis miRebis SemTxvevaSi ojaxi gadasaxadisgan Tavisufldeboda. qarTvelebi
valdebulni iyvnen TavSesafari miecaT sakuTar razms CamorCenili arabisaTvis da
usafrTxod mieyvanaT is uaxloes sadgomamde. `dacvis sigeli~ ar krZalavda qris-
tianul msaxurebas. aseve, qarTvelebi ar daisjebodnen, Tu arabTagan samxedro da-
xmarebis miuReblobis SemTxvevaSi sxva dampyrobs damorCildebodnen.
arabTa batonoba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi didxans ar gagrZelebula. saxali-
fo Sinaomebma moicva da 661 wlamde arabebi qarTlSi aRar gamoCenilan. samocia-
ni wlebidan qarTlis mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad garTulda. arabTa saxalifo da
bizantia qarTlis dauflebisaTvis erTmaneTs ecilebodnen. maT erTi mxriv xarki,
xolo meore mxriv, sauReltexilo gzebis xelSi Cagdeba surdaT. amas ematebo-
da xazarTa mZarcveluri Tavdasxmebi. amdenad, qarTvel xalxs sami mimarTulebiT
uwevda brZola. qveynis dauZlurebiT yvelaze kargad isev arabebma isargebles da
qarTlze TavianTi mmarTveloba aRadgines. VII saukunis miwurulisTvis maT dasav-
leT saqarTveloSic moikides fexi. rogorc iciT, egrisis mmarTveli (patrikiosi)
sergi barnukis Ze ganudga bizantielebs da qveyana arabebs daumorCila. VIII sauku-
nis dasawyisisTvis arabebs SavizRvispira zolis garda mTeli dasavleT saqarTve-
lo emorCileboda.
724 wels qarTlSi ilaSqra arabma sardalma jarahma. man ganaaxla `dacvis si-
geli~ da, Tavis mxriv, am xelSekrulebas ramdenime punqtic daumata. amieridan
qarTvelebs arabebisaTvis `xarajac~ _ saadgilmamulo gadasaxadic unda eZliaT.
axalma sagadasaxado valdebulebam xalxSi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. urCTa dasasje-
lad xalifa haSimma amierkavkasiaSi gamocdili sardali murvan ibn-muhamedi (igive
82
murvan yru) gamogzavna. murvan ibn-muhamedi saqarTveloSi 735 wels Semovida 120
aTasi meomriT. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dalaSqvris Semdeg is egrisSi gadavida.
murvan ibn-muhameds dasavleT saqarTveloSi laSqrobisas gansakuTrebuli wina-
aRmdegoba gauwies argveTis mTavrebma daviT da konstantine mxeiZeebma. maT uari
Tqves islamis miRebaze da mowamebrivad aResrulnen. qarTuli marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis mier isini wmindanebad Seiracxnen. maT saxelze aigo taZari `mowameTa~.
arabebma aiRes quTaisi, cixe-goji, gadalaxes kelasuris gamagrebuli xazi. maTi
laSqroba anakofiis cixesTan Sewyda. aq gamagrebulma qarTlis erismTavarma mirma,
misma Zmam arCilma, afxazeTis erisTavis leonis daxmarebiT ukuaqcies arabTa jari.
murvanis laSqroba sami wlis manZilze grZeldeboda da saqarTvelosTan erTad mTe-
li samxreT kavkasia moicva.
murvan ibn muhamedis laSqrobas qarTlSi (zogadad, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi)
arabTa batonobis damZimeba mohyva. Tu aqamde qarTls adgilobrivi erismTavari gana-
gebda, amieridan umaRles xelisuflad arabi mmarTveli _ amira iqca.
marTalia, erismTavris Tanamdeboba SenarCunebul iqna, magram misi uflebebi mkve-
Trad SeizRuda da amiras daumorCilda. qarTlis amiras rezidencia TbilisSi iyo,
amitom mas `Tbilisis amirasac~ uwodebdnen.
VIII saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis arabebma dapyrobiTi omebi daasrules. saxalifo-
Si uwyvet nakadad aRar moedineboda naZarcvi qoneba. dapyrobil xalxebze gawerili
xarki ki sakmarisi ar iyo ukidegano imperiis samarTavad, mravalricxovani jarisa
da biurokratiis Sesanaxad. amitom arabebma mniSvnelovnad gazardes gadasaxadebi,
gamkacrda religiuri politikac _ arabebi sul ufro nakleb Semwynareblobas
iCendnen sxva aRmsareblobis mimarT. am yovelivem dapyrobil xalxebSi gaaaqtiu-
ra gamaTavisuflebeli brZolebi. qarTveli xalxis brZolas saTaveSi erismTavari
nerse II edga. xalifa al-mansarma is baRdadSi daibara da daapatimra. samwliani
tyveobis Semdeg, 775 wels, axalma xalifam nerse gaaTavisufla da qarTlSi da-
abruna. rogorc Cans, nerse kvlav ganagrZobda arabTa mimarT winaaRmdegobas da
amitom is xelmeored gamoiZaxes baRdadSi. erismTavarma Tavisi ojaxi dasavleT
saqarTveloSi gaxizna, Tavad ki xazarTa xakanTan gaemgzavra daxmarebis saTxov-
nelad. xazarebma arabTa winaaRdeg erToblivi brZolisgan Tavi Seikaves. amis Sem-
deg nersemac egriss Seafara Tavi. swored nerse erismTavars Camohyva baRdadidan
qarTlSi arabi Wabuki abo, romelic qristianobis miRebis gamo awames. abos wameba
aRwera VIII saukunis mweralma ioane sabanisZem. es agiografiuli nawarmoebi karg
warmodgenas gviqmnis im drois qarTlis politikur da ekonomikuri mdgomareobaze
_ `...ese varT morwmuneni mZlavrebasa queSe damonebulni da naklulevanebiTa da
siglaxakiT Sekrulni, viTarca rkiniTa, xarksa queSe maTsa guemulni da qejnilni,
Zvir-Zvirad zRveulni, SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan
ZlierTa~.
IX saukunidan Tbilisis amirebi cdiloben saxalifosagan damoukideblobis mopo-
vebas. xalifebi axla ukve maTive yofili moxeleebis dasajelad awyobdnen laSqrobe-
bs. erT-erT aseTi laSqroba 853 wels moewyo buRa Turqis sardlobiT. arabebma aiRes
Tbilisi da urCi amira sahaki sikvdiliT dasajes. wyaroebis mixedviT, am laSqrobas
50 aTasi Tbiliselis sicocxle Seewira. arabebma qristianobisaTvis qarTlis gavle-
niani didebuli konstanti kaxac awames.
914 wels arabebi, abul kasimis sardlobiT, laSqroben qarTlSi, kaxeTsa da sa-
mcxeSi. maT didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies yvelis cixis (javaxeTi) mcvelebma axalga-
zrda aznauris gobronis meTaurobiT. tyved Cavardnilma gobronma uari Tqva islamis
miRebaze, ris gamoc sikvdiliT dasajes (gobronis wameba aRwera tbeTis episkoposma
stefane mtbevarma).
83
arabebi amis Semdegac arbeven saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxares. 936 wels amira sajim
jer kaxeTi dalaSqra, Semdeg qarTlSi gadavida da mcxeTis jvris taZari daangria.
amis miuxedavad, arabTa batonobis aRdgena saqarTveloSi veRar moxerxda. TviT Tbi-
lisis saamiroc saxalifosagan sruliad damoukidebel politikur erTeulad Camoya-
libda.
davaleba
1. rogor SeafasebT qarTlis erismTavris gadawyvetilebas _ uomrad damorCileboda
arabebs?
2. CamoTvaleT `dacvis sigelis~ pirobebi, gansazRvreT qarTuli da arabuli mxaree-
bis ufleba-valdebulebebi.
3. imsjeleT saqarTveloSi murvan ibn-muhamedis laSqrobis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.
4. ra mizniT SemoiRes arabebma qarTlSi amiras xelisufleba?
5. gaixseneT `abo Tbilelis wamebis~ siuJeti da imsjeleT arabTa batonobis dros am
nawarmoebis mniSvnelobaze.
6. Tqveni azriT, ratom upirispirdeboda Tbilisis amira saxalifos?
84
testi #6
I. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
2. ra iyo qaaba?
a) arabTa savaWro da religiuri centri;
b) adgili, sadac muhamedma pirvelad iqadaga islami;
g) meqaSi mdebare arab mmarTvelTa rezidencia;
d) taZari, romelic, warmarTobis drosac, yvela arabisaTvis wminda adgilad iTv-
leboda.
5. ra aris hijra?
a) hijra arabulad `gadasaxlebas~ niSnavs;
b) hijra axal, mahmadianur sarwmunoebaze moqceul xalxs niSnavs;
g) hijra muslimanTa kalendaria, romelic welTaRricxvas muhamedis dabadebam-
del da dabadebis Semdgom periodebad yofs;
d) hijra sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavganwirvas aRniSnavs, igivea ra wmindani.
6. yuranis mixedviT:
a) mariam RvTismSobeli wmindania, ieso qriste ki RmerTis mociquli;
b) ieso qriste TviTmarqviaa, mas RmerTTan arferi akavSirebs, amitom qristianoba
mcdari religiaa;
85
g) qristianebi da iudevelebi WeSmarit RmerTs aRiareben, amitom isini, muslimeb-
Tan erTad, alahis mfarvelobiT sargebloben;
d) ebraelebma jvars acves ieso, xolo alahma ixsna is da, rogorc wminda mo-
ciquli, muhamedis saxiT kvlav mouvlina adamianebs WerSmariti rwmenis saqadage-
blad.
86
12. CamoTvlilTagan, ra ukavSirdeba abasianTa dinastias?
a) arabeTis imperiaSi arabuli enisa da kulturis gabatoneba;
b) arabTa imperiis dedaqalaqis damaskodan baRdadSi gadatana;
g) sparseTsa da afrikaSi mcxovreb berberebSi muslimanobis gavrceleba;
d) saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis dapyroba.
15. arabTa romeli sardlis laSqrobis Semdeg Cndeba qarTlSi amiras xelisufle-
ba?
a) buRa Turqi; g) murvan yru;
b) jarahi; d) abul kasimi.
87
CamoayalibeT Tqveni argumentirebuli pozicia erismTavris aRniSnul gadawyveti-
lebasTan dakavSirebiT
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Tavi VII. saqarTvelos gaerTianeba
89
afxazTa samefo imTaviTve aqtiurad CaerTo saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis br-
Zolis procesSi. rogorc ukve iTqva, afxazTa mefe kaxeTis qorepiskoposTan erTad
ibrZoda hereTis dasaufleblad. afxazTa mefeebi flobdnen Sida qarTlsac.
damoukideblobisa da saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZolam afxazTa samefos
winaSe eklesiis problemac daayena. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, `(leon afxazTa me-
fisTvis) sagonebel (safiqral, sazrunav) ars ganTavisufleba afxazTa kaTalikosisa
nebiTave berZenTaTa~. dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebuli eparqiebi _ lazeTis sami-
tropolito da afxazeTis saarqiepiskoposo bizantiis eklesias eqvemdebarebodnen.
mRvdelmTavrebs konstantinopolis patriarqi niSnavda, RvTismsaxureba ki berZnul
enaze aRevlineboda. bizantiisagan politikuri da eklesiuri damoukideblobis mo-
povebas emsaxureboda afxazTa mefis mier qarTuli saepiskoposo centrebis (bediis,
moqvis, Wyondidis) daarseba, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiebis gaerTianeba axlad
Seqmnil afxazTa sakaTalikosoSi da afxazTa kaTalikosis daqvemdebareba mcxeTis
(sruliad saqarTvelos) sakaTalikoso taxtisadmi.
90
waravlina spasalari Tvisi da bagrat, Ze aSot kurapalatisa. Seibnes da gaaqcies
afxazni~.
IX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan Tbiliss amira jafari ganagebs. xalifas arc is
emorCileba. metic, amirobas memkvidreobiT umtkicebs STamomavlebs da saTaves udebs
jafarianTa dinastias, romelic TiTqmis orasi wlis manZilze marTavda Tbiliss.
Tbilisi Tavisi aRmosavluri ieriT sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda sxva qarTu-
li qalaqebisgan. is amierkavkasiaSi msxvil savaWro centrad gadaiqca, rasac xels
uwyobda aq gamavali mniSvnelovani savaWro magistralebi. X saukunis arabi geografi
ibn hauqalis cnobiT, Tbilisi didi, kargad gamagrebuli (Semovlebuli hqonda orma-
gi galavani) da mdidari qalaqi yofila. arabi geografi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
Tbilisis abanoebze, mtkvarze agebul wisqvilTa raodenobasa da ucxoelTadmi moqa-
laqeTa keTilganwyobaze amaxvilebda.
mmarTvelobis mxriv Tbilisi namdvil aRmosavlur qalaqs warmoadgenda. wesrigs
`Sutrebi~ icavdnen, moqalaqeTa zneobas da saqciels `muhTasibi~ adevnebda Tvalyurs,
masve evaleboda quCebsa da savaWro adgilebze zrunva, importirebul saqonelze baJis
daweseba `muSribis~ movaleoba iyo, oficialur sabuTebs `amadi~ adgenda da amtkice-
bda, marTlmsajulebas `yadi~ ganagebda...
Tbilisis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili muslimi iyo. garkveuli raodenobiT
cxovrobdnen ebraelebi, qarTvelebi da somxebi.
davaleba
1. CamoTvaleT axali samofo-samTavroebis warmoqmnis mizezebi.
2. imsjeleT kaxeTis samTavros Camoyalibebis procesze. miuTiTeT, ram Seuwyo xeli
mTis tomis (wanarebis) gavlenis gaZlierebas barze? daaxasiaTeT qorepiskoposis
xelisufleba.
3. ganmarteT, ratom ewoda axal dasavlurqarTul samefos `afxazTa samefo~.
4. SeafaseT afxazTa mefis saeklesio reformis saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba.
5. rogor gesmiT terminebi `qarTvelTa samefo~, `qarTvelTa mefe~? ra politikuri
idea SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes tao-klarjeTis mmarTvelTa am tituls?
91
niSnes. swored ioane maruSisZe gvevlineba saqarTvelos gaerTianebis erT-erT inicia-
torad. misi gegmis mixedviT, qarTlSi bagrati unda gaemefebinaT, xolo dasavleT da
samxreT saqarTvelo mas dinastiuri gziT unda rgeboda. 975 wels daviT kurapalati
qarTlSi gadavida da iq bagrati gaamefa. 978 wels daviT kurapalatisa da ioane ma-
ruSisZis mxardaWeriT bagrati afxazTa mefe xdeba.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi gamefebis Semdeg bagrat III-m (975-1014 ww.) gadamWreli Ro-
nisZiebebi gaatara `raTa yovelTa kacTa, didTa da mcireTa, sasoeba... SiSi mis (bagra-
tis) mimarT aqvndeT (hqonodaT)~. mefem daamarcxa qarTlis mowinaaRmdege feodalebi
(980 w.), romlebsac qavTar tbeli xelmZRvanelobda. Semdeg bagratma dalaSqra kldeka-
ris cixe da TrialeTis erisTavi rati baRvaSi daimorCila (989 w.). 1001 wels gardai-
cvala daviT kurapalati. misi samflobelos nawili memkvidreobiT bagrats ergo, didi
wili ki bizantielebma daikaves. rogorc iciT, daviT kurapalatma barda skliarosis
daxmarebis sanacvlod saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare teritoriebi miiRo, romlebic
mas sicocxlis bolomde unarCundeboda. istorikosebis varaudiT, daviTs amgvari dro-
ebiTi mflobeloba ar akmayofilebda da 987 wels keisris winaaRmdeg ajanyebul barda
fokas dauWira mxari. keisarma meamboxeebs sZlia da daviT kurapalatis winaaRmdeg gai-
laSqra (990w.). daviTi iZulebuli gaxda keisrisaTvis aReTqva, rom sikvdilis Semdeg
misi samflobelo bizantias gadaecemoda: `viTar mokvda mefe daviTi gamovida basili,
berZenTa mefe, ...da daipyra mamuli daviT kurapalatisa~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~).
1008-1010 wlebSi bagratma `daipyra sruliad hereTi da kaxeTi~. aseve daatyveva
sakuTari biZebi, klarjeTis xelmwifeni da es mxarec daiqvemdebara.
bagrat III gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirvel mefed iTvleba. mis mflobelobaSi
Sedioda dasavleT saqarTvelo, Sida qarTli, kaxeTi, hereTi, samxreT saqarTvelos
udidesi nawili (garda bizantielebis mier mierTebuli teritoriebisa). erTiani sa-
qarTvelos gareT rCeboda Tbilisis saamiro. bagrati iwodeboda `mefe afxazTa, qar-
TvelTa, ranTa (herTa) da kaxTa~. mis dros aigo bediis monasteri, bagratis taZari,
nikorwminda da sxva. bagrati gardaicvala taoSi, fanaskertis cixesimagreSi. dakrZa-
lulia mis mierve agebul bediis taZarSi.
bagrat IV. giorgi I-is Zis bagrat IV-is (1027-1072 ww.) mefobisas isev daZabuli
rCeba qarTul-bizantiuri urTierTobebi. gamefebis pirvelsave wels, bizantiis wa-
qezebiT, mefes taoeli feodalebi ganudgenen. maT mravali mimbaZveli gamouCndaT.
ufliswulma demetrem ki (bagrat III-is naxevarZma) bizantielebs anakofiis cixe ga-
dasca. maT sapirispirod episkoposma saba mtbevarma tbeTSi (SavSeTi) cixe aago, Se-
moikriba samSoblos erTguli sasuliero da saero pirebi da bizantielebis winsvla
SeaCera. bizantiasTan daZabuli urTierTobis mogvarebis mizniT bagratis deda, de-
dofali mariami konstantinopolSi gaemgzavra. saimperatoro karTan molaparakeba
Sedegiani aRmoCnda. imperatorma bagrat IV-s kurapalatoba uboZa da Tavisi Zmiswuli
92
elene miaTxova. dedofali elene maleve gardaicvala. droebiTi aRmoCnda saqarTve-
lo-bizantiis mSvidobiani urTierTobac (bagrat IV-m meorejer osTa mefis asul bo-
renaze iqorwina). bizantiasTan urTierTobis mowesrigebis mizniT bagrat IV-m Tavisi
asuli, mSvenierebiT ganTqmuli marTa (marTa-mariami) imperator duka parapinaks mia-
Txova. Tumca raime xelSesaxebi Sedegi arc am dinastiur qorwinebas mohyolia.
bagrat IV-is dros garTulda qveynis saSinao mdgomareobac. samefo xelisufle-
bas daupirispirda kldekaris erisTavi liparit baRvaSi. konfliqtis mizezTa Soris
istorikosebi TbilisisaTvis brZolis peripetiebsac asaxeleben. marTlac, 1032 wels
liparit baRvaSma da ioane abazasZem (mefis momxre didebulma) Seipyres Tbilisis
amira da mefes mihgvares. mefem amira Seiwyala da gaaTavisufla. 1037 wels, lipa-
ritis iniciativiT, bagrat IV-m Tbiliss alya Semoartya. alya or weliwads gagr-
Zelda. qalaqis mosaxleoba ukidures gaWirvebaSi Cavarda. amira gaqcevis samzadiss
Seudga... magram mefem moulodnelad, liparitTan SeuTanxmeblad, qalaqs alya moxsna.
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, `romelTame didebulTa, azraxes (urCies) mefes, ara
gandidebisaTvis liparitisa egos (darCes) amira Tbilissave, da daamtkica mefeman
amira tfilissave~. kldekaris saerisTavo Tbilisis saamiros esazRvreboda da Se-
saZlebelia, mefe da sxva didebulebi marTlac SiSobdnen, rom qalaqis aRebiT baR-
vaSTa sagvareulo metismetad gaZlierdeboda. am movlenebis Semdeg lipariti mefes
daupirispirda. 1046 wels Tbilisis mmarTvelebma (berebma) qalaqi bagrats gadasces.
amave dros, lipariti bagratis winaaRmdeg ajanyda. mefe iZulebuli gaxda erisTavis
winaaRmdeg miemarTa Zalebi da Tbilisi daeTmo.
liparitTan urTierTobis mogvarebis mizniT bagrat IV konstantinopolSi gaemgza-
vra. imperatorma is sam weliwads daayovna. amasobaSi liparitma bagratis mcirewlova-
ni Ze giorgi ruisis taZarSi mefed akurTxa da Tavi mis gamzrdelad gamoacxada.
sabolood, liparit baRvaSi isev misma qveSevrdomma aznaurebma Seipyres: `amis
samefosa didebulTa moewyina patronoba liparitisa, SeiTqunes sula kalmaxeli da
mesxni, Seipyres liparit da Ze misi ioane... da bagrat mefesa... moarTves~ (`qarTlis
cxovreba~). mefem lipariti daatyveva, berad aRkveca da bizantiaSi gaaZeva.
XI saukunis 60-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi Turq-selCukebis Semosevebi iwyeba.
1064 wels maT, alf-arslanis sardlobiT, axalqalaqi da mimdebare mxareebi dalaS-
qres, 1068 wels ki _ qarTli da zemo imereTi. mSvidobis sanacvlod alf-arslanma
bagrat IV-s morCileba da xarkis gadaxda mosTxova. bagratisaTvis es pirobebi miu-
Rebeli aRmoCnda.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT ioane maruSisZis gegmis Sesaxeb.
2. ratom iwodeba bagrat III erTiani saqarTvelos pirvel mefed? CamoTvaleT misi
xelisuflebis qveS gaerTianebuli qarTuli teritoriebi
3. imsjeleT giorgi I-is bizantiasTan dapirispirebis Sedegebze da SeafaseT mefis
sagareo politika.
4. SeafaseT bagrat IV-is moqmedeba Tbilisis alyis dros.
5. Tqveni azriT, ra mizani amoZravebda liparit baRvaSs? rogoria mis mimarT bizan-
tiis pozicia?
94
wevrebi damokidebulni iyvnen haSiSze, Zlier narkotikul saSualebaze. religiuri
fanatizmi da haSiSis zemoqmedeba asasinebs mrisxane, daumarcxebel Zalad aqcevda.
didi selCuki sulTnebi amaod cdilobdnen asasinebis mTavari rezidenciis ala-
muTis cixis aRebas da maT ganadgurebas. selCukTa didveziri nizam al-mulqi sas-
tikad devnida maT, magram am RonisZiebebs Sedegi ar mohyolia. TviT didi veziric
asasinTa msxverpli Seiqna (mokles 1092 wels). asasinTa mier moklul politikur mo-
winaaRmdegeTa sia sakmaod grZelia: xalifebi, umaRlesi sasuliero pirebi, vezirebi,
amirebi, yadebi (mosamarTleebi), jvarosanTa beladebi... asasinTa ordenis ganadgure-
ba mxolod monRolebma SeZles (XIII s.). sainteresoa, rom monRolTa mier alamuTis
cixis aRebaSi qarTvelebic monawileobdnen mefe daviT narinis sardlobiT (qarTve-
lebs monRolTa samxedro samsaxuri evalebodaT).
davaleba
1. daaxasiaTeT Turq-selCukebi (saqmianoba, dapyrobebi).
2. imsjeleT `didi Turqobis~ Sedegebze. gansazRvreT, ra safrTxes uqmnida saqar-
Tvelos TurqTa gamudmebuli laSqrobebi.
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testi #7
I. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
instruqcia: mocemulia 20 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fasdeba
1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 20 qula.
15. vin iyo saqarTvelos mefe 1071 wlis manaskertis brZolis dros?
a) giorgi II; b) bagrat IV; g) daviT IV; d) giorgi I.
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VIII Tavi. saqarTvelo da msoflio
XII-XIII saukuneebSi
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daiwyo mzadeba aRmosavleTSi salaSqrod. istoriam icis rva aseTi laSqroba, ro-
melTagan aRsaniSnavia pirveli da meoTxe.
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jvarosanTa umTavresi problema is iyo, rom maT gars ertya mravalricxovani mus-
limuri saxelmwifoebi, romlebTanac mudmivi omebi hqondaT. saWiro xdeboda mahma-
dianebis winaaRmdeg mudmivi brZolis ufro efeqtiani formebi, brZolisaTvis mudmivi
mzadyofna da amasTan erTad, sarwmunoebrivi wesebis ucilobeli dacva. am mizniT 1119
wels ierusalimSi Seiqmna rainduli ordeni (gaerTianeba, kavSiri), romelsac tam-
plierebis ordeni ewoda. es saxeli miiRo imis gamo, rom maTi pirveli adgilsamyo-
feli ierusalimis mTavari taZris (solomonis taZris) gverdiT mdebareobda (frang.
le tample _ taZari). ordensac taZrosanTa anu tamplierTa ewoda. XII saukunis bolo-
saTvis amaT gamoeyvnen germanulenovani raindebi da Seqmnes germanelTa anu tevtonTa
ordeni. am samxedro-bermonazvnul ordenebs hqondaT TavianTi wesdebebi. ordenis
wevrebi debdnen monazvnur aRTqmas, usityvod emorCilebodnen ordenis meTaurs, did
magistrs anu grosmaisters. am ordenebs didi qoneba daugrovdaT SewirulobebiTa da
miwebis ZaliT datacebis gziT.
garda samxedro-rainduli ordenebisa, TiTqmis imave dros, ierusalimSi daarsda
saqvelmoqmedo ordeni ioanitebisa anu hospitalierebisa, wm. ioanes saxelobis es sa-
qvelmoqmedo Zmoba exmareboda Soridan Camosul momlocvel-piligrimebs, mogzaure-
bs, kurnavda avadmyofebs da ganikiTxavda mSivrebsa da upovrebs. ioanitebis ordensac
didi simdidre daugrovda SemowirulebaTa gziT. mogvianebiT (XIII s-Si) am ordenebma
TavianTi saqmianoba evropaSi gadaitanes.
davaleba
1. ganmarteT, ra socialurma da politikurma faqtorebma ganapiroba jvarosnuli
laSqrobebi?
2. ratom iqca kaTolikuri eklesia jvarosnuli laSqrobebis iniciatorad?
3. romel wlebSi mimdinareobda pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba? CamoTvaleT maT
mier dakavebuli teritoriebi da jvarosnuli saxelmwifoebi.
4. ra mizniT Seiqmna raindTa sasuliero ordenebi? ra daniSnuleba SeiZines maT?
ganmarteba
mwignobarTuxucesi _ mwignobarTa ufrosi, samefo karis samdivnos xelmZRvaneli.
mstovari _ mzveravi.
aja _ xvewna, mudara, vedreba.
1089 wels saqarTvelos samefo taxtze 16 wlis daviT IV aRmaSenebeli avida (1089-
1125 ww.). man TandaTanobiT, gegmazomieri reformebiT, dasZlia qveynis winaSe mdgari
102
urTulesi problemebi: feodaluri gankerZoeba, Turq-selCukTa TareSi, qveynis po-
litikuri daqsaqsuloba, sameurneo ngreva da sxva.
saxelmwifos gaZlierebisaTvis mimarTul RonisZiebaTa Soris erT-erTi umniSv-
nelovanesi iyo samxedro reforma. arsebuli jari, rogorc Cans, mefes saimedo da-
sayrdenad ar miaCnda. daviTis anonimi istorikosis cnobiT, qarTuli jari iyo `da-
jabnebul mravalgzis mterTagan siltolviTa ucxeno da usaWurveloni (uiaraRoni)
da TurqTa mimarT wyobisa (laSqris samxedro wyobis) yovlad umecarni da friad
moSiSni~. jarSi samxedro disciplinac moSlili Cans _ `saeSmakoni simRerani, saxio-
bani da gancxromani da gineba RmrTisa da yoveli uwesoba...~ sakmaod gavrcelebuli
yofila qarTul laSqarSi.
axali jari sam nawilad iyofoda: mefis pirad usafrTxoebas `mona-spa~ uzrunve-
lyofda, mecixovneebs qalaqebisa da cixeebis dacva evalebodaT, jaris ZiriTad bir-
Tvs _ molaSqreebs saxelmwifo SemoWrili mtrisagan unda daecvaT.
samxedro reformam mefes saSualeba misca aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baridan gane-
devna Turq-selCukebi da gaxiznuli mosaxleoba daebrunebina. mefem msxvil feoda-
lebTan brZolaSic warmatebas miaRwia. daamarcxa kldekaris urCi erisTavi liparit
baRvaSi da erTgulebis ficiT Seiwynara. liparitis `erTguleba~ xanmokle aRmoCnda.
mefem is bizantiaSi gaaZeva, xolo rati liparitis Zis gardacvalebis Semdeg kldeka-
ris saerisTavo gaauqma. daviT IV mkacrad gausworda abuleTisZeTa feodalur saxl-
sac. maTi kuTvnili mamulis nawili (zedaznis cixe da muxrani) SiomRvimis monasters
gadaeca.
1104 wels ruis-urbnisSi, daviT aRmaSeneblis iniciativiT, saeklesio kreba iqna
mowveuli. krebam, romelic kaTalikos ioanes TavmjdomareobiT mimdinareobda, ekle-
siidan gankveTa mefis mowinaaRmdege samRvdeloeba. gankveTilTa Soris iyvnen saekle-
sio TanamdebobisaTvis Seuferebeli sasuliero pirebic. mefem eklesia-monastrebs
mniSvnelovani SeRavaTebic mianiWa _ gaaTavisufla isini saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi-
sagan
samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda mwignobarTuxucesisa da Wyon-
didelis Tanamdebobebis gaerTianeba. mwignobarTuxucesi mefis Semdeg umaRlesi sae-
ro Tanamdeboba iyo. Wyondideli ki Wyondidis (samegreloSia) episkoposs aRniSnavs.
am Tanamdebobebis gaerTianebam daviTs saeklesio saqmeebis gakontrolebis saSualeba
misca. ruis-urbnisis krebam miiRo saeklesio kanoni `Zegliswera~. am kanonis mixed-
viT: eklesiidan unda gaeZevebinaT uRirsi sasuliero pirebi; wesdeboda asakobrivi
SezRudva sxvadasxva saeklesio TanamdebobisTvis: episkoposisTvis _ 35 weli, mR-
vdlisTvis _ 30 weli, diakonisTvis _ 25 weli; am saeklesio ierarqiis gavla cxa-
ddeboda savaldebulod; ikrZaleboda saeklesio Tanamdebobebis yidva-gayidva, maTi
memkvidreobiT gadacema da sxva.
saqarTvelos pirveli mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli daviT aRmaSeneblis aRmzr-
deli da misi politikis erTguli mxardamWeri giorgi iyo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
swored giorgi Seiqna yvela im RonisZiebis sulisCamdgmeli, romlebsac mefe qveynis
gaerTianebisa da gaZlierebisaTvis gegmavda da axorcielebda.
qveynis SigniT wesrigis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda `mstovarTa~ aparatis Seqmna.
daviTis istorikosis cnobiT, amieridan `orgulebasa da Ralatsa vervin didTa anu
mcireTagani ikadrebda mogonebad, ara Tu qmnad.
mstovarTa aparati qveynis gareTac moqmedebda, ris Sedegadac samefo karma zed-
miwevniT kargad icoda ucxoeTSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb, droulad xdeboda
misi informireba moaxloebuli safrTxis Taobaze.
daviT aRmaSenebelma Seqmna specialuri uwyeba `saajo kari~, romelsac saTaveSi
giorgi mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli Cauyena. `saajo kari~ ganixilavda sxvadasxva
saxis saCivrebsa da moxsenebebs. orSabaTobiT sasaxlis am uwyebaSi `obolTa da qvri-
103
vTa da mimZlavrebulTa moCivarTa~ saqmeebis gansaxilvelad specialurad mibrZande-
boda giorgi mwignobarTuxucesi.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT daviTis samxedro reformis Sedegebze.
2. gansazRvreT baRvaSTa da abuleTisZeTa feodaluri saxlebis damarcxebis mniSvne-
loba samefo xelisuflebisaTvis.
3. imsjeleT saeklesio krebis mowvevis mizezebze. SeafaseT ruis-urbnisis krebis dad-
genilebaTa mniSvneloba.
4. gansazRvreT mstovarTa aparatis da saajo karis funqciebi da mniSvneloba.
ganmarteba
placdarmi _ sivrce, sadac mzaddeba saomari operacia.
kavaleria _ cxenosani jari.
davaleba
1. ganmarteT saqarTveloSi yivCayTa Camosaxlebis mizezebi.
2. gansazRvreT didgoris omis gamomwvevi mizezebi.
3. imsjeleT, ratom ar gamoiyvana daviTma brZolis velze ormociaTasive yivCayi me-
omari? raze miuTiTebs daviTis jarSi osTa da `frangTa~ monawileoba?
4. wyaro 3-is mixedviT daaxasiaTeT daviTis sagareo politika.
106
lom bizantiisaken miuTiTa jvarosnebs, iq simdidrec, fulic da yvela sxva sikeTec
bevriao. fuls daxarbebuli jvarosnebi konstantinopolisken daiZrnen. jvarosnebma
1204 wels konstantinopoli aiRes. maT erTianad aikles ara marto qalaqi, aramed
mTeli balkaneTi, saimperatoro xelisuleba daamxes da mis nacvlad iq jvarosnuli
saxelmwifo, laTinTa imperia daaarses. imdroindeli mematiane Jofrua vilardeni
jvarosanTa mier konstantinopolis Zarcvis Sesaxeb werda: `...moednen qalaqs da iwyes
nadavlis Segroveba, nadavli ki imdenad bevri iyo, rom vervin gansazRvravda oqros,
vercxlis, Zvirfaseulobis, Zvirfasi Tvlebis, abreSumis, xaverdis, bewveulis da
sxuaTa odenobas~.
balkaneTSi kidev ramdenime mcire jvarosnuli saxelmwifo aRmocenda. bizantiis
imperiam arseboba Sewyvita. mniSvnelivnad Semcirebuli, is mxolod 1261 wels aRdga.
ase dasrulda jvarosnuli epoqis yvelaze ucnauri laSqroba, romelSic kargad
gamoCnda am laSqrobaTa WeSmariti miznebi. xolo veneciam, misma moqnilma da Wkvia-
nurma diplomatiam, am laSqrobaSi gadamwyveti roli rom iTamaSa, xangrZlivi droiT
uzrunvelyo aRmosavleTSi vaWrobis monopolia.
jvarosnebma verc momdevno sam laSqrobaSi isaxeles Tavi. miuxedavad jvarosne-
bis marcxisa, istorikosebi mainc aRniSnaven am laSqrobaTa mniSvnelobas evropisa-
Tvis; miuTiTeben, rom evropelebma ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi gaicnes aRmosavluri
samyaro, romelzedac aqamde mxolod miTiuri warmodgenebi hqondaT. aRmosavleTis
yofiTi tradiciebisa da kulturis gavleniT daiwyes evropelebma wveris parsva,
samosis gamocvla, qalaqebSi abanoebis gamarTva, aiTvises abreSumis qsovilebisa
da minis warmoeba, gemo gausinjes brinjsa da limons, iswavles Wadrakis TamaSi da
sxva.
davaleba
1. ratom miiCnies venecielebma mtrad bizantielebi?
2. imsjeleT meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobebis Sedegebze.
107
ver ubedaven, radgan saxlSi dabrunebulebs SeuZliaT Suri iZion TavianT mezobel
sxva sarkinozebze. qarTvelTa warCinebul qalebs, amorZalTa msgavsad, omSi rainde-
biviT iaraRi aqvT asxmuli...~.
daviT aRmaSenebelma kargad isargebla jvarosnuli laSqrobebis dawyebiT. 1099
wels man xarki Seuwyvita selCukTa sulTans. es faqtobrivad omis gamocxadebas niS-
navda, magram sulTans jvarosnebTan omebisa da saxelmwifos Sinagani sisustis gamo
ar SeeZlo qarTuli mxaris gamowvevis miReba.
saqarTvelosa da jvarosnul samyaros Soris mWidro samxedro-politikuri kav-
Siris maCvenebelia didgoris velze qarTvelTa rigebSi 100, zogierTi (mag., goties)
cnobiT, 200 frangis (anu jvarosani raindis) monawileoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom antio-
qiis samefos kancleri gotie jvarosnuli saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg islamuri sa-
myaros saerTo omis (ieriSis) dawyebas ukavSirebda Turq-selCukTa saqarTveloSi ga-
molaSqrebas _ `il-Razis survili iyo, raTa misi (daviTis) daRupvis an gandevnis Se-
mdeg Tavisuflad da daubrkoleblad Seudges antioqiis damorCilebas da qristianTa
amowyvetas~.
didgoris brZolaSi gamarjvebam ganamtkica qarTuli saxelmwifos damoukideblo-
ba da amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebze misi politikuri gavlena. am gamarjvebas didi
gamoxmaureba mohyva dasavleT evropaSiac. daviT aRmaSeneblis saxeli qristianul
samyaroSi legendad iqca. jvarosnebSi, romlebic sul ufro Znelad umklavdebodnen
TurqTa da maT mokavSire muslimTa laSqars, mkvidrdeba da Zalzed popularuli xde-
ba gadmocema mxsneli mefis _ iovanes Sesaxeb, romelic jvarosnebis mokavSirea da
maT dasaxmareblad moemarTeba uZleveli jariT.
legendis mixedviT, aRmosavleTSi, sparseTisa da somxeTis axlos, cxovrobs qris-
tiani mefe iovane. erT-erTi sisxlismRvreli brZolis dros am xelmwifem daamarcxa
sparselTa da midielTa manamde uZleveli mxedroba, tyved igdo maTi mefe-mTavrebi,
aiRo mravali qalaqi, maT Soris sparseTis dedaqalaqi ekbatana (es qalaqi dRes ira-
nis teritoriazea da hqvia hamadani). gamarjvebulma iovanem ierusalimSi wasvla ga-
nizraxa, raTa daxmareboda wminda miwis _ ierusalimis mcvelT.
gmiri mefe Tavisi mxedrebiT gaemarTa ierusalimisaken, magram gemebis uqonlobis
gamo mdinare evfrati ver gadalaxa da ukan dabrunda im pirobiT, rom momavalSi, ukeT
momzadebuli, jvarosnebTan erTad sabolood gaaTavisuflebda uflis saflavs.
mefe iovanes laSqrobis ambavma jvarosnebSi didi sixaruli gamoiwvia. isini ime-
dovnebdnen, rom gmiri mefe male movidoda muslimebze Suris saZieblad. es legenda
jvarosnuli laSqrobebis Semdegac iyo gavrcelebuli evropel raindTa Soris. zo-
gierTi istorikosis azriT, gadmocema mefe iovanes Sesaxeb Seiqmna XII saukunis dasa-
wyisSi im xmebis safuZvelze, romlebic am epoqaSi gavrcelda evropelTa Soris daviT
aRmaSeneblis, misi Zis, demetresi da saerTod saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
muslimTagan ierusalimis gamoxsnisaTvis mowyobil mexuTe jvarosnul laSqro-
baSi monawileobas gegmavda laSa-giorgi (giorgi IV). magram, 1220 wels saqarTvelo-
Si monRolTa pirvelma gamoCenam xeli SeuSala am Canafiqris ganxorcielebas. TviT
laSa-giorgi 1223 wels moulodnelad gardaicvala da taxtze misi da rusudani avi-
da. rusudanis mefoba qveynisaTvis mZimed daiwyo. 1225 wels saqarTveloSi xorezmis
Sahi jalal ed-dini SemoiWra, Tbilisi aiRo da 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi aRmosavleT
saqarTvelo ramdenjerme dalaSqra. 1235 wlidan saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonoba
iwyeba, ramac daaxloebiT 100 wels gastana. aseT pirobebSi saqarTvelos aRar SeeZlo
jvarosnul laSqrobebSi monawileobaze fiqric ki. qveyanaSi Seqmnil mdgomareobaze
saubaria rusudanis werilSi romis papis honorius III-isadmi: `... Seni legatisagan
miviReT Seni didebuli rCeva da brZaneba, raTa Zma Cemi qristianebis dasaxmareblad
wasuliyo. es Tavad misi survilic iyo da wasasvleladac emzadeboda, magram, Tu
108
Tqvenc gaigeT, Cvens qveyanas biwier TaTarTa tomi Semoesia da man didi zarali miayena
Cvens xalxs... amis gamo davrCiT da legatis miTiTebisamebr ver wamovediT~.
evropuli wyaroebis mowmobiT, XIV saukunis 30-ian wlebSi mefe giorgi V brwyin-
valec gegmavda palestinaSi laSqrobas `wminda miwebis~ gamosaxsnelad, magram laS-
qroba aRar ganxorcielebula. saqme exeba safrangeTis mefe filipe IV valuas mier
organizebul morig jvarosnul laSqrobas. qarTvel mefesTan mosalaparakeblad
Tbiliss filipes elCebi ewvivnen rikardo merCeris meTaurobiT. giorgi brwyinvalem
despanebi didi pativiT miiRo da safrangeTis mefesTan sapasuxo werili gaatana: `sa-
frangeTis RvTaebrivi xelmwifeni xSirad aRZraven aRmosavleTis mefeebs sarkinozTa
(aq, muslimTa) winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, magram Semdeg isini aRar modian, stoveben
ra aRmosavleTis mefeebs am mtanjvel omSi martod. amgvarad gTxovT Tqven daadgi-
noT, rodis da rogor gadmolaxavT zRvas da myisve mec iq mixilavT, Tqveni keTili
nebis Sesabamisad, 30000 jariskaciT~.
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelosa da jvarosnebis kavSirs orive
mxarisaTvis.
2. imsjeleT, raze metyvelebs evropelTa Soris gavrcelebuli legenda mefe iovanes
Sesaxeb.
3. rogor axasiaTebs safrangeTis mefisadmi miwerili werili giorgi brwyinvales,
rogorc politikoss?
ganmarteba
aTabagi _ mefis aRmzrdeli. es Tanamdeboba saqarTveloSi Tamar mefem SemoiRo.
amirspasalari _ mTavarsardali.
mandaturTuxucesi _ mandaturebis ufrosi, erTgvari sapolicio uwyebis xelmZRva-
neli. misi funqcia iyo xelmwifis karze wesrigis dacva.
meWurWleTuxucesi _ saxelmwifo xazinis, qonebis, saWurWlis mTavari gamge.
msaxurTuxucesi _ gankargavda samefo salarosa da meurneobas.
109
demetre I-is dros garTulda saSinao mdgomareobac. mas taxts ecileboda naxe-
varZma vaxtangi. vaxtangi mefobaze sakuTari pretenziis kanonierebis dasadasture-
blad iSveliebda mamis, daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZs. anderZSi naTqvami iyo, rom deme-
tres taxti srulwlovani naxevarZmisTvis unda daeTmo: `Zma misi (vaxtangi) gazar-
dos. da Tu inebos RmerTman da varg iyos... Semdgomad missa mefe hyos mamulsa zeda~.
istorikosTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom daviTis anderZi vaxtangis momxreebis mieraa
gayalbebuli.
1155 wels mefes ufrosi Svili daviTi daupirispirda. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cno-
biT, demetre I, CvenTvis gaurkveveli mizeziT, upiratesobas Tavis umcros Zes _ gior-
gis aniWebda. daviTi aujanyda mamas da taxts daeufla. demetre monasterSi berad
aRikveca. daviT V-m mxolod eqvsi Tve imefa. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtze isev
demetre I dabrunda. isic maleve gardaicvala da 1156 wels saqarTveloSi demetres
umcrosi vaJi giorgi III (1156-1184 ww.) gamefda.
giorgi III-is sagareo politika Semtevi xasiaTis iyo. mefem isargebla muslimi
mmarTvelebis winaaRmdeg somexi mosaxleobis ajanyebiT da 1161 wels anisi daikava.
1172 wels giorgi III-m TurqTa batonobisagan meore somxuri qalaqi dvinic gaaTavi-
sufla. gaizarda saqarTvelos gavlena Sarvanzec. sabolood ki, es mxareebi Tamaris
mefobis dros iqna Semomtkicebuli.
dinastiuri brZola giorgi III-is drosac mimdinareobda. 1177 wels daiwyo daviT
V-is Zis demetre (demna) ufliswulis ajanyeba, romelic Tavs taxtis kanonier me-
mkvidred Tvlida. ajanyebam farTo masStabi miiRo. demnas mxars uWerda misi simamri,
saqarTvelos amirspasalari ioane orbeli. ramdenimeTviani brZolis Semdeg ajanye-
bulebi damarcxdnen. demetre ufliswuls, orbelTa sagvareulos da ajanyebis sxva
xelmZRvanelebs giorgi III mkacrad gausworda. mefem mowinaaRmdegeebze gamarjvebiT
isargebla, urCi didgvarovnebi Tanamdebobebidan gadaayena da maT nacvlad SedarebiT
dabali warmomavlobis, magram samefo karis erTguli pirebi daawinaura
Tamaris mefoba. 1179 (zogierTi monacemiT 1178 w.) wels giorgim Tavisi asuli
Tamari gaamefa (zogierTi cnobiT, Tanamosaydred gamoacxada). saqarTveloSi qalis
mefobis tradicia jer kidev ar arsebobda da, rogorc Cans, mefe SiSobda _ misi gar-
dacvalebis Semdeg Tamaris mefoba sadavo ar gamxdariyo.
giorgi III-is gardacvalebisTanave Tamari xelmeored akurTxes mefed. am faqts
istorikosTa nawili xsnis didgvarovanTa surviliT _ aRedginaT sakuTari gavlena
samefo karze.
giorgi III-is politikiT ukmayofili didgvarovnebis moTxovniT, Tamarma amirspa-
salarobidan da msaxurTuxucesobidan gadaayena dabali warmomavlobis mqone nayiv-
CaRari yubasari da afridoni.
samefo darbazis iniciativiT, 1185 wels Tamars qmrad SerTes vladimir suzdalis
(erT-erTi rusuli samTavro) mTavris andria bogolubskis vaJi iuri (igive, giorgi
rusi). giorgi rusma maleve gamoamJRavna mravali ukeTuri Tviseba da Tamaric iZu-
lebuli Seiqna gayroda qmars. 1188 wels Tamarma os ufliswulze daviT soslanze
iqorwina. maT ori Svili SeeZinaT: giorgi-laSa da rusudani. giorgi rusma orjer
(1191 da 1193 wlebSi) scada saqarTveloSi dabruneba. pirvel jerze mas msxvil feo-
dalTa nawili miemxro da geguTSi mefedac gamoacxades, Tumca, sabolood, mainc da-
marcxdnen. meorejer ki giorgi russ saqarTveloSi bevri mxardamWeri aRar aRmoaCnda
da misi gaZeveba iolad moxerxda.
mniSvnelovani warmatebebiT aRiniSna Tamaris sagareo politika. saqarTvelos
ymadnafic Sarvans iranis azerbaijanis aTabagi abu-beqri aviwroebda. Sarvanis mmar-
Tvelebma saqarTvelos samxedro daxmarebisaTvis mimarTes. 1195 wels cixe-qalaq Sa-
110
mqorTan (azerbaijanSia) gamarTuli brZola saqarTvelos gamarjvebiT dasrulda.
qarTul jars daviT soslani sardlobda. brZolaSi Tavi gamoiCina axalgazrda sar-
dalma Salva axalcixelma, romelmac xelT igdo muslimTa gamarjvebis sawindrad xa-
lifas mier gamogzavnili droSa. Samqoris brZolis axlo xanebSi qarTvelebma ganZac
daikaves.
saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTiT, bizantiis imperiis yofil teritoriaze, war-
moiSva rumis Turquli saxelmwifo (sasulTno). rumis sasulTno gansakuTrebiT ga-
Zlierda XII-XIII saukuneTa mijnaze, sulTan ruqn ad-dinis mmarTvelobis dros. Ta-
maris istorikosis cnobiT, man `mouwoda yovelsa simravlesa spasa missa da Sekrba
kaci... oTxasi aTasi~ da saqarTvelosken gamoemarTa.
1203 wels basianSi dabanakebuli Turqebi qarTulma jarma moulodneli Tavdasx-
miT gaanadgura. qarTvelebma xelT igdes selCukTa mdidruli banaki. ruqn ad-dini
sxva didebulebTan erTad brZolis velidan gaiqca da maleve gardaicvala.
rumis sasulTnoze gamarjvebam saqarTvelos saSualeba misca politikuri gav-
lena gaevrcelebina Savi zRvis samxreT napirze. es teritoria, berZnebTan erTad,
qarTveluri lazur-Wanuri tomebiTac iyo dasaxlebuli da adre bizantiis imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. TqvenTvis ukve cnobilia, rom 1204 wels jvarosnebma kons-
tantinopoli aiRes da bizantiamac droebiT Sewyvita arseboba. saqarTvelos same-
fo karma kargad isargebla Seqmnili viTarebiT da aq trapizonis samefo (imperia)
Seqmna. Tamarisave iniciativiT, trapizonis imperiaSi saqarTvelos samefo karze
aRzrdili, bizantiidan devnili ufliswuli aleqsi komnenosi gaamefa. trapizonis
imperiis SeqmniT Tamarma saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTi sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba
uzrunvelyo.
1208-1209 wlebSi saqarTvelos jarma qalaqi xlaTi aiRo da aq gamavali umniSvne-
lovanesi savaWro-saqaravno magistrali sakuTar kontrols dauqvemdebara. amis Se-
mdeg qarTvelebma iranis qalaqebi: zenjani, Tavrizi, marandi, yazvini... dalaSqres da
didZali nadavli igdes xelT. Tamaris istorikosis gancxadebiT: `(imdenad) siSoresa
Sina movidnen, romel arca Tu saxeli qarTvelobisa ismodao~.
Tamaris dros ramdenadme Seicvala qveynis sagareo politika. Tu daviT aRmaSene-
beli dakavebul (araqarTul) teritoriebs ZiriTadad ierTebda, Tamari maT nawils
(umetesad, muslimebiT dasaxlebuls) Sinagan mmarTvelobas xeluxlebels utovebda
da politikuri mokavSireobis, xarkis gadaxdisa da laSqris gamoyvanis pirobiT, ga-
rkveul suverenitetsac unarCunebda. daqvemdebarebul qveynebTan urTierTobis aseT
formas ymadnaficoba ewodeboda.
kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi poziciebis ganmtkicebis paralelurad saqar-
Tvelo mWidro politikur urTierTobebs amyarebda im drois Zlier saxelmwifoebTan
(mag., egviptesTan).
davaleba
1. imsjeleT, ratom cdilobdnen saqarTvelos mefeebi aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi
(anisSi, ganZaSi, SarvanSi) gabatonebas.
2. SeafaseT giorgi III-is gadawyvetileba, maRal Tanamdebobebze daewinaurebina da-
bali warmomavlobis pirebi.
3. SeafaseT Tamaris mier didgvarovan feodalTa dawinaurebis faqti.
4. ra moTxovna wamoayena yuTlu arslanma? ramdenad misaRebad TvliT am moTxovnas?
5. imsjeleT saqarTvelosTvis Samqorisa da basianis brZolebSi gamarjvebis Sedege-
bze.
6. ganmarteT trapizonis imperiis daarsebis mniSvneloba.
111
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
demetre I-is mefoba _ 1125-1156 ww.
q. ganZis aReba _ 1138 w.
daviT V-is mefoba _ 1155 w.
giorgi III-is mefoba _ 1156-1184 ww.
demna ufliswulis ajanyeba _ 1177 w.
Tamaris gamefeba _ 1179 w. (zogierT monacemiT _ 1178 w.)
giorgi III-isa da Tamaris erToblivi mefobis wlebi _ 1184-1213/1210 ww.
Samqoris brZola _ 1195 w.
basianis brZola _ 1203 w. (sxva monacemiT _ 1202 w.)
112
Cueni... ese... iyo _ dasasrulisa xelmwifobisa patronisasa... esreT iwyina (Tamarma)
da gaikvirva da gaigona (gansaja)... da moiRona (moindoma) xelT gdeba Tavisa (meTau-
ris) mis moqmedTasa da...Seipyra yuTlu arslan, meWurWleTuxucesi~ (Tamaris uc-
nobi istorikosi, `istoriani da azmani SaravendedTani~).
Tamaris istorikosis cnobiT, `TanaSeficulebma~ mefes yuTlu arslanis gaTavi-
sufleba mosTxoves da `gasalaSqrebladac moemzadnen~.
Tamarma `SeficulebTa~ Suamavlad da Semrigeblad warCinebuli mandilosnebi _
qarTlis erisTavTerisTavis ratis deda xuaSaq coqali da samZivarTa sagvareulos
warmomadgeneli kravai jayeli gamoiyena. man moiTxova `ficiT mondoba da sxvisa ara-
visi braloba~ (mefis erTgulebis sanacvlod Tamari yuTlu arslanis garda sxvas
aravis CaTvlida braldebulad). Seficulebma Tamars misces `piri erTgulebis~, man
ki uvneblobis piroba daudo. karvis Seqmnis idea ver ganxorcielda. Tumca, ivane
javaxiSvilis azriT, yuTlu arslanis gamosvlis Semdeg mefem opozicionerebs ufle-
bebi gauzarda. amieridan Tamari gadawyvetilebebs mxolod darbazis wevrTa Tanadgo-
miTa da `daTaTbirebiT~ miiRebda. iv. javaxiSvili askvnis, rom `Tamaris mefobisas
saqarTveloSi damyarebula `SezRuduli monarqia~. amis damadastureblad istoriko-
sebs mohyavT Tamaris gaTxovebis faqti. cnobilia, rom Tamari marTlac ikavebda Tavs
`qmrad SeerTo~ giorgi rusi _ vladimir-suzdalis mTavris andria bogolubskis
vaJi. es qorwineba darbazis daJinebuli moTxovniT Sedga.
darbazis aseTi gavlena samefo xelisuflebaze wina periodebSi ar SeiniSneba. pi-
riqiT, cnobilia, rom giorgi III-sa da daviT aRmaSeneblis dros `darbazi~ srulad
morCilebda samefo xelisuflebas.
istorikosTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom yuTlu arslani da misi daselebi iyvnen
didgvarovani feodalebi, romelTa miswrafeba sagvareulo interesebis gafarToeba
da saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis Secvla iyo.
istorikosTa meore nawilis azriT, yuTlu arslani dabali socialuri fenidan
iyo. ivane javaxiSvili, magaliTad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tamaris istorikosis cno-
baze, romelSic yuTlu arslani moxseniebulia `biWad~, romelmac `joriviT orbune-
bovneba~ gamoiCina. `biWi~ Zvel qarTulSi ukanono Svils niSnavs. amitom javaxiSvili
miiCnevs, rom `mas mamac rom didgvarovani hyoloda, kanoniT igi, ueWvelia, mamaze da-
bali wodebis (yma) unda gamxdariyo. amasve unda miuTiTebdes Sexeduleba orbunebia-
nobazec, jorobazec, vinaidan jori cxenisa da viris naSobia. viri dabali socialuri
warmoSobis simbolo unda iyos, cxeni ki maRalisao~. istorikosi agreTve imowmebs
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sevsebul redaqcias, sadac yuTlu arslanis Sesaxeb naTqvamia,
rom mas `gvariTa uaznoTa simdidre aRamaRlebs~. mecnieri aRniSnavs imasac, rom xe-
lisuflebis danawilebis moTxovniT istoriulad mxolod mesame (dabali) wodebis
warmomadgenlebi gamodian.
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT `savazirosa~ da `darbazis~ funqciebi; miuTiTeT, ramdenad SeeZloT
maT kanonierad SeezRudaT mefis xelisufleba.
2. ra moTxovnebi wamoayena yuTlu arslanma? rogor Sexvda Tamari `dasis~ moTxov-
nebs?
3. gamoxateT argumentirebuli pozicia `karvis~ daarsebis ideis mimarT.
113
$8. wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebulebebi evropaSi
114
wodebaTa saerTo interesebi mxolod ekonomikur da socialur sferoSi ki ar ga-
daikveTeboda xolme, aramed zogaderovnulSic, roca feodalur saxelmwifos zemoT
CamoTvlili interesebis dasacavad an maTi realizaciisas, gareSe, ucxo Zalis wina-
aRmdeg uxdeboda brZola.
evropis feodalur saxelmwifoebSi wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi am
mizezTa safuZvelze aRmocenda. Tumca, imis mixedviT, Tu zemoT CamoTvlil mizezTa-
gan, romeli iqneboda konkretul istoriul etapze gadamwyveti, es organoc iseT
saxes iRebda, rogoric drois moTxovnas upasuxebda.
amave dros aseTi organoebi erTgvar tradiciebsac inarCunebda da sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi specifikur saxes iRebda.
mefe iZulebuli gaxda mieRo es moTxovnebi. jonis memkvidre, henri III erTxans
icavda qartiis pirobebs, magram Semdeg kvlav mamamisisdroindeli TviTneburi po-
litika ganagrZo. amiT ukmayofilo inglisis baronebi, moqalaqeebi da raindoba
ganudgnen mefes da faqtobrivad omi gamoucxades mas. es dapirispireba dasrulda
imiT, rom opoziciam 1264 wels daikava londoni, mefe da taxtis memkvidre eduardi
daapatimres da inglisis yovel kuTxeSi, yovel qalaqsa da sagrafoSi gagzavnes mac-
neebi mowodebiT, gamoegzavnaT TavianTi warmomadgenlebi londonSi, parlamentSi
115
(frang. parle _ laparaki) saqveyno saqmisaTvis. opozicias meTaurobda grafi simon
de monfori. opoziciis gadawyvetilebiT, parlamentSi yvela wodebis warmomadgen-
loba unda yofiliyo: grafebi sagrafoebidan, or-ori raindi TiToeuli sagrafo-
dan, sasuliero warmomadgenlebi saepiskoposoebidan da saabatoebidan, or-ori mo-
qalaqe TiToeuli qalaqidan da agreTve Tavisufali glexebis is warmomadgenlebic
(Temisagan arCeulni), visac wliuri Semosavali oci Silingi da meti hqonda. 1265
wlis gazafxulze Sedga parlamentis pirveli sxdoma da es weli iTvleba inglisis
parlamentis daarsebis drod.
davaleba
1. CamoayalibeT mizezebi, romelTac ganapirobes evropis feodalur saxelmwifoebSi
wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis aRmoceneba.
2. ra ganapirobebda xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo Tu safinanso-sagadasaxado poli-
tikaSi mesame wodebisa da zogadad mTeli sazogadoebis CarTvis survils?
3. raSi zRudavda `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~ inglisis samefo xelisuflebas?
4. ra gansxvaveba iyo inglisisa da sxva qveynebis wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT orga-
noebs Soris.
5. gaixseneT Sesabamisi periodi saqarTvelos istoriidan da imsjeleT, ra saerTo
aqvs yuTlu arslanis dasis gamosvlas evropul wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT or-
ganoebTan?
116
$9. XI-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli kultura
ganmarteba
himnografia _ sasuliero poezia.
liturgika _ moZRvreba mRvdelmsaxurebis Sesaxeb.
lavra _ zogierTi mamaTa monastris saxelwodeba.
117
vlisaTvis). damkvidrebuli ceremoniiT, darbazSi pirvels swored `moZRvarT-moZR-
vars~ iwvevdnen, Semdeg ki kaTalikossa da sxva didmoxeleebs.
iyalTos akademias cnobili RvTismetyveli da filosofosi arsen iyalToeli
xelmZRvanelobda. arsebobs mosazreba, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis kerebi arsebobda
gremsa da SiomRvimeSic.
gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebSi, ZiriTadad, igive sagnebi iswavleboda, rac
bizantiis umaRles saswavleblebSi. kerZod, savaldebulod iTvleboda Svidi dis-
ciplina: geometria, ariTmetika, musika, ritorika, gramatika, filosofia da as-
tronomia. savaldebulo disciplinebTan erTad aswavlidnen damatebiT sagnebsac:
samarTals, medicinas da sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom gelaTis monasterTan daviTma saa-
vadmyofi aaSena. SesaZlebelia, akademiaSi damatebiT disciplinad swored medicina
iswavleboda.
samefo xelisufleba zrunavda saqarTvelos farglebs gareT arsebuli samonas-
tro-saganmanaTleblo centrebzec.
qarTuli ganaTlebisa da kulturis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uka-
via aTonis iverTa monasters (saberZneTi). aq Camoyalibda mZlavri mTargmnelobiTi
skola. monasterSi moRvaweobdnen saqveynod ganTqmuli mwignobari berebi: ioane da
eqvTime aTonelebi, giorgi mTawmindeli, giorgi xucesmonazoni da sxv.
aTonis iverTa monasterSi moRvawe swavlulma berebma miznad daisaxes Tanamema-
mulebisaTvis gaecnoT dasavleTis saRvTismetyvelo-filosofiuri literatura. aq
Seiqmna da Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli literaturuli, gramatikuli da kaligra-
fiuli skola, romelmac waruSleli kvali datova Cvens warsulze.
aTonis iverTa monasterSi moRvawe swavlul berTagan gansakuTrebulia giorgi
mTawmindelis Rvawli. bizantiaSi arsebuli qarTuli savaneebis, aTonisa da Savi mTis
monastrebis dauflebis mizniT, berZenma samRvdeloebam cili daswama qarTvel bere-
bs, TiTqos isini bizantiis imperatoris winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaSi monawileobdnen.
male maTi mxridan sxva braldebac gaisma: saberZneTSi moRvawe qarTveli berebi ga-
nudgnen WeSmarit qristianobas da `mwvaleblobas~ misdeveno, amitom maT RvTismsaxu-
reba unda aekrZaloT da eklesiebidan unda gavaZevoTo. giorgi mTawmindelma dasabu-
Tebulad uaryo braldebebi, saqveynod warmoaCina qarTuli eklesiis sarwmunoebrivi
pozicia, cilismwamebelTagan daicva udanaSaulo berebi da amiT iverTa monasteri
berZenTagan mitacebisagan ixsna.
berZnul eklesiasTan dava amiT ar dasrulebula. antioqiis patriarqi cdilo-
bda mTeli qarTuli eklesiis damorCilebas da eWvqveS ayenebda qarTuli eklesiis
damoukideblobis samarTlianobis sakiTxs. misi mizani savsebiT naTeli iyo: mcxeTis
sapatriarqo berZnuli samwysos Semadgeneli nawili unda yofiliyo. giorgi mTawmin-
deli aqac qarTuli eklesiis Rirsebisa da Seuvalobis mtkice damcvelia. antioqiis
patriarqi uZluria gaabaTilos swavluli beris myarad argumentirebuli pozicia _
giorgi mTawmindeli am diskusiaSic gamarjvebuli gamodis.
ganaTlebisa da mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis erT-erT centrad iqca petriwonis
monasteri (bulgareTi). monasteri XI saukuneSi moRvawe grigol bakurianiZem aago.
warmoSobiT taoelma grigolma did warmatebas miaRwia bizantiis saimperatoro kar-
ze da `dasavleTis didi domestikosis~ maRali titulic daimsaxura. petriwonSi iqm-
neboda da berZnulidan iTargmneboda saRvTismetyvelo-filosofiuri nawarmoebebi,
ramac didi roli Seasrula qarTuli samwerlobo enisa da Sesabamisi (mecnieruli)
terminologiis CamoyalibebaSi.
kvlav nayofierad mimdinareobda filosofiuri da mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba ie-
rusalimis jvris monasterSi da saqarTvelos farglebs gareT arsebul sxva savane-
ebSi.
118
ganaTlebis dawinaureba, saganmanaTleblo-mTargmnelobiTi skolebis daarseba
xels uwyobda mecnierebis mravali dargis, gansakuTrebiT _ filosofiis ganviTare-
bas. `vefxistyaosani~ Tamamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos ara mxolod sworupovar litera-
turul Zeglad, aramed epoqis progresuli ideebis Semcvel filosofiur traqtata-
dac. im drois qarTuli filosofiuri skolis warmomadgenlebi arian ioane petriwi
da efrem mcire. efrem mcirem qarTulad Targmna ioane damaskelis cnobili Txzuleba
`codnis wyaro~. Txzuleba saTargmnad SemTxveviT ar SerCeula. ioane damaskeli an-
tikuri filosofiis Tayvanismcemelia, mis nawarmoebSi Cans aristoteles moZRvrebis
gavlena. qarTuli azrovnebisaTvis antikuri filosofia ucxo ar iyo. piriqiT, petre
iberma jer kidev V saukuneSi Seqmna naSromebi, romlebSic antikuri codna organulad
daukavSira qristianul azrovnebas, riTac platonisa da aristoteles moZRvrebebs
qristianul samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli datvirTva da sicocxlisunarianoba SesZina.
efrem mcirem aseve berZnulidan Targmna petre iberis (fsevdo dionise areopagelis)
Txzulebebi. am Targmanebis wyalobiT es ideebi saqarTveloSic mkvidrdeboda da qar-
Tul saero Tu sasuliero azrovnebis progresulobas ganapirobebda.
XII-XIII saukuneebSi iqmneba saero mwerlobis Zeglebi: mose xonelis `amiran-da-
rejaniani~, CaxruxaZis `Tamariani~, ioane SavTelis `abdulmesia~... winaurdeba isto-
riuli azrovneba. daiwera: `cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi~, `istoriani da azmani
SaravandedTani~ (eZRvneba Tamaris mefobas. Tamars meore istorikosic, basili ezos-
moZRvari, hyavda), am dros moRvaweobda laSa-giorgis ucnobi mematianec.
XI-XIII saukuneebSi viTardeba xuroTmoZRvrebac. am dros aigo bagratis taZari,
sveticxoveli, alaverdi, samTavisi, iSxani, nikorwminda, safara, ateni, SiomRvime,
gelaTi, ikorTa, beTania, yinwvisi... xuroTmoZRvrebis umSvenieresi nimuSia kldeSi
nagebi qalaqi varZia. mis maxloblad, aseve kldeSia gamokveTili samonastro tipis
nagebobebi _ vahanis, igive vanis qvabebi. SemorCenilia geguTis (quTaisis maxloblad)
samefo sasaxlis naSTebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda cixesimagreebis (xer-
Tvisi, awyuri, cixe-qalaqi Tmogvi da sxv.), gzebisa da xidebis mSeneblobas, sarwyavi
arxebis gayvanas.
ganviTarebis maRal dones miaRwia xelovnebis mravalma dargma. Seiqmna kedlis
mxatvrobis, xelnawerTa morTulobisa da miniaturebis iSviaTi nimuSebi. am dros
moRvaweobdnen cnobili oqromWedlebi beqa da beSqen opizarebi. xelovnebis iSviaT
qmnilebad iTvleba qarTuli oqromWedlobis nimuSi _ xaxulis RvTismSoblis xati.
davaleba
1. Tqveni azriT, ra ganapirobebda sasuliero saswavleblebis simravles saero sko-
lebTan SedarebiT?
2. ra da ra safexurebad iyofoda imdroindeli ganaTlebis sistema?
3. raze miuTiTebs daviTis istorikosis mier gelaTis akademiis gamocxadeba `meore
ierusalimad~ da `sxuad aTinad~?
4. imsjeleT aTonis iverTa, petriwonisa da sxva monastrebis wvlilze qarTuli
kulturisa da ganaTlebis ganviTarebaSi.
5. SeafaseT giorgi mTawmindelis Rvawli qarTuli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos winaSe.
ganmarteT, ra argumentiT daicva man qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia.
6. CamoTvaleT XI-XIII saukuneebis qarTveli mecnierebi (RvTismetyvelebi) da mwer-
lebi.
119
$10. ganaTleba da mecniereba dasavleT evropasa da bizantiaSi
120
si skolebi aRmosavleTSic arsebobda (bizantia, arabuli samyaro), magram evropu-
li universitetebi bevri ramiT gansxvavdeboda maTgan. evropuli universitetebi iq
aRmocendeboda xolme, sadac romelime cnobili mecnieri moRvaweobda. mogvianebiT,
universitetis Seqmnis iniciativiT, samefo xelisuflebac gamodioda.
maSindeli universiteti iyo studentTa da maswavlebelTa, profesorTa gaerTia-
neba. mas hqonda TviTmmarTveloba.
profesorebi da studentebi erTiandebodnen fakultetebad (laT. `fakultatos~
_ niWi, midrekileba). yoveli fakulteti irCevda Tavis xelmZRvanels _ dekans, xolo
universitetis meTaurs _ reqtors (laT. _ `vmarTav~) irCevda yvela fakulteti
erTad. rogorc wesi, universitetebSi 3 an 4 fakulteti iyo. artistuli (anu filo-
sofiuri), filologiis (RvTismetyvelebis), iuridiuli (legisturi) da samedicino.
yovel universitetSi mecnierebis romelime dargi ufro metad iyo ganviTarebuli da
amiT iyo cnobili evropaSi. magaliTad, salernos universiteti samedicino saqmiT
iyo cnobili, parizis _ RvTismetyvelebiT da a. S. studentebi jgufebad gadadiodnen
erTi universitetidan meoreSi cnobili profesoris leqciebis mosasmenad. am moxe-
tiale studentebs `vagantebs~ (moxetiales niSnavs) uwodebdnen. sxva universitetSi
gadasvla advili iyo, vinaidan swavla yvelgan laTinur enaze mimdinareobda. amitom
sauniversiteto ubans laTinur ubans uwodebdnen.
erTi qveynidan Camosuli studentebi qalaqis erT ubanSi cxovrobdnen da qmnidnen
erTgvar gaerTianebebs _ `saTvistomoebs~. saRamoobiT, xSirad Tavs iyridnen du-
qnebSi da qeifsac eZleodnen. amas deboSi mohyveboda xolme da Sewuxebuli qala-
qis mmarTveloba aseT studentebs qalaqidan aZevebda. zogjer gaZevebulebs cnobili
profesorebic mihyvebodnen da sxvagan afuZnebdnen universitets. magaliTad, parizis
universitets amis safuZvelze gamoeyo studentTa jgufi, romlebmac daafuZnes oqs-
fordis universiteti, am ukanasknelebma _ kembrijisa. evropis uZvelesi universi-
tetebia: salernis (italia), boloniis, parizis (daarsda 1200 w.), oqsfordis, praRis
(1348w., pirveli germanuli universiteti). studentebi leqciebs ismendnen da iwerd-
nen (laT. leqcia _ `kiTxva~).
universitetebSi, specialurad gamoyofil oTaxebSi, imarTeboda yovelwliuri
disputebi. mZafri disputebi zogjer studentebs Soris CxubSic gadaizrdeboda xol-
me.
universitetis kursdamTavrebuli jer iRebda bakalavris xarisxs, samagistro ga-
mocdebis Cabarebis Semdeg magistris da bolos _ doqtoris xarisxs.
Sua saukuneebis universitetebis studentebs hqondaT TavianTi himni (`gaudia-
mus~), romelic yvela qveynis studentebma icodnen.
121
dapirispirebanic. am winaaRmdegobaTa dasaZlevad Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli mso-
flmxedveloba, erTgvari meTodi _ sqolastika. sqolastikis mizani iyo logikuri
dasabuTebis gziT Tavidan aecilebinaT qristianuli avtoritetebis mosazrebaze
eWvis Setana da racionaluri dapirispirebani. evropeli sqolastikis udidesi war-
momadgenlebi iyvnen albert didi da misi mowafe Toma aqvineli. maTi mtkicebiT
codna kargia, aucilebelia, Rirebulia, Tu is emsaxureba saRvTo werilidan ga-
momdinare rwmenas, RvTis gagebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is vnebs adamians. Toma
aqvinelis moZRvreba kaTolikurma eklesiam Tavis oficialur filosofiad, do-
qtrinad aqcia (XIVs-Si).
miuxedavad gabatonebuli mdgomareobisa, sqolastikas maSinve gamouCndnen mowina-
aRmdegeni, kritikosebi.
axalma aRmoCenebma sabunebismetyvelo sferoSi (saaTis damzadeba, dedamiwis gra-
dusTa badis Seqmna, magnituri isris gamoyeneba, saTvalis damzadeba, denTis damzadeba
da gamoyeneba da a. S.) swavlulebi axal samyaroSi Caaxeda. saeklesio avtoritetebis
SromebSi axali aRmoCenebis dasabuTeba ar Canda. amitom daiwyo sqolastikis kriti-
ka. sqolastikis kritikis erT-erTi centri oqsfordis universiteti gaxda. cnobili
mecnieri rojer bekoni (XIII s.) iyo erT-erTi pirveli, vinc upirispirdeboda sqo-
lastikosebs.
azrovnebis am Widilma, qristianulis gverdiT saero Sinaarsis SexedulebaTa gan-
viTarebam, moamzada axali civilizaciis safuZvlebi.
davaleba
1. gaixseneT, ratom fasobda Zvelad wigni Zalze Zvirad?
2. rogor idga genderuli sakiTxi Sua saukuneebSi da riT aixsneba es?
3. rogor fiqrobT, ra faqtorebma ganapiroba mecnierebis da sauniversiteto cxo-
vrebis ganviTareba?
4. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad samarTliani iyo xelisufleba, roca deboSis momwyob stu-
dentebs qalaqidan aZevebda da rogor SeafasebT maT profesorTa damokidebulebas
am sakiTxisadmi?
5. ram ganapiroba sqolastikuri azrovnebis gabatoneba? ra iwvevda sqolastikis
kritikas?
6. imsjeleT, ramdenad Seesabameba erTmaneTs bunebisadmi sqolastikuri da mecnieru-
li midgomebi
7. gaixseneT ukve naswavli masala da gaaanalizeT, ra cvlilebebi ganicada adamianis
azrovnebam antikurobidan Sua saukuneebamde.
8. ra faqtorebi axdenda gavlenas am cvlilebebze?
122
testi #8
I. teqstis Sesworeba.
instruqcia: winamdebare teqstSi daSvebulia 10 Secdoma. Sesabamis svetebSi Camo-
wereT Secdomebi da swori pasuxebi. yoveli aRmoCenili Secdoma fasdeba 0.5 quliT,
xolo misi Sesatyvisi swori varianti _ 0.5 quliT. jamSi teqstis SesworebisaTvis
gankuTvnilia 10 qula.
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
istorikosis mixedviT:
a) mefe jars uSualod brZolis velze xelmZRvanelobda, mSvidobianobis dros ki
samxedro saqmeebSi ar ereoda;
b) mefes ufleba hqonda daesaja urCi mTavrebi, daejildoebina erTguli moxele-
ebi da daeniSna isini saeklesio Tanamdebobebze;
g) mefes ar hqonda ufleba Careuliyo sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi;
d) saxelmwifoSi ar arsebobda mmarTvelobis iseTi rgoli, romelsac mefis Za-
lauflebis kanonierad SezRudva SeeZlo.
125
15. CamoTvlilTagan, ra Sedegi mohyva basianis brZolaSi qarTvelTa gamarjvebas?
a) trapizonis imperiis daarseba, romelic saqarTvelos politikuri gavlenis
qveS imyofeboda;
b) rumis Turquli sasulTnos ganadgureba da am teritoriis saqarTvelosTvis
SemoerTeba;
g) Samqoris brZolaSi ruqn ad-dinis damarcxebiT saqarTvelom Tavidan aicila
gamanadgurebeli safrTxe da daikava Savi zRvis Crdilo-dasavleTi sanapiro, ramac
Tamars saSualeba misca daeqvemdebarebina CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi tomebi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
126
...bolos Sedga SeTanxmeba jvarosnebs, venecielebsa da ufliswul aleqsis Soris
pirobiT...
... upirvelesad, Tu iqneba neba RvTisa, Tu Cven aRvudgenT mas memkvidreobas, mTels
romis imperias (anu bizantias), romelic adre Camoscilebia, daabrunebs romis daqve-
mdebarebaSi. Semdgom amisa, man icis, rom Tqven sakuTari bevri daxarjeT da gaRari-
bdiT, da is mogvcems orasi aTas vercxlis markas da sakvebs mTeli jarisaTvis ... da
warCinebulTaTvisac...
... am SeTanxmebas frangTa mxridan eswrebodnen Tormeti kaci... ase Sedga SeTanxme-
ba, daiwera sigeli, daamowmes beWdebiT da daTqves dro, rodis unda mobrZanebuliyo
konstantinepoleli memkvidre~.
kiTxvebi:
1. romeli jvarosnuli laSqrobis samzadisia aRwerili am wyaroSi?
___________________________________________
______________________________________ (1 qula)
127
a) daviTis sagareo kursis mxardasaWerad an sapirispirod
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
______________________________________ (2 qula);
128
IX Tavi. monRolebi da saqarTvelo
129
`mivideT ukanasknel zRvamde~. imdroindeli monRolebi civilizacias sruliad mok-
lebulni iyvnen. maTi warmodgeniT, dedamiwa tafasaviT brtyeli unda yofiliyo, ro-
melsac yoveli mxridan zRva ertya. Cingizis ganzraxva mTeli xmeleTis dapyroba iyo,
aRmosavlidan dasavleTamde. `mivideT ukanasknel zRvamde~, aseTi iyo monRolTa devizi.
1211-18 wlebSi monRolebma Cingiz yaenis meTaurobiT daipyres aRmosavleT cimbiri,
korea da CineTi. Cinelebisagan mravali saxis samxedro teqnika aiTvises da sxvaTa
winaaRmdeg gamoiyenes. aRmosavleTis dapyrobis Semdeg Cingiz yaeni dasavleTiT, xo-
rezmis didi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg daiZra. garegnulad brwyinvale xorezmis same-
fo Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT dasustebuliyo da monRolebma is advilad daikaves,
oRond xorezmis Sahis, muhamedis Svili, taxtis memkvidre, sulTani jalal ed-dini
ver Seipyres (Tavad muhamedi, devnili da yvelasagan mitovebuli, kaspiis zRvis ke-
TrovanTa kunZulze gardaicvala). Cingiz yaenma ori dumani laSqari airCia, Tavisi
erTguli sardlebi, jebe da calTvala subudai usardla da jalal ed-dins daadevna.
daavala, SeepyroT gaqceuli sulTani da daezveraT, ramdeni da ra qveynebia dasapyro-
bi `ukanasknel zRvamde~. swored es ori dumani jari 1220 wels saqarTvelos moadga.
Sua aziis da aRmosavleT iranis dapyrobis Semdeg, 1227 wels gardaicvala Cingiz
yaeni. is gadaasvenes monRoleTSi da yarayarumis axlos dakrZales. Cingizis saflavis
adgili dRemde ucnobia.
Cingiz yaens oTxi vaJi hyavda: juCi, CaRata, oqoTa da Tuli. swored maT gaagrZe-
les dawyebuli didi dapyrobani. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda Cingizis ufrosi SviliS-
vili, juCis Ze baTo. 1235 wlidan monRolebi ori mimarTulebiT, mcire aziisaken da
rusuli samTavroebisaken daiZrnen.
monRolebma advilad daamarcxes rusuli samTavroebi, 1240 wels aiRes kievi, Ce-
xeT-poloneTiskenac gaiWrnen, magram marcxi ganicades da ukan gamobrundnen. dapyro-
bil rusTa miwebze maT daaarses monRoluri saxelmwifo oqros urdo, romlis satax-
to volgaze aSenebuli qalaqi sarai iyo, xolo baTos Svilma, berqem, mis Soriaxlos
axali qalaqi aaSena, sara-berqe, da sataxtod is aqcia.
davaleba
1. daaxasiaTeT monRolTa yofa da religia.
2. rogor fiqrobT, ra faqtorebi ganapirobebda monRolTa samxedro warmatebebs?
3. CamoTvaleT monRolTa mier dapyrobili teritoriebi.
130
laSa-giorgis mematianes cnobiT: `(laSa-giorgi aris) nergi keTil-mozardi da yvavi-
li yovelTa ferTagan Semkobili, lomis ZaliTa da umanko gonebiT, moyvaruli yovel-
Ta kacTa... monisaca erTisa ara matrix mkvreli... bednieri laSqrobiTa, mefe bednieri
qveyanisa... da iyo misi samefo didsa dawynarebasa Sina... vityodiT qebasa missa winaSe
yovelTa kacTa, ara vtyuodeT, arca gvrcxvenodis~. xolo JamTaaRmwerlis SefasebiT:
`(Tamarma) dauteva mefoba Zesa Tvissa, xolo qarTvelTa _ mwuxareba, vaeba, glova...
laSa-giorgi iyo taniTa Zlieri, mxned moisari, nadirobaTa Sina moswrafe, laRi...
ampartavani, Tavxedi, TviTbuneba... mSvidoba iyo samefosa missa da Seqceul iyo (laSa-
-giorgi) smasa da Wamasa... ~
laSa-giorgis mefobis dasawyisSive saqarTvelos ganudga ymadnafici qalaqi gan-
Za. ganZisaTvis brZola gaWianurda. mefe mcire amaliT gamoeyo ZiriTad laSqars da
qalaqisken gaemarTa. ganZelebma es rom dainaxes, mravalricxovani jari gamoiyvanes
da qarTvelebs Seebnen. `iqmna brZola sastiki... TviT mefe laSa wina mieteva mxned da
Zlierad. (ganZelni) iltvodes da mciredniRa Seeswrnes qalaqad~ (JamTaaRmwereli).
qalaqis karibWesTan gamarTuli brZolis Sesaxeb qarTuli laSqris ZiriTadma na-
wilmac Seityo da laSa-giorgis dasaxmareblad gamoemarTa. gamarjvebuli mefe mie-
geba maT. JamTaaRmwerelis cnobiT, sardlebma giorgis usayvedures gaufrTxilebeli
moqmedebis gamo da gadawyvites aRar emsaxuraT samefo karze. mefem `umecrebiT qmnu-
lisaTvis Sendoba iTxova~.
laSa-giorgis sofel veliscixeSi yofnisas iqauri qali Seuyvarda da misi colad
SerTva gadawyvita. didebulebma da maRalma sasuliero pirebma mefes daqorwinebis
ufleba ar misces _ dabali warmomavlobis qali mefisaTvis Seufereblad miiCnies.
laSa-giorgis veliscixel qalTan vaJi (daviTi) SeeZina. didebulebma daviTi taxtis
kanonier memkvidred ar cnes.
1020 wels saqarTveloSi monRolTa marbieli laSqari SemoiWra. monRolTa mizani
qveynis dazverva iyo. maT daamarcxes qarTuli jari, magram qveynis dapyroba ar ucdiaT
da CrdiloeT kavkasiis gavliT Sua aziaSi, Cingiz yaenTan dabrundnen. garTulebuli
mdgomareobis gamo laSa-giorgim veRar SeZlo V jvarosnul laSqrobaSi monawileoba.
131
maTTvis yovelwliurad 50000 perpera (monRoluri oqros fuli) unda eZliaT da
monRolTa laSqrobebSi mieRoT monawileoba. dazavebis Semdeg samefo kari TbilisSi
dabrunda. zavis pirobiT, rusudanis Zes daviTs saqarTvelos mefed yaeni amtkicebda.
daviTi dedis sicocxleSive gaemgzavra jer oqros urdoSi, iqidan ki monRoleTSi _
didi yaenis karze.
132
ilxanTa samflobeloebs awiokebda. daviT ulus sailxanosgan qarTuli da monRoluri
jariT CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gadmosasvlelebis gamagreba daevala. am simagreebs mon-
Rolurad `siba~ ewodeboda. aq mdgar monRolur laSqarSi xSirad vrceldeboda epide-
miebi, rac adgilobriv mosaxleobas musrs avlebda. 1270 wels swored monRolTa mier
gavrcelebul sneulebas Seewira `sibaze~ mdgari daviT uluc.
davaleba
1. SeafaseT samefo karis moqmedeba saqarTveloSi monRolTa Semosevisas.
2. imsjeleT, gamoiRebda Tu ara sasurvel Sedegs organizebuli winaaRmdegoba mon-
RolTa mimarT.
3. ra saSiSroebas qmnida qveynisaTvis umefoba?
4. ratom daamtkica yaenma orive daviTi saqarTvelos mefeebad?
5. CamoTvaleT monRolTa mier dawesebuli gadasaxadebi da imsjeleT, ramdenad See-
sabameboda es gadasaxadebi qveynis mosaxleobis SesaZleblobebs.
6. SeafaseT monRolTa laSqrobebSi qarTvelebis monawileobis faqti.
7. SeafaseT demetre II-is gadawyvetileba _ sayaenoSi gamocxadebuliyo.
133
jalal ed-dinis mier Tbilisis aReba _ 1226 w.
saqarTvelos dasapyrobad monRolTa Semosvla _ 1235 w.
rusudanis dazaveba monRolebTan _ 1242 w.
umefobis xana saqarTveloSi _ 1245-1248/1249 ww.
ormefobis dasawyisi _ 1248/1249 ww.
monRolTa mier dapyrobili xalxebis aRwera _ 1254-1256 ww.
daviT narinis ajanyeba _ 1259 w.
daviT ulus ajanyeba _ 1260 w.
demetre II-is mefoba _ 1270-1289 ww.
davaleba
1. rogor sagareo politikas atarebda giorgi V? ramdenad Sedegiani aRmoCnda is?
2. ratom egueboda sailxano saqarTvelos gaerTianebasa da gaZlierebas?
3. ra mizniT Seiqmna `Zeglis dadeba~?
4. imsjeleT, ratom amyarebs sailxanos mokavSire giorgi V politikur urTierTo-
bas egviptis sasulTnosTan da oqros urdosTan.
5. imsjeleT egviptis sulTnis mier religiuri daTmobebis mizezebze da qarTuli
mxarisaTvis maT mniSvnelobaze.
135
$4. saqarTvelo XIV saukunis bolos da
XV saukunis dasawyisSi
136
ma yara-iusufma isini sikvdiliT dasaja. mogvianebiT, qarTvelebma mefis cxedari sa-
mSobloSi gadmoasvenes da varZiaSi dakrZales.
konstantines memkvidris aleqsandre I-is (1412-1442 ww.) mefobis dasawyisSi odiSis
erisTavTerisTavma mamia dadianma afxazeTis samTavros dapyroba scada. magram br-
ZolaSi damarcxda da daiRupa. aleqsandre mefe laSqriT odiSs miadga. mefem garda-
cvlili mamia dadianis memkvidre lipariti Seiwyala da erisTavTerisTavoba uboZa.
amis Semdeg mefe aleqsandre koxTasTavs miadga da samcxis mTavars ivane jayels mor-
Cileba mosTxova. ivanem mefes brZola gaumarTa, magram damarcxda da tyved Cavarda.
ivane jayelma patieba iTxova. mefem is Seiwyala, gaaTavisufla da aTabagoba daubru-
na.
Temur-lengis Semosevebis dros Turqmanebma lore daisakuTres. es saqarTvelos-
Tvis didi danakargi iyo, qveynis samxreTi sazRvari daucveli rCeboda. 1431 wels qar-
Tvelebma lore daibrunes da Turqmanebisagan qvemo qarTli gaaTavisufles. Semdeg
aleqsandre I-ma anisic SemoierTa da yarabaRis, Saqis da Sarvanis kavkasiuri saxanoebi
ymadnaficobis pirobiT daiqvemdebara.
Turqmenebs somxeTis miwa-wyalic hqondaT dakavebuli. maTgan Seviwroebulma
somxebis nawilma Tavi saqarTvelos Seafara. qarTuli saxelmwifo mfarvelobas uwe-
vda Semoxiznul mosaxleobas.
aleqsandre I-is mefobis bolo wlebSi Savbatknianebma, jahan-Sahis xelmZRvanelo-
biT, 1440 wels cixe-qalaqi samSvilde da Tbilisi daarbies, mravali aTasi adamiani
daatyveves da gadaasaxles.
aleqsandre mefem Temur-lengis laSqrobebis dros dangreuli cixesimagreebis da
taZrebis aRdgenisaTvis sagangebo gadasaxadi _ ojaxze wliurad 40 TeTri _ Semoi-
Ro. samSvildisa da Tbilisis darbevam aleqsandre I-ze Zlier imoqmeda. is berad aRi-
kveca, xolo mefoba Svils, vaxtangs gadaabara. vaxtangis mefobisas jahan-Sahi kvlav
SemoiWra saqarTveloSi. Tumca amjerad qarTvelebma dampyroblebi ukuagdes. aleq-
sandre mefes qarTvelma xalxma didi uwoda. ase moixseniebs mas `qarTlis cxovreba~.
davaleba
1. rogor fiqrobT, ratom dauWira saqarTvelom mxari oqros urdos yaens ToxTamiS-
-xans da ara Temur-lengs?
2. imsjeleT saqarTvelosTvis Temur-lengis laSqrobebis Sedegebze.
3. SeafaseT aleqsandre I-is mefoba (RonisZiebebi qveynis erTianobis SesanarCune-
blad, brZola TurqmanTa winaaRmdeg...).
137
testi #9
I. teqstis Sesworeba.
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
138
1. romeli winadadebaa swori?
a) 1235 wels monRoli tomebi gaaerTiana TemuCinma, romelsac sxvagvarad Cingiz
yaensac uwodebdnen;
b) 1206 wels monRoli tomebi Cingiz yaenma gaaerTiana, riTac saTave daedo maT
dampyroblur laSqrobebs;
g) Cingiz yaenma daasrula monRoli tomebis erT saxelmwifoSi gaerTianeba. man XI
saukunis miwuruls CineTic SemoierTa da saTave daudo axali imperiis formirebas;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
139
8. vin iyo daviT ulu?
a) mefe rusudanis ufrosi Svili;
b) monRolTa mier daniSnuli qarTlis noini;
g) demetre II Tavdadebulis ufrosi Svili, swored amitom ewoda mas ulu, rac
monRolurad ufross niSnavs;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
13. saqarTvelos romel qalaqSi gadmoitana romis papma giorgi V-is dros kaTo-
likuri eklesiis centri smirnadan?
a) quTaisSi; b) TbilisSi; g) gorSi; d) TelavSi.
140
15. CamoTvlilTagan, ra gaxda Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqrobis
mizezi?
a) Temur-lengi bizantiis imperiis dasapyrobad ibrZoda, saqarTvelo ki bizantias
jariT exmareboda;
b) saqarTvelos Tavs afarebda Temur-lengis mTavari mowinaaRmdege osmaleTis
sulTani murad II;
g) saqarTvelo Temur-lengis winaaRmdeg oqros urdos yaenis, ToxTamiS xanis moka-
vSired gamodioda;
d) saqarTvelos samefo karma Temur-lengs Seuwyvita xarki da mis winaaRmdeg
ajanyebis samzadiss Seudga.
141
roca maTi saxelmwifo warmoiqmna, werilobiTi dokumentebi saerTod ar hqondaT.
yovel SemTxvevaSi brZanebebs elCebis piriT gzavnidnen magram axla, bolo ori
wlis ganmavlobaSi, cinis saxelmwifosTan urTierTobis Sedegad Cinuri damwerloba
gamoiyeneba, radgan cinis saxelmwifo moxeleebma, romlebic gaiqcnen, Tavis saxel-
mwifos uRalates da TaTrebs Cabardnen da undodaT maT karze samsaxuri eSovaT,
dokumentebis Sedgena aswavles...
TaTrebi ibadebian da unagirze izrdebian. TviTon swavloben sabrZolo saqmes. ga-
zafxulidan zamTramde nadiroben da es aris maTi saarsebo saSualeba. amitom maT ara
hyavT qveiTebi, yvelani mxedrebi arian. rodesac erTad aiyrebian, xandaxan aseul aTa-
sobiTac, mTavarsardlidan aTaseulis meTauramde, asisTavamde da aTisTavamde ara-
nair werilobiT brZanebas ar gascemen.
yovel jerze, did qalaqze Setevisas, jer patara qalaqs esxmian Tavs, mis mosaxle-
obas ipyroben, mierekebian da didi qalaqis saalyo samuSaoebze iyeneben...
rodesac salaSqrod midian, Cveulebisamebr, Tan mihyavT colebi da bavSvebi... maT-
Tan karvebs mxolod qalebi dgamen, cxenebs sapalnes xsnian, urmebs tvirTaven...~.
kiTxvebi
1. romel wlebSi SeiZleboda es wyaro daweriliyo?
_____________________________________ (1 qula)
142
X Tavi. cvlilebebi saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi
XV-XVII saukuneebSi
ganmarteba
legati _ aq, romis papis diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli.
delegati _ aq, saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli.
bula _ romis papis brZanebuleba, werili an sigeli.
burgundia _ mxare (provincia) safrangeTSi.
144
berdeki Cveni laSqrobisaTvis Segvpirda 20000 kacs~ (fragmenti giorgi mefis weri-
lidan burgundiis mTavrisadmi).
qarTveli politikosebi varaudobdnen, rom osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi Caebmeboda
somxeTi, trapizonis samefo da TviT iranis teritoriaze Camoyalibebuli TeTrbatk-
nianTa islamuri saxelmwifos Sahi uzun-hasanic, romelic SeSfoTebuli iyo osmale-
Tis gaZlierebiT. uzun-hasanTan molaparakebebs evropeli diplomatebic awarmoebdnen.
sabolood, konstantinopolis gamoxsnis gegma CaiSala. evropeli mefeebi da mTa-
vrebi mzad ar aRmoCndnen TurqebTan mosalodneli mZime brZolebisaTvis.
davaleba
1. ratom ewoda TurqTa axal imperias osmaleTi?
2. visgan Sedgeboda `ianiCarTa~ jari?
3. rodis da ra mizniT moiwvies ferara-florenciis saeklesio kreba?
4. SeafaseT qarTveli mefe-mTavrebis gadawyvetileba, monawileoba mieRoT osmale-
Tis winaaRmdeg dagegmil laSqrobaSi.
5. imsjeleT konstantinopolis (zogadad, bizantiis imperiis) dacemis Sedegebze sa-
qarTvelosTvis.
145
debrivi mdgomareoba, aramed adamianis pirovnuli unari, niWi, ganaTleba, gambedaoba,
moxerxebuloba da sxva.
adamianis SesaZleblobebis srulad gamovlenas sWirdeboda azrovnebisa da mo-
qmedebis Tavisufleba. gaCndnen swavluli adamianebi, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom
RmerTma adamiani Seqmna Tavis `saxed da xatad~ da misca mas Tavisufleba, Sromisa da
Senebis unari, goneba da niWi bunebis Sesaswavlad, suliereba RvTis sikeTisa da bune-
bis mSvenierebis SegrZnebisaTvis, unari siyvarulisa da amqveyniuri sikeTis Seqmnisa.
yuradRebis centrSi moeqca adamiani, pirovneba. gaizarda rwmena adamianis niWisa da
SesaZleblobebisadmi. axleburad moazrovneebs humanistebs uwodebdnen (`homo, huma-
nis~ _ laTinurad adamiani, adamianuri).
axali, humanisturi azrovneba, axali urTierTobebi italiis qalaqebSi Caisaxa da
ganviTarda.
XIII-XIV saukuneebSi bizantiam TandaTan dakarga saqristianos sulieri da kul-
turuli medroSis poziciebi. ekonomikur daqveiTebasTan erTad, TandaTan daqveiTda
sasuliero da saero mwerloba, arqiteqtura, xelovneba. sulieri cxovrebis centr-
ma evropisaken gadainacvla. bizantielma swavlulebmac amjerad evropas miaSures.
italiis, safrangeTis Tu saRvTo romis imperiis universitetebsa Tu kulturul
centrebSi araerT berZens SexvdebodiT. am adamianebma xeli Seuwyes bizantiuri kul-
turis evropisaken warmarTvas.
swavlulebma, romlebmac kargad gaiazres, Seiswavles Sua saukuneebis miRwevebi,
yuradReba miapyres antikurobas, Zveli romisa da saberZneTis filosofias, lite-
raturas, xelovnebas, Seiswavles isini da amis meoxebiT cdilobdnen aexsnaT axali
drois problemebi.
italiaSi pirvelebma gaacocxles, aaRorZines Zveli, antikuri xanis miRwevebi,
magram meqanikurad ki ar gadmoiRes, aramed SemoqmedebiTad ganaviTares, axali Sina-
arsiT gaamdidres isini.
am epoqas aRorZinebis anu renesansis xana ewoda. `renesansi~ franguli sityvaa da
raimes aRdgenas, aRorZinebas niSnavs.
aRorZinebis xanis siaxleebi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi igrZnoboda: azrovnebaSi,
filosofiaSi, xelovnebaSi, literaturaSi, TviT yoveldRiur yofaSic ki.
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aRorZinebis xanis erT-erTi mTavari monapovaria patriotizmis, samSoblos axle-
buri gaazreba. axali adamianebisaTvis samSoblo moiazreba ara rogorc sarwmuneo-
brivi sivrce, aramed is areali, sadac xdeba pirovnebis, misi bunebisa da interesebis
yvelaze srulyofili realizeba. maT pirvelebma daakavSires individualuri, pirov-
nuli srulyofa-bedniereba samSoblos, patriotul gancdas.
im siaxleebma, romlebic iSva aRorZinebis epoqaSi, safuZveli Cauyara Tanamedrove
evropul civilizacias.
147
erazm roterdamels saxeli gauTqva `sisulelis qebam~. iumoristul nawarmoebSi
`sisulele~ kaTedridan moqadage gamoyvanilia qalad. `sisulele~ Tavis qadagebaSi
aqebs sakuTar Tavs da amtkicebs, rom adamianebi cxovrebaSi ZiriTadad mis rCevebs
misdeven. amgvari mxatvruli qargis saSualebiT erazm roterdameli amxels kaToli-
kuri eklesiis msaxurTa mankierebas, Suasaukuneobriv CamorCenilobasa da umecrebas,
gulqva feodalebis omismoyvareobasa da sisastikes.
gamoCenili germaneli humanisti iohan raixlini iyo didad ganaTlebuli pirovne-
ba. gamodioda eretikuli wignebis dawvis winaaRmdeg, moiTxovda azrovnebis Tavisu-
flebas, icavda humanizms, rogorc mowinave samecniero-literaturul mimdinareobas.
davaleba
1. CamoayalibeT humanizmis Tqveneuli ganmarteba da axseniT misi arsi.
2. rogor fiqrobT, ratom ewoda mocemul epoqas renesansis xana?
3. SeadareT erTmaneTs samyarosadmi Suasaukuneobrivi da renesansis xanis damokide-
bulebebi.
4. eTanxmebiT Tu ara humanistTa mosazrebas, rom samSoblo ar aris sarwmunoebrivi
sivrce da is arealia, sadac xdeba pirovnebis, misi bunebisa da interesebis yvela-
ze srulyofili realizeba? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
5. gaamyareT da daasabuTeT mosazreba : `individualizmi, piradi iniciativa, zogjer
gadamwyveti xdeba~. aqve axseniT, ratom iyo individualizmi aseTi mniSvnelovani
renesansis epoqis adamianisaTvis.
6. Tqveni azriT, ratom iqca italia renesansis samSoblod da florencia `xelovne-
bis meqad~?
7. rogor fiqrobT, ratom mfarvelobdnen papebi humanist moRvaweebs?
8. Tqveni azriT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda xelovnebis centrebis gverdiT ganaTlebis
kerebis ganviTarebas?
$ 3. reformacia
karl V, reformaciis mizezebi. mamis mxriv germaneli eris saRvTo romis impe-
ratoris, xolo dedis mxriv espaneTis kaTolike mefeebis izabelis da ferdinandis
SviliSvilma karl habsburgma 1516 wels memkvidreobiT miiRo espaneTisa da neapolis
samefoebi. 1519 wels igi ekurTxa germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiis imperatorad
da daeufla niderlandsac.
karl V Seecada ganemtkicebina Tavisi xelisufleba espaneTsa da niderlandSi,
saidanac fuladi saxsrebis ZiriTad nawils iRebda. xazinaSi yovelwliuri Semosa-
vlis 40% Sedioda niderlandidan, xolo espaneTidan odnav naklebi.
espaneTSi mosaxleoba umTavresad soflebSi cxovrobda, niderlandSi ki mravlad
iyo qalaqebi. gansxvavebuli iyo espaneTisa da niderlandis mxareebis politikuri
wyoba, uflebrivi mdgomareoba, ekonomikuri da wodebrivi struqtura.
karl V orive qveyanaSi waawyda qalaqebis winaaRmdegobas da maT Tavisi risxva
daatexa. Semdeg wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiT dawesebulebebs Seutia: araraobamde
daiyvana kortesebis mniSvneloba espaneTSi, yovelnairad Seecada generaluri da pro-
148
vinciuli Statebis Seviwroebas niderlandSi. karl V-m espaneTsa da ni
derlandSi
Tavisi TviTmpyrobeluri xelisufleba ganamtkica.
italiuri omebi da karl V-is sagareo politika. karl V-is mefobisas gansaku-
TrebiT gamwvavda italiuri omebi, romlebic safrangeTis mefis lui XI-is memkvidre-
ebma wamoiwyes 1494 wels.
safrangeTi miznad isaxavda italiis daqvemdebarebas, TurqeTze galaSqrebas da
palestinis dauflebiT macxovris saflavis gamoxsnas. Zalian male italiur omebSi
safrangeTs daupirispirda espaneTi da germaniis saRvTo romis imperia. omebSi sxva
evropuli saxelmwifoebic ereodnen. omebma gaaCanaga italia, gamofita safrangeTi
da karl V-is mravalerovani saxelmwifo.
safrangeTma sawadels ver miaRwia da ver SeZlo italiis dapyroba, verc karl V-m
Seqmna saerToevropuli qristianul-kaTolikuri monarqia. italiurma omebma gaTiSa
evropuli saxelmwifoebi. safrangeTis gegmebi osmaleTis da palestinis mimarT mxo-
lod gegmebad darCa. karl V-m maroko daiqvemdebara, magram alJirSi marcxi ganicada.
didma geografiulma aRmoCenebma da italiurma omebma CaSala TurqeTis winaaRmdeg
qristianuli saxelmwifoebis erToblivi jvarosnuli laSqrobis SesaZlebloba. amiT
osmaleTi did gansacdels gadaurCa.
italiurma omebma siZneleebi Seuqmna karl V-s germaniaSi. is ara marto Camos-
cilda germaniis saqmeebs, aramed germanel mTavrebze damokidebulic gaxda, radgan am
ukanasknelTa mxardaWeris gareSe italiaSi bevrs verafers gaxdeboda.
germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperia. karl V-is gamefebis droisaTvis germa-
neli eris saRvTo romis imperiaSi ar arsebobda saerTo saimperio gadasaxadi da
saerTo saimperio armia evropis centralizebuli monarqiebis es ori ZiriTadi
dasayrdeni.
germania danawevrebuli iyo samTavroebad. mTavrebi iyvnen rogorc eriskacebi, ise
sasuliero pirebi. saimperatoro xelisuflebis Sesustebam mTavrebi gadaaqcia Ti-
Tqmis damoukidebel xelmwifeebad, romlebsac emorCileboda sasamarTlo. isini Ta-
vianT sasargeblod krefdnen gadasaxadebs, Wridnen fuls.
mTavrebisagan gansxvavebiT, mkveTrad gauaresda mravalricxovani aznaur-rainde-
bis mdgomareoba. mas Semdeg, rac gamoigones cecxlsasroli iaraRi, gaizarda qveiTi
jaris mniSvneloba da Semcirda raindebisagan Semdgari cxenosani laSqris saWiroeba.
mciremamuliani, gaRatakebis piramde misuli raindebi SuriT Sescqerodnen mTavrebis,
gansakuTrebiT ki sasuliero mTavrebis keTildReobas, maTi politikuri siZlieri-
sa da simdidris zrdas. raindebi TavianTi mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad zrdidnen
maTze damokidebuli glexebis eqsploatacias da ar eridebodnen savaWro qaravnebis
Zarcvasac.
germaniis mosaxleobis yvelaze mravalricxovani nawili glexoba iyo. mcire gamo-
naklisis garda, glexoba gaTavisuflda batonymobisgan, magram misi damokidebuleba
memamuleebze, mTavrebsa da raindebze Zlieri iyo. nakveTis flobisaTvis glexs mrava-
li begara-gadasaxadi ekisreboda. memamuleebi sul ufro da ufro zrdidnen begara-
-gadasaxadebs, glexi mTavars uxdida saxelmwifo gadasaxads, xolo kaTolikur ek-
lesias mosavlis meaTeds. glexebSi Zlierdeboda siZulvili mTavrebis, raindebis,
kaTolikuri samRvdeloebis mimarT.
qalaqebSi gabatonebuli iyvnen SeZlebuli moqalaqeebi qalaqis aristokratia.
qalaqis mosaxleobis yvelaze mravalricxovani fena iyo biurgeroba. biurgerebs eku-
Tvnodnen xelosnebi, vaWrebi, aqa-iq Seqmnili manufaqturebis mflobelebi. qalaqis
Raribi mosaxleoba qarglebi, Segirdebi, dRiuri muSebi, soflidan gamoqceuli
149
glexebi. qalaqelebi aRSfoTebulni iyvnen mTavrebis TviTnebobiT, gaRaribebuli
raindebis mier Saragzebze gamarTuli Zarcva-glejiT, umaRlesi samRvdeloebis fu-
funebiT da TavgasulobiT.
davaleba
1. ra gziT ganmtkicda karl V-is TviTmpyrobeluri xelisufleba espaneTsa da ni-
derlandSi?
2. gansazRvreT italiuri omebis miznebi safrangeTis, espaneTisa da germaneli eris
saRvTo romis imperiisaTvis.
3. ra Sedegebi mohyva italiur omebs safrangeTisaTvis, germaneli eris saRvTo ro-
mis imperiisaTvis?
4. rogori iyo germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiis mosaxleobis socialuri Se-
madgenloba?
5. gansazRvreT, ra gansxvaveba arsebobda evropis centralizebuli monarqiebisa da
germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiis saxelmwifo wyobas Soris.
6. ra iyo indulgencia? ra ganapirobebda indulgenciebiT vaWrobis masStaburobas?
7. gamoxateT Tqveni damokidebuleba indulgenciebiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb.
150
aRSfoTebulma romis papma germaniaSi gamogzavna sigeli, romliTac vitenbergel
bers mwvalebloba daswama da SeaCvena. magram sigelis gamravleba da gavrceleba ver
moxerxda, radgan germania moicva farTo moZraobam papisa da kaTolikuri samRvde-
loebis winaaRmdeg. eklesiis reformaciis (gardaqmnis) moTxovnam sayovelTao xasia-
Ti miiRo. Tanamemamuleebis mxardaWeram gaamxneva luTeri. papis sigeli man sajarod
dawva koconze da TviT romis papi gamoacxada mwvaleblad.
Tavisi uzarmazari saxelmwifos erTianobis SesanarCuneblad da italiuri ome-
bis warmatebiT sawarmoeblad karl V-s sWirdeboda romis papisa da kaTolikuri
samRvdeloebis mxardaWera, amitom is daupirispirda reformacias. martin luTeri
man vormsSi gamoiZaxa mTavrebis, raindebisa da qalaqis warmomadgenlebis yrilobaze
(raixstagze). luTerma ar uaryo Tavisi Sexedulebebi.
karl V-is cda, daepatimrebina luTeri, uSedegod damTavrda. luTerma Tavi Se-
afara erT-erTi mTavris cixe-darbazs. sadac man germanulad Targmna biblia. lu-
Ters miemxrnen germaniis saero mTavrebis didi nawili da biurgerebis qalaqis
mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesoba. isini miznad isaxavdnen mSvidobiani, legaluri
(kanonieri) gziT germaniis eklesiis Camocilebas romis papisagan, saeklesio qonebis
sekularizacias (CamorTmevas), reformistuli, iafi eklesiis saero mTavrebisadmi
daqvemdebarebas.
luTeris zomieri gardaqmnebis banaks daupirispirda, erTi mxriv, kaTolikuri sa-
mRvdeloebis xelmZRvanelobiT Camoyalibebuli romis papis momxreebis banaki, meore
mxriv, ukiduresi, gadamwyveti RonisZiebebis momxre glexuri reformaciis radika-
luri banaki, romlis erT-erTi beladi iyo mRvdeli Tomas miunceri.
Tomas miunceri da misi momxreebi ufro gadamwyvet moTxovnebs ayenebdnen. isini
glexebs mouwodebdnen Seurigeblad ebrZolaT feodaluri wyobilebisa da kaToli-
kuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg.
glexTa ajanyebis winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen mTavrebi, raindebi, SeZlebuli biurge-
rebi, kaTolikeebi da luTeranebi. 1525 wlis miwurulisaTvis CaaxSves ajanyebis uka-
naskneli kerebi. aTasobiT ajanyebuli sikvdiliT dasajes. sikvdiliT dasajes Tomas
miunceric.
glexTa omis damarcxebas mohyva batonymuri urTierTobebis damZimeba da jer ki-
dev Tavisufali glexebis mniSvnelovani nawilis ymebad gadaqceva. kidev ufro metad
Sesustda mTavrebis damokidebuleba imperatorze da gaZlierda maTi xelisufleba
qalaqebsa da raindebze. bevri germaneli mTavari ganudga kaTolikobas da miemxro
luTers; maT TavianT samflobeloebSi SemoiRes gamartivebuli, iafi luTeranuli
eklesia. luTerani mTavrebi gaxdnen reformistuli eklesiis xelmZRvanelebi da da-
epatronnen gauqmebuli kaTolikuri eklesiis mTel mamulebsa da simdidres.
luTeranma mTavrebma da qalaqebma xeli moaweres `protestacias~, dokuments,
romliTac isini protests acxadebdnen luTeranobis gavrcelebis SezRudvis mcde-
lobis winaaRmdeg. `protestaciidan~ warmodga sityva `protestantoba~. luTeranebs
protestantebi daarqves. SemdgomSi protestantebs uwodebdnen reformaciis Sedegad
warmoSobil sxva qristianuli sarwmunoebis mimdevrebsac.
1555 wlis augsburgis religiuri zavi. karl V-is cda, reformaciis CaxSobis
gziT ganemtkicebina imperatoris xelisufleba germaniaSi, uSedegod damTavrda.
religiuri mrwamsis miuxedavad, mis winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen germaneli mTavrebi.
karl V iZulebuli gaxda 1555 wels augsburgSi germanel mTavrebTan daedo reli-
giuri zavi, romlis Tanaxmadac, yovel mTavars mieca ufleba aerCia protestantoba
an kaTolikoba; misi qveSevrdomebi ki mTavris mier arCeuli sarwmunoebis mimdevrebi
xdebodnen.
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augsburgis zavma gaaqarwyla karl V habsburgis sanukvari ocneba Seeqmna ger-
maniaSi Zlieri saimperatoro xelisufleba. imedgacruebuli karl V taxtidan ga-
dadga. germaniis imperatoroba man gadasca Tavis Zmas ferdinand I-s, xolo espaneTis,
samxreT italiis, niderlandis samflobeloebi da amerikis koloniebi Tavis vaJs
filipe II-s. ase gaiyvnen habsburgebi or Stod avstriel da espanel habsburgebad.
avstriel habsburgTa xelisufleba germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperiaSi umniSv-
nelo iyo, amitom maTi uSualo samflobelos avstriis mixedviT maT xSirad avs-
triis imperatorebadac moixsenebdnen.
davaleba
1. CamoayalibeT martin luTeris moTxovnebi.
2. raSi sdebda brals luTers eklesia da imperatori?
3. ra sasjels akisrebdnen isini luTers?
4. riT amarTlebda luTeri sakuTar Sexedulebebs?
5. daaxasiaTeT luTeranobis mowinaaRmdege ori banaki.
6. erTmaneTs SeadareT da daupirispireT, erTi mxriv, arqiepiskopos albertis, meo-
re mxriv, luTerisa da miunceris azrebi. ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa maT azrebs
Soris? gamoTqviT Tqveni mosazreba.
7. imsjeleT, ram ganapiroba luTeranobis gavrceleba germaniaSi.
8. gansazRvreT glexTa omis gamomwvevi da damarcxebis mizezebi.
9. gaaanalizeT glexTa omis Sedegebi.
10. moisazreT: ram ganapiroba augsburgis religiuri zavi da ra Sedegebi mohyva mas
germaniisaTvis.
11. axseniT karl V-is gadadgomis mizezebi.
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Sveicariis mowinave kantonebi reformaciis meSveobiT Seecadnen tyis kantonebis
daqvemdebarebas, magram ciurixis kantonis es wamowyeba uSedegod damTavrda. am wamo-
wyebis iniciatori, reformaciis pirveli gamavrcelebeli SveicariaSi, ulrix cvin-
gli 1531 wels daiRupa tyis kantonebTan brZolaSi.
153
im droisaTvis inglisis 800 monasterSi cxovrobda 9 aTasi ber-monazoni. monas-
trebis mflobelobaSi iyo samefos mTeli miwebis meoTxedze meti. am miwebidan miRe-
buli wliuri Semosavali aRemateboda mefis Semosavals. 1540 wlisaTvis henri VIII-m
daxura yvela monasteri. mefem samonastro miwebi dauriga an mihyida imaT, visi mxar-
daWerac esaWiroeboda. amiT samefoSi gaizarda mefis erTguli xalxis raodenoba da
Semcirda romis papis momxreTa ricxvi.
kaTolikuri eklesiisagan Camocilebis Semdeg henri VIII-s aRar sWirdeboda romis
papis nebarTva, is ganqorwinda Tavis pirvel meuRlesTan da colad SeirTo en bolei-
ni. maT SeeZinaT qaliSvili elizabeTi.
1547 wels gardaicvala henri VIII. am droisaTvis misi vaJiSvili edvardi VI
9 wlis iyo. ingliss marTavdnen regentebi (meurveebi). edvardi protestantuli
suliskveTebiT iyo aRzrdili, regentebic protestantebi iyvnen. maT gaaRrmaves
reformacia inglisSi: mRvdlebs daqorwinebis neba misces, eklesiebidan gaitanes
qandakebebi da sxva morTuloba, RvTismsaxurebaSi inglisurma enam gandevna la-
Tinuri, gamoica salocavi wignebi inglisur enaze. ramdenime wlis Semdeg edvardi
gardaicvala.
154
reformaciasTan sabrZolvelad romis papma daafuZna `iesos sazogadoeba~ anu ie-
zuitTa ordeni.
iezuitebis saxelwodeba warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan `iesus~, rac iesos niS-
navs. misi damaarsebeli iyo kaTolikobis Tavgamodebuli damcveli espaneli aznauri
ignatius loiola (warmoSobiT baski).
sxva ber-monazonTa ordenebisagan gansxvavebiT, iezuitebi saero tansacmels ata-
rebdnen, ar Sediodnen monastrebSi, arafriT amJRavnebdnen, rom `iesos sazogadoebis~
wevrebi iyvnen. maT nabrZanebi hqondaT SeumCnevlad gaTqvefiliyvnen mosaxleobaSi,
yvelgan gaebaT kavSiri, SeeRwiaT umaRles sazogadoebaSi, moepovebinaT ama qveynis
ZlierTa ndoba. kaTolikobisa da ordenis interesebisaTvis samsaxuri iezuitTa umaR-
lesi mizani iyo. iezuitTa saqmianobaSi dasaSvebi iyo jaSuSoba, moqrTamva, motyueba,
ciliswameba, SeTqmuleba, `saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi~ _ sawamlavi da xanjali.
didi simdidris mflobeli iezuitTa ordeni agebuli iyo umkacres disciplinasa
da urTierTmeTvalyureobis safuZvelze. ordenis saTaveSi idga generali. iezuitTa
generali romis oficialuri papis (TeTri papi) Semdeg, faqtobrivad, meore piri ga-
xda. amitom mas xSirad Sav paps uwodebdnen.
davaleba
1. CamoayalibeT kalvinizmis arsi.
2. Tqveni azriT, sazogadoebis romeli fenebis miswrafebebs gamoxatavda kalvinizmi?
pasuxi daasabuTeT.
3. SeadareT erTmaneTs kalvinizmi da luTeranoba.
4. Tqveni azriT, ram ganapiroba kaTolicizmis SenarCuneba evropis bevr qveyanaSi?
rukaze aCveneT da CamoTvaleT es qveynebi.
5. rogor daaxasiaTebT da SeafasebT iezuitTa ordenis miznebsa da moRvaweobas?
6. gansazRvreT misi roli kaTolicizmis SenarCunebis saqmeSi
7. daaxasiaTeT, rogori iyo Tavdapirvelad henri VIII-is damokidebuleba romis pap-
Tan.
8. ra mizezebma gamoiwvia ganxeTqileba henri VIII-sa da kaTolikur eklesias Soris?
9. ra Sedegebi mohyva henri VIII-is saeklesio reformas?
10. ra cvlilebebi moxda inglisis eklesiaSi edvard VI-is dros?
11. gansazRvreT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda bibliis inglisur enaze Targmnas?
12. Tqveni azriT, ratom iwvevda aRSfoTebas xalxSi meris mier inglisis kaTolikuri
rwmenisaken Semobrunebis mcdeloba da ratom uwodes mas `sisxliani~?
155
mefesa da samcxis aTabag yvaryvares Soris uTanxmoeba SinaomSi gadaizarda. saku-
Tar warmatebaSi daeWvebulma aTabagma Zlier mokavSires miagno. es iyo TeTrbatk-
nianTa mbrZanebeli uzun-hasani. yvaryvares mowveviT, man 1462 wels qarTlSi ilaSqra.
uzun-hasanis laSqari 35-40 aTasi jariskacisgan Sedgeboda. qarTvelTa laSqarma ver
moaxerxa misi damarcxeba. ivane javaxiSvilis SeniSvniT: `qarTvelTa uZlurebis mTa-
vari mizezi sparsTa laSqris uricxvoba ki ar iyo, aramed Sinauri SeuTanxmebloba,
gankerZoeba da udardeli moumzadebloba~.
giorgi VIII-is TurqmanebTan damarcxebiT isargebla mefis biZaSvilma, samoqalaqos
(quTaisis olqi) erisTavma bagratma da Tavi damoukidebel mmarTvelad gamoacxada.
mefe giorgisa da bagratis momxreebs Soris brZola 1463 wels quTaisis maxloblad,
sofel CixorTan gaimarTa. samegrelos, guriis da afxazeTis mTavrebis daxmarebiT
brZolaSi bagratma gaimarjva.
CixorTan damarcxebulma mefem samcxis damorCileba gadawyvita. magram farav-
nis tbasTan (1465 w.) damarcxda da yvaryvare aTabagma daatyveva. Seqmnili viTarebiT
isargebla samoqalaqos erisTavma bagratma, quTaisidan TbilisSi gadmovida da 1466
wels Tavi saqarTvelos mefed gamoacxada. samcxis aTabags xels ar aZlevda movlena-
Ta aseTi ganviTareba. man giorgi tyveobidan gaaTavisufla, radgan imedovnebda, rom
is bagrats daupirispirdeboda. sabolood, erTiani saqarTvelos bolo mefe kaxeTSi
damkvidrda. 1478 wels bagrati gardaicvala. misma memkvidrem qarTli ver SeinarCuna.
Tbilisi giorgi VIII-is ZmisSvilma konstantine II-m daikava da Tavi qarTlis mefed
gamoacxada. bagratis Zes aleqsandres ki dasavleT saqarTvelo ergo. saboloo jamSi,
saqarTvelo sam damoukidebel samefod: qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis (dasavleT saqar-
Tvelos) da erT samTavrod _ samcxe-saaTabagod daiyo.
samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros yvaryvare aTabagi da samoqalaqos
erisTavi bagrati eklesiuri gankerZoebis gzas daadgnen. maT sakuTari sagamgeblo
teritoriebis eklesiebi gamoyves mcxeTis sapatriarqosgan.
saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi daviTi samcxeSi Cavida da SeaCvena gamdgari
samRvdeloeba. saeklesio kanoniT, SeCvenebulT ekrZalebodaT saeklesio msaxureba da
ziarebis miReba. amis Semdeg samcxis samRvdeloebam Sendoba da SeCvenebis axsna iTxo-
va. maT mefisa da patriarqis winaSe erTgulebis fici dades _ `aw dReisiTgan... Cemad
dRed sikvdilamde viyo Tqveni da Tqvenis saydris erTguli da mefeTa mlocveli da
yovelTa wirvaTa da locvaTa Sina Tqven mogixseniebdeT...~.
ufro rTulad ganviTarda movlenebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi. bagratma isarge-
bla imereTSi Sesawiravis Sesagroveblad Casuli ierusalim-antioqiis patriarqis
mixailis mxardaWeriT da `afxazTa~ sakaTalikoso daaarsa. patriarqma mixailma ki
kaTalikosad caiSel-bedieli episkoposi akurTxa. es faqtobrivad qarTuli eklesiis
erTianobis darRvevas niSnavda.
qarTlSi gamefebuli konstantine II (1478-1505 ww.) cdilobda saqarTvelos er-
Tianobis aRdgenas. daxmarebis saTxovnelad mefem elCoba gagzavna egviptesa da es-
paneTSi, magram am mcdelobas realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia. TeTrbatknianTa axali
mbrZaneblis iayub yaenis Semosevis dros konstantine II-m daxmarebisTvis sxva qar-
Tvel mefeebs da samcxis mTavars mimarTa, magram amaod. iayub yaenma Tbilisi daika-
va. male konstantinem qalaqi aiRo da TeTrbatknianebi qarTlidan gareka, Tumca am
laSqrobam sagrZnoblad daasusta qarTlis samefo. saboloo jamSi, Sida dapirispi-
rebisa da sagareo garTulebebis zrdis pirobebSi, konstantine II iZulebuli gaxda
Serigeboda saqarTvelos daSlis faqts. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT: `(konstantine
mefem) Semokriba kaTalikozi, episkoposni da warCinebulni da ganizraxvida Tu ra
hyon gandgomilebisaTvis qveyanaTa... maSin didebulni ityodnen: `vinaidgan mtkiced
sdgas erTgulebasa zeda TvisTa mefeTa imerni da kaxni da kvalad aTabagisa samcxel-
156
ni, amisaTvis ara gangizraxavT (girCevT) brZolasa, rameTu Tumca mZle viqmneT erTi-
sa, aRara mogvcems meore nebasa... mefeman, arCia mSvidoba da kidec gaezava (dauzavda)
danarCen qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs~.
saqarTvelos erTianobis darRvevis mizezTagan istorikosebi, ZiriTadad, gamoyo-
fen: dampyrobTa gamanadgurebel Semosevebs, samefo xelisuflebis dasustebasa da
Sinagani imunitetis mqone saTavadoebis (msxvili feodaluri erTeulebis) Camoyali-
bebas. saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebad daSlas qveynisTvis mZime Sedegebi mohyva _
Seferxda qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, gaZnelda gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg war-
matebuli brZola
davaleba
1. riT xsnis istorikosi ivane javaxiSvili TurqmanebTan saqarTvelos damarcxebas?
raze metyvelebs es faqti?
2. gaixseneT, ra raodenobis jaris gamoyvanas apirebda giorgi mefe konstantinopo-
lis gasaTavisufleblad da imsjeleT, SeeZloT Tu ara qarTvelebs uzun-hasanis
damarcxeba.
3. SeafaseT yvaryvare aTabagisa da bagrat erisTavis saeklesio politika. imsjeleT
mis Sedegebze.
4. imsjeleT, ra garemoebebis gamo Tqva uari konstantine II-m saqarTvelos gaerTia-
nebisaTvis brZolis dawyebaze? SeafaseT es gadawyvetileba.
5. imsjeleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebad daSlis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.
157
saneleblebi evropaSi Zalian gaZvirda. amasTan, evropaSi gamoilia oqro, romelic
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi miedineboda aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, radgan Zvirfas saqo-
nelze icvleboda.
Sinagani uTanxmoebis gamo evropulma saxelmwifoebma ver SeZles osmalTa wina-
aRmdeg jvarosnuli laSqrobis mowyoba, Tumca aRmosavleTis qristianebi, maT Soris
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi, did daxmarebas hpirdebodnen.
evropelebma amjobines moeZebnaT aziasTan damakavSirebeli axali komunikaciebi.
amave periodSi evropaSi ganxorcielda didi teqnikuri Zvrebi; kompasis srulyofis
Semdeg mezRvaurTaTvis usafrTxo gaxda Ria zRvaSi gasvla, winandeli mouqneli ge-
mebi Secvala swrafmavalma msubuqma gemebma karavelebma. evropaSi ganviTarda sa-
mxedro teqnikac. XV saukuneSi iyenebdnen rogorc saalyo, ise savele zarbaznebsac.
srulyofili gaxda xelis cecxlsasroli iaraRic. gaCnda mZime Tofebi muSketebi,
romlebiTac sakmaod zustad isrodnen oras nabijze. amgvarma teqnikurma siaxleebma
evropul saxelmwifoebs okeaneSi gaWrisa da aRmoCenili qveynebis dapyrobis saSua-
leba misca. maT miznad daisaxes zRvebsa da okeaneebSi gaekvalaT axali gzebi.
evropelebisaTvis ucnob Soreul qveynebamde yvelaze adre portugalielma da es-
panelma mezRvaurebma miaRwies.
158
Tvaluwvdenel okeaneSi xangrZlivi, damqancveli mogzaurobis Semdeg kolumbis
erT-erTi gemidan miwa SeniSnes. 1492 wlis 12 oqtombers kolumbi xmeleTze gadavida.
macxovris pativsacemad man kunZuls san-salvadori (wminda macxovari) uwoda. amis
Semdeg man aRmoaCina kuba da haiti. kolumbi fiqrobda, rom man aziis ganapira kunZu-
lebs, `indiebs~ miaRwia, amitom adgilobriv mcxovreblebs indielebi daarqva. 1493
wlis gazafxulze kolumbi espaneTSi dabrunda. mas triumfaluri Sexvedra mouwyves
da `okeanis admiralis~ tituli uboZes.
1493-1502 wlebSi kolumbma kidev ramdenjerme imogzaura amerikaSi da aRmoaCina
karibis zRvis bevri kunZuli. magram kolumbis eqspediciebma espaneTis saxelmwifos
ver moupova zRapruli simdidre, amitom mas CamoarTves yvela tituli da TandaTan
miiviwyes.
italielma mogzaurma amerigo vespuCim daamtkica, rom kolumbis mier aRmoCenili
miwa axali kontinenti iyo. axal kontinents amerigos saxeli amerika ewoda.
magelanis mogzauroba. dasavleTis gziT indoeTamde miRwevis idea 1519-1522 wle-
bSi ganaxorciela espanelTa eqspediciam, romelsac saTaveSi edga mamaci pirovneba
ferdinand magelani. misi eqspedicia xuTi gemiT gavida atlantis okeaneSi. floti-
liam gaiara samxreT amerikasa da cecxlovan miwas Soris mdebare srute, romelsac
dRes magelanis saxeli hqvia. Semdeg eqspedicia Sevida okeaneSi, romelic im momentSi
imdenad mSvidi iyo, rom magelanma mas `wynari~ uwoda. eqspediciam sam Tveze meti mo-
andoma wynari okeanis gadalaxvas. axal sakvebs da sasmel wyals moklebuli adamiane-
bi suravandiT avaddebodnen, bevri maTgani kvdeboda.
1521 wlis martSi eqspediciam filipinebs miaRwia, sadac magelani daiRupa mkvidr
mosaxleobasTan SetakebaSi. magelanis eqspediciis xuTi gemidan mxolod erTader-
Ti `viqtoria~ dabrunda ukan. eqspediciis 265 wevridan mxolod 18 daavadebuli
mezRvauri gadarCa cocxali. `viqtoriaTi~ Camotanili saneleblebisagan miRebulma
mogebam dafara mogzaurobis xarjebi da oTxi gemis dakargviT miRebuli zarali. `vi-
qtoria~ iyo pirveli gemi, romelmac dedamiwis garSemo imogzaura da daadastura,
rom mas sferos forma aqvs.
davaleba
1. Tqveni azriT, ram ganapiroba axali sazRvao gzebis Zieba?
2. imsjeleT espanelTa da portugalielTa dapyrobebis Sedegebze amerikaSi.
3. ra urTierTobebis damyarebis perspeqtiva arsebobda evropelebsa da adgilobriv
mosaxleobas Soris?
4. rogor fiqrobT, icoda Tu ara kolumbma, rom axali kontinenti aRmoaCina? argu-
mentirebulad daadastureT Tqveni mosazreba.
5. ra damsaxureba aqvs magelans XVI saukunis dasawyisis msoflio mniSvnelobis aR-
moCenebSi?
6. ra cvlilebebi ganicada evropis ekonomikam didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg
da ra mniSvneloba hqonda mas?
159
$8. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi XVI saukuneSi
ganmarteba
yizilbaSebi _ wiTelTavianebi. Turqmenuli modgmis tomi, romlis wevrebi wiTelzo-
lebian Tavsaburavs atarebdnen.
160
luarsab I-is mefobas maRal Sefasebebs aZlevdnen rogorc qarTveli, ise iraneli
istorikosebi: `luarsabi saqarTvelos mefeTa Soris gamoirCeoda Tavisi mamacobi-
Ta da guladobiT da arasodes Tavs ar sdebda morCilebisa da moxarkeobis uRelSi~
(isqander munSi, iraneli istorikosi); `ukeTumca mefesa luarsabs esodeni brZola
ar eqmna, axlamca saqarTvelo qmnil iyo srul sarkinoz (gayizilbaSebuli) da rao-
denica dRes saxelni arian saqarTvelosani, yovelnive xmlisa misisagan arian~ (beri
egnataSvili).
luarsabis gardacvalebis Semdeg qarTlSi simon I gamefda (1556-1600 ww.). 1569
wels erT-erTi brZolis dros yizilbaSebma yorRanaSvilis daxmarebiT mefe tyved
igdes. gadmocemiT, qvemo qarTlis mowinave sadroSos sardalma saCino baraTaSvilma
mefis _ simon I-is gamcems samagiero miuzRo _ Seipyro yorRanaSvili da geliyaris
cicabo kldidan gadaagdo. moRalatis dasjiT gamowveuli sixaruli xalxma ase ga-
moxata: `yorRanisZes qarafidan xeli kres da gadafrinda!~.
simon I-ma ar miiRo islami, ris gamoc is alamuTis cixeSi gamoketes. Sahma qarTli
mis gamuslimebul Zmas daud-xans gadasca.
1578 wels iransa da osmaleTs Soris omi daiwyo. osmalebi qarTlSi SeiWrnen da
Tbilisi, gori da sxva qalaqebi daikaves. qarTveli xalxis mxardaWeras moklebulma
daud-xanma osmalebs jerovani winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia. iranis Sahma simoni tyveobi-
dan gaaTavisufla. samSobloSi dabrunebulma mefem TurqTa winaaRmdeg axali ZaliT
wamoiwyo omi, magram maT SesaCereblad qarTlis Zalebi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. osmal-
Ta winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Tavi gamoiCina samcxis gamahmadianebulma aTabagma manuCarma.
osmalebma mas qarTlisken megzuroba daavales. is farulad daukavSirda simon mefes.
manuCaris daxmarebiT qarTvelebma muxranTan dabanakebuli mteri daamarcxes (1582w.).
Semdeg manuCari samcxis antiosmalur ajanyebas Caudga saTaveSi, mtrisagan gawminda
iqauri cixeebi da qarTlis samefosTan kavSiris gansamtkiceblad colad SeirTo si-
monis asuli elene.
dasustebuli irani osmalebTan marcxs-marcxze ganicdida. iranis axali Sahi abas
I iZulebuli gaxda 1590 wels osmaleTTan zavi daedo da misTvis mTeli aRmosavleT
amierkavkasia daeTmo. amieridan qarTls osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mokavSiris gareSe uwe-
vda brZolis gagrZeleba. qarTvelebma mZime brZolebiT gamostaces Turqebs qalaqi
gori. simoni Tbilisis gaTavisuflebisTvis emzadeboda. sofel naxidurTan brZolaSi
(1600 w.) osmalebma simoni Seipyres da iediyules cixeSi gamoketes, sadac ramdenime
weliwadSi gardaicvala. qarTvelebma mefis neSti gadmoasvenes da sveticxovlis ta-
ZarSi dakrZales.
161
kaxeTis momdevno mefe aleqsandre II (1574-1605 ww.) mamiseul politikur kurss
agrZelebda. TanamedroveTa SefasebiT _ `aleqsandre II yovelTvis umjobesad Tvli-
da iaraRis magier TxovniTa da ZRveniT emoqmeda, riTac man Tavis samefos mSvidoba
moupova~ (tomazo minadoi). 1587 wels xeli moewera `ficis wigns~, romliTac kaxeTi
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sedioda. amieridan ruseTs unda daecva kaxeTi gareSe mtrebis-
gan, xolo aleqsandre mefesa da mis memkvidreebs axali mfarvelisTvis, erTgulebis
niSnad, yovelwliurad ZRven-misarTmeveli unda gaegzavnaT.
162
XVII saukunis dasawyisidanve afxazeTis, guriisa da samegrelos mTavrebma, xolo
ufro mogvianebiT imereTis mefemac osmaleTisaTvis yovelwliurad xarkis micema
ikisres. XVII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi imerelma moRalate Tavadebma osmalTa jari
quTaisis cixeSi Seiyvanes. 1723 wels Turqebma foTi daipyres, aq faSa dasves da zR-
vis sanapiros mmarTvelad daniSnes. TurqeTis xelSi iyo baTumi da soxumi. osmalebma
daikaves Sorapnis, baRdaTisa da cucxvaTis cixeebi imereTSi.
osmalebma moxerxebulad gamoiyenes Sinafeodaluri aSliloba, romelmac XVII
saukunesa da XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo moicva.
isini yovelnairad uwyobdnen xels Sidafeodaluri omebis gaRvivebas. dakavebuli
cixeebi maT datyvevebuli qarTvelebiT vaWrobis bunagebad gadaaqcies. kaTolike mi-
sioneris don justis cnobiT: `iranelebi da Turqebi yvela saSualebas mimarTavdnen,
raTa saqarTvelodan waeyvanaT axalgazrdebi. isini maT iyenebdnen... TavianTi laSqris
gasaZliereblad da amiT did zians ayenebdnen saqarTvelos. aq xom aTeul da aseul
ymawvilze araa laparaki, aramed aTasobiT axalgazrdaze, romlisganac saqarTvelo
ganuwyvetlad icleboda da qveyana nadgurdeboda...~.
davaleba
1. ras iTvaliswinebda amasiis zavi?
2. imsjele iran-osmaleTis winaaRmdeg luarsab I-isa da simon I-is brZolebis mniSv-
nelobaze qarTlis samefosTvis.
3. Tqveni azriT, ratom ver moipova daud-xanma qarTveli xalxis mxardaWera?
4. SeafaseT kaxeTSi gatarebuli administraciuli reformis mniSvneloba.
5. imsjeleT, ra ganapirobebda kaxeTis mSvidobian arsebobas.
6. SeafaseT kaxeTis samefos sagareo-politikuri kursi.
7. SeafaseT samcxis aTabagis moqmedeba Turqebis imereTSi laSqrobis dros.
8. SeafaseT bagrat mefis momxre mesxebis moqmedeba da soxoistas brZolis Sedegebi
imereTis samefosa da samcxe-saaTabagosTvis.
9. imsjeleT `tyveTa syidvis~ Sedegebze.
163
$9. qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi XVII saukunis dasawyisSi
1603 wels iransa da osmaleTs Soris omi ganaxlda. iranis Sahma abas I-ma Turqebi
ramdenjerme daamarcxa da aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi dakarguli poziciebi aRidgina.
reformebis gatarebaSi Sah abas I-s mxarSi edga alaverdi-xan undilaZe, romelic,
iraneli istorikosis iskander munSis SefasebiT, `sakiTxebis samarTliani da sazria-
ni gadawyvetiT Tavisi drois yvela brZenze maRla idga, xolo gambedaobiTa da simama-
ciT Seudarebeli iyo TanamedroveTa Soris~. alaverdi-xani uSualod xelmZRvanelo-
bda samxedro reformas, mis mier iqna agebuli xidi _ `siosefoli~, romelic dResac
isfahanis (iranis maSindeli dedaqalaqis) mTavar mSvenebad iTvleba. alaveri-xanis
gardacvalebis Semdeg iranis jars misi Svili imamyuli-xan undilaZe xelmZRvane-
lobda. mravali damsaxurebis miuxedavad axalma Sahma sefi I-ma imamyuli-xani, misi
Svilebi da naTesavebi Ralatis braldebiT moakvlevina.
Sah-abasma kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II iranSi daibara da osmaleTis winaaRmdeg
omSi Cabma mosTxova, Tan misi Svili, Sahis karze aRzrdili da gamuslimebuli kons-
tantine gamoayola iranidan samxedro razmis TanxlebiT. qalaq ZegamSi 1605 wels
aleqsandre mefem TaTbiri moiwvia. kaxelebs rTuli amocana unda gadaewyvitaT:
ebrZolaT Tu ara iranis mxardamxar TurqTa winaaRmdeg. mefe omSi Cabmas ayovne-
bda _ iranis marcxis SemTxvevaSi osmaleTs kaxeTSi laSqrobis sababi miecemoda.
konstantines niSanze iranelma meomrebma TaTbiris monawileni: mefe aleqsandre,
taxtis memkvidre ufliswuli giorgi da sxva didebulebi sicocxles gamoasalmes.
konstantinem Tavi kaxeTis mefed gamoacxada. kaxelebi, aleqsandre II-is rZlis,
qeTevan dedoflis xelmZRvanelobiT, rjulSecvlil da mamismkvlel konstantines
aujanydnen. erT-erT brZolaSi kaxelma Tavadebma daviT jandierma, Tamaz da bebur
vaCnaZeebma konstantine mokles da misi mxardamWeri iranelebi qveynidan gandevnes.
osmaleTTan omi jer kidev ar damTavrebuliyo da Sah-abasma kaxelebze SurisZieba
momavlisTvis gadado. istorikos farsadan gorgijaniZis cnobiT: `roca Sahma gai-
go konstantines sikvdili, Turme nametnavad ewyina, magram Tvalis asaxvevad ase
brZana: mamis mkvlels uaresi unda daemarToso~. gamarjvebulma kaxelebma qeTevan
dedoflis vaJi _ Teimuraz I gaamefes. iranis Sahi iZulebuli iyo am ambavsac Se-
gueboda.
osmaleTze gamarjvebis Semdeg, 1614 wels, Sah-abasma kaxeTSi ilaSqra da Teimu-
razi TavisTan ixmo. Teimurazma Sahs mZevlebad dedamisi, qeTevan dedofali da Svi-
lebi gaugzavna, TviTon ki imereTSi gaixizna. iranelTa laSqrobas kaxeTisaTvis
umZimesi Sedegebi mohyva. maT daarbies daviT garejis monasteric da eqvsi aTasamde
beri sikvdiliT dasajes. amis Semdeg iranelebma kidev ramdenjerme dalaSqres ka-
xeTi.
1614 wels, pirveli laSqrobis Semdeg, Sahma qarTlisa da kaxeTis qristiani mefee-
bi gamahmadianebuli qarTveli mmarTvelebiT Secvala. gansakuTrebuli sisastike ga-
moiCina Sah abasma 1616 wlis laSqrobisas, romelic yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg kaxeTis
ajanyebas mohyva. abas I-ma kaxeTis soflebi miwasTan gaaswora. yizilbaSebma daangries
kaxeTis eklesia-monastrebi, cixesimagreebi, sacxovrebeli saxlebi. kaxeTma mosax-
leobis ori mesamedi dakarga, 100 aTasamde adamiani iranis provinciebSi, maT Soris
fereidanSi, gadaasaxles. aoxrebuli qveyana Sahma yizilbaS feiqar xans Caabara. Sah-
-abasma Teimurazis ojaxzec iZia Suri. wamebiT gardaicvalnen iranSi mZevlebad myofi
mefis Svilebi. Sahma qeTevan dedofals islamis miReba mosTxova. dedofalma ar ua-
ryo qristianoba da 1624 wlis 12 seqtembers mowamebrivad aResrula. misi wminda nawi-
lebi kaTolike berebma indoeTis, belgiis da vatikanis taZrebSi dakrZales. qeTevanis
164
wminda nawilebi maT saqarTveloSic Camoitanes. marTlmadideblurma da kaTolikurma
eklesiebma qeTevan dedofali wmindanad Seracxes.
daundoblad gausworda Sah-abasi qarTlis mefe luarsab II-sac. man mefe iranSi
miiwvia, didi pativiT miiRo, bolos ki gamahmadianeba mosTxova. mefe qristianobis
daTmobas ar apirebda. Sahis brZanebiT luarsabs Tavi mokveTes. qarTulma eklesiam
luarsab II wmindanad Seracxa.
1609 wels qarTlSi osmalebi SemoiWrnen. qarTlis mefe luarsab II cxireTis ci-
xeSi imyofeboda da mtris moulodneli Semoseva jer ver Seetyo. masTan erTad cxi-
reTSi iyvnen cnobili sardlebi giorgi saakaZe da zaza ciciSvili. osmalebma cxi-
reTis cixis adgilsamyofeli ar icodnen da megzuroba kvelTel mRvdels (xucess)
Tevdores ubrZanes. Tevdorem dampyroblebs gza-kvali aubnia, daaSora cxireTis ci-
xes. Turqebi xucess xriks miuxvdnen da mokles. Tevdores Tavdadebas ukvalod ar
Cauvlia. qarTvelebma Seityves mtris adgilsamyofeli. giorgi saakaZem axlomdebare
soflebidan saxeldaxelod Sekriba laSqari da maT gza mouWra. damproblebma gezi
gorisken aiRes da mtkvarze gadebul xids miadgnen. isini adgilobrivma gorelma
somexma SeniSna da xids ficrebi ahyara. ase gadaurCa gori ganadgurebas. amasobaSi
qarTvelTa jaric gamoCnda da yoveli mxridan SeboWili Turqebi sofel taSiskarTan
damarcxdnen.
giorgi saakaZe Tbilisisa da dvaleTis mouravi iyo. mefe luarsabma misi da Tekle
SeirTo colad. Tekles gadedoflebam kidev ufro gazarda giorgis gavlena same-
foSi, rac bevr TavadSi Surs aRZravda. moSurneebma mefes Caagones, TiTqos saakaZes
misi mokvla da qarTlSi gamefeba surda. luarsabma irwmuna braldeba. saidumlo
TaTbirze gadawyvites _ saakaZe sanadirod miewviaT da moeklaT. TaTbiris erT-erTma
monawilem, baaka xerxeuliZem, giorgis saidumlo gadawyvetileba Seatyobina. baaka
xerxeuliZe saakaZis mtrebma Seipyres da daasaxiCres _ cxviri moaWres. giorgi ki
col-Svilianad iranSi gadaixvewa. iranSi gadaxvewili giorgi saakaZe Sahis Zalebis
gamoyenebiT mowinaaRmdege didaznaurebis damarcxebas gegmavda.
1625 wels Sah-abasma qarTl-kaxeTis sabolood dasamorCileblad morigi laSqroba
wamoiwyo. martyofis velze dabanakebul mravalricxovan jars yarCixa-xani sardlo-
bda, mis mrCevlad ki giorgi saakaZe daniSnes. Sah-abasi bolomde mainc ar endoboda
saakaZes da mZevlad misi Svili paata daitova. saakaZe farulad daukavSirda qarTvel
Tavadebs da maTTan erTad iranelebis winaaRmdeg brZolis gegma SeimuSava. 25 marts,
uTenia, giorgi saakaZem, misma ufrosma Svilma avTandilma da ramdenime Tanmxlebma
moulodneli TavdasxmiT yarCixa-xani da sxva sardlebi mokles. amasobaSi umeTaurod
darCenil yizilbaSebis banaks qarTuli jari moadga da gaanadgura. gamarjvebulma
qarTvelebma qarTl-kaxeTi yizilbaSebisgan gawmindes da mefed imereTSi gadaxvewili
Teimuraz I moiwvies.
Sah-abasis brZanebiT, giorgi saakaZis vaJs paatas Tavi mokveTes, qarTl-kaxeTis
amosagdebad ki iranelebma 1625 welsve axali laSqroba moawyves. brZola 1 ivliss
marabdis velze gaimarTa. Tavidan qarTvelebma miaRwies warmatebas, mteri ukuaqcies
da alafis ganawilebas Seudgnen. iranelTa sardalma yorCibaSma gaqceuli mebrZole-
bi Sekriba da marabdisken Semoatriala. maT damxmare Zalac mouvidaT. qarTvelebis
Tavganwiruli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, marabdis brZolaSi gamarjveba iranelebs
darCaT. gamarjvebulebma brZolaSi 14000 meomari dakarges, qarTvelebma _ 9000. maT
Soris iyvnen sardlebi daviT jandieri, Teimuraz muxranbatoni, baadur ciciSvili...
marabdis brZolas ukavSirdeba cxra Zma xerxeuliZis, cxra maCablis, Svidi ColoyaS-
vilisa da sxvaTa gmirobis magaliTebi.
gancdili marcxis Semdeg qarTvelebma taqtika Secvales _ viwrobebSi gamagrdnen
da iranelebs qveyanaSi SeWris saSualeba ar misces.
165
male mefe Teimurazsa da giorgi saakaZes Soris winaaRmdegobam iCina Tavi. saaka-
Zem saqarTvelos gaerTianebis gegma SeimuSava. am gegmis mixedviT, qarTl-kaxeTSi
imereTis mefis (giorgis) memkvidre aleqsandre unda gamefebuliyo. 1626 wels baza-
leTis tbasTan Teimuraz I-ma daamarcxa mowinaaRmdegeebi. osmaleTSi gadaxvewili
saakaZe da misi ramdenime momxre 1629 wels, sulTnis Ralatis braldebiT, sikvdi-
liT dasajes.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT undilaZeTa damsaxurebaze iranis winaSe.
2. ratom ayovnebda aleqsandre II iranis mxares omSi Cabmas? rogor Seafaseb konstan-
tine-xanis moqmedebas?
3. SeafaseT qristianobisaTvis qaTevan dedoflis Tavganwirvis mniSvneloba.
4. imsjeleT kaxeTSi Sah-abasis laSqrobis Sedegebze.
5. SeafaseT saakaZis gadawyvetileba, iranis Zalis gamoyenebiT gaeZlierebina qar-
Tlis samefo.
6. SeafaseT giorgi saakaZis moqmedeba martyofis da bazaleTis brZolebSi da imsje-
leT am brZolebis Sedegebze.
rostom xanis mmarTveloba. iranis Sahma sefi I-ma qarTlis mmarTvelad gamus-
limebuli rostom xani daamtkica (1632-1658 ww.) da Tan iranuli jaric gamoayola.
rostomi sparsuli poemis `Sah-names~ (`mefeTa cxovreba~) mTavari gmiris saxelia,
is mamacobis, gonierebis, Seupovrobis gansaxierebaa. swored aseTi Tvisebebis gamo
uwodes qarTvel ufliswuls xosros (bavSvobaSi _ qaixosro) rostomi.
saTanado mxardaWeras moklebulma Teimuraz I-ma rostoms winaaRmdegoba ver
gauwia da kaxeTSi gadavida. rostom xanma qarTlSi swrafad ganimtkica poziciebi.
mowinaaRmdegeTa nawils iranuli jariT gausworda, sxvebi ki Semoiriga.
rostomma qarTlSi aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianobac gaaCaRa. ganaxlda nariyalas, me-
texis, gorisa da suramis cixeebi; keTilmoewyo savaWro gzebi, TbilisSi aigo same-
fo sasaxle da qarvaslebi; mdinare mtkvarze gaido xidi (`wiTeli xidi~); aRadgines
adrindeli da gaiyvanes axali sarwyavi arxebi.
166
rostom xani ar devnida qristianobas. is xelsac ki uwyobda meuRles _ mariam
dedofals dangreuli eklesiebis aRdgenaSi. mariam dedoflis miTiTebiT gadaiwera
Zveli istoriuli krebuli `qarTlis cxovreba~. amave dros rostomi mtkiced ica-
vda muslimur wesebs, aSenebda meCeTebs, samefo karze awinaurebda muslim qarTvele-
bs. mis dros TandaTan mkvidrdeboda iranuli wes-Cveulebebi da kultura. rostom
xani Rrmad moxucebulobamde marTavda qarTls. gardacvalebis Semdeg ki, rogorc
`morCili yaenisa da moyvare sjulisa mahmadisa~, iranSi gadaasvenes da qalaq yumSi
dakrZales.
1648 wels rostomma, Sahis brZanebiT, kaxeTic SeierTa, Tumca droebiT. 1656 wels
Sahma kaxeTi ganjis xans gadasca da aq Turqmanebis Camosaxleba daavala. iranelebma
sagangebod gaamagres baxtrionis cixe, cixesimagred aqcies alaverdis taZari. iorisa
da alaznis nayofieri velebi ki saZovrebad TandaTanobiT Turqmanuli modgmis mejo-
ge tomebma _ elebma daikaves.
167
da imereTis taxtze Tavisi Svili _ arCili dasva. arCilis mefoba imereTSi xanmokle
aRmoCnda. man ramdenjerme kidev SeZlo imereTSi gamefeba, sabolood ki kaxeTSi da-
mkvidrda. arCilis poziciebi arc aq aRmoCnda myari. kaxeTSi mefobas mas Teimuraz I-is
SviliSvili, erekle I (nazarali-xani) ecileboda.
XVII saukunis bolosTvis qarTlSi giorgi XI mefobda. is cdilobda ar yofiliyo
iranze damokidebuli. giorgi XI kaxel TavadebTan erTad iranis winaaRmdeg ajanye-
basac gegmavda. Sahma mas qarTli droebiT CamoarTva da erekle I-s (nazarali-xans)
gadasca. 1703 wels Sahma qarTli giorgi XI-s daubruna, xolo erekle I kaxeTis mefed
gamoacxada. qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebi Sahma TavisTan gamoiZaxa, qarTlis mmarTve-
loba giorgi XI-is Zmiswuls vaxtangs, kaxeTisa ki erekle I-is vaJs daviTs Caabara.
Sahma giorgi XI-s avRanelTa damorCileba, erekle I-s ki sasaxlis gvardiis sardloba
daavala.
iZulebiT gamahmadianebuli bagrationebisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Tavadaz-
naurobis moRvaweoba iranSi Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo. iranSi Sahis Semdeg sam upirve-
les kacad miCneul pirTa Soris qarTlis mefeebic iyvnen. qarTvel gamahmadianebul
Tavadaznaurobas sefianTa saxelmwifoSi maRali samxedro da samoxeleo Tanamdebo-
bebi ekava.
davaleba
1. SeafaseT rostom xanis mmarTveloba. miuTiTeT, ra dadebiT da uaryofiT (sarisko)
mxareebs Seicavda is.
2. imsjeleT, ra saSiSroebas uqmnida kaxeTs Turqmenebis Camosaxleba da SeafaseT
baxtrionis ajanyebis Sedegebi.
3. daaxasiaTeT da SeafaseT vaxtang V-is mmarTveloba.
4. SeafaseT mefe arCilis damokidebuleba glexobisadmi.
168
testi # 10
indoeTSi mimavali sazRvao gzis saZebnelad 1499 wels espaneTidan gaemgzavra axa-
li eqspedicia vasko da gamas meTaurobiT. eqspediciam samxreT amerikis SemovliTa da
atlantis okeanis gavliT indoeTis qalaq kalkutas miaRwia. espanelebma Zaladobis
gziT mopovebuli saneleblebiT datvirTes xomaldebi da ukan dabrundnen. Zvirfasi
tvirTis Rirebuleba samocjer aRemateboda eqspediciis xarjebs.
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
169
4. romeli mogzauris eqspediciam daamtkica, rom dedamiwas sferos forma aqvs?
a) kolumbis; g) vasko da gamas;
b) magelanis; d) barTolomeo diasis.
8. vin iyo romis saRvTo imperiis imperatori martin luTeris moRvaweobis dros?
a) lui XI; b) Sarl II; g) eduard III; d) karl V.
13. 1555 wels TurqeTsa da irans Soris amasiis zavi daido. am zavis mixedviT:
a) mxareebi SeTanxmdnen kavkasiis ganawilebaze. saqarTvelo TurqeTis interesTa
sferod gamocxadda, somxuri da azerbaijanuli saxanoebi iranis mflobelobaSi ga-
dadioda;
b) es sazavo xelSekruleba saqarTvelos realurad ar Sexebia. TurqeTi da ira-
ni ki SeTanxmdnen, rom 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs oms ar gamoucxadebdnen da
somxeTs Tanabrad gainawilebdnen;
170
g) TurqeTi da irani SeTanxmdnen, rom isini saqarTvelos erTmaneTSi gainawilebd-
nen. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi irani gabatondeboda, dasavleTSi ki TurqeTi.
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori, radgan, sinamdvileSi, amasiaSi xeli moewera
ruseT-TurqeTis SeTanxmebas Sav zRvaze Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb.
171
20. rodis da vin mokla kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II?
a) 1603 wels, iranis Sahis abas I-is mier;
b) 1605 wels, sakuTari Svilis, konstantine xanis mier;
g) 1610 wels, ganZis aTabagis mier;
d) 1610 wels, qarTlis mefis mier migzavnili mkvlelis mier.
28. romeli ajanyebis moTaveebi iyvnen: biZina ColoyaSvili, Salva da elizbar qsnis
erisTavebi?
a) koxtasTavis; b) ananuris; g) baxtrionis; d) alaverdis.
172
29. rodis da romel saxelmwifoebs Soris gaformda `ficis wigni~?
a) 1525 wels, iransa da qarTlis samefoebs Soris;
b) 1555 wels, osmaleTsa da irans Soris;
g) 1587 wels, ruseTsa da kaxeTis samefos Soris;
d) 1600 wels, qarTlis, kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebs Soris.
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173
XI Tavi. saqarTvelo da msoflio
XVIII saukunesa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi
174
biT ibegreboda yovelive is, rac dakavSirebuli iyo qaRaldTan: dabadebisa da qorwi-
nebis dokumentebi, savaWro garigebebi, memkvidreobis damadasturebeli sabuTebi,
wignebi, gazeTis TiToeuli nomeric ki. koloniebis mcxovrebni ambobdnen, inglisis
parlaments ufleba ara aqvs gadasaxadiT dagvbegros, Tu Cveni Tanxmoba ar iqnebao.
maT wamoayenes principi: `araviTari gadasaxadi warmomadgenlobis gareSe~.
amerikul koloniebSi inglisis mcdeloba SemoeRo gadasaxadebi da baJebi, kolo-
nistTa aqtiur winaaRmdegobas waawyda.
inglisis mefem da parlamentma gadawyvites Zalis gamoyenebiT gaetexaT kolonis-
tebis winaaRmdegoba. maT uari Tqves amerikis koloniebis pirvel kontinentur kon-
gresTan molaparakebaze, romelic 1774 wels qalaq filadelfiaSi Seikriba.
1775 wels masaCusetsSi, bostonTan, britaneTis armiasa da kolonistebs Soris
SeiaraRebuli Setakebebi moxda. es iyo CrdiloeT amerikis inglisuri koloniebis
damoukideblobisaTvis omis dasawyisi.
175
noba gaizarda, amJamad maTi ricxvi 50-s Seadgens, xolo zolebis raodenoba ucvleli
darCa. amgvarad, amerikis droSaze yoveli Stati varskvlaviT, xolo 13 damaarsebeli
Stati damatebiT TeTri an wiTeli zoliT aris warmodgenili.
176
aSS-Si umaRles sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas axorcielebs parlamenti kongre-
si, romelic ori palatisagan Sedgeba. zeda palataSi senatSi yoveli Stati irCevs
or senators; qveda, warmomadgenlobiT palataSi, adgilebi Statebs Soris nawildeba
maTSi amomrCevelTa raodenobis mixedviT.
didi uflebamosilebani aqvs aSS-is uzenaes sasamarTlos. igi Sedgeba prezidentis
mier senatTan SeTanxmebiT daniSnuli ucvleli wevrebisagan. uzenaesi sasamarTlo
gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba kanonebi da dadgenilebebi konstitucias. wina-
aRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, kanoni kargavs iuridiul Zalas da moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT ar
daemorCilon am kanonebs.
1787 wlis konstituciam indielTa miwebi saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamoacxada da
daiwyo maTi TandaTanobiT gayidva.
1800 wlidan aSS-is dedaqalaqi vaSingtoni (qalaqi vaSingtoni 1791 wels daars-
da yvela Statisagan damoukidebel kolumbiis olqis teritoriaze, raTa romelime
Stats upiratesoba ar moepovebina) gaxda.
konstituciam TiToeul Stats mianiWa didi uflebebi adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi.
maT Tavadve unda gadaewyvitaT SavkanianTa monobis daSveba-ardaSvebisa da saarCevno
uflebis sakiTxebi.
arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis Tavdapirvelad daaweses qonebrivi cenzi amomr-
Ceveli unda yofiliyo sakuTrebis mflobeli, XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ki Se-
moiRes sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba TeTrkaniani mamakacebisaTvis.
davaleba
1. riT gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan koloniebi da ra gansazRvravda am gansxvave-
bas?
2. SeadareT, riT gansxvavdeboda Savkaniani monebisa da inglisidan Camoyvanili pati-
mrebisa da Ratakebis mdgomareoba?
3. gansazRvreT, rogori urTierToba iyo koloniebsa da metropoliebs Soris.
4. axseniT, ratom cdilobda inglisi amerikis koloniebSi vaWroba-xelosnobis Se-
zRudvas da ivaraudeT am SezRudvis Sedegebi?
5. gansazRvreT, ra iyo inglisis winaaRmdeg koloniebis mcxovrebTa ajanyebis mize-
zebi?
6. rogor fiqrobT, samarTliani iyo CrdiloeT amerikis inglisuri koloniebis
swrafva damoukideblobisaken? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
7. daaxasiaTeT amerikis mmarTvelobiTi sistema: CamoayalibeT prezidentis, kongresi-
sa da sasamarTlos funqciebi.
177
$2. ganmanaTlebloba
178
mefea evropaSi, mas ar moepoveba oqros sabadoebi, rogorc mis mezobels espaneTis
mefes, magram igi ufro mdidaria, vinaidan simdidres qaCavs Tavisi qveSevrdomebidan,
rac ufro dauSreteli wyaroa, vidre sabadoebi~.
monteskies aseTi debulebebis ganxorcieleba burJuaziis sasargeblod mefis xe-
lisuflebis SezRudvas niSnavda. monteskies moZRvreba uzenaesi saxelmwifo xeli-
suflebis sam nawilad dayofis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi mraval qveyanaSi iqna gamoyenebuli
demokratiuli konstituciebis SemuSavebis dros.
Jan-Jak ruso Tavis naSromebSi yvela ubedurebis dasabamad kerZo sakuTrebis gaCe-
nas miiCnevda, Tumca kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebas ar moiTxovda. igi mxolod ukidure-
si simdidrisa da siRaribis winaaRmdegi iyo. ruso mxars uWerda qonebis gaTanaswo-
rebas. misi azriT, TiToeul adamians Tavisi samyofi unda gaaCndes, metismetad bevri
ki aravis ar unda hqondes.
ruso saxalxo suverenitetis anu saxalxo xelisuflebis uzenaesobis Teoriis
fuZemdebelia. misi azriT, uzenaesi xelisufleba monarqs ki ara, mTel xalxs unda
ekuTvnodes. saxalxo suvereniteti ganuyofeli, gausxvisebeli da SeuzRudavia. ru-
sos idea saxalxo suverenitetis Sesaxeb demokratiuli saxelmwifoebriobis erT-
-erTi safuZvelTagania.
Tavis damokidebulebas Tavisuflebisadmi ruso Semdegnairad gamoxatavda: `roca
xalxi morCilia, is kargad iqceva, magram rogorc ki mas SesaZlebloba eZleva moi-
Soros borkilebi, igi maTgan Tavisufldeba da kidev ufro ukeTesad iqceva. xalxi
Tavisuflebas igive uflebiT ibrunebs, ra uflebiTac waerTva igi. mas aqvs ufleba
Tavisuflebis dabrunebisa, radgan misTvis misi uflebebis warTmevis araviTari sa-
fuZveli ar arsebobda~.
179
fiziokratTa mamamTavari fransua kene mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri traqtatebisa
da saenciklopedio statiebis avtoria. misi mowafeebi tiurgo da kondorse Teoriul
moRvaweobasTan erTad aqtiur politikur saqmianobasac eweodnen.
fiziokratebs ekonomikis gaZlierebis safuZvlad kerZo sakuTreba miaCndaT. maTi
azriT, xelisufleba ar unda axdendes ekonomikis movlenebis regulirebas. fizio-
kratebi sameurneo saqmianobaSi saxelmwifos Carevis winaaRmdegni iyvnen. Tavisufali
mewarmeoba da vaWroba, saxelmwifos bunebrivi resursebis racionalurad (gonivru-
lad) gamoyeneba, fiziokratebis SexedulebiT, sazogadoebis ekonomikuri ganviTare-
bis sawindaria.
davaleba
1. ras miiCnevda volteri saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad?
2. ras gulisxmobda monteskies xelisuflebis danawilebis Teoria?
3. SeafaseT rusos damokidebuleba kerZo sakuTrebisa da `saxalxo suverenitetisa-
dmi.~
4. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad marTebulni iyvnen fiziokratebi, roca acxadebdnen, rom
xelisufleba ar unda axdendes ekonomikis movlenebis regulirebas? pasuxi daa-
sabuTeT.
5. rogor fiqrobT, ratom miiCneoda, rom enciklopedia `uzarmazari arsenali iyo,
sadac Zveli safrangeTis damamsxvreveli iaraRi iWedeboda~?
180
vis Sexedulebisamebr niSnavda princebis, hercogebis, prelatebis, perebis, mantiis
aznaurTa Semadgenlobidan). notablebisgan finansuri daxmarebis miRebis imedi ara-
realuri gamodga. notablebis krebaze markizma lafaietma pirvelma moiTxova genera-
luri Statebis mowveva, romelic 1614 wlis Semdeg aRar Sekrebiliyo. lafaietis es
winadadeba male sayovelTao moTxovnad iqca.
generalur Statebs samive wodebis warmomadgenlebi irCevdnen. mefe imedovnebda,
rom generaluri Statebi mas finansur daxmarebas aRmouCenda. monarqiis krizisidan
gamoyvanis mizniT lui XVI daTanxmda generaluri Statebis mowvevaze.
181
oqtomberSi parizelebma lui XVI versalidan safrangeTis dedaqalaqSi gadmoiyva-
nes. mefesTan erTad parizSi gadavida damfuZnebeli krebac.
oqtombris Sua ricxvebSi Zveli reJimis mowinaaRmdege deputatebma wminda iakobis
(frangulad Jakobis) monastris SenobaSi daiwyes Sekreba. Sekrebis adgilis mixedviT,
am klubis wevrebs iakobinelebi (frangulad Jakobenebi) uwodes. iakobinelTa klubSi
rigiTi parizelebic gaerTiandnen. iakobinelTa klubis aqtiuri wevri iyo maTi moma-
vali lideri maqsimilian robespieri.
varenis krizisi da 1791 wlis konstitucia. lui XVI ver urigdeboda Zalauflebis
SezRudvas da evropel monarqebs daxmarebas sTxovda. amisTvisve iRvwodnen sazRvar-
gareT myofi mefis Zmebi da emigranti didebulebi. lui XVI-m gadawyvita emigracias
SeerTeboda. 1791 wlis 21 ivniss mefe Tavisi ojaxis wevrebTan erTad parizidan gaiqca.
belgiis sazRvarTan axlos, varenSi igi daapatimres da mravali aTasi SeiaraRe-
buli glexisa da erovnuli gvardielis TanxlebiT parizSi daabrunes. mefis gaqce-
vis mcdeloba parizelebma Ralatad aRiqves. saxalxo moZraoba xelaxla azvirTda.
imarTeboda demonstraciebi lui XVI-is damxobis moTxovniT. damfuZnebelma krebam
mefesTan SeTanxmeba amjobina, monarqiis mowinaaRmdegeTa mier mowyobili didi de-
monstracia ki erovnul gvardias daarbevina.
1791 wlis seqtemberSi damfuZnebelma krebam daasrula konstituciaze muSaoba.
konstitucias xelisuflebis danawilebis principi Semohqonda. mefes mxolod aRmas-
rulebeli Zalaufleba rCeboda. mefes eniWeboda sakanonmdeblo krebis mier miRebu-
li kanonebisa da dekretebis droebiT SeCerebis _ `Semakavebeli vetos~ _ ufleba.
davaleba
1. riT iyo mniSvnelovani nekeris ekonomikuri kursi?
182
2. Tqveni azriT, dRes ramdenad aris aqtualuri, rom sazogadoebam icodes saxelmwi-
fos ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
3. rogor fiqrobT, ratom iqca 14 ivlisi safrangeTis erovnul dResaswaulad?
4. Tqveni azriT, ratom miiCneva, rom safrangeTSi 1791 wlis konstituciis miRebiT
absolutizmis xana dasrulda da daiwyo konstituciuri monarqiis periodi?
5. gansazRvreT 1791 wlis konstituciis ZiriTadi principebi.
6. ram ganapiroba avstriasTan da prusiasTan omis dawyeba?
7. rogor moxda monarqiis damxoba safrangeTSi?
183
1792 wlis miwuruls konventSi daZabuli brZola gamoiwvia lui XVI-is sakiTxma.
mas ucxoel monarqebTan kavSiri da saxelmwifos Ralati edeboda bralad. konventma
mefe gaasamarTla. iakobinelTa zemoqmedebiT igi damnaSaved cnes da 1793 wlis 21 ian-
vars giliotinaze sikvdiliT dasajes.
mefis sikvdiliT dasjis Semdeg safrangeTis winaaRmdeg mebrZol prusiasa da avs-
trias SeuerTda evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo inglisis meTaurobiT. bunebri-
via, rom ekaterine II-is ruseTic antifrangul koalicias miemxro da respublikur
mTavrobasTan diplomatiuri urTierToba gawyvita.
safrangeTs yoveli mxridan moZalebuli mtris Semoteva unda moegeriebina. fron-
tebad gadaiqca ara mxolod safrangeTis saxmeleTo sazRvrebi, aramed xmelTaSua
zRvis da atlantis okeanis sanapiroebic, radgan inglisis flotma aqtiuri samxedro
operaciebi gaaCaRa. mdgomareoba gaarTula inglisis flotis mxardaWeriT dasavle-
Tis provinciaSi _ vandeaSi dawyebulma antirespublikurma amboxebam. male vandeas
safrangeTis bretanic SeuerTda.
safrangeTis armia marcxs marcxze ganicdida. pirveli respublika kvlav inter-
venciis safrTxis winaSe idga. iakobinelebma samxedro warumateblobebis pasuxismge-
blad Jirondelebi miiCnies da xelisuflebidan maTi Camocileba moiTxoves.
`Waobma~ sworad gansazRvra, rom Seqmnil kritikul viTarebaSi respublikis Ta-
vdacvis organizacias, xalxis farTo masebze dayrdnobiT, mxolod iakobinelebi Se-
Zlebdnen. `Waobi~ maT miemxro. konventma xmebis umravlesobiT 1793 wlis 2 ivniss
JirondelTa beladebis dapatimrebis dadgenileba gamoitana. xelisuflebis saTaveSi
iakobinelebi moeqcnen.
184
sakuTrebaSi gadadioda, yovelgvari feodaluri gadmonaSTebi usasyidlod uqmdebo-
da. am sakanonmdeblo aqtebis Sedegad masobrivad Seiqmna wvrili glexuri meurneobe-
bi, romlebic dResac SenarCunebulia safrangeTSi.
iakobinelTa mier ganxorcielebulma RonisZiebebma ganamtkica safrangeTis br-
Zolisunarianoba. 1793 wlis agvistoSi konventma gamosca dekreti armiaSi masobrivi
gawvevis Sesaxeb. miwis nakveTis _ `mamulis~ mesakuTre glexoba didi enTuziazmiT
dgeboda samSoblos _ `mamulis~ damcvelTa rigebSi.
mosaxleobis didi mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen iakobinelTa beladebi: maqsimilian
robespiers `mousyidvels~ uwodebdnen, Jan-pol marats ki mis mier daarsebuli gaze-
Tis saxelwodebis mixedviT _ `xalxis megobars~. sayovelTao popularobiT sarge-
blobda dantonis mowodeba _ `gambedaoba, gambedaoba, kidev erTxel gambedaoba da
safrangeTi gadarCeba~.
iakobinelebma yvelaferi iRones milioniani armiis gawvrTnisa da momaragebi-
saTvis: samxedro inJinerTa da gamoCenil mecnierTa mozidviT maT axali nimuSis
srulyofili iaraRi Seqmnes, ubralo warmoSobis, niWier samxedroTa swrafi dawi-
naurebiT uzrunvelyves maTi SesaZleblobebis samSoblos samsaxurSi Cayeneba.
iakobinelTa RonisZiebebma male gamoiRo Sedegi. pirveli respublikis armiam ra-
odenobrivad da xarisxobrivad antifranguli koaliciis qveynebis armiebs gauswro.
1794 wlis gazafxulisaTvis damTavrda safrangeTis miwa-wylis gaTavisufleba ucxo-
elTa jarebisagan. 1794 wlis 26 ivniss fleriusTan avstrielebze brwyinvale gamar-
jvebis Semdeg ki safrangeTis armias gza gaexsna belgiisken.
sagareo safrTxis Tavidan acilebis Semdeg `Waobma~ gadawyvita Tavidan moecile-
bina iakobinelebi, romelTa `terori~ da `fasebis maqsimumi~ aferxebda Tavisufali
mewarmeobis ganviTarebas.
1794 wlis 27 ivliss, revoluciuri kalendriT 9 Termidors, robespieri da misi
TanamebrZolebi daapatimres. meore dRes isini sikvdiliT dasajes. iakobinelTa diq
tatura daemxo.
9 Termidoris gadatrialebis Semdeg Semdgar konvents, romelSic umravlesoba
`Waobma~ miiRo, Termidoruli konventi ewoda.
davaleba
1. SeafaseT `Waobis~ poziciis siswore. daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.
2. Tqveni azriT, lui XVI-is sikvdiliT dasja aucileblobas warmoadgenda? pasuxi
daasabuTeT.
3. ris safuZvelze xdeboda saeWvoTa siebis Sedgena?
185
4. rogor fiqrobT, ra mizezebma ganapiroba revoluciuri terori.
5. Tqveni azriT, ratom daSorda konventis dekretiT saeWvoTa Sesaxeb safrangeTi
revoluciis mTavar monapovars_konstitucias an uflebaTa deklaracias?
6. Tqveni azriT, ratom daiwyo xelisuflebam emigrantTa da saeklesio miwebis ganva-
debiT wvril-wvril nakveTebad gayidva?
7. rogor SeafasebT iakobinelTa mier axali kalendris Seqmnis ideas?
8. daasaxeleT da SeafaseT qveynis reformirebis gzaze iakobinelTa mier gadadgmuli
nabijebi. romel maTgans da ratom miiCnevT yvelaze mniSvnelovnad?
9. rogor fiqrobT, ratom dasrulda iakobinelTa mmarTveloba kraxiT?
10. ram ganapiroba safrangeTSi xelisuflebis cvla 1794 wlis ivlisSi?
ganmarteba:
kontribucia _ fuladi gadasaxadia, romelsac sazavo xelSekrulebis ZaliT omSi
gamarjvebuli mxare akisrebs damarcxebuls.
napoleonis saSinao politika. 1804 wels romis papma pius VII-m parizis RvTism-
Soblis taZarSi napoleon bonaparti imperatorad akurTxa. safrangeTis respublika
safrangeTis imperiam Secvala. gauqmda revoluciuri kalendari. bastiliis aRebisa
(14 ivlisi) da safrangeTis respublikad gamocxadebis (22 seqtemberi) dReebs sadRe-
saswaulod aRar aRniSnavdnen, sityva `respublika~ TandaTan amovarda xmarebidan.
xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave napoleonma gaatara mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi: misi
monawileobiT Seiqmna samoqalaqo, sisxlis samarTlis da komerciuli (vaWrobis) ko-
deqsebi; kanonTa es krebulebi emsaxureboda sakuTrebis uflebis uzrunvelyofas da
Tavisufali mewarmeobis ganmtkicebas; revoluciis dros SeZenili qoneba mis axal
mflobelebs umtkicdeboda; napoleonis kodeqsebi akanonebda sasamarTlos winaSe mo-
qalaqeTa Tanasworobas.
dapyrobil qveynebSi vrceldeboda napoleonis kodeqsebi da ganamtkicebda Tavisu-
fal samewarmeo urTierTobebs.
Tavad napoleoni did mniSvnelobas aniWebda Tavis sakanonmdeblo moRvaweobas.
xSirad uTqvams: `me istoriaSi Seval ara Cem mier mogebuli ormoci didebuli brZo-
liT, aramed im kanonebiT, romlebsac safrangeTsa da evropas vutovebo~.
napoleonma SeinarCuna revoluciis dros SemoRebuli safrangeTis administra-
ciuli dayofa Tanabar teritoriebad _ departamentebad, Tumca gaauqma yovelgvari
TviTmmarTveloba _ departamentebi Sinagan saqmeTa ministrisadmi daqvemdebarebul
moxeleebs _ prefeqtebs Caabara, arCeviTi Tanamdebobebi ki Secvala daniSnuli moxe-
leebiT.
napoleonma Jozef fuSes saSualebiT Seqmna sapolicio zedamxedvelobisa da ja-
SuSobis rTuli sistema. Jurnal-gazeTebi, Teatri, literatura mkacr cenzuras dau-
qvemdebara.
napoleonis mier warmoebulma Zlevamosilma omebma safrangeTs iafi nedleulisa
da gasaRebis bazrebi SesZina. ramac, Tavis mxriv, biZgi misca mrewvelobis swraf gan-
viTarebas. sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda sagareo vaWroba. ekonomikis gasaZliere-
blad imperatori didad uwyobda xels gzebisa da xidebis mSeneblobas.
didi yuradReba eTmoboda safrangeTis qalaqebis keTilmowyobas, ganaTlebisa da
janmrTelobis dacvis saqmes.
gaumjobesda feodaluri Cagvrisagan gaTavisuflebuli miwis wvrili mesakuTre
glexobis mdgomareoba.
daqvemdebarebul qveynebs bonaparti did kontribucias akisrebda. am udides finan-
sur saxsrebs imperatori samxedro, sameurneo da politikuri miznebisaTvis iyenebda.
187
napoleonis ZiriTadi dasayrdeni Zala armia iyo. igi guluxvad asaCuqrebda marS-
lebs, generlebs, oficrebsa da jariskacebs. jariskacebi mas aRmerTebdnen, misi armia
SeiaraRebiT, sabrZolo momzadebiT, organizaciiTa da discipliniT saukeTesod iTv-
leboda evropaSi.
TanamedroveTa cnobiT, napoleons hqonda dauSreteli energia da udidesi organi-
zatoruli niWi, rac misi moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi vlindeboda. napoleoni mTlia-
nad flobda imperiis mmarTvelobis sadaveebs. yvelas akvirvebda urTules, metad Ca-
xlarTul saqmeebSi misi uaRresad swrafad garkvevis unari.
napoleoni gaeyara pirvel meuRles Jozefinas da avstriis imperatoris qaliSvil-
ze iqorwina. 1811 wels napoleon bonaparts SeeZina taxtis memkvidre, romelsac mamis
saxeli napoleoni daarqves.
pirveli imperiis omebi. 1805 wels safrangeTis mTavar mowinaaRmdeged kvlav in-
glisi rCeboda. inglisze TavdasxmisaTvis napoleonma safrangeTis CrdiloeT navsad-
gurSi bulonSi gemebi da didi jari moamzada. amave dros bulonisaken miiwevda
safrangeTis xmelTaSua zRvis da safrangeTis mokavSiris _ espaneTis gaerTianebuli
eskadra. gibraltaris srutis CrdiloeTiT atlantis okeanis koncx trafalgarTan
inglisis flotma saxelganTqmul admiral nelsonis meTaurobiT es eskadra gaanad-
gura. TviT nelsoni brZolaSi daiRupa.
jer kidev trafalgarTan damarcxebamde napoleonma miiRo cnoba safrangeTis wi-
naaRmdeg axali koaliciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb inglisis, ruseTis, avstriisa da neapoli-
taniis (samxreT italiis samefo) SemadgenlobiT. imperatorma dauyovnebliv ahyara
bulonis banaki da mokavSireebisaTvis warmoudgenlad mokle droSi jari rainis aR-
mosavleT sanapiroze gadaiyvana.
1805 wlis 2 dekembers venidan 100 kilometrze, austerlicTan napoleonma gaanad-
gura avstriisa da ruseTis jarebi.
austerlicTan gamarjvebis Semdeg avstriasTan Zlevamosili zavi daido. napole-
oni italiis mefe xdeboda, neapolitaniisa da holandiis samefoebs misi Zmebi eu-
flebodnen. mdinare rainis aRmosavleT sanapiros gaswvriv mdebare 16 germanuli sa-
xelmwifosagan napoleonis proteqtorobiT rainis kavSiri iqmneboda, safrangeTis
sasargeblod avstria did kontribucias ixdida. avstriis imperatori franci `germa-
neli eris saRvTo romis imperatoris~ aTaswlovan tituls ixsnida da amiT danarCeni
germanuli saxelmwifoebis mimarT yovelgvar uflebebs kargavda.
avstriis damarcxebam da rainis kavSiris Seqmnam safrangeTis winaaRmdeg omSi pru-
siis Cabma ganapiroba. gamoCenili germaneli mwerlis, hainrix haines gamoTqmiT, `na-
poleonma suli Seubera da prusia gaqra~.
ramdenime dReSi safrangeTis jari berlinSi Sevida. 1806 wlis damlevs napoleonma
varSava daikava, xolo 1807 wels ruseTis armiis orgzis damarcxebis Semdeg aleq-
sandre I-Tan tilzitis zavi dado. ruseTma aRiara napoleonis dapyrobebi, TviTon ki
osmaleTisa da SvedeTis winaaRmdeg Tavisufali moqmedebis ufleba miiRo. prusiis
teritoria sagrZnoblad Seikveca. poloneTis mesame danawilebis Sedegad prusiis
mier miRebul miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda `varSavis didi sahercogo~ da napoleonis
mokavSires _ saqsoniis mefes gadaeca.
venis kongresi. mas Semdeg, rac 1792 wlis 20 aprils safrangeTma prusiasa da avs-
trias omi gamoucxada, evropa TiTqmis 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi saomar asparezad iqca.
napoleonis gadadgomiT omebis xana dasrulda.
1814 wlis seqtemberSi gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebi venaSi Sei-
kribnen. isini miznad isaxavdnen napoleonze gamarjvebis Sedegebis saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebiT gaformebas. avstriis dedaqalaqSi evropis qristianuli saxelmwi-
foebs warmomadgenlebi Cavidnen. islamuri osmaleTi kongresze ar miuwveviaT.
gamarjvebulma qveynebma miiCnies, rom maTTan omSi damarcxda napoleoni da ara
safrangeTi, sadac burbonTa dinastia aRdga. amitom kongresze safrangeTis warmomad-
geneli, sagareo saqmeTa ministri taleiranic moixmes.
Sekrebili xelmwifeebis, ministrebisa da elCebisaTvis yoveldRiurad imarTeboda
nadimebi, speqtaklebi, nadiroba, seirnoba, mejlisebi. Tanamedroveni oxunjobdnen:
`kongresi sxdomebs ki ar awyobs, cekvavso~.
sinamdvileSi venaSi kongresis monawileTa Soris farulad gaafTrebuli diplo-
matiuri brZola mimdinareobda. didi saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebi araCveule-
brivi gulmodginebiTa da daundoblobiT awyobdnen rTul da daxlarTul intrigebs,
ramac kongresis saboloo Sedegebze gadamwyveti gavlena iqonia.
evropis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa istoriaSi pirvelad venis kongresze ganisa-
zRvra, rom inglisi, ruseTi, avstria, prusia da safrangeTi `didi saxelmwifoebia~.
maT Soris gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba inglissa da ruseTs ekava. inglisi ekonomi-
kurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveyana iyo, ruseTs ki yvelaze mravalricxovani armia
hyavda. es ori qveyana miznad isaxavda: ar daeSvaT erTmaneTis metismetad gaZliereba,
daesustebinaT safrangeTi, kontinentur evropaSi ki SeZlebisdagvarad aRedginaT da
ganemtkicebinaT feodalur-absoluturi reJimi.
190
venis kongresis generaluri daskvniTi aqti. yvelaze meti teritoriuli preten-
ziebi evropaSi ruseTsa da prusias hqondaT, rac inglisisa da avstriis ukmayofi-
lebas iwvevda. safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma wamoayena e.w. `legitimizmis~
(kanonierebis) principi evropa revoluciuri omebis dawyebamde, 1792 wlamde ar-
sebul sazRvrebs unda dabruneboda. es ewinaaRmdegeboda aleqsandre I-is miswrafebe-
bs, radgan napoleonze gamarjvebis Sedegad ruseTi varSavis sahercogoze acxadebda
pretenzias. aleqsandre I-is am moTxovnis sapasuxod taleiranma ganacxada, rom igi
`samarTlianobas yvelaferze ufro maRla ayenebs~.
venis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT safrangeTi im sazRvrebiT Semoifargla, rac re-
voluciuri da dapyrobiTi omebis dawyebamde hqonda. `100 dRis~ Semdeg mas 700 mi-
lioni franki kontribucia daakisres.
venis kongresis daskvniTi aqtiT safrangeTma Sveicarias daubruna napoleonis
dros mitacebuli strategiuli mniSvnelobis uReltexilebi. venis kongresma Svei-
caria mudmivi neitralitetis qveynad gamoacxada.
ruseTma SeinarCuna dapyrobili fineTi da besarabia, poloneTis ganawilebis Sede-
gad mierTebuli teritoriebi da SeierTa varSavis sahercogos didi nawili.
inglisma miiRo kunZuli malta da niderlandis yofili koloniebi: samxreT
afrikis teritoria da indoeTis maxloblad mdebare didi kunZuli ceiloni.
inglisis mTavari warmateba misi ZvelisZveli metoqis, safrangeTis dasusteba iyo.
avstriam daibruna napoleonTan omebis dros dakarguli teritoriebi. venis kon-
gresma kvlav daaqucmaca napoleonis dros faqtobrivad safrangeTis batonobis
qveS gaerTianebuli italia. kongresma italiis ZiriTadi nawili avstrias dauqve-
mdebara.
prusiam miiRo varSavis sahercogos aRmosavleTi nawili da mniSvnelovani sa-
mflobeloebi centralur evropaSi. prusia sagrZnoblad iqna gaZlierebuli, raTa
mas gaewonasworebina, erTi mxriv, safrangeTi, xolo meore mxriv, avstria. belgia
niderlandis samefos SeuerTes.
venis kongresis daskvniTi aqtiT 38 damoukidebeli germanuli saxelmwifosagan
Seiqmna `germaniis kavSiri~. kavSirSi ori Zlieri saxelmwifo avstria da prusiac
Sevidnen. maTi urTierTqiSpi arc erT maTgans ar aZlevda germanuli saxelmwifoebis
Tavis garSemo gaerTianebis saSualebas. ekonomikurad da samxedro TvalsazrisiT,
uZlur `germaniis kavSirs~ ki saerTaSoriso asparezze angariSs ar uwevdnen.
191
davalebebi
1. daaxasiaTeT napoleonis 1805-1807 wlebis omebi.
2. ra miznebi hqonda kontinentur blokadas?
3. ratom ver gamoiRo kontinenturma blokadam napoleonisaTvis sasurveli Sedegebi?
4. ra iyo ruseT-safrangeTis omis mizezebi?
5. ram ganapiroba am omSi safrangeTis damarcxeba?
6. ra Sedegebi mohyva napoleonisaTvis ruseTTan omSi damarcxebas?
7. ra safuZveli arsebobda safrangeTSi napoleonis mmarTvelobis 100 dRiT aRdgeni-
saTvis?
8. SeafaseT napoleonis sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba.
9. rogori iyo venis kongresis Semadgenloba?
10 ra miznebs isaxavdnen venis kongresis monawileebi?
11. rogor gadaanawila teritoriebi daskvniTma aqtma?
12. imsjeleT venis kongresis miznebze, rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad safuZvliani iyo
avstriisa da ruseTis teritoriuli pretenziebi.
13. imsjeleT daskvniTi aqtis Sedegad ramdenad iqna dakmayofilebuli venis kongresze
warmodgenil saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli pretenziebi.
14. Tqveni azriT, romeli gamarjvebuli saxelmwifos interesebi dakmayofilda yve-
laze metad.
15. SeafaseT daskvniTi aqtis Sedegebi safrangeTisaTvis.
16. gansazRvreT `saRvTo kavSiris~ miznebi.
17. ram ganapiroba `saRvTo kavSiris~ kraxi?
192
$6. vaxtang VI
193
bis daTmobaze uari ganacxada, ris gamoc is daatyveves. vaxtangis biZa da aRmzrdeli
sulxan-saba orbeliani daxmarebis saTxovnelad evropaSi gaemgzavra. igi orjer Se-
xvda safrangeTis mefe lui XIV-s da didi STabeWdilebac moaxdina masze. frangebi
dainteresdnen sulxan-sabas winadadebiT _ savaWro gzad gamoeyenebinaT saqarTvelos
teritoria. TanagrZnobiT moismines misi Txovnac _ daxmarebodnen vaxtangs iranel-
Ta tyveobidan gaTavisuflebaSi, magram konkretuli moqmedebisgan Tavi Seikaves. uSe-
dego aRmoCnda sulxan-sabas viziti romis papTanac.
ramdenimewliani tyveobis Semdeg (1719 wels) iZulebiT gamahmadianebuli vaxtang
VI qarTlSi dabrunda. mefe iranelTa winaaRmdeg Zlieri mokavSiris povnis imeds ar
kargavda. Tavis mxriv, iranis mflobelobaSi arsebuli kaspiispireTis mimarT sul
ufro met interess amJRavnebda ruseTi. kaspiispireTis xelSi Cagdeba TurqeTsac
surda. aseT viTarebaSi metoqe saxelmwifoebisTvis kavkasieli xalxis mxardaWeras
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda. amas ruseTis xelisuflebac iTvaliswinebda
da iranTan momaval omSi qarTlis samefosTan samxedro kavSiris damyarebas cdilo-
bda.
1722 wels dawyebul iran-ruseTis omSi vaxtang VI-m ruseTis mxare daiWira da
40000-iani jariT ganjasTan dabanakda. samTviani lodinis Semdeg qarTlis mefem Sei-
tyo, rom ruseTs iranTan zavi daedo da kavkasiaSi laSqroba Seewyvita. 1723 wels ira-
nis Sahma qarTli kaxeTis mahmadian mefe konstantines uboZa, romelmac lekTa daqi-
ravebuli jariT Tbilisi aiRo. male aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Turqebi SemoiWrnen.
vaxtangsa da mis momxreebs samSobloSi aRar daedgomebodaT. samxedro daxmarebis
saTxovnelad vaxtangi, 1200 kaciani amaliT, ruseTSi gaemgzavra. 1724 wels ruseTsa
da TurqeTs Soris daido xelSekruleba, romliTac TurqeTma aRiara kaspiispire-
Tis ruseTTan SeerTeba, ruseTma ki Tavis mxriv cno TurqeTis uflebebi aRmosavleT
amierkavkasiaze, maT Soris, qarTlzec. vaxtangi ruseTSi, qalaq astraxanSi gardai-
cvala, dakrZalulia iqve, RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZarSi.
konstantines mefoba qarTlSi xanmokle aRmoCnda _ 1723 wels is osmalebTan br-
Zolas Seewira. `osmaloba~ aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 12 wels gagrZelda. 1735 wli-
dan `osmaloba~ `yizilbaSobiT~ Seicvala. qarTveli xalxis brZolam `osmaloba~ _
`yizilbaSobis~ winaaRmdeg Sedegi gamoiRo. 1745 wels iranis Sahma nadirma Teimuraz
II-s, konstantines umcros Zmas, neba darTo sveticxovelSi qristianuli wesiT kur-
Txeuliyo qarTlis mefed. amave xanebSi kaxeTSi Teimurazis Svili erekle II gamefda.
es didmniSvnelovani movlena iyo, radgan ukve saukuneze meti xnis manZilze qarTlsa
da kaxeTs gamuslimanebuli mefeebi marTavdnen.
qarTveli emigrantebi ruseTSi. XVII saukunis Sua wlebidan Teimuraz I-ma mefe
aleqsi mixeilis Zis karze qarTveli ufliswuli, Tavisi SviliSvili erekle bato-
niSvili gagzavna. mogvianebiT iqve imyofebodnen imereTis mefis arCil II-is vaJebi
aleqsandre da mamuka. aleqsandre batoniSvili 1691 wels daarsebuli moskovis qar-
Tuli axalSenis meTauri gaxda. kaspiispireTSi rusTa laSqrobis Semdeg petre di-
dis mokavSire qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI iZulebuli Seiqna didi amaliTurT ruseTSi
gadasuliyo. 1729 wels moskovSi dasasaxleblad qarTvelebs presnias ubani uboZes.
ganaTlebulma qarTvelma saero da sasuliero pirebma intensiur SemoqmedebiT saqmia-
nobas mihyves xeli. moskovSi daaarses qarTuli stamba, dabeWdes `biblia~, `daviTni~
da mravali sxva wigni. moskovelma qarTvelebma male Seiswavles rusuli da dasavle-
Tevropuli enebi. originalur SemoqmedebasTan erTad isini nayofier mTargmnelobiT
saqmianobasac eweodnen.
mravali leqsi Seqmna moskovSi arCil mefem. misma vaJma aleqsandre batoniSvilma
qarTul enaze Seadgina saartilerio wigni. arCilma daasrula germanulidan mso-
flio istoriis (`qronografis~) Targmna. vaxuSti batoniSvilma saqarTvelosa da
194
kavkasiis calkeul mxareTa rukebi Seadgina, Seqmna kapitaluri naSromi `aRwera same-
fosa saqarTveloisa~. man mecnierul kavkasiologias Cauyara safuZveli.
ukrainis qalaq mirgorodSi dasaxlebulma daviT guramiSvilma ukvdavi `daviTia-
ni~ dawera.
ruseTSi qarTvelTa cxovrebisa da mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis kvali aRbeWdilia
moskovis adgilebis saxelwodebebSi _ `bolSaia gruzinskaia~, `malaia gruzinskaia~,
`gruzinski val~.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT vaxtangis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis saxelmwifoebriv, socialur
da ekonomikur mniSvnelobaze. SeafaseT misi Rvawli qarTuli kulturis winaSe.
2. Tqveni azriT, ram ganapiroba vaxtang VI-is kavSiri ruseTTan? rogor SeafasebT
qarTlis monawileobas ruseT-iranis omSi?
3. romeli cnobili qarTveli moRvaweebi gadasaxldnen ruseTSi, riT da ra sferoebSi
gamoiCines maT Tavi.
4. SeafaseT qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis qristianuli wesiT kurTxevis mniSvneloba.
195
didi jariT alyaSi moaqcia yvarlis cixe. daRestnelTa mier yvarlis alya gaWianur-
da. mecixovneebs tyvia-wamali gamoeliaT. ereklem cixeSi maSveli jaris Segzavna ga-
dawyvita. am rTul saqmeSi monawileebs mefe SeRavaTebs hpirdeboda: Tavad-aznaurebs
Tanamdebobebsa da mamuls, yma-glexebs _ Tavisuflebas, miwas da gasamrjelos. alyis
gasarRvevad 206 moxalise Seikriba, aqedan orasamde glexi iyo, maT Soris, asi qiziye-
li. moxaliseebi RamiT mieparnen mtris guSagebs, xmaldaxmal gaikafes gza da cixeSi
didZali tyvia-wamali Seitanes. nursal-begis laSqars meryeoba daetyo, cixis aReba
ukve saeWvo Canda. ereklem kidev erT xerxs mimarTa _ cxenosanTa razmi nursal-begis
mokavSire Warelebis soflebis dasarbevad gagzavna. Warelebma yvarlis cixes Tavi
mianebes da sakuTari soflebis dasacavad gaeSurnen. amis Semdeg nursal-begma kaxeTi
datova. am gamarjvebebis miuxedavad lekTa wvril-wvrili TareSi kvlav grZeldebo-
da, rac mosaxleobas mSvidi cxovrebis saSualebas ar aZlevda.
qarTveli politikosebi iran-osmaleTisagan mosalodneli safrTxis Tavidan aci-
lebas ruseTis daxmarebiT cdilobdnen. ruseTisagan samxedro daxmarebis miRebis mo-
lodinSi Teimuraz II 1762 wels peterburgSi gardaicvala (dakrZalulia astraxanSi,
vaxtang VI-is gverdiT). mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg ereklem qarTli da kaxeTi erT
samefod gaaerTiana. am faqts iranis gaRizianeba rom ar mohyoloda, ereklem Sahs
(qerim-xans) misi metoqe _ datyvevebuli azat-xani gaugzavna.
196
bamde Turqebma mxolod naxevari jaris gadmoyvana moaswres. RamiT ki ereklem razmi
gaagzavna xidis asayrelad. 1770 wlis 20 aprilis dilas qarTvelebma mters Seuties.
Turqebis ganaxevrebulma jarma ukan daxeva daiwyo da ayril xids miadga. aspinZis
brZola qarTvelebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. aspinZasTan gamarjveba erekles axal-
cixisken uxsnida gzas. magram mefem brZolis gagrZeleba veRar SeZlo. XX saukunis
istorikosebis ivane javaxiSvilis, niko berZeniSvilisa da simon janaSias SefasebiT:
`generals (totlebens) mefis taxtidan Camogdeba da saqarTvelos dapyroba didixa-
nia gadawyvetili hqonda... generalma saqme daiwyo: cixe-qalaqebis daWeras da xalxis
ruseTis xelmwifis erTgulebaze daficebas Seudga. magram erekles sapasuxo ener-
giulma moqmedebam totlebeni SeaSina da am ganzraxvaze xeli aaRebina~.
ruseTis xelisufleba TurqeTTan omis pirobebSi moerida qarTul samefoebTan
urTierTobis gafuWebas da generali totlebeni, romelic `ruseTs ufro sircxvils
uxveWda, vidre saxels~, saqarTvelodan gaiwvia.
ruseT-TurqeTis omi 1774 wels quCuk-kainarjis zaviT dasrulda. `sazavo SeTanx-
mebiT~ ruseTi dasavleT saqarTvelos osmaleTis mflobelobaSi cnobda. Tavis mxriv,
osmaleTi pirobas debda aRar moeTxova imereTis samefosgan xarki da Seewyveta qris-
tianTa devna.
XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebSi saqarTvelos sakiTxma ruseTis politikur wreebSi
kidev meti aqtualoba SeiZina. ekaterine II-m ereklesTan molaparakebebis warmoeba
gamocdil politikoss, general potiomkins daavala. 1783 wlis 24 ivliss CrdiloeT
kavkasiis rusul cixesimagre georgievskSi qarTl-kaxeTsa da ruseTs Soris mfarve-
lobiTi xelSekruleba (`georgievskis traqtati~) gaformda. `geogrgievskis traqta-
tis~ mixedviT:
qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi Sedioda.
ruseTi daicavda mas gareSe mtrebisgan.
erekles memkvidreebs ruseTis imperatori amtkicebda da samefo niSnebs: gvir-
gvins, sigels da droSas ugzavnida. am droSaze ruseTis imperiis gerbi unda
yofiliyo gamosaxuli, Zveli qarTuli gerbi ki masSi Caxatuli.
ruseTis mTavroba ar Caereoda qarTl-kaxeTis saSinao saqmeebSi.
qarTveli Tavad-aznaurebi wodebrivad uTanabrdebodnen rus Tavadebs. qarTvel
vaWrebs ki ruseTSi Tavisufali vaWrobis ufleba da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi
eZleodaT.
ruseTi erekle meores hpirdeboda, rom daubrunebda iranis da TurqeTis mier
mitacebul teritoriebs.
197
brZolisTvis jaris winaswar Sekreba. aRa-mahmad-xani 35 aTasiani jariT swrafad mo-
adga qarTl-kaxeTis sazRvrebs. ruseTisagan Sepirebuli jari arsad Canda. saxelda-
xelod Sekrebili qarTuli laSqari mxolod xuTi aTas kacs iTvlida. aqedan TiTqmis
naxevari imereTis mefes, solomon II-s gamoegzavna erekles dasaxmareblad. 1795 wlis
10 seqtembers iranelebma Tbilisze pirveli ieriSi miitanes. qarTvelebma ieriSi moi-
geries da iranelebs sagrZnobi zarali miayenes. TanamedroveTa cnobiT, aRa-mahmad-
-xani ukan gabrunebasac apirebda, magram qarTvelTa mcirericxovnoba Seutyvia da 11
seqtembers TbilisisTvis brZola ganuaxlebia. iranelTa jaris simravlem da TviT
aRa-mahmad-xanis vaJkacobam (ar SeuSinda adidebuli mtkvris gadalaxvas) sabolood
gadawyvita brZolis bedi. mxleblebma erekle II-s ZaliT daatovebines almodebuli
Tbilisi. sicocxlis bolo sami weli ereklem TelavSi gaatara da 1798 wels, 78 wlis
asakSi, iqve gardaicvala. dakrZalulia sveticxovlis taZarSi.
erekle II-is Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTSi misi ufrosi Svili giorgi XII gamefda (1798-
1800 ww.). giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg ruseTis xelisuflebam qarTl-kaxeTis
samefo gauqmebulad gamoacxada (1801 w.) da miierTa. 1810 wels imereTis samefosac
igive bedi ewia.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT qarTlis, kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebis mdgomareobaze, maTi gaZlie-
rebis xelSemwyob faqtorebze.
2. SeafaseT qarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod gaerTianebis mniSvneloba.
3. imsjeleT, ra safrTxes uqmnida lekianoba qarTl-kaxeTs.
4. istorikosebi gansxvavebulad xsnian imereTis samefos SemoerTebasTan dakavSire-
biT erekle II-is pozicias. nawili Tvlis, rom mefe osmaleTis gaRizianebas moeri-
da, sxvebis azriT ki erekle dedofal darejanis karnaxiT moqmedebda, romelsac
ar surda gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos taxtze misi geri giorgi XII asuliyo. am
Tvalsazrisebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seafase erekle II-is Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba.
5. ra imedebs amyarebdnen qarTveli mefeebi ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebis omze?
6. imsjeleT, ra safrTxes Seicavda totlebenis moqmedeba qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa-
Tvis.
7. SeafaseT 1783 wlis xelSekruleba qarTuli mxarisaTvis.
8. SeafaseT krwanisis brZolis Sedegebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis.
198
testi #11.
I. teqstis Sesworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
199
3. venis kongresis daskvniTi aqtiT, safrangeTma italias daubruna napoleonis
dros mitacebuli strategiuli mniSvnelobis uReltexilebi. ruseTma SeierTa hel-
sinkis sahercogos didi nawili. inglisma miiRo xmelTaSua zRvis kunZuli korsika.
venis kongresma kvlav daaqucmaca napoleonis dros faqtobrivad safrangeTis bato-
nobis qveS gaerTianebuli espaneTi. kongresma prusiis ZiriTadi nawili avstrias
dauqvemdebara.
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
200
2. vis Sromas iyenebdnen ZiriTadad kolonistebi samxreTis koloniebSi?
a) adgilobrivi indielebis;
b) Savkaniani monebis;
g) sasjelis mosaxdelad iZulebiT Camoyvanili msjavrdadebulebis;
d) inglisidan nebayoflobiT Camosuli Ratakebis.
201
13. romel qveynebs ebrZoda 1805 wlis dekemberSi austerlicTan safrangeTi?
a) avstriasa da italias; g) avstriasa da ruseTs;
b) ruseTsa da ingliss; d) prusiasa da ingliss.
17. venis kongresis Semdeg `did saxelmwifoTa~ Soris, romelma qveynebma moipoves
`gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba~?
a) inglisma da avstriam; g) avstriam da prusiam;
b) ruseTma da prusiam; d) inglisma da ruseTma.
202
22. romeli abzacia swori?
a) vaxtang VI-m mahmadianoba iZulebiT miiRo, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi irani mas
qarTlSi gamefebis uflebas ar miscemda. vaxtangis dros TbilisSi pirveli qarTuli
stamba daarsda, Seiqmna kanonebi, iTargmna araerTi nawarmoebi;
b) vaxtang VI-s ar undoda gamahmadianeba, arada iranis Sahi qristian vaxtangs qar-
TlSi gamefebis uflebas ar aZlevda. sparseTis winaaRmdeg daxmarebis saTxovnelad
vaxtangis aRmzrdeli sulxan-saba orbeliani ruseTSi gaemgzavra. ruseTma 40 aTasi
meomari daaxmara vaxtangs, magram brZola mainc sparseTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda;
g) 1715 wels TbilisSi pirveli qarTuli stamba daarsda. am saqmeSi vaxtangs sa-
frangeTSi moRvawe anTimoz iverieli daexmara. male stambaSi vefxistyaosani da sxva
wignebi daibeWda;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
24. vin iyo ruseTis pirveli imperatori da romel qarTvel mefesTan hqonda samxe-
dro kavSiri?
a) ekaterine II, kavSiri hqonda erekle II-sTan;
b) ivane mrisxane, kavSiri hqonda aleqsandre I-Tan;
g) petre I, kavSiri hqonda vaxtang VI-sTan;
d) pavle I, kavSiri hqonda giorgi XII-sTan.
203
III. wyaros analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 8 qula)
kiTxvebi:
1. romeli koloniebi igulisxmeba wyaroSi?
___________________________________________
______________________________________ (1 qula)
204
2. ratom afiqsireben wyaros avtorebi zemoT motanil faqtebs?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_____________________________________ (2 qula)
206
XII Tavi. imperializmi da kolonializmi
207
sac dausaxa, kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kvalad, cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebis
perspeqtiva.
XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan inglisis muSebis gamosvlebSi ekonomikur moTxov-
nebTan erTad sul ufro xSirad gaismoda politikuri moTxovnebi.
1832 wlidan 1884 wlamde inglisSi samjer ganxorcielebuli saparlamento re-
formis Sedegad Semcirda qonebrivi cenzi da amomrCevelTa raodenoba 440 aTasidan 4
milionamde, e.i. 9-jer gaizarda.
am reformebis miuxedavad srulwlovani mamakacebis sagrZnobi nawili da yvela
qali moklebuli iyo saarCevno uflebas.
liberalebi (vigebi) da konservatorebi (torebi), romlebic rigrigobiT enacvle-
bodnen erTmaneTs xelisuflebis saTaveSi, amomrCevlebis gulis mosagebad xSirad mi-
marTavdnen progresul RonisZiebebs. am reformebis Sedegad XIX saukunis bolosTvis
inglisSi dawesda savaldebulo dawyebiTi ganaTleba da gaumjobesda janmrTelobis
dacvis saqme.
konservatorebs, liberalebisgan gansxvavebiT, miaCndaT, rom saxelmwifos mfar-
veloba unda gaewia mrewvelobisa da vaWrobisaTvis. aseTi mfarveloba maT dasWir-
daT XIX saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxedidan, radgan am dros did britaneTs gauswres
axalgazrda industriulma qveynebma amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da germaniam.
aman ganapiroba konservatiuli partiis gaZliereba da liberaluri partiis dasus-
teba.
1901 wels uelsSi erT-erT rkinigzaze trediunionma (profkavSirma) moawyo ga-
ficva. rkinigzis kompaniam sasamarTlo wesiT moiTxova rkinigzelTa trediunionebs
aenazRaurebinaT gaficvis dros miyenebuli zarali. lordTa palatam, romelic in-
glisis umaRlesi sasamarTloa, daakmayofila kompaniis es moTxovna.
am faqtma daarwmuna muSebi, rom mewarmeebTan warmatebiT brZolisaTvis saWiroa
ara liberalebTan mikedleba, aramed parlamentSi muSaTa damoukidebeli warmomad-
genlobis Seqmna. 1905 wlidan muSaTa warmomadgenlobis komitets ewoda leiboris-
tuli partia.
britaneTis imperia XIX saukunis II naxevarSi. inglisis pirveli kolonia iyo ir-
landia, romlis dapyrobac ingliselebma XII saukunidan daiwyes.
XVII saukuneSi oliver kromvelis mmarTvelobisas irlandiis sasoflo-sameurneo
miwebi gadaeca inglisel memamuleebs, xolo irlandieli glexebi maT mojamagireebad
gadaiqcnen. am droidan mokidebuli, irlandiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra-
oba gadaexlarTa SimSilisa da siRatakisagan Tavis dasaRwevad irlandieli glexebis
brZolas ingliseli memamuleebis winaaRmdeg.
1870 wlidan irlandielebi moiTxovdnen `homruls~, e.i. avtonomias didi brita-
neTis imperiis farglebSi. liberalebi Tanaxma iyvnen wasuliyvnen garkveul daTmo-
bebze irlandielebis mimarT, konservatorebs ki Seuvali pozicia ekavaT irlandiis
sakiTxSi. es garemoeba amwvavebda brZolas didi britaneTis parlamentSi da uaRresad
arTulebda urTierTobas inglissa da irlandias Soris.
ilia WavWavaZe da misi Tanamoazreebi (Tergdaleulebi) TanagrZnobas ucxadebdnen
saqarTvelos msgavs mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili irlandieli xalxis ganmaTavisufle-
bel brZolas. maTi azriT, es brZola samagaliTo unda yofiliyo rusifikaciis saSiS-
roebis winaSe mdgari qarTvelebisTvisac.
1876 wels didi britaneTis premier-ministris, gaqristianebuli ebraelis, dizra-
elis iniciativiT, inglisis dedofali viqtoria gamocxadda indoeTis imperatorad.
daaxloebiT am xanebSi dizraelim inglisur enaSi SemoiRo da daamkvidra termini
`britaneTis koloniuri imperia~.
208
XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi samrewvelo pirvelobis dakargvam ingliss
ubiZga gaefarToebina Tavisi koloniuri samflobeloebi _ britaneTis koloniuri
imperia daxuruli iyo inglisis konkurentebisaTvis, romelTa saqoneli sul ufro
da ufro aviwroebda inglisurs msoflio bazarze.
didi britaneTis koloniuri samflobeloebis nawilSi metropoliis uSualo
mmarTveloba iyo dawesebuli. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba eqvemdebareboda inglisidan
Camosul moxeleebs, romlebic didi britaneTis sasargeblod kidev ufro zrdidnen
feodalur begara-gadasaxadebs.
zogierT koloniaSi inglisi arapirdapiri mmarTvelobiT Semoifargla. forma-
lurad mmarTveloba adgilobriv mefe-mTavrebs dautova, Tumca maT didi britaneTis
qveSevrdomebad unda ecnoT Tavi da inglisel `mrCevelTa~ miTiTebebiT emoqmedaT.
pirveli da meore tipis mmarTveloba, klasikuri saxiT, didi britaneTis mier indoe-
Tis samefo-samTavroebSi xorcieldeboda.
didi britaneTis mier indoeTis dapyroba TiTqmis as wels grZeldeboda da XIX
saukunis Sua xanebSi damTavrda. am droisaTvis ingliselebi TiTqmis mTel indoeTSi
gabatondnen.
XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde didma britaneTma indoeTidan ornaxevar miliard oqros
maneTze meti gaitana, ramac didad Seuwyo xeli inglisSi samrewvelo gadatrialebis
daCqarebas. am droidanve iwyeba inglisuri samrewvelo saqonlis didi raodenobiT Se-
tana indoeTSi. adgilobrivi xelosnebi inglisis iaffasian safabriko-saqarxno nawar-
ms konkurencias ver uwevdnen da swrafad kotrdebodnen. samagierod mdidrdebodnen in-
gliseli mrewvelebi. indoeTi inglisisaTvis nedleulis miwodebis udides wyarod da
samrewvelo saqonlis gasaRebis ufarToes bazrad gadaiqca. koloniuri mmarTvelobis
ganmtkicebis mizniT XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan ingliselebma indoeTSi rkinigzebisa
da arxebis mSenebloba daiwyes. gaiyvanes inglisis indoeTTan damakavSirebeli satele-
grafo xazi, romelmac sxvadasxva qveyanaze, maT Soris saqarTvelozec gaiara.
1858 wlidan indoeTi inglisis samefo koloniad gamocxadda. inglisis mefisnacva-
li londonSi myof indoeTis saqmeTa saxelmwifo mdivans (ministrs) daeqvemdebara.
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa da swavlebis ena indoeTSi inglisuri gaxda.
inglisis xelSi iyo didi britaneTisa da indoeTis damakavSirebeli umoklesi sa-
zRvao gzis umniSvnelovanesi strategiuli punqtebi gibraltaris srute, suecis
arxi, xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebi: malta da kviprosi.
XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi inglisma daipyro birma da faqtobrivad dai-
qvemdebara avRaneTi, ramac kidev ufro ganamtkica misi batonoba indoeTSi. am xanebSi
didi britaneTi daeufla nilosis auzSi mdebare egviptesa da sudans, daipyro sxva
mniSvnelovani teritoriebi afrikaSi.
didi britaneTis koloniuri dapyrobebi afrikaSi daasrula inglis-burebis omma
(1899-1902 ww.).
holandielebma 1652 wels samxreT afrikaSi daaarses `kapis~ kolonia. aq Camosax-
lebulebs burebi ewodaT, isini protestantebi iyvnen. napoleonTan omebis dros in-
gliselebma kapis miwa daipyres. venis kongresma iuridiulad daadastura es dapyroba
da igi ingliselebs miakuTvna. ingliselebisgan Seviwroebuli burebi CrdiloeTi-
saken daiZrnen da zangebisTvis warTmeul teritoriaze transvaalisa da oranJis res-
publikebi daaarses.
burebis gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegobis gamo ingliselebma ver SeZles maTi respu-
blikebis damorCileba. inglisis eqspansiuri miswrafebebi gaaZliera oranJis teri-
toriaze almasis, xolo transvaalSi oqros udidesi sabadoebis aRmoCenam.
ingliselebma daipyres burebis respublikebis irgvliv zangebiT dasaxlebu-
li teritoriebi da alyaSi moqceuli burebis saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebTan didZal
209
jars mouyares Tavi, rasac 1899 wels mohyva inglis-burebis omis dawyeba. 1900 wels
450-aTasianma inglisis armiam 60-aTasiani burebis armia daamarcxa da moaxdina maTi
respublikebis okupacia (burebis mxareze ibrZoda qarTveli niko bagrationi, niko
buri).
burebma okupantebis winaaRmdeg partizanuli brZola gaaCaRes. ingliselebma sas-
tiki represiebis gziT CaaxSes partizanuli moZraoba. burebiT dasaxlebuli terito-
ria maT samxreT afrikis dominionis SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvanes.
kanadaSi, avstraliaSi, axal zelandiasa da samxreT afrikaSi Camosaxlebulma in-
gliselebma TandaTan TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba miiRes da es qveynebi dominionebad
gardaiqmnen.
davaleba
1. rogor gesmiT gamoTqma `inglisi msoflio saxelosno~? imsjeleT inglisis
ekonomikuri Zlierebis mizezebze.
2. rogor gesmiT termini `Warbwarmoebis krizisi~? gansazRvreT misi gamomwvevi mi-
zezebi.
3. rogori iyo didi britaneTis mmarTveloba koloniur samflobeloebSi
4. daaxasiaTeT XIX saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxedis britaneTis koloniuri imperia.
5. rogor mimdinareobda inglisis mier indoeTis kolonizaciis procesi, ra xerxebs
mimarTavdnen dampyroblebi qveynis saboloo damorCilebisaTvis?
6. gansazRvreT indoeTis mniSvneloba britaneTisaTvis XIX saukuneSi.
ganmarteba
manifesti _ umaRlesi xelisuflebis werilobiTi mimarTva mosaxleobisadmi gan-
sakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone movlenis gamo.
egzarqosi _ calke saeklesio olqis an damoukidebeli eklesiis mRvdelmaTavari,
eqvemdebareboda ruseTis eklesiis wminda sinods.
210
fes, qarTlis, kaxeTis da sxvaTa mefe giorgis, didebulebs, samRvdeloebas da xalxs
surT miiRon ruseTis imperiis samudamo qveSevrdomoba. isini kisruloben SeZlebis-
dagvarad pirnaTlad aRasrulon ruseTis qveSevrdomTa yvela movaleoba, kanoni da
brZaneba, aRiaron ruseTis imperatori Tavis namdvil xelmwifed... mefe umorCilesad
iTxovs, rom samefos Cabarebis Semdeg is da misi memkvidreni datovil iqnan taxtze
mefis tituliT. mefeebs, romlebsac mTeli samefo ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomad
gamoacxades, TavianT samefoSi mmarTveloba SeunarCundes. isini qveyanas marTaven im
kanonebis mixedviT, romlebsac ruseTis umaRlesi mTavroba gamoscems. Tavis mxriv
isini (qarTveli mefeebi) gansakuTrebuli nebarTvis gareSe araviTar kanonebs ar mii-
Reben... mefe saqarTvelos Semosavals gadascems xelmwife imperatoris gankargule-
baSi survilisamebr gamosayeneblad, kerZod, jarebis Sesanaxad an sxva adgilobrivi
saWiroebisaTvis...~.
ruseTis xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda giorgi XII-is survili SezRu-
duli TviTmmarTvelobis uflebiT SeenarCunebina samefo xelisufleba. imperator
pavle I-s ukve gadawyvetili hqonda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba. ruseTSi am geg-
mis gansaxorcieleblad mxolod xelsayrel moments _ giorgi XII-is gardacvale-
bas elodnen. 1800 wels pavle I kavkasiis xazis sardals, general knorings werda:
`qarTl-kaxeTis mefis janmrTelobis Sesusteba sababs gvaZlevs velodoT mis male
gardacvalebas. amitom dauyovnebliv gagzavne iq Cemi saxeliT gancxadeba, rom umaR-
lesi brZanebis miRebamde ar dauSvan memkvidris gamefeba~.
giorgi mefis gardacvalebidan maleve, 1801 wlis 18 ianvars, imperatorma pavle
I-ma gamosca manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da misi ruseTTan SeerTe-
bis Sesaxeb. male imperatori SeTqmulebma mokles. axalma imperatorma aleqsandre
I-ma ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos daavala sagangebod ganexila qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
ruseTTan SeerTebis sakiTxi. saxelmwifo sabWom mxari dauWira qarTl-kaxeTis same-
fos gauqmebas. sabWos mxolod samma wevrma voroncovma, koCubeim da Cartoriiskim ar
dauWires mxari am gadawyvetilebas. 1801 wlis 12 seqtembers imperatorma aleqsandre
I-ma ganaaxla pavle I-is manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb.
aleqsandre I-is manifesti Tbilisis sionis taZarSi Sekrebil qarTl-kaxeTis Ta-
vadaznaurobas 1802 wlis 12 aprils gaacnes. SekrebilTagan mxolod kaxel Tavadaz-
naurTa nawilma moaxerxa rus samxedroTa alyis garRveva da imperatorisadmi ficis
daudeblad Tbilisidan gaqceva.
211
_ imereTis yofili mefe, misi ojaxis wevrebi... gamogzavno ruseTSi; imereTSi daaweso
droebiTi rusuli mmarTveloba, daarwmuno imereTis mosaxleoba, rom daculi iqneba
misi interesebi~.
1810 wels rusebma solomon II motyuebiT (TiTqos mosalaparakeblad iwvevdnen) da-
apatimres, TbilisSi Caiyvanes da imereTis samefo gauqmebulad gamoacxades. msaxuris
tansacmelSi gamowyobilma solomonma moaxerxa tyveobisgan Tavis daRweva da erTgu-
li Tavadebis TanxlebiT axalcixis safaSoSi gadavida. imereTSi rusuli mmarTvelo-
bis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyo. garkveuli warmatebis miuxedavad ajanyeba marcxiT
dasrulda. solomon II axalcixidan TurqeTSi, qalaq trapizonSi gadavida, sadac 1815
wels gardaicvala. 1990 wels solomon II-is neSti saqarTveloSi gadmoasvenes da ge-
laTis taZarSi dakrZales.
davaleba
1. gaixseneT `georgievskis traqtatis~ ZiriTadi punqtebi, SeadareT is giorgi XII-is
`saTxovar punqtebs~ da imsjeleT, ramdenad izRudeboda qarTl-kaxeTis Sinagani
damoukidebloba.
2. imsjeleT imereTis samefos gauqmebis ganmapirobebel faqtorebze.
3. imsjeleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis saeklesio politikis miznebze da SeafaseT misi
Sedegebi.
212
$3. rusuli mmarTveloba saqarTveloSi
213
Si mokles imperatori aleqsandre II. taxti misma Svilma aleqsandre III-m daikava. axa-
li imperatori saxifaTod Tvlida kavkasiis mefisnacvlis avtonomiur mmarTvelobas.
man es Tanamdeboba gaauqma da mTavarmarTebloba aRadgina.
davaleba
1. daaxasiaTeT rusuli mmarTveloba, miuTiTeT mis naklovanebebze.
2. CamoTvaleT voroncovis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi; imsjeleT maT mniSvnelo-
baze qarTveli xalxis kulturuli da ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis; gansazR-
vreT da SeafaseT voroncovis politikuri kursi da misi Sedegebi.
3. ra mizniT asaxlebda xelisufleba saqarTveloSi araqarTvel mosaxleobas?
4. imsjeleT ruseTis ekonomikur interesebze saqarTvelos mimarT. miuTiTeT, ra-
tom ar iyo xelisufleba dainteresebuli saqarTveloSi warmoebis ganviTare-
biT?
5. imsjeleT, ra Sedegebi mohyva ruseTis mmarTvelobas saqarTveloSi.
214
$4. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolebi XIX saukunis
dasawyisis saqarTveloSi
ganmarteba
avtonomia _ teritoriuli erTeuli, romelic TviTmmarTvelobiT sargeblobs.
konspiracia _ saqmianobis gasaidumloeba, SeniRbva.
TviTmpyrobeloba _ mmarTvelobis forma, rodesac erTi piria (am SemTxvevaSi mefe)
SeuzRudavi, umaRlesi Zalauflebis matarebeli.
1804 wlis mTianeTis ajanyeba. rusuli mmarTveloba mZime aRmoCnda aRmosavleT sa-
qarTvelos mTianeTis mkvidrTaTvisac. maT ruseT-saqarTvelos damakavSirebeli `sa-
mxedro gzis~ gayvana da misi movla evalebodaT. mZime fizikur Sromas rus moxeleTa
sisastikec emateboda, rac 1804 wlis ajanyebis mizezi gaxda. adgilobrivi mosaxleo-
bisadmi rus moxeleTa damokidebulebaze karg warmodgenas gviqmnis mTiulebis saCi-
vari: `...kacisagan TiTqmis mouTmenel siciveSi stefanwmindidan ananuramde saSineli
Tovli gvaxvetines da gza gavwmindeT. gvaWrevines fiCxi da talaxSi gvayrevines; am
dafenil fiCxSi jariskacis cxens fexi Cauvarda, mogvdgnen da maTraxis cemiT ori
kaci mogvikles. movida Tovli da amoavso Cvengan gawmendili gza; isev migviyvanes
gasawmendad, am dros Camowolilma zvavma sami kaci gaWylita. Cvens cxenebs da xarebs
bargis zidviT tyavi aRar SerCaT da qirac ar mouciaT. ori dedakaci uRelSi Seabes,
marxili moubes da jariskacebi maTraxis cemiT mierekebodnen....
aragvis xeobaSi dawyebuli ajanyeba male mTel mTianeTs moedo. qarTvelebTan er-
Tad masSi osebic aqtiurad monawileobdnen. ajanyebulebma daikaves stefanwminda,
215
larsi, duSeTi da samxedro gzis mniSvnelovani nawili, riTac aRmosavleT saqarTve-
loSi mdgar jars ruseTTan damakavSirebeli gza mouWres. ajanyebam imdenad seriozu-
li masStabi miiRo, rom mTavarmarTebelma pavle cicianovma erevans alya moxsna da
mTeli Zala mTielTa winaaRmdeg mimarTa. ajanyebulebi damarcxdnen, xelisuflebam
ramdenime moTave sikvdiliT dasaja, 300-ze meti monawile daapatimra, xolo farnaoz
da iulon batoniSvilebi Seipyres da ruseTSi gadaasaxles.
1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyeba. 1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyebac imperiis mZarcvelurma po-
litikam gamoiwvia. xelisuflebam kaxelebs puriT da gamwevi pirutyviT jaris moma-
rageba daakisra. rusi moxeleebi purs sabazro Rirebulebaze gacilebiT dabal fasSi
ibarebdnen. saWiro raodenobis xorblis amosaRebad xelisufleba kaxeTis soflebSi
sadamsjelo eqspediciebs (egzekuciebs) gzavnida. soflebs Seseuli jaris moqmedebas
aRgviwers XIX saukunis rusi istorikosi nikoloz dubrovini: `ver naxulobdnen ra
purs glexTa saxlebSi, jariskacebi yovelgvari angariSisa da zomis gareSe xocavd-
nen glexis saqonels da frinvels. Rvinos, rasac veRar svamdnen, ganuzomlad Rvrid-
nen miwaze, anadgurebdnen baR-bostnebs...~.
kaxeTis ajanyeba ruseTisaTvis rTul dros daemTxva. mis sazRvrebSi napoleon
bonapartis armia SeiWra da dacarielebul moskovsac daeufla. amis paralelurad
ruseTi iran-osmaleTTanac awarmoebda oms. Seqmnili viTareba kaxelebma kargad ga-
moiyenes. ajanyebulebma axmeta, siRnaRi, duSeTi da Telavi aiRes. saboloo jamSi, ru-
seTis armiam daamarcxa kaxelebi. ajanyebis xelmZRvanelma, aleqsandre batoniSvilma,
Tavi xevsureTs Seafara. SatilisaTvis brZolas 600 xevsuri Seewira, rusebma sofeli
miwasTan gaaswores, Tumca aleqsandre batoniSvilis dakaveba mainc ver moaxerxes, is
daRestnis gavliT iranSi gaiqca.
1819-1820 ww. imereTis ajanyeba. 1819-20 wlebSi imereTis samefos aRdgenis moTxo-
vniT ajanyeba moewyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi. mefobaze ramdenime kandidati acxade-
bda pretenzias: ivane abaSiZe (imereTis mefis _ solomon I-is SviliSvili), vaxtang
da aleqsandre batoniSvilebi. ajanyebulebma Tavidan seriozul warmatebas miaRwies.
maT imereTisa da raWis ramdenime cixesimagre daikaves da quTaissac Semoartyes alya.
marTalia, samegrelosa da guriis mTavrebma SeinarCunes ruseTis erTguleba, magram
aman samTavroebis mosaxleobis winaaRmdegoba ver SeaCera. saboloo jamSi, xelisu-
flebam imereTis ajanyebis CaxSobac SeZlo, magram iZulebuli gaxda garkveul daT-
mobaze wasuliyo, kerZod, imereTidan gaiwvia egzarqosi Teofilaqte rusanovi da
moxeleTa TviTnebobac ramdenadme Sekveca.
216
daTqmul dros SeTqmul Tavad-aznaurebs garkveuli raodenobis glexebi unda gamo-
eyvanaT da winaswar gansazRvruli adgilebi daekavaT. solomon dodaSvils kaxeli
glexebis sabrZolvelad darazmva evaleboda, elizbar erisTavs qarTleli glexe-
bisaTvis, xolo aleqsandre orbelians Tbiliseli xelosnebisTvis unda exelmZR-
vanela. ajanyebis ideas saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSic hyavda mravali mxardamWeri.
aleqsandre orbelianis cnobiT, `afxazeTis mTavris memkvidre konstantine ServaSiZe
aRtacebuli iyo imiT, rac man SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb icoda da farul sazogadoebas
did daxmarebas (2000 kacis gamoyvanas) hpirdeboda~.
konspiraciis mizniT SeTqmulebi mcire jgufebad _ sameulebad iyofodnen. lider
sameuls: solomon dodaSvili, aleqsandre orbeliani da elizbar erisTavi xelmZR-
vanelobdnen. mimowerisas isini saidumlo anbans iyenebdnen.
solomon dodaSvilis redaqtorobiT 1832 wels gamoica Jurnali `saliteratu-
ro nawili tfilisis uwyebaTani~. Jurnalis umTavresi daniSnuleba sazogadoebaSi
erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRleba iyo. solomon dodaSvilis ganmartebiT, Jurnals
mkiTxvelisaTvis unda gaeRrmavebina `siyvaruli qarTuli enisa da sityvierebisadmi~.
mas unda emoRvawa `qarTuli enis gamdidrebisaTvis, mamulis didebisaTvis~.
SeTqmulTa umravlesoba mxars uWerda SezRudul monarqiul mmarTvelobas. maTi
azriT, unda Camoyalibebuliyo orpalatiani parlamenti. zeda palatis Tavmjdomare
mefe iqneboda, wevrebi _ ministrebi. qveda palata arCeuli deputatebisgan unda
Semdgariyo. SeTqmulTa es nawili saqarTvelos mefed aleqsandre batoniSvilis mo-
wvevas gegmavda. gansxvavebuli iyo solomon dodaSvilis pozicia, is umefo, respu-
blikur mmarTvelobas uWerda mxars. respublikis momxreTa Soris samefo saxlis
warmomadgenelic, oqropir batoniSvili, gvxvdeba: `qarTvelebo, _ ambobda is, _
ecadeT saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebas. Tumca saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba me imitom
ki ar minda, rom bagrationTa gvaridan vinme gamefdes, aramed, rom saqarTvelo Seiqm-
nas respublikismagvar saxelmwifod~.
SeTqmulebs kavSiri hqondaT saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebul dekabristebTan
(dekabristebi ewodaT TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg mebrZol rus oficrebs).
isini did imedebs amyarebdnen ruseTis winaaRmdeg poloneli xalxis ajanyebaze.
`poloneTis ajanyebis gafarToebasTan erTad Zlierdeboda aqaur borotganmzra-
xvelTa sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba~, _ naTqvamia erT saidumlo moxsenebaSi. po-
lonelebis brZola TavisuflebisaTvis marcxiT dasrulda. ajanyebulTa nawili
saqarTveloSi gadmoasaxles. isini qarTvel SeTqmulebs TanaugrZnobdnen. SeTqmu-
lebi mokavSireebs xedavdnen ruseTis batonobis winaaRmdeg mebrZol CeCnebsa da
daRestnelebSic.
ajanyebis dawyeba 1832 wlis 20 noembers daigegma. am dRes Tbilisis guberniis
Tavad-aznaurTa kreba unda gamarTuliyo. krebas banketi mohyveboda, romelsac xe-
lisuflebis araerTi maRali moxele daeswreboda. `pirveli Ramis gankargulebiT~,
maTi Sepyroba swored am wveulebaze unda momxdariyo. ajanyebis dawyeba ver moeswro.
SeTqmuleba gasca iase falavandiSvilma. mTavrobam moTaveni daapatimra da maTi umra-
vlesoba sxvadasxva vadiT ruseTSi gadaasaxla.
davaleba
1. ramdenad gamarTlebulad TvliT kaxel Tavad-aznaurTa mizans, `georgievskis
traqtatis~ safuZvelze aRedginaT qarTl-kaxeTisa da ruseTis urTierToba.
2. imsjeleT, ratom gadawyvita xelisuflebam saqarTvelodan bagrationebis gasax-
leba?
3. imsjeleT mTianeTis, kaxeTis da imereTis ajanyebebis gamomwvev mizezebze.
217
4. 1832 wlis SeTqmulTa romeli idea geCvenebaT ufro realisturi _ saqarTvelos
avtonomiuroba ruseTis imperiaSi Tu misi sruli damoukidebloba?
5. imsjeleT SeTqmulTa saqmianobis, maTi gegmebis Sesaxeb. miuTiTeT, mmarTvelobis
romel formas dauWerdiT mxars da ratom.
218
safrangeTisgan zurggamagrebulma muhamed alim daamarcxa osmaleTis jari da
stambols miadga. inglisma osmaleTs saWiro Tanadgoma ver aRmouCina, amitom sul-
Tanma mahmud II-m daxmarebisaTvis ruseTis imperators nikoloz I-s mimarTa. amas-
Tan dakavSirebiT man Tavis maxloblebs ganucxada: `ras izam, rodesac ixrCobi, gvel-
sac ki CaebRauWebio~.
nikoloz I-ma ruseTis armia da floti bosforis sruteSi Seiyvana. egviptis faSa
iZulebuli gaxda sulTans dazaveboda. aRmoCenili daxmarebisaTvis ruseTma osma-
leTs Tavs moaxvia kabaluri xelSekruleba.
nikoloz I-is cda, SeiaraRebuli ZaliT daeqvemdebarebina osmaleTis imperia,
uSedegod damTavrda. ruseTi damarcxda osmaleTTan, inglisTan, safrangeTTan da
sardiniasTan 1853-1856 wlebis yirimis omSi. 1877-1878 wlebis ruseTTan omi ki osma-
leTisTvis aRmoCnda warumatebeli. man dakarga teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawi-
li (serbeTi, montenegro, rumineTi, avtonomia miiRo bulgareTma, ruseTma SeierTa
aWara).
1911 wels italielebma iolad daamarcxes susti Turquli garnizonebi da Crdi-
lo afrikuli provinciebi tripoli da kirenaiki (SemdgomSi libiis saxelmwifo)
daikaves. 1912-1913 wlebis balkaneTis pirvel omSi damarcxebulma osmaleTma imperiis
evropuli nawilidan mxolod stambolis mimdebare olqis SenarCuneba moaxerxa.
219
Semoartyes. CamorCenilma, batonymurma ruseTma ver uzrunvelyo sevastopolis da-
cva. warmatebebi kavkasiaSi da yarsis aReba saerTo suraTs ver cvlida. batonymurma
ruseTma sruli marcxi ganicada.
sevastopolis alyis dros uecrad gardaicvala nikoloz I. 1855 wlidan ruseTSi
misi vaJi aleqsandre II gamefda. 1856 wels igi iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmeboda pa-
rizis sazavo xelSekrulebis mZime pirobebs. am zaviT ruseTi dunais SesarTavs da
besarabiis samxreT nawils kargavda. mas CamoerTva Sav zRvaze samxedro flotis yo-
lis ufleba. Savi zRvis sanapiroze ruseTis cixesimagreebi unda dangreuliyo. Savi
zRva yvela qveynis savaWro gemebisaTvis Ria zRvad cxaddeboda. serbeTi, moldaveTi
da vlaxeTi evropis saxelmwifoTa mmarTvelobaSi moeqcnen. ruseTma dakarga Tavisi
upiratesi roli saerTaSoriso politikaSi.
yirimis omSi kavkasiis frontze ruseTs sakmarisi raodenobis jari ar hyavda. aseT
pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda qarTveli moxaliseebisgan Semdgar
saxalxo laSqars (`milicias~). saqarTvelos emuqreboda ruseTis winaaRmdeg mebr-
Zoli Samilis razmebis SemoWris saSiSroebac. regularuli jarisa da `miliciis~
ZiriTadi nawilebi aleqsandropolSi, axalcixesa da axalqalaqSi iyo Tavmoyrili.
osmaleTTan zRvispira sazRvars ki mcirericxovani `guriis razmi~ icavda. kavkasiaSi
omi guriis sofel SekveTilis saguSagoze osmalebis TavdasxmiT daiwyo. kritikuli
viTareba Seiqmna axalcixis frontzec. qalaqis SenarCuneba general ivane androni-
kaSvilis jaris swrafi da Tavganwiruli moqmedebis Sedegad moxerxda. 1856 wels
osmalTa sardalma omer-faSam 36-aTasiani armia gadasxa afxazeTSi. male man sameg
reloc daikava. Turqi sardali samegrelos mTavris ekaterine dadianis (aleqsandre
WavWavaZis Svili) gadabirebas Seecada, Tumca uSedegod. samegrelos mosaxleoba did
winaaRmdegobas uwevda Turqebs. sazavo SeTanxmebis Semdeg Turqebma datoves saqar-
Tvelos teritoria.
yirimis omis Semdeg ruseTma bolo mouRo mis qveSevrdomobaSi myof dasavleT
saqarTvelos samTavroebs. man gaauqma samegrelos samTavro 1857 wels, svaneTis sa-
mTavro 1858 wels, xolo afxazeTis samTavro 1864 wels. amgvarad mTel dasavleT
saqarTveloSi ruseTis uSualo mmarTveloba damyarda.
yirimis omma naTelyo, rom ruseTis imperiis erT-erTi yvelaze susti adgili Cr-
dilo kavkasiis mTianeTi iyo. aq saxlobdnen daRestnis, CeCneTisa da adiRes mTiele-
bi. aqauri muslimi mosaxleoba Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad
Seupovar brZolas eweoda carizmis winaaRmdeg. am brZolas 1834 wlidan Samili Caudga
saTaveSi. igi osmaleTs da ingliss daukavSirda da yirimis omis dros azerbaijanisa
da saqarTvelos gavliT osmaleTis armiasTan SeerTebas cdilobda. ruseTis samxe-
dro nawilebisa da qarTvelebis moxaliseTa razmebis winaaRmdegobis gamo Samilma
sawadels ver miaRwia, magram Tavisi samxedro operaciebiT kavkasiaSi ruseTs metad
gaurTula mdgomareoba Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros dacvis saqmeSi. yirimis omis
Semdeg ruseTma gaaaqtiura samxedro moqmedeba. 1859 wels ruseTis jarma daRestnis
dapyroba daamTavra da Samili daatyveva, xolo 1864 wels Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis
tomebsac daayrevina iaraRi.
daiwyo masobrivi muhajiroba _ asi aTasobiT mahmadiani mTieli, maT Soris afxa-
zebic, rusebma ZaldatanebiT gadaasaxles osmaleTSi. maT mamapapeul miwa-wyalze ca-
rizmi rusul mosaxleobas _ kazakebs amkvidrebda.
220
winaaRmdeg da exmareboda kidec maT. magram osmaleTis imperiam, romelsac inglisi
umagrebda zurgs, sisxlSi CaaxSo slavi xalxebis 1875-1876 wlebis gamosvlebi. ma-
Sin ruseTi, romelic TurqeTis winaaRmdeg omisTvis emzadeboda, gaurigda avstria-
-ungreTs, romelmac omSi neitralitetis sanacvlod moiTxova bosnia da hercego-
vina.
1877 wlis gazafxulze ruseTis armiam gadalaxa mdinare dunai da daiwyo omi Tur-
qeTis winaaRmdeg. omi gaWianurda. ruseTis armiam mxolod wlis miwurulSi gadala-
xa balkaneTis mTebi da konstantinopolisaken daeSva. maSin inglisma Tavisi eskadra
Seiyvana marmarilos zRvaSi da ruseTs omiT daemuqra, Tu is konstantinepolis aRebas
Seecdeboda.
amave dros saomari moqmedeba mimdinareobda amierkavkasiaSic, sadac ruseTis ar-
miam qarTvel moxaliseebTan erTad daamarcxa Turqebi da SeierTa artaani, yarsi,
baiazeTi da aWara. omis Sedegze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia aWarelTa erovnul-
ma poziciamac, rasac gamoxatavs aqauri Tavadis, Serif-beg ximSiaSvilis sityvebi:
`RmerTma qnas, rom male daiwyos omi, me mzad var, rom maSinaTve Cemi qveynis qarTvel
Svilebs SevuerTde da rogorc adre yofila saqarTvelo, dReis Semdeg ise gaxdes~.
qarTvelma moRvaweebma didi Sroma gaswies qristiani da aWaris muslimi qarTvele-
bis dasaaxloeblad. maT kargad esmodaT, rom ruseTis xelisufleba kvlav ecdeboda
religiur niadagze SuRlis gaRvivebas da axladSemoerTebuli aWarlebis osmaleTSi
gadasaxlebas.
undoblobis gasaRviveblad carizmis warmomadgenlebi muslim aWarlebs Turqebad
acxadebdnen da iq Turqulenovan saswavleblebs xsnidnen. aseT viTarebaSi gansaku-
Trebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda aWaraSi qarTuli ganaTlebisa da literaturis ga-
vrcelebas. es saqme `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam~
iTava _ `erTi upirvelesi saqme, werda iakob gogebaSvili, romelsac `wera-kiTxvis
sazogadoeba~ Seudga... iyo saxalxo skolis daarseba baTumSi~.
1878 wlis martSi daba san-stefanoSi (stambolis maxloblad) xeli moewera saza-
vo xelSekrulebas ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris. magram san-stefanos xelSekrulebis
Sedegad ruseTis gaZliereba ewinaaRmdegeboda didi saxelmwifoebis interesebs. ami-
tomac maT moiTxoves xelSekrulebis gadasinjva.
1878 wlis zafxulSi berlinSi gaimarTa kongresi, romelzedac ruseTi iZulebuli
gaxda daTmobebze wasuliyo. kongresis gadawyvetilebiT, ruseTs gadaeca dunais Se-
sarTavis CrdiloeTi nawili. amierkavkasiaSi yarsi, lazeTi da mimdebare mxareebi
isev TurqeTs darCa.
TurqeTTan omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg ruseTma scada Tavisi gavlenis qveS bulgare-
Tis moqceva da am qveynis mTavris taxtze moindoma samegrelos ukanaskneli mTavris
niko dadianis ayvana, magram germaniam da avstria-ungreTma SeZles bulgareTis mmar-
Tvelad sakuTari kandidaturis damtkiceba.
davaleba
1. ratom dadga evropis saxelmwifoTa dRis wesrigSi `aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~ da ra
abrkolebda mis saboloo gadawyvetas.
2. SeafaseT evropis did saxelmwifoTa roli osmaleTis mier dapyrobili xalxebis
gaTavisuflebis saqmeSi.
3. imsjeleT 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis mniSvnelobaze saqarTvelosa-
Tvis da SeafaseT ruseTis koloniuri politikis Sedegebi.
4. imsjeleT ruseTis miznebze yirimis omSi da misi damarcxebis mizezebze. Tqveni
azriT, ra gavlenas moaxdenda yirimis omi ruseTis saerTaSoriso mdgomareobaze?
221
5. SeafseT yirimis omis Sedegebi saqarTvelosTvis.
6. imsjeleT aWaris mosaxleobis erovnuli poziciis Sesaxeb. SeafaseT qarTvel moR-
vaweTa damokidebuleba aWaris sakiTxis mimarT.
222
XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida Sua aziaSi arse
buli sami msxvili saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba: kokandisa da xivis saxanoebi da
buxaris saamiro. 80-ian wlebSi ruseTma Tavis xelisuflebas dauqvemdebara Turqmeni
tomebic. amiT carizmma daasrula cimbiris, yazaxeTisa da Sua aziis damorCileba.
223
bi droebiTvaldebulad iTvlebodnen da sabatono begara da Rala unda Seesrulebi-
naT. droebiTvaldebulebis instituti mxolod 1881 wels gauqmda.
1861-1871 wlebSi rusuli guberniebis kvaldakval batonymoba gadavarda imperiis
danarCen nawilebSic: litvaSi, belorusiaSi, ukrainaSi, poloneTsa da kavkasiaSi. am
regionebSi batonymobis gauqmeba 1861 wlis 19 Tebervlis manifestis mixedviT xor-
cieldeboda, magram, adgilobrivi viTarebis Sesabamisad, manifestisagan mniSvnelov-
nad gansxvavdeboda.
poloneTis antirusuli ajanyebebis Semdeg imperiis mesveurebi eWviT uyurebdnen
adgilobriv Tavadaznaurobas. amitom batonymobis gauqmebisas TviTmpyrobeloba nak-
lebad uwevda angariSs misTvis arasaimedo klass da glexebis mimxrobis mizniT agra-
rul reformas maTTvis SedarebiT xelsayrelad axorcielebda.
agrarulma reformam miwa memamuleebis xelSeuxebel sakuTrebad aRiara. maTve ga-
mosasyidis saxiT saxelmwifosagan miiRes glexebisaTvis mizomili miwebis safasuric.
memamuleebs saSualeba miecaT TavianTi saxsrebi piradi Sexedulebisamebr gamoeyene-
binaT. memamuleTa sakuTrebisagan gansxvavebiT, rusi glexebis sargeblobaSi gadasu-
li miwebi, faqtobrivad, saglexo Temis xelSi eqceoda. Temi ixdida droebiTvalde-
buli glexebis saxelmwifo valsac. samagierod Tems meTeme glexebs Soris komlebis
suladobis mixedviT saTemo miwebis xelaxali gadanawilebis ufleba hqonda. mxolod
1906-1910 wlebis kanonebiT, stolipinis mTavrobam, glexs misca ufleba Temidan ga-
suliyo da pirad sakuTrebaSi mieRo Tavisi miwis nakveTi. mas amieridan SeeZlo am
nakveTis gayidvac da memkvidreobiT gadacemac. saglexo reformam ruseTSi mxolod
amis Semdeg miiRo dasrulebuli saxe.
224
davaleba
1. romeli omebis Sedegad da ra teritoriebi SeierTa ruseTma XIX saukunis pirvel
naxevarSi.
2. imsjeleT 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis mniSvnelobaze saqarTvelosa-
Tvis da SeafaseT ruseTis koloniuri politikis Sedegebi.
3. imsjeleT ruseTis miznebze yirimis omSi da misi damarcxebis mizezebze. Tqveni
azriT, ra gavlenas moaxdenda yirimis omi ruseTis saerTaSoriso mdgomareobaze?
4. imsjeleT aWaris mosaxleobis erovnuli poziciis Sesaxeb. SeafaseT qarTvel moR-
vaweTa damokidebuleba aWaris sakiTxis mimarT.
5. SeajameT XIX saukunis iranTan da osmaleTTan warmoebuli omebis Sedegebi ruse-
Tisa da saqarTvelosTvis.
6. SeafseT yirimis omis Sedegebi saqarTvelosTvis.
7. gansazRvreT ruseTis eqspansiuri politikis areali da misi Sedegebi
8. imsjeleT ruseTSi batonymuri urTierTobebis ganmtkicebis mizezebsa da Sedege-
bze.
9. SeafaseT Tavad-aznaurebisa da xelisuflebis pozicia glexebis gaTavisuflebas-
Tan dakavSirebiT, CamoayalibeT orive mxaris argumentebi.
10. Tqveni azriT, ra principiT tardeboda saglexo reforma imperiis ararusul gu-
berniebSi?
11. ra mniSvneloba hqonda sasamarTlo, samxedro da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis re-
formebs?
225
qarTveli sazogadoebis mowinave nawilic moiTxovda batonymobis gauqmebas. ra-
fiel erisTavis leqsSi `mTxovneli msajulisadmi~, daniel WonqaZis moTxrobaSi
`suramis cixe~ da sxva mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi cxadad aris gadmocemuli batonymu-
ri weswyobilebis mankiereba. ukompromiso iyo Tergdaleulebis pozicia. sakuTari
ideebis sazogadoebamde mitanisaTvis maT 1863 wels gamosces Jurnali `saqarTvelos
moambe~. Jurnalis pirvelsave nomerSi daibeWda misi redaqtoris _ ilia WavWavaZis
werili, romelic `TergdaleulTa~ socialur mrwams gadmoscemda: `sazogadoebaSi
erTi nawili rom sul ara Sromobdes da sxvis SromiT irCendes Tavsa da im Sromasac
rom Tavisufleba ara hqondes... es mdgomareoba orive nawilisaTvis, metadre mTeli
sazogadoebisaTvis senia... me rom exla Tavisufali kaci ar viyo, fexebSi borkili
gayrili mqondes, xeiriani Sroma, cxadia, ar SemeZleboda... Cemi batonic rom darwmu-
nebuli ar iyos, rom sxvisi Sroma acxovrebs, rasakvirvelia ufro imxnevebda da Ta-
visufal Sromas gaswevda. ra gamovida aqedam? jer isa, rom Tavisufali Sroma ufro
nayofieria, meore isa, rom mTel sazogadoebaSi yoveli kaci unda iyos mSromeli Ta-
visuflada da, maSasadame, nayofieradac. da Tu sazogadoebaSi yoveli wevri Sromobs,
sazogadoebac keTil mdgomareobaSi Seva~ (ilia WavWavaZe).
Tavad-aznaurTa umravlesoba batonymobis gauqmebis, gansakuTrebiT glexebis
miwianad gaTavisuflebis, winaaRmdeg gamodioda. isini SiSobdnen, rom ymebis gaTavi-
sufleba maT gaRatakebas gamoiwvevda. xelisflebam Tbilisis guberniis Tavad-aznau-
rebs batonymobis gauqmebis proeqtis Sedgena daavala. Seiqmna ori, `umravlesobisa~
da `umciresobis~ proeqtebi. orive glexTa umiwod gaTavisuflebas iTvaliswinebda.
amasTan, `umciresobis~ proeqti glexis sakuTrebad aRiarebda misi SromiT Seqmnil
an SeZenil qonebas (mag., saxli, venaxi, samuSao iaraRi, pirutyvi...). miwis sakiTxi-
sadmi radikalurad gansxvavebuli pozicia ekavaT Tergdaleulebs. maT mrwamss gvi-
konkretebs `kritikuli SeniSvnebis~ saxeliT cnobili dokumenti, romlis avtorad
istorikosebi ilia WavWavaZes Tvlian. am dokumentSi dasabuTebulia batonymobis
gauqmebis gardauvaloba da glexobis miwianad gaTavisuflebis aucilebloba. ker-
Zod, naTqvamia, rom miwis Tavad-aznaurTa sakuTrebaSi datovebis SemTxvevaSi yofil
mebatones ufleba eqneboda glexisTvis mamuli CamoerTmia an TviTneburad gaezar-
da gadasaxadi. aseTi perspeqtiva ki glexobas meurneobis ukeT gaZRolis stimuls
mouspobda.
saqarTveloSi `saglexo reforma~ 1864-1871 wlebSi ganxorcielda. Tbilisis gu-
berniaSi batonymoba 1864 wels gauqmda, quTaisis guberniaSi _ 1865 wels, samegrelo-
Si _ 1867 wels, afxazeTSi _ 1869 wels, xolo svaneTSi _ 1871 wels.
saqarTveloSi batonymobis gauqmebisas ruseTis TviTmpyrobeloba Tavisi ZiriTadi
dasayrdenis _ qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis interesTa damcvelad gamodioda. amitom aq
`saglexo reforma~ rigi TaviseburebebiT gatarda. xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT,
yovel gaTavisuflebul glexze yofil mebatoneebs sakompensaciod misces Tanxa _
25-dan 50 maneTamde. amave dros glexebs mTlianad rodi dautoves is miwa, romelsac
isini batonymobis gauqmebamde amuSavebdnen.
Tavad-aznaurTa nawilma mxari dauWira cnobili moRvawis dimitri yifianis ini-
ciativas da sakompensaciod miRebuli TanxiT `saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo banki~
daaarsa. banki 1875 wels amoqmedda da mis Tavmjdomared ilia WavWavaZe airCies. `sa-
Tavadaznauro banki~ memamuleebs, meurneobis gafarToeba-gaumjobesebis mizniT, Se-
RavaTiani pirobiT aZlevda sesxs. male banki saerTo-erovnul, saqvelmoqmedo dawe-
sebulebad iqca. is finansur daxmarebas uwevda qarTul Teatrs, Jurnal-gazeTebs,
`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~, xelmokle studen-
tebs. `saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis~ SemweobiT aigo Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis pirveli korpusi.
226
saxelmwifos mier SemuSavebul debulebas bevri nakli aRmoaCnda. mowinave sazoga-
doeba mas mwvaved akritikebda. amis miuxedavad, saglexo reformas didi mniSvnelo-
ba hqonda saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. Tavisufal glexobas SeeZlo
sakuTari meurneobis Seqmna da warmoebis gaumjobeseba, mas ufleba hqonda xeli mieyo
vaWrobisa da xelosnobisaTvis.
XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi, ruseTis msgavsad, saqarTveloSic ganxorcielda
sasoflo da saqalaqo mmarTvelobisa da sasamarTlos reforma. magram es gardaqmnebi,
qveynis koloniuri mdgomareobis gamo, SezRudul xasiaTs atarebda, zogierTi maTga-
ni, magaliTad saerobo reforma, saqarTveloSi saerTod ar gatarebula.
1865 wlis 14 oqtombers saqarTveloSi SemoiRes `sasoflo mmarTvelobebi~. maT
soflis yriloba irCevda da mefis moxeleebi amtkicebdnen. am organoebis saqmianoba
amoiwureboda gadasaxadebis akrefiT da saxelmwifo begara-samuSaoTa Sesrulebaze
Tvalyuris devnebiT.
1874 wels Tbilisze gavrcelda 1870 wlis ruseTis saqalaqo reformis debuleba,
romlis mixedviTac, arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba eZleoda qalaqis yvela mcxo-
vrebs, vinc ki gadasaxads ixdida, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel wodebas ekuTvnoda
igi.
gansakuTrebiT Sekvecilad gatarda saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo reforma. aq ar Se-
mouRiaT mosamarTleTa arCeva, maT winandeburad mTavroba niSnavda. ar SemouRiaT
nafic msajulTa instituti, rasac didi mniSvneloba hqonda saqmis obieqturi gada-
wyvetisTvis. mosaxleobis mier arCeuli sasamarTlos magier saqarTveloSi Seiqmna
mTavrobis moxeleTa sasamarTloebi, sadac saqmeebi ganixileboda qarTveli xalxisa-
Tvis gaugebar rusul enaze.
davaleba
1. ganixileT samegrelos glexobis moTxovnebi xelisuflebisadmi da miuTiTeT, ro-
meli maTgani migaCniaT sakvanZo moTxovnad.
2. imsjeleT, ra mniSvnelobas aniWebda ilia WavWavaZe Tavisufal Sromas; gaixseneT
msgavsi Sinaarsis romelime nawarmoebi; SeafaseT mowinave sazogadoebis wvlili
batonymobis gauqmebis saqmeSi.
3. ramdenad gansxvavedeboda miwis sakuTrebis sakiTxSi Tavad-aznaurebisa da Terg-
daleulebis poziciebi; romeli migaCniaT ufro progresulad da ratom.
4. SeafaseT `saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis~ Seqmnis mniSvneloba.
227
testi #12
I. teqstis gasworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
228
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs:
instruqcia: sul mocemulia 25 kiTxva oTxi savaraudo pasuxiT. swori pasuxi fas-
deba 1 quliT. jamSi, maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 25 qula.
229
8. raSi mdgomareobda `aRmosavleTis sakiTxis~ ZiriTadi Sinaarsi?
a) evropis didma saxelmwifoebma axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis dapyroba gadawyvi-
tes;
b) evropis didi saxelmwifoebisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom osmaleTis imperia dasus-
tda da misi danawileba gadawyvites;
g) evropis didma saxelmwifoebma gadawyvites, erToblivad elaSqraT iranSi;
d) evropis didma saxelmwifoebma gadawyvites, gaekvalaT axali savaWro gzebi aR-
mosavleTisaken.
230
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
22. romeli zaviT cno iranma aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis Semadgen-
lobaSi?
a) 1828 wlis TurqmanCais zaviT;
b) 1829 wlis adrianopolis zaviT;
g) 1878 wlis san-stefanos zaviT;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
231
24. ras gulisxmobda ruseTis imperator aleqsandre II-is mier gatarebuli sa-
glexo reforma?
a) glexobisaTvis miwis Tanabrad ganawilebas;
b) Tavad-aznaurebisa da glexebis qonebriv da uflebriv gaTanasworebas;
g) glexobisaTvis saarCevno uflebis miniWebas;
d) glexebis mebatoneTa ymobisagan gaTavisuflebas.
1. `1. mis umaRlesobas, Cvens xelmwifes, qarTlis, kaxeTis da sxvaTa mefe... didebu-
lebs, samRvdeloebas da xalxs surT miiRon ruseTis imperiis samudamo qveSevrdomo-
ba. isini kisruloben SeZlebisdagvarad pirnaTlad aRasrulon ruseTis qveSevrdomTa
yvela movaleoba, kanoni da brZaneba, aRiaron ruseTis imperatori Tavis namdvil
xelmwifed da TviTmpyrobelad.
2. mefe umorCilesad iTxovs, rom samefos Cabarebis Semdeg is da misi memkvidreni
datovebul iqnan taxtze mefis tituliT... isini qveyanas marTaven im kanonebis mixed-
viT, romlebsac ruseTis umaRlesi mTavroba gamoscems. Tavis mxriv, isini gansaku-
Trebuli nebarTvis gareSe araviTar kanonebs ar miiReben.
3. misi udidebulesoba mefe saqarTvelos samefos Semosavals gadascems xelmwife
imperatoris gankargulebaSi survilisamebr gamosayeneblad, kerZod, jarebis Sesana-
xad an sxva adgilobrivi saWiroebisaTvis. pirvel xanebSi ki, adgilobriv miwaTmo-
qmedTa erTgulebis damtkicebis mizniT, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi sagadasaxado
SeRavaTebis misaniWeblad.
4. qarTveli mefis yvela qveSevrdoms, Tavadaznaurobas, vaWrebs da sxvadasxva xe-
lobis xalxs sxva qveSevrdomebis uflebebi da movaleobebi unda hqondeT~.
kiTxvebi:
1. romeli mefea am werilis avtori?
_____________________________________ (1 qula)
232
3. ra pirobas uyenebs qarTveli mefe ruseTis imperators?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
kiTxvebi:
1. ra pirobiT aZleven memamuleebi glexebs samudamo sargeblobisaTvis kar-mida-
mos,
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
233
2. ra mizans emsaxureboda glexebisaTvis saxnav-saTesi miwisa da sxva savargule-
bis gadacema?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
234
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
235
XIII Tavi. revoluciebis, samoqalaqo omebisa da
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobebis periodi
ganmarteba:
homstedi _ ingl. nakveTi, kar-midamo, 160 akramde (65 heqtramde) sididis miwis
nakveTi.
236
XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan aSS-Si sul ufro Rrmavdeboda winaaRmdegoba Tavisu-
fali Sromisa da monobis momxreTa Soris. safuZveli ecleboda misuris kompromiss.
monaTmflobelebi mTel amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi monobis damkvidrebas cdilo-
bdnen. mewarmeebi, xelosnebi, muSebi, fermerebi da Savkanianebi ki monobis akrZalvi-
saken iswrafodnen.
XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan amerikaSi Caisaxa abolicionisturi moZraoba. masSi
monawileobdnen rogorc Savkanianebi, ise TeTrkanianebi. abolicionistebma moawyves
e.w. `miwisqveSa rkinigzebi~ _ fermerebisagan Semdgari saidumlo agentebis qseli.
saidumlo agentebi TavSesafars aZlevdnen Savkanianebs, erTi `sadguridan~ meore
`sadgurSi~ acilebdnen gaqceul monebs da CrdiloeT Statebamde mihyavdaT. aqedan
ltolvili Savkanianebi kanadaSi gadadiodnen, sadac 1834 wlidan gauqmebuli iyo mo-
noba. 1830-1860 wlebSi `miwisqveSa rkinigzebis~ saSualebiT monobisagan gaTavisufl-
da 60 aTasze meti Savkaniani.
abolicionistebi iaraRiTac cdilobdnen Savkanianebis gaTavisuflebas. am mxriv
sayuradReboa fermer jon braunis gamosvla 1859 wels. man mezobel plantaciebSi mo-
muSave Savkaniani monebis ajanyebis mowyoba scada. mTavrobis jarma TiTqmis mTlianad
gaanadgura misi 23-kaciani razmi, TviT jon brauni sikvdiliT dasajes.
1852 wels gamoqveynda amerikeli mwerali qalis hariet biCer stous wigni `biZia
Tomas qoxi~. wignis avtori cxovrobda monaTmflobeluri Statebis mezobel ohaios
StatSi. biCer stoum SemaZrwunebeli realobiT asaxa is saSineli tanjva-wameba, ro-
melsac mkacri monaTmflobeli mepatroneebi ayenebdnen misi nawarmoebis gmirebs. bi-
Cer stous romani pirvelsave wels 300 aTasiani tiraJiT gaiyida da mniSvnelovani
roli Seasrula monobis sawinaaRmdego propagandaSi.
monobis mowinaaRmdegeebma Seqmnes respublikuri partia, romelmac gaimarjva 1860
wlis arCevnebSi. monobis momxre demokratiulma partiam, romelsac 32 wlis ganma-
vlobaSi epyra xelT prezidentis posti, Zalaufleba dakarga. prezidentad airCies
respublikeli abraam linkolni. linkolnis prezidentad arCevas mohyva monaTmflo-
beluri Statebis ajanyeba. samxreT karolinas Statma aSS-sgan damoukidebloba gamo-
acxada. misi pozicia sxva monaTmflobelurma Statebmac gaiziares.
1861 wlis 4 Tebervals Seiqmna samxreTis Statebis konfederacia. konfederaciis
dedaqalaqad gamocxadda riCmondi. konfederaciis prezidentad airCies msxvili
plantatori da monaTmflobeli jeferson devisi. 34 Statidan centraluri mTavro-
bis erTguli mxolod 23 Stati darCa, 11 Stati ki konfederacias miemxro.
1861 wlisTvis CrdiloeTis Statebis mosaxleoba Seadgenda 22 milions, konfede-
raciaSi Semaval StatebSi ki 9 milioni cxovrobda, maTgan 4 milioni Savkaniani mona
iyo. konfederacias faqtobrivad ganagebda rva aTasi ojaxi, romelTagan TiToeuli
flobda 50-ze met monas.
samxreTis Statebis ekonomika moklebuli iyo sakuTar mrewvelobas da agrarul
xasiaTs atarebda. CrdiloeTis Statebze modioda aSS-is sabanko kapitalis, rkinigze-
bis qselis saerTo sigrZis da samrewvelo produqciis daaxloebiT 3/4. CrdiloeTSi
iyo Tavmoyrili aSS-is TiTqmis mTeli metalurgia, safeiqro mrewveloba da iaraRis
warmoeba.
samoqalaqo omis iniciatorad samxreTis konfederacia gamovida. monaTmflobelu-
ri elita bambis vaWrobiT miRebuli uzarmazari mogebis meSveobiT kargad moemzada
samoqalaqo omisaTvis. monaTmflobelebi CrdiloeTze swraf gamarjvebas varaudobd-
nen.
1861-1865 wlebis samoqalaqo omi. 1861 wlis 13 aprils 7 aTasma meamboxem aiRo sa-
mxreT karolinis StatSi mdebare samteris forti, romelsac centraluri mTavrobis
momxre 83 mebrZoli icavda. fortidan Camoxsnes federaluri mTavrobis droSa da
237
konfederaciis droSa aRmarTes. es dRe iTvleba samoqalaqo omis dasawyisad amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi.
1861-1862 wlebSi samxreTelebi orjer gadavidnen moulodnel Setevaze, Crdilo-
elebma Zlivs moigeries konfederatebis Seteva vaSingtonze. naTeli gaxda, rom moq-
medeba Crdiloelebis gegmis mixedviT, rac gulisxmobda samxreTis Statebis yoveli
mxridan alyaSi moqcevas, Seviwroebasa da konfederaciis mospobas, gaWianurebul oms
gamoiwvevda. amasTan, es e.w. `maxrCobela gveliviT garSemortymis~ gegma ver uzrun-
velyofda Crdiloelebis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis centrebis dacvas samxreTelebis
moulodneli Tavdasxmebisagan.
CrdiloelTaTvis omSi gamarjvebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo brZolis xasiaTis Zir-
fesvianad Secvla.
1862 wels aSS-is kongresma miiRo kanoni homstedebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT
amerikis srulwlovan moqalaqeebs SeeZloT mieRoT 160 akramde (65 heqtramde) sidi-
dis miwis nakveTi.
1862 wlis 22 seqtembers linkolnma xeli moawera `gaTavisuflebis proklamacias~,
1863 wlis 1 ianvridan Savkanianebi monobisagan Tavisufldebodnen.
am RonisZiebebma xeli Seuwyo aSS-is centraluri xelisuflebis momxreTa zrdas
da miswrafebas, swrafad moeRoT bolo amboxebisaTvis. am periodidan daiwyo Crdi-
loeTis Statebis samxedro-ekonomikuri upiratesobis sruli realizeba.
1863 wlis zafxulSi CrdiloeTis jarebi daeuflnen mdinare misisipis qvemo wels.
es mniSvnelovani strategiuli warmateba iyo, radgan izolirebuli iqna konfedera-
ciis dasavleTi nawili, rac uaRresad aadvilebda saomar operaciebs.
1864 wlis maisSi CrdiloeTis samma armiam general Sermanis sardlobiT daiwyo Se-
teva jorjiis Statze. Sermanma qalaqi atlanta daikava, dekembris miwurulSi savanas
daeufla da meqsikis yuris sanapiroze gavida.
Sermanma Seasrula dasaxuli sabrZolo amocana _ SeiWra mowinaaRmdegis zurgSi, dai-
kava jorjiis Stati da gadaketa samxreTis umniSvnelovanesi sarkinigzo magistralebi.
savanis dakavebis Semdeg generalma Sermanma Tavisi armiebi daZra Crdilo-aRmosav-
leTis mimarTulebiT riCmondisaken, sadac aSS-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardals
general grants alyaSi hyavda moqceuli konfederaciis dedaqalaqi. 1865 wlis 3 aprils
centraluri mTavrobis jarebma riCmondi aiRes; ramdenime dRis Semdeg konfederaciis
jarebis mTavarsardali general li Tavisi armiis naSTebiTurT grants danebda.
1865 wlis 14 aprils karolinis StatSi mdebare samteris fortze gamarjvebulebma
samoqalaqo omis damTavrebis niSnad aSS-is saxelmwifo droSa aRmarTes.
amboxebis CaxSobis Semdeg samxreTis StatebSi mwvaved dadga problemebi, romle-
bic dauyovnebliv moiTxovda socialur-politikuri xasiaTis gardaqmnebs (rekons-
truqcias).
plantatorebs kargad esmodaT, rom linkolni am gardaqmnebs iseTive SeupovrobiT
ganaxorcielebda, rogori SeupovrobiTac xelmZRvanelobda samoqalaqo omis bolo
periods. amitom maT moisyides erT-erTi msaxiobi, romelmac 1865 wlis 14 aprils
vaSingtonis TeatrSi sazeimo speqtaklis dros dambaCis tyviiT sasikvdilod daWra
mTavrobis loJaSi myofi abraam linkolni.
1861-1865 wlebis samoqalaqo omma ramdenime aseuli aTasi amerikeli imsxverpla
da udidesi materialuri zarali miayena qveyanas. homstedebis kanoniT da monobis
gauqmebiT samoqalaqo omma Seqmna aucilebeli wanamZRvrebi qveynis swrafi ekonomiku-
ri ganviTarebisaTvis. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis gadaqcevas msoflios uZlieres
industriul-agrarul qveynad xeli Seuwyo mravalma faqtorma: qveynis teritoriis
sididem, mdidarma bunebrivma resursebma, evropidan kapitalisa da kvalificirebuli
muSaxelis gadmosvlam, farTo saSinao bazris Seqmnam, geografiuli mdebareobis gamo
samxedro xarjebis minimumamde dayvanam da, rac mTavaria, amerikelebis Sromismoyva-
reobam, siaxlis grZnobam da iniciativis unarma.
238
orpartiuli sistema aSS-Si. samoqalaqo omis Semdeg aSS-Si iyo ori partia: de-
mokratiuli partia, romelic sul cota xnis win monaTmflobeluri samxreTis inte-
resebs gamoxatavda da respublikuri partia, romelic monaTmflobelobis winaaRm-
deg ibrZoda. samoqalaqo omis damTavrebidan pirveli msoflio omis dawyebamde, 50
wlis ganmavlobaSi, aSS-Si 13-jer Catarda saparlamento arCevnebi. respublikelebma
arCevnebSi 12-jer gaimarjves. respublikelebi warmatebiT iyenebdnen `gasisxliane-
buli perangis frialis~ politikas, riTac amerikelebs Seaxsenebdnen, rom swored
demokratebma gaaCaRes samoqalaqo omi da, rom maT surdaT aSS-is daSla da a.S.
1883 wels aSS-Si miiRes kanoni `samoqalaqo samsaxuris Sesaxeb~, romliTac ikr-
Zaleboda Tanamdebobaze daniSvna arCevnebis dros gaweuli TanadgomisaTvis. amis na-
cvlad SemoRebul iqna sakonkurso gamocdebis sistema, romlis drosac samsaxuris
maZiebeli amtkicebda Tavis kvalifikacias.
davaleba
1. SeafaseT safrangeTisa da aSS-is interesebi da maTi politikuri urTierToba.
2. ras iTvaliswinebda `misuris kompromisi~?
3. SeafaseT abolicionisturi moZraoba.
4. SeafaseT CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis Statebis samxedro-ekonomikuri potenciali
samoqalaqo omis win.
5. romeli mxare flobda upiratesobas da ratom?
6. homstedebis Sesaxeb kanonis safuZvelze aSS-is moqalaqe homstedis mflobeli
xdeboda. ra mniSvneloba hqonda samoqalaqo omis pirobebSi homstedebis Sesaxeb
kanonis gamocemas?
7. ra mniSvneloba hqonda samoqalaqo omis pirobebSi 1863 wlis `monebis gaTavisu-
flebis deklaracias?
8. gansazRvreT, ra viTarebam ganapiroba `samoqalaqo samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ kanonis
SemoReba da ra mniSvneloba hqonda mas.
9. SeafaseT samoqalaqo omis Sedegebi.
239
Seiqmna samxreTis Statebis konfederacia _ 1861 w. 4 Tebervali
daiwyo samoqalaqo omi CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis Statebs Soris _ 1861 w. 13 aprils
aSS-is kongresma miiRo kanoni homstedebis Sesaxeb _ 1862 w.
linkolnma xeli moawera `gaTavisuflebis proklamacias~ _ 1862 w. 22 seqtemberi
samoqalaqo omi CrdiloelTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda _ 1865 w. 14 aprili
240
im mizniT, rom safrangeTis mewarmeebi sazRvargareTidan saqonlis Semotanisagan
daecva, mTavrobam importze gazrdili baJi daawesa, ramac saSinao bazarze fasebis
gazrda gamoiwvia. dRiTidRe autaneli xdeboda dabali fenebis gaWirveba da siduxWi-
re. ubralo adamianebs ar hqondaT arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, raTa deputatTa
palataSi TavianTi interesebi daecvaT. safrangeTSi sul ufro xmamaRla gaismoda
srulwlovani mamakacebisaTvis sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis miniWebis moTxovna.
1845-1847 wlebi dasavleT da centraluri evropis qveynebSi, maT Soris safrangeT-
Sic, saocrad mousavliani aRmoCnda, rasac ekonomikuri krizisi mohyva. sasursaTo
saqonelze fasebi mkveTrad gaizarda, mSromelTa xelfasebi ganaxevrda, daiwyo maso-
brivi umuSevroba.
aseT viTarebaSi ivlisis monarqiam uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamoavlina saarCe-
vno reformisadmi.
1848 wlis TebervalSi parizi kvlav barikadebiT daifara da lui-filipe orlea-
nelsac mouxda inglisSi gadaxvewa.
amjerad parizelma muSebma, xelosnebma, wvrilma vaWrebma revoluciis Sedegad
Seqmnili droebiTi mTavroba aiZules, safrangeTi respublikad gamoecxadebina, ko-
loniebSi monoba gaeuqmebina, SemoeRo srulwlovani mamakacebisaTvis sayovelTao sa-
arCevno ufleba, erTi saaTiT Seemcirebina samuSao dRe (daeyvana 10 saaTamde).
centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebis mizniT damfuZnebelma krebam daawesa sa-
frangeTis respublikis prezidentis posti. napoleon bonapartis Zmiswulma lui-na
poleonma moxerxebulad gamoiyena safrangeTis mosaxleobaSi Tavisi didi biZis po-
pularoba da gaimarjva prezidentis arCevnebSi.
1851 wels lui-napoleonma jarze dayrdnobiT saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moawyo
da erTpirovnuli xelisufleba daamyara. momdevno wels man safrangeTis imperato-
rad napoleon III, gamoacxada Tavi (napoleon II bonapartistebisTvis napoleon
I-is vaJi iyo, romelic sruliad axalgazrda avstriaSi gardaicvala). safrangeTSi
meored damyarda imperia.
napoleon III-is winaaRmdegobrivma politikam saSualeba misca prusias 1870 wlis-
Tvis saerTaSoriso izolaciaSi moeqcia omisaTvis moumzadebeli safrangeTi.
davaleba
1. restavrirebuli burbonebis Sesaxeb taleirani ambobda: `maT arc araferi da-
viwyebiaT da arc araferi uswavliaTo~. rogor SeafasebT am gamonaTqvams?
2. SeadareT erTmaneTs frangi monarqebis lui XVIII-is, Sarl X-isa da lui-filipe
orleanelis mmarTveloba; cxriliT gamosaxeT maT Soris msgavseba-gansxvaveba.
3. imsjeleT 1830 da 1848 wlebis revoluciebis mizezebze da Sedegebze.
241
$3. italiis gaerTianeba
ganmarteba:
risorjimento italiurad aRorZinebas niSnavs. am SemTxvevaSi italieli xalxis
brZola erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis.
1848 wlis revolucia. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi napoleon bonapartis omebis Sede-
gad italia faqtobrivad gaerTianda safrangeTis batonobis qveS. 1815 wels venis kon-
gresma italia kvlav daanawevra. samxreT italiaSi italiel burbonTa absolutizmi
damyarda; romis olqSi papis SeuzRudveli Zalaufleba ganmtkicda; lombardia-vene-
ciis olqi ki uSualod avstriis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.
italieli patriotebi ver eguebodnen qveynis danawevrebasa da avstriisadmi daqve-
mdebarebas. ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas juzepe maZini da juzepe garibaldi Caudg-
nen saTaveSi. italieli xalxis brZolas qveynis Tavisuflebisa da gaerTianebisTvis
risorjimento ewoda.
1848-1849 wlebSi maZinis, garibaldisa da maTi momxreebis brZolis Sedegad ita-
liis udides qalaqebSi romsa da veneciaSi respublikebi Seiqmna. veneciis respu-
blikas avstrielebma mouRes bolo (veneciis respublikam iarseba 1848 wlis 23 marti-
dan 1849 wlis 30 agvistomde), romis respublikis damxoba ki lui napoleonma iTava.
mis mier gagzavnil aTiaTasian jars SeebrZolnen romis respublikis SeiaraRebuli
Zalebi garibaldis meTaurobiT. orTviani Seupovari uTanasworo brZolis Semdeg ga-
ribaldim winaaRmdegoba Sewyvita. romis respublikam mxolod xuT Tves 1849 wlis
6 Tebervlidan 2 ivlisamde iarseba. safrangeTis jari romSi Sevida da pap pius IX-is
SeuzRudavi saero xelisufleba aRadgina. maZinis da garibaldis samSoblodan gada-
xvewa mouxdaT.
242
omi avstriis winaaRmdeg. kavuri napoleon III-s nicasa da savoias dahpirda, Tu sa-
frangeTis jari sardiniis samefos daexmareboda lombardia-veneciis olqidan avstrie-
lebis gandevnasa da mis SemoerTebaSi. SeTanxmeba Sedga. 1859 wels daiwyo sardiniis sa-
mefosa da safrangeTis omi avstriis winaaRmdeg. saomar kampaniaSi juzepe garibaldic
monawileobda Tavisi moxaliseebiT. igi kavurma miiwvia, raTa omi ufro popularuli
gaexada. mokavSireebi lombardiaSi SeiWrnen da avstrielebi sastikad daamarcxes.
avstriasTan omi toskanis, modenisa da parmis sahercogoebis mosaxleobisaTvis
ajanyebis niSani gaxda. avstriis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis daxmarebiT gabatonebuli ad-
gilobrivi mmarTvelebi gaiqcnen. yofili sahercogoebi sardiniis samefos Semadgen-
lobaSi Sevida.
italiaSi dawyebulma revoluciam napoleon III SeaSina. man omi Sewyvita. safran-
geT-avstriis 1859 wlis sazavo xelSekrulebiT, lombardia, qalaq milaniTurT, sar-
diniis xelSi gadavida, veneciis olqi ki avstrias darCa. safrangeTma ar Seasrula
Tavisi valdebuleba Crdilo-aRmosavleT italiis avstriis batonobisgan mTlianad
gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, napoleon III mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daTan-
xmda sardiniis samefosadmi toskanis, parmisa da modenis SeerTebas, Tu igi savoias
da nicas miiRebda.
1860 wlis aprilSi kunZul siciliaze glexTa ajanyebam ifeTqa. garibaldim aTasze
meti moxalise Seagrova, qalaq genuidan ori gemiT saidumlod samxreTisaken gaemarTa
da Tavisi `aTaseuli~ siciliis dasavleT nawilSi gadasxa.
mosaxleoba aRtacebiT esalmeboda garibaldis da masobrivad uerTdeboda mis
`aTaseuls~. garibaldim oc dReSi gaaTavisufla mTeli sicilia da Tavisi jari sa-
mxreT italiaSi gadaiyvana.
1860 wlis agvistoSi garibaldi ukve 25 aTas ajanyebuls meTaurobda. am jariT man
neapolel burbonTa 150-aTasiani armia daamarcxa. seqtemberSi garibaldi neapolSi
Sevida da orive siciliis (neapolitaniis) samefos bolo mouRo.
kavurma saswrafod Seiyvana sardiniis jarebi samxreT italiaSi. saxalxo kenWisyris
Sedegad samxreT italia sardiniis samefos SeuerTda. sardiniis samefom samxreT ita-
liis Semomtkiceba daiwyo.
243
1870 wlis Semodgomidan italiis samefos dedaqalaqi turinidan romSi gadaitanes.
papi romis erT-erT ubanSi vatikanSi darCa da ganacxada, rom protestis niSnad
Tavis sasaxlidan ar gamova, sanam mis saero xelisuflebas ar aRadgenen.
italiis gaerTianeba dasrulda, Tumca italielebiT dasaxlebuli bevri terito-
ria da ori mniSvnelovani qalaqi triesti da nica samefos sazRvrebs gareT darCa.
italiis samefom didi saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba moipova. magram
igi Tavisi ekonomikuri da samxedro SesaZleblobebiT did saxelmwifoTa Soris yve-
laze susti qveyana iyo.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT sagareo faqtoris rolze italiis gaerTianebisTvis brZolaSi.
2. SeafaseT juzepe garibaldis erovnul-politikuri mrwamsi.
3. SeafaseT kamilo kavurisa da juzepe garibaldis politikuri moRvaweoba, gansa-
zRvreT maTi roli italiis gaerTianebis saqmeSi.
4. imsjeleT, ra roli Seasrula italiis gaerTianebis saqmeSi im dros arsebulma
saerTaSoriso mdgomareobam.
247
ganadgureba moindoma. pirvel rigSi man ekonomikur RonisZiebebs mimarTa. erovnuli
gvardiis wevrebs jamagiris micema Seuwyvita, xolo parizelebisaTvis Tamasuqebisa
da binis qiris gadaxdis gadavadeba gaauqma.
1871 wlis 18 marts tierma regularuli jaris nawilebs ubrZana xelT egdoT ero-
vnuli gvardiis qvemexebi, romlebic parizSi, monmartris maRlobze iyo ganlagebuli.
am mcdelobam amaod Caiara, mTavrobis veragobiT gamowveuli aRSfoTeba ki saxalxo
ajanyebaSi gadaizarda. tieri da misi mTavrobis wevrebi parizidan versalSi gaiqcnen,
sadac erovnuli krebis sxdomebi imarTeboda. versalSi mouyares Tavi dedaqalaqis
samxedro garnizonis nawilebsac.
parizSi mmarTveloba erovnuli gvardiis centralurma komitetma aiRo xelSi. 26
marts man parizis komunis sabWos wevrTa sayovelTao da pirdapiri arCevnebi Caatara.
28 marts erovnuli gvardiis centralurma komitetma Zalaufleba gadasca axlad
arCeul parizis komunis sabWos.
parizis komunis sabWos wevrebad muSebi da revoluciurad ganwyobili patrio-
tebi gavidnen. komunarebi demokrati respublikelebi iyvnen. amdenad, monarqistu-
li erovnuli kreba, romelic germaniis mTavrobasTan binZur garigebebs ar Taki-
lobda, maTTvis miuRebeli iyo. komunarebis umravlesobas miaCnda, rom xalxis
mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad mizanSewonili iyo mTeli rigi gardaqmnebis gan-
xorcieleba.
tieri bismarks SeuTanxmda prusielebis mier datyvevebuli frangi jariskacebisa
da oficrebis saswrafod safrangeTSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb. am RonisZiebis wyalobiT
man parizis irgvliv Tavi mouyara 100 aTas jariskacsa da oficers, romelTac safran-
geTis marSali mak-maoni meTaurobda. 21 maiss mak-maonis jariskacebi parizSi SeiWr-
nen. erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi parizi sisxlismRvrelma brZolebma moicva. `sisxlian
kviras~ oci aTasamde komunari Seewira. gadarCenilebi tieris mTavrobam iZulebiT
samuSaoze gaamwesa safrangeTis Soreul koloniebSi.
parizis komunam 71 dRe 1871 wlis 18 martidan 28 maisamde iarseba. parizis komu-
na safrangeTis muSebis ukanaskneli cda iyo, revoluciuri gziT gadaeWraT ekonomi-
kuri da politikuri problemebi.
XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi safrangeTSic damTavrda samrewvelo gada-
trialeba. Camoyalibda da gafarTovda maRali xelfasis mqone kvalificiur muSaTa
fena.
davaleba
1. SeafaseT oto bismarkis pirovneba da politikuri moRvaweoba.
2. CamoTvaleT avstria-prusiis omSi mebrZol mxareTa mokavSireebi; ganmarteT, ra-
tom uWerdnen isini mxars prusias an avstrias.
3. imsjeleT avstria-prusiis omis Sedegebze prusiisTvis, avstriisTvis da danarCeni
evropisTvis.
4. gansazRvreT safrangeT-prusiis omis mizezebi.
5. gansazRvreT, ramdenad xelsayreli iyo omiswina Seqmnili viTareba dapirispire-
buli mxareebisTvis?
6. imsjeleT safrangeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis momzadebis doneze.
7. SeafaseT safrangeTi, rogorc meomari mxare da imsjeleT misi damarcxebis mize-
zebze.
8. SeafaseT safrangeT-prusiis omis mniSvneloba da Sedegebi germaniisaTvis, safran-
geTisaTvis.
9. ram gamoiwvia tieris mTavrobis mimarT parizelebis aRSfoTeba?
248
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
prusia - avstriis omis Sedegad veneciis olqi italias SeuerTda _ 1866 w.
italiis samefos dedaqalaqi turinidan romSi gadaitanes. papi romis erT-erT ubanSi
_ vatikanSi darCa. italiis gaerTianeba dasrulda _ 1870 w. Semodgomidan
revoluciebi Sua evropaSi, romelic yvela germanul saxelmwifos moedo _ 1848-1849 ww.
revoluciebi venasa da berlinSi _ 1848 w. martis Sua ricxvebi
ungreTSi daiwyo revolucia _ 1848 w. marti
prusiis monarqma vilhelm I-ma pirvel ministrad oto bismarki daniSna _ 1861 w.
avstria-prusiis omi daiwyo da prusiis gamarjvebiT damTavrda _ 1866 w.
safrangeTma omi gamoucxada prusias _ 1870 w. 19 ivlisi
80-aTasiani armia, imperatori napoleon III da daWrili marSali mak-maoni germane
lebs danebdnen _ 1870 w. 2 seqtemberi
versalis sarkeebian darbazSi germanulma saxelmwifoebma prusiis mefe vilhelm I
gaerTianebuli germaniis imperatorad gamoacxades _ 1871 w. 18 ianvari
gaerTianebul germaniasa da safrangeTs Soris droebiTi zavi daido _ 1871 w. 28 ianvari
parizis komuna (71 dRe) _ 1871 w. 18 martidan 28 maisamde
$5. Tergdaleulebi
ganmarteba
perioduli gamocemebi _ Jurnal-gazeTebi.
cenzura _ saxelmwifos meTvalyureoba beWdviT sityvaze an sajaro gamosvlebze.
249
TergdaleulTa erovnuli moZraoba XIX saukunis dasawyisis ganmaTavisuflebeli
brZolebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda, Tumca saxeSecvlili formiT da SinaarsiT.
Tergdaleulebi ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas mxolod mSvidobiani meTodebiT geg-
mavdnen. TavianTi moRvaweobis amocanad qarTveli xalxis gamofxizlebas, erovnuli
ideis garSemo mis darazmvas da `Cveni vinaobis aRdgenas~ Tvlidnen. Tergdaleulebi
qveynis TavisuflebisTvis brZolas ukavSirebdnen qarTuli enis reformas, mSobliu-
ri enaze ganaTlebas, erovnuli kulturis dacvas, batonymobis gauqmebas da dromoW-
muli feodalur-wodebrivi socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis reformirebas. brZolis
mSvidobiani formebis aRiarebiT Tergdaleulebs samSoblos gaTavisufleba etapo-
brivad warmoedginaT. Tavdapirveli amocana politikuri avtonomiis mopoveba iyo,
rac, momavalSi, sruli damoukideblobis sawindari unda gamxdariyo.
qarTveli xalxis erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebis saSualebad iqca Tergda-
leulTa mier gamocemuli Jurnal-gazeTebi. saqarTvelos moambis, droebis, ive-
riis da sxvaTa furclebze dabeWdili statiebi, leqsebi da moTxrobebi qarTvel
xalxs ar aZlevda modunebis saSualebas, unergavda momavlis imeds da Tavisuflebis-
Tvis sabrZolvelad ganawyobda. am Jurnal-gazeTebis saSualebiT ecnoboda mkiTxve-
li ucxoeli mwerlebis: Seqspiris, baironis, goeTes... Sedevrebsac.
xelisufleba, `kavkasiis sacenzuro komiteti~, mkacr zedamxedvelobas awesebda
periodul gamocemebze, krZalavda misTvis miuRebeli, `saxifaTo~ Sinaarsis mqone
statiebis gamoqveynebas. `Cems sicocxleSi cxadad Tu sizmrad erTi ram mafrTxobda
yvelaze metad da saflavSiac qarcecxlad mimyveba. me vambob cenzuraze~, _ werda
akaki wereTeli. cenzuris gadawyvetilebiT, daixura gazeTebi droeba da imedi.
Tergdaleulebi mkveTrad upirispirdebodnen carizmis saganmanaTleblo poli-
tikas. `(saqarTvelos) garusebis mizniT skolam unda SeZlos axalgazrdobis rusu-
li sulierebiT aRzrda...~ _ aseT mizans uyenebda saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs
quTaisis samxedro gubernatori f. gerSelmani. `axalgazrdobis rusuli suliere-
biT~ aRzrda, pirvel rigSi, skolidan qarTuli enis gaZevebas gulisxmobda. `kavka-
siis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelis~, kirile ianovskis 1881 wlis gadawyvetilebiT, ru-
suli enis swavleba pirveli klasidanve savaldebulo gaxda, qarTuls ki kviraSi
oriode gakveTili eTmoboda. 1885 wlidan qarTuli ena `saojaxo zrunvis sagnad~
gamocxadda da savsebiT ganidevna skolidan. TandaTan inergeboda `munjuri meTodi~
_ maswavlebels rusuli sityvebi moswavleTaTvis qarTuli Sesatyvisebis gareSe,
uxmod, JestebiTa da mimikiT unda aexsna.
aseTi arapedagogikuri praqtika erovnul gadagvarebas uqadda qarTvelobas da
mozardi Taobis gonebriv ganviTarebasac aferxebda.
principulad sxva suliskveTebiT aris agebuli iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmZRvane-
loebi: `deda ena~ da `bunebis kari~. isini samSoblos, mSobliuri enisa da istoriis
siyvaruls nergavdnen mozardebSi, riTac xels uwyobdnen maT Camoyalibebas Segnebul
mamuliSvilebad. xolo iakobis saxelmZRvanelo `ruskoe slovo~ qarTuli enis ga-
moyenebiT gulisxmobda rusulis swavlebas.
xelisufleba qarTvelTa rusifikaciis dasaCqareblad misi erTianobis darRveva-
sac cdilobda. rusi moxeleebi svan da megrel mosaxleobas oficialurad acxadebd-
nen araqarTvelebad da maTTvis gansxvavebuli damwerlobis Seqmnas cdilobdnen. sva-
nebi da megrelebi win aRudgnen carizmis aseT ganzraxvas. adgilobriv mosaxleobas
Svilebi gahyavda im skolebidan, sadac xelisuflebis ganzraxvisamebr, swavlebis ena
qarTuli ar unda yofiliyo. carizms aseTive mcdeloba hqonda saeklesio sferoSiac,
magram mosaxleobis winaaRmdegoba aqac aSkara iyo.
rusifikatorebma aseve miitanes ieriSi sasuliero ganaTlebaze. egzarqos pavles
gankargulebiT, Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi aikrZala qarTul enaze swavleba,
daiTxoves qarTveli pedagogebi da garicxes `arakeTilsaimedo~ studentebi. erTma
250
maTganma, ioseb laRiaSvilma, mokla seminariis reqtori Cudecki, romlis dakrZal-
vazec egzarqosma qarTveli eri dawyevla. mRvdelmTavris am gaugonarma moqmedebam
aRaSfoTa qarTuli sazogadoeba. sayovelTao gamoxmaureba mohyva egzarqosisadmi di-
mitri yifianis werils, romelSic es cnobili moRvawe qarTveli eris damawyevrisagan
saqarTvelos dauyovnebel datovebas moiTxovda.
amis gamo dimitri yifiani stavropolSi gadaasaxles, sadac 1887 wels carizmis
agentebma veragulad mokles. qarTvelma moRvaweebma dimitri yifiani didi pativiT
gadmoasvenes saqarTveloSi da mTawmindaze dakrZales. swored am faqts miuZRvna akaki
wereTelma leqsi `ganTiadi~. qarTulma eklesiam dimitri yifiani wmindanad Seracxa.
1893 wels did erovnul demonstraciad iqca nikoloz baraTaSvilis neStis ganji-
dan gadmosveneba da mTawmindaze dakrZalva.
rusifikatoruli politikis sapirispirod 1879 wels daarsda `qarTvelTa Soris
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~. misi pirveli Tavmjdomare dimitri yi-
fiani iyo. 1885 wlidan ki am `sazogadoebas~ ilia WavWavaZe xelmZRvanelobda sico-
cxlis bolomde. `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ muSaobaSi mniSvnelo-
van rols asrulebdnen _ iakob gogebaSvili, akaki wereTeli, niko cxvedaZe, ekateri-
ne gabaSvili, iona meunargia da sxva mowinave mamuliSvilebi. `sazogadoeba aarsebda
dawyebiT skolebs, romlebSic swavlebis ena qarTuli iyo. aseTi skolebi gaixsna
samegreloSi, svaneTSi, qarTlSi, soxumSi, baTumSi, TbilisSi, kavkavSi (dRevandeli
vladikavkazi), baqoSi da sxvagan.
`wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ mxardaWeriT gamoica da bevr sko-
las usasyidlod daegzavna iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmZRvaneloebi, saqarTvelos is-
toriisa da geografiis sakiTxavi wignebi, literaturuli Txzulebebi. `sazogado-
ebam~ TbilisSi daaarsa biblioTeka, sadac Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebis Sekreba-da-
muSavebac xdeboda. araerTi Segnebuli pirovneba Tavis biblioTekas usasyidlod uT-
mobda am `sazogadoebas~. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia samegrelos mTavris memkvidris
niko dadianis Rvawli _ man `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~ umdidresi
piradi biblioTeka uZRvna. TbilisSi mis Casatanad samegreloSi, zugdidSi, TviT ilia
WavWavaZe gaemgzavra.
1881 wels, ilia WavWavaZis TavmjdomareobiT (moadgile _ akaki wereTeli), Seiqmna
`qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoeba~. am sazogadoebis mizani iyo qarTuli Teatris-
Tvis saxsrebis moZieba, piesebis Targmna da gamoqveyneba. qarTul TeatrSi araerTi
gamoCenili msaxiobi moRvaweobda: mako safarova, vaso abaSiZe, nato gabunia, kote
mesxi da sxv.
davaleba
1. Tqveni azriT, ratom airCies Tergdaleulebma brZolis mSvidobiani gza? ramdenad
Sedegianad TvliT aseT strategias?
2. gansazRvreT eronuli moZraobis miznebi da amocanebi.
3. SeafaseT xelisuflebis saganmanaTleblo politika, gansazRvreT misi savaraudo
Sedegebi.
4. SeafaseT xelisuflebis mcdeloba daeqsaqsa qarTveli eri da ismjeleT, ratom
ver ganxorcielda es Canafiqri.
5. gansazRvreT, ra mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen Tergdaleulebi qarTul Teatrs.
I. teqstis Sesworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
252
II. upasuxeT SekiTxvebs
253
12. qronologiurad daalageT aSS-Si momxdari movlenebi
__samxreTis Statebis konfederaciis Seqmna;
__aSS-isaTvis axali meqsikisa da kaliforniis gadacema;
__samoqalaqo omi aSS-Si.
254
6. miuxedavad amisa, kaTolikuri religia... iTvleba saxelmwifo religiad.
9. yoveli sakuTreba xelSeuxebelia, isic ki, romelsac nacionalurs uwodeben...
11. yovelgvari devna restavraciamde gamoTqmuli azrisa akrZalulia...
13. mefis pirovneba wmindaa da xelSeuxebeli. misi ministrebi pasuxs ageben mis
winaSe. mxolod xelmwifes ekuTvnis aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba.
15. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba xorcieldeba koleqtiurad mefis, perTa palatis
da parlamentis deputatTa palatis mier.
19. palatebs ufleba aqvT sTxovon xelmwifes kanonis miReba.
27. safrangeTis perTa daniSnva ekuTvnis xelmwifes...
33. deputatTa palata yalibdeba saarCevno kolegiaSi arCeul deputatTa ricxvidan...
38. arc erTi deputati ar daiSveba palataSi, Tu man ar miaRwia 40 wlis asaks da
Tu is ar ixdis pirdapir gadasaxads aTasi frankis odenobiT...
40. amomrCevlebs, romlebic monawileobas iRebdnen deputatebis arCevnebSi, ar
aqvT xmis ufleba, Tu ar ixdian pirdapir gadasaxads samasi frankis odenobiT da Tu
ar SeusruldaT 30 weli~.
kiTxvebi:
1. dokumentis mixedviT, rogor iyo ganawilebuli sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebe-
li xelisufleba safrangeTSi?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
255
IV. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 4 qula)
256
XIV Tavi. pirveli msoflio omi
ganmarteba:
antant kordiala, am franguli sityvidan warmodga saxelwodeba antanta.
257
didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis 1904 wlis `guliTadi SeTanxmeba~. did brita-
neTs miaCnda, rom mas ar sWirdeboda mudmivi megobrebi da mudmivi mtrebi. mas hqonda
mxolod mudmivi interesebi da amis mixedviT amyarebda urTierTobebs sxvadasxva
qveyanasTan. is ar debda xelSekrulebebs did saxelmwifosTan an did saxelmwifoTa
kavSirebTan, ar iRebda Tavis Tavze valdebulebebs. didi britaneTi darwmunebuli
iyo, rom msoflioSi uZlieresi misi samxedro-sazRvao floti da kunZulovani mde-
bareoba romelime qveyanasTan moulodnelad omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSic ki uzrunve-
lyofda mis uSiSroebas. xolo mokavSiris moZebna did saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebu-
li winaaRmdegobebis viTarebaSi omis msvlelobaSic SeiZleboda. aqedan gamomdinare,
didi britaneTi XX saukunis dasawyisamde atarebda e.w. `brwyinvale izolaciis~
politikas.
magram XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi mdgomareoba TandaTan Seicvala. ger-
maniam did britaneTs gauswro samrewvelo produqciis gamoSvebis mxriv, ramac mas
mZlavri saxmeleTo da sazRvao samxedro Zalebis mSeneblobis dawyebis saSualeba
misca.
1883 wels daarsda pirveli germanuli kolonia afrikaSi, rasac mohyva Semdgomi
koloniuri dapyrobebi afrikasa da wynari okeanis auzSi.
cxadi xdeboda, rom germania msoflio batonobisaken miiswrafoda, rac SeiZlebo-
da ganxorcielebuliyo didi britaneTis koloniuri imperiis xarjze.
germanulma safrTxem aiZula didi britaneTi XX saukunis dasawyisSi uari eTqva
`brwyinvale izolaciis~ politikaze da daaxloeboda Tavis uZveles metoqes sa-
frangeTs.
1904 wels ruseT-iaponiis omma ruseTis Zalebi Soreul aRmosavleTSi miizida da
Tanac naTelyo ruseTis sisuste.
iaponiasTan ruseTis damarcxebis Semdeg safrangeTi germaniis pirispir faqtobri-
vad mokavSiris gareSe darCa. am garemoebiT isargebla didma britaneTma da safran-
geTs egviptis sanacvlod maroko da mokavSireoba SesTavaza.
moxda Zireuli Semobruneba inglis-safrangeTis urTierTobebSi, Zveli mowinaaRm-
degeebi megobrebi gaxdnen da 1904 wels dades `guliTadi SeTanxmeba~.
garegnulad iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom inglisisa da safrangeTis urTierTdapi-
rispirebaTa mospoba ganamtkicebda mSvidobas evropasa da mTel msoflioSi.
1904 wlis xelSekrulebaSi naxsenebic ki ar iyo germania, Tumca am SeTanxmebis
antigermanuli xasiaTi SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac kargad Canda. berlinSi erTma
didmoxelem moxdenilad SeniSna: `safrangeTi da inglisi erTmaneTs exvevian ara
imitom, rom erTmaneTi uyvarT, aramed imitom, rom orives erTnairad sZuls ger-
maniao~.
258
koloniur qveynebSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli da revoluciuri moZraobis
aRzevebam, rac Zalze arasasurveli movlena iyo britaneTisaTvis, xeli Seuwyo in-
glisisa da ruseTis daaxloebas, miT ufro, rom iaponiis mier damarcxebuli ruseTi
aRar iyo Zveleburad saSiSi metoqe didi britaneTisaTvis.
1907 wels inglissa da ruseTs Soris daido SeTanxmeba, romelmac moawesriga am
ori koloniuri imperiis winaaRmdegobebi Sua aRmosavleTSi.
1907 wlis inglis-ruseTis SeTanxmebebiT dasrulda antantis gaformeba, Tumca
Savi zRvis sruteebis sakiTxSi didma britaneTma da ruseTma saerTo enis gamoZebna
ver moaxerxes.
davaleba
1. vis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli germaniasa da avstria-ungreTs Soris 1879 wels da
debuli samokavSireo xelSekruleba?
2. rogor gaxada bismarkma 1882 wels italia germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis mokav
Sired?
3. ram ganapiroba 1891-1893 wlebis ruseT-safrangeTis kavSiris Camoyalibeba?
4. ratom daido did britaneTsa da safrangeTs Soris 1904 wlis `guliTadi SeTanxmeba~?
5. ram Seuwyo xeli 1907 wlis inglis-ruseTis xelSekrulebis dadebas?
pirveli msoflio omis dawyeba. ori samxedro blokis samTa kavSirisa da antan-
tis Seqmnam daaCqara gamalebuli SeiaraReba. msoflio omis dawyeba damokidebuli iyo
mxolod imaze, Tu romel moments miiCnevdnen xelsayrelad Tavisi saxelmwifosa da
samxedro blokisaTvis did saxelmwifoTa mesveurebi.
1914 wlis zafxulSi vilhelm II-m saTanadod ver Seafasa safrangeTisa da ruseTis
samxedro SesaZleblobebi da gadawyvita, rom germaniisaTvis omis dawyebis xelsayre-
li dro dadga. amasTan mas Seeqmna araswori STabeWdileba, rom didi britaneTi ger-
maniis winaaRmdeg omSi ar Caebmeboda. omis dawyebis sababi gaxda saraevoSi samxedro
259
manevrebze dasaswrebad Casul avstria-ungreTis saimperatoro taxtis memkvidris er-
chercog franc ferdinandis da misi meuRlis mkvleloba 1914 wlis 28 ivniss.
didi saxelmwifoebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
mcdari Sefasebidan gamomdinare, vilhelm II-m Tavis mokavSire avstria-ungreTs mos-
Txova, saraevos mkvleloba serbeTTan omis dasawyebad gamoeyenebina.
germaniisgan zurggamagrebulma avstria-ungreTma serbeTs gadasca ultimatumi.
Tavisi mfarvelis, omisaTvis moumzadebeli ruseTis rCeviT, serbeTma miiRo misdami
wayenebuli TiTqmis yvela moTxovna miuxedavad imisa, rom ultimatumi xelyofda
mis saxelmwifo suverenitets. avstria-ungreTma pasuxi arasakmarisad miiCnia da 28
ivliss daiwyo samxedro moqmedeba serbeTis winaaRmdeg.
avstria-ungreTis ultimatums da serbeTTan omis dawyebas agvistos pirvel ric
xvebSi mohyva jaWvuri reaqcia. ruseTis nawilobriv mobilizacias germaniam omis
gamocxadebiT upasuxa. amas safrangeTis sayovelTao mobilizacia mohyva, rasac ger-
maniam aseve omis gamocxadebiT upasuxa. Tavisi samxedro gegmis Sesabamisad, germaniis
jarebis belgiaSi SeWram didi britaneTis omSi Cabma gamoiwvia. ase daudo saTave sa-
raevos mkvlelobam 1914 wlis agvistos dasawyisSi pirveli msoflio omis gaCaRebas.
omis msvleloba evropaSi 1914 wels. saomari moqmedeba belgiaSi daiwyo 4 agvis-
tos. belgielebma Tavganwiruli winaaRmdegoba gauwies germanelebs da ori kviriT
SeaCeres maTi Seteva. frangebma moaswres jarebis gadajgufeba, ingliselebma saeqspe-
dicio korpusi gadasxes safrangeTSi, rusebi ki SeiWrnen aRmosavleT prusiaSi.
ramdenime dRis gaafTrebuli brZolis Semdeg germanelebma 25 agvistosaTvis SeZ-
les safrangeT-belgiis sazRvris gadalaxva. frangebis ukandaxeva mimdinareobda or-
ganizebulad, maTi winaaRmdegoba sul ufro Zlierdeboda, brZolaSi Caeba inglisis
saeqspedicio korpusic. 4 seqtembers frangebis kontrSeteviT mdinare marnis auz-
Si daiwyo grandiozuli brZola, romelSic orive mxridan 2 milioni jariskaci da
oficeri monawileobda. 9 seqtembers germanelebi iZulebuli gaxdnen ukandaxeva da-
ewyoT. germaniam Tumc SeZlo belgiisa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT safrangeTis SenarCu-
neba, magram frangebisa da ingliselebis marnasTan brZolaSi gamarjvebam daasamara
Slifenis gegma.
260
dasavleTis frontze brZolebma TandaTan poziciuri xasiaTi miiRo. orive mxarem
daiwyo sangrebis, gamagrebuli xazebisa da kvanZebis mSenebloba, romelTa win naRma-
vdnen mindvrebs, awyobdnen eklian mavTulxlarTebs.
aRmosavleTis frontze gardamavali upiratesobiT mimdinare brZolebma mniSvne-
lovnad Seasusta ruseTisa da avstria-ungreTis sabrZolo potenciali da sagrZnobi
ziani miayena germanelebs.
iaponiis Cabma omSi. evropaSi dawyebuli omiT isargebla iaponiam da Seecada gae-
Zlierebina Tavisi poziciebi wynari okeanis auzSi, gansakuTrebiT CineTSi. 1914 wlis
agvistoSi man omi gamoucxada germanias da ramdenime TveSi xelSi Caigdo misi gama-
grebuli punqtebi wynari okeanis auzsa da CineTSi. iaponias saSualeba mieca faqto-
brivad ukonkurento vaWroba ewarmoebina CineTTan, riTac man uzarmazari mogeba naxa.
didi mogeba miiRo iaponiam mokavSireebisaTvis iaraRis miyidviTac.
osmaleTis omSi Cabma. 1914 wlis noemberSi osmaleTma omi gamoucxada did brita-
neTs, safrangeTsa da ruseTs. Seiqmna kavkasiis, palestinis da mesopotamiis fronte-
bi. ruseTma da didma britaneTma TavianTi jarebi Seiyvanes iranSi.
Turqebi 1914 wlis dekemberSi SeiWrnen amierkavkasiaSi, sarayamiSis raionSi. sa-
rayamiSis brZola rusebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. 1915 wlis ianvarSi TurqeTis jarma
ruseT-osmaleTis sazRvrisaken daixia.
omis msvleloba 1915 wels. 1914 wels, Slifenis gegmis CaSlis Semdeg, germania or
frontze xangrZlivi omis winaSe aRmoCnda. man omis dawyebisTanave dakarga koloniebi
da Tavis mokavSireebTan erTad blokadaSi moeqca, rac mas ar aZlevda msoflio bazris
gamoyenebis saSualebas. antantis qveynebs ki metropoliebisa da koloniebis resur-
sebis garda, SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT msoflio bazris SesaZleblobebi. dro germaniis
winaaRmdeg muSaobda. mas umokles vadaSi unda daemTavrebina omi.
germaniis sardlobam gaiTvaliswina ruseTis susti mrewvelobis SezRuduli Se-
saZleblobebi, cudad aRWurvili armia, susti aRWurviloba da gadawyvita 1915 wels
omis simZimis centri dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis frontze gadaetana; jer daemarcxe-
bina ruseTi, romlis xarjzec igi Seivsebda misTvis esoden aucilebel resursebs da
Semdeg gaenadgurebina safrangeTi.
1915 wlis maisSi dawyebuli Setevis Sedegad germanelebma gaaTavisufles 1914 wels
rusebis mier okupirebuli avstria-ungreTis teritoria, ruseTs waarTves polone-
Ti, litva da latviis nawili. moaxloebulma zamTarma ukve seqtembris miwurulSi
dausva wertili germanelebis winsvlas; omma poziciuri xasiaTi miiRo; aRmosavle-
Tis fronti lariviT gadaiWima rigis yuridan rumineTamde. miRweuli warmatebebis
261
miuxedavad germanelebma ver SeZles maT winaSe dasmuli ZiriTadi amocanebis gada-
wyveta, maT ver gamoiyvanes omidan ruseTi.
1915 wels dasavleTis frontze frangebisa da ingliselebis ori Seteva uSedegod
damTavrda. ramdenime dRes grZeldeboda germanelebis poziciebis saartilerio da-
bombva. isini aswrebdnen saSiSi ubnebis rezervebiT gamagrebas.
1915 wlis aprilSi qalaq iprTan brZolaSi germanelebma gamoiyenes mxuTavi gazi
_ qlori. frangi da ingliseli mebrZolebi panikam moicva. es iyo sruli moulodne-
loba, radgan, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebiT, momwamlavi nivTierebis omSi gamoyeneba
akrZaluli iyo. maSveli jarebis swrafi gadmosroliT antantam frontis xazi aRad-
gina, magram amis Semdeg meomarma mxareebma sabrZolo qimiuri saSualebebis farTod
gamoyeneba daiwyes. amave dros Seiqmna qimiuri momwamlavi nivTierebebisagan Tavda-
cvis saSualebebi: aerwinaRebi da specialuri tansacmeli.
meomar mxareTa gegmebi da omis msvleloba dasavleTis frontze 1916 wels. germa-
niam da avstria-ungreTma 1915 wels ver moaxerxes ruseTis omidan gamoyvana, amitom
germaniis sardlobam mizanSewonilad CaTvala omis simZimis centris kvlav dasavle-
Tis frontze gadatana.
antantis qveynebma gadawyvites, rom maTi miznebi evropis ZiriTad frontebze er-
Toblivi moqmedebiT unda yofiliyo miRweuli.
germanelebs elzas-loTaringiidan swrafi SeteviT rom ver moexerxebinaT parizis
aReba, frangebma jer kidev pirvel msoflio omamde germaniis sazRvarsa da safrange-
Tis dedaqalaqs Soris Seqmnes mZlavri verdenis cixesimagre, romlis gamagreba aTeu-
li wlebis manZilze mimdinareobda. Slifenma safrangeTSi belgiidan SeWris gegma
262
swored aqedan gamomdinare SeimuSava, raTa gverdi aevlo verdenis gamagrebuli ganS-
toebebis sistemisaTvis.
dasavleTis frontis gansamtkiceblad 1916 wlisaTvis frangebma verdenidan gai-
tanes mZime artileriisa da samxedro aRWurvilobis ZiriTadi nawili, mkveTrad Se-
amcires cixesimagris garnizoni, radgan CaTvales, rom verdenma dakarga Tavisi mniS-
vneloba. safrangeTis samxedro xelmZRvanelobis am SecdomiT isargebla germaniis
sardlobam da 1916 wlis TebervalSi moulodnelad daiwyo farTomasStabiani Seteva
verdenze. verdenis xelSi CagdebiT germanelebi soliviT SeiWrebodnen frangebis gan-
lagebaSi. amiT isini SeuZlebels gaxdidnen dasavleTis frontis gaswvriv franguli
da inglisuri SenaerTebis gadaadgilebas da gzas gaixsnidnen parizisaken.
safrangeTis sardlobam araCveulebrivi operatiuloba gamoiCina da umokles va-
daSi verdenis cixesimagreSi satvirTo avtomobilebis saSualebiT gadaisrola mZime
artileria da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis saukeTeso nawilebi.
sisxlismRvreli brZolebis miuxedavad germanelebma araTu ver SeZles verdenis
mimarTulebiT Setevis ganviTareba, aramed naxevari wlis Semdeg dakarges kidec ci-
xesimagris mimdebare teritoriebi, romlebic samxedro operaciis dasawyisSi Caigdes
xelSi.
1916 wlis zafxulSi frangebma da ingliselebma wamoiwyes grandiozuli Seteva
mdinare somaze.
1916 wlis seqtemberSi ingliselebma pirvelad samxedro xelovnebis istoriaSi ga-
moiyenes axali saxis iaraRi tanki. teqnikuri gaumarTaobis gamo 50-dan naxevarze
metma tankma ieriSis zRudes ver miaRwia. ucnobi sabrZolo saSualebis gamoCenisas
germanelebs elda ecaT, magram male movidnen gons da saartilerio cecxliT 10 tanki
mwyobridan gamoiyvanes.
verdenisa da somas saomarma operaciebma naTelyo, rom dasavleTis frontze arc
erT mxares ar Seswevda Zala gaerRvia mowinaaRmdegis Tavdacva.
omis msvleloba aRmosavleTis frontze 1916 wels. 1916 wlis zafxulSi samxreT-
-dasavleTis frontze avstria-ungreTis jarebis winaaRmdeg Setevaze gadavidnen ru-
seTis SenaerTebi, romlebmac karpatis mTian uReltexilebsac ki miaRwies. magram Se-
tevis dawyebidan ori kviris Semdeg avstria-ungreTis da germanelebis SeiaraRebulma
Zalebma rusebis winsvla SeaCeres.
rusebis winsvlam samxreT-dasavleTis frontze italia daicva Setevaze gadasuli
avstria-ungreTis jarebisagan da rumineTis mesveurebs Seuqmna araswori STabeWdi-
leba, rom antanta umokles droSi daamarcxebda germaniasa da mis mokavSireebs.
1916 wlis agvistoSi rumineTma omi gamoucxada avstria-ungreTs. centraluri sa-
xelmwifoebis jarebma erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad daikaves rumineTis didi nawi-
li; rumineTis jarebma daixies ruseTisaken, mTavroba da samefo kari buqarestidan
iasaSi gaiqca, sadac germanelebisgan mas ruseTis jari icavda.
ruseTs Zvirad daujda rumineTis marcxi. aRmosavleTis fronti 50 kilometriT
gaizarda da rigis yuridan Sav zRvamde gadaiWima.
davaleba
1. ratom SeiZina gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mkvlelobam saraevoSi?
2. rogor gaaCaRes didma saxelmwifoebma msoflio omi?
3. romeli frontebi Seiqmna evropaSi 1914 wels?
4. Slifenis gegmis mixedviT, ra saxiTa da rogori TanmimdevrobiT unda ganxorcie
lebuliyo samxedro operaciebi?
5. romel wanamZRvrebs efuZneboda Slifenis gegma?
263
6. ratom ver ganxorcielda Slifenis gegma?
7. ra mniSvneloba hqonda pirvel msoflio oms iaponiisaTvis?
8. ra Sedegebi mohyva osmaleTis Cabmas omSi?
9. rogori iyo 1914 wlis samxedro kampaniis Sedegebi?
10. ratom gadmoitanes germanelebma 1915 wels omis simZimis centri aRmosavleTis
frontze?
11. rogori iyo brZolis Sedegebi germanelebisaTvis aRmosavleTis frontze?
12. rodis da sad gamoiyenes germanelebma momwamlavi nivTiereba?
13. ra Sedegi mohyva 1916 wels centraluri saxelmwifoebis mxareze bulgareTis omSi
Cabmas?
14. ra Sedegebi mohyva ruseTis jarebis Setevas samxreT-dasavleTis frontze?
1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucia ruseTSi. gaWianurebulma omma ruseTSi 1916 wli-
saTvis amoativtiva da gaamwvava didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili da gadauWreli
siZneleebi: glexebis mciremiwianoba, muSebis umZimesi SromiTi da yofiTi pirobebi,
TviTmpyrobelobis Savrazmuli damokidebuleba imperiaSi Semavali ararusi xalxebi-
sadmi, mosaxleobis politikuri uufleboba.
omiT gamowveulma sirTuleebma, transportisa da mrewvelobis moSlam, saTesi far-
Tobebis Semcirebam ukiduresad gaarTula armiisa da mosaxleobis sursaTiT momarageba.
264
qalaqebSi daiwyo mRelvareba, frontze da zurgSi Zlierdeboda jariskacebis uk-
mayofileba.
nikoloz II-is da misi garemocvis avtoriteti katastrofulad ecemoda ara mxo-
lod liberalur, aramed monarqistul wreebSic.
petrograds (pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg peterburgs ewoda petrogra-
di, araregularulad miewodeboda xorbali, rigebSi xangrZlivad dgomiT gawamebuli
mosaxleoba xSirad ver iRebda purs.
1917 wlis 23 Tebervlidan ruseTis dedaqalaqis mcxovreblebi quCebSi gamovid-
nen. isini awyobdnen demonstraciebs. demonstrantebi purs moiTxovdnen. Teber-
vlidan samxedro nawilebma demonstrantebis mxareze daiwyes gadasvla. policia
aRar uwevda winaaRmdegobas demonstraciebs, male petrogradi xalxis xelSi aR-
moCnda.
ruseTis gadasarCenad da armiis dasawynareblad fskovSi myof nikoloz II-s fron-
tebis sardlebma 1917 wlis 2 marts taxtidan gadadgoma mosTxoves. nikoloz II ga-
dadga.
Tavad lvovis xelmZRvanelobiT liberalebisagan Seiqmna ruseTis droebiTi mTa-
vroba. droebiT mTavrobaSi Sevida eseri (socialist-revolucioneri) kerenski.
peterburgis muSebma da jariskacebma airCies sabWo. sabWos aRmasrulebeli komi-
tetis Tavmjdomare gaxda social-demokrati (menSeviki) karlo CxeiZe.
male muSaTa da jariskacTa sabWoebi Seiqmna moskovsa da sxva qalaqebSi. mosax-
leobam miiRo beWdviTi sityvis, krebebis mowvevis, kavSirebis Camoyalibebis da sxva
demokratiuli Tavisuflebebi.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Cabma pirvel msoflio omSi. 1917 wlis Tebervlis
revoluciam daaCqara amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Cabma pirvel msoflio omSi.
gaurkveveli iyo, ramdenad brZolisunariani aRmoCndeboda ruseTis demokratiuli
saxelmwifo. gauZlebda igi omis siZneleebs? SeZlebda saboloo gamarjvebamde omis
miyvanas? ara da ruseTis omidan gamosvla mkveTrad Secvlida ZalTa Tanafardobas
germaniis sasargeblod.
aSS ki sisxlxorceulad iyo dainteresebuli germaniaze antantis gamarjvebiT,
radgan antantis damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi aSS kargavda didi britaneTisa da safrange-
TisaTvis micemul uzarmazar sesxebs da, rac mTavaria, adre Tu gvian mas mouxdeboda
msoflio pirvelobisaTvis araCveulebrivad gaZlierebul germaniasTan dapirispire-
ba.
aSS-ma germaniasTan omis dawyebis sababad gamoiyena berlinidan meqsikaSi gagzav-
nili saidumlo depeSa, romlis gaSifvris Sedegad irkveoda, rom germania meqsikas
aqezebda daewyo omi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg. aSS-is poziciaze ga-
rkveuli gavlena moaxdina germaniis mier warmoebulma wyalqveSa ommac. 1917 wlis 6
aprils aSS-ma omi gamoucxada germanias.
aSS-is armiis mobilizacias, gawvrTnas da evropaSi gadmoyvanas esaWiroeboda dro.
amitom amerika 1917 wels omis msvlelobaze gavlenas ver moaxdenda, magram 1918 wlis-
Tvis aSS-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebi antantis gamarjvebisaTvis udides mniSvnelobas
iZenda.
265
mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia antantam osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi. 1916 wels
ruseTis kavkasiis frontis jarebma win waiwies 250 kilometriT da daikaves erzerumi
da trapizoni, xolo 1917 wels ingliselebma aiRes baRdadi da ierusalimi.
266
Sevikebis mier Zalauflebis xelSi aRebas, peterburgis mosaxleobam ki pasiuri me-
Tvalyuris mdgomareoba daikava.
1917 wlis 25 oqtombris diliT leninma ruseTis moqalaqeebs auwya, rom droebiTi
mTavroba damxobilia da Seiqmna axali, sabWoTa mTavroba.
26 oqtombers Ramis 2 saaTze da 10 wuTze droebiTi mTavrobis wevrebi zamTris
sasaxleSi daapatimres. dapatimrebulTa Soris ar iyo kerenski, romelic qalaqgareT
imyofeboda da petrogradze laSqrobis mowyobas cdilobda. muSebma da jariskacebma
kerenskis 700-kaciani razmi ruseTis dedaqalaqSi ar SeuSves. bolSevikebma yovelgva-
ri msxverplis gareSe aiRes xelisufleba.
sabWoTa mTavrobam daiTxova ruseTis armia da germaniasTan dado droebiTi zavi,
romlis vada 1918 wlis 17 Tebervals iwureboda.
1918 wlis 3 martis brestis zavi da misi Sedegebi. sabWoTa xelisuflebis gansa-
mtkiceblad lenins aucileblad miaCnda germaniasa da mis mokavSireebTan zavis da-
deba, magram sabWoTa mTavrobis wevrTa umravlesobisTvis miuRebeli iyo 1917 wlis
noemberSi dawyebul brest-litovskis molaparakebis dros germaniis mier wamoyene-
buli moTxovna sabWoTa ruseTisaTvis CamoecilebinaT poloneTi, baltiispireTi da
fineTi. umravlesobas `msoflio revoluciis~ dawyebis imedi hqonda.
brest-litovskSi sabWoTa delegaciis xvelmZRvanelma trockim 1918 wlis 10 Te-
bervals ganacxada, rom ruseTi oms Sewyvets, magram xels ar moawers sazavo xel-
Sekrulebas.
1918 wlis 18 Tebervals daiwyo germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis Seteva ruseTze.
isini winaaRmdegobas ar xvdebodnen da swrafad miiwevdnen win.
sabWoTa ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda 1918 wlis 3 marts xeli moewera umZimes zavze
germaniasa da mis mokavSireebTan. sazavo xelSekrulebiT, sabWoTa ruseTs xeli unda
aeRo poloneTze, baltiispireTze, fineTze, belorusiasa da ukrainaze. masve unda
gadaexada kontribucia.
brestis zavis dadebis Semdeg sabWoTa ruseTSi bolSevikebis erTpartiuli diqta-
tura damyarda.
1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelom, ramdenime dReSi somxeTma da azerbaijanmac gamo-
acxades damoukidebloba.
rumineTi iZulebuli gaxda 1918 wlis maisSi daedo zavi germaniasa da mis mokavSi-
reebTan. buqarestis zaviT, rumineTi kargavda dobrujas (mdinare dunais, Sav zRvasa
da bulgareTs Soris mdebare teritorias). sanacvlod germania mas sabWoTa ruseTis-
gan miRebul besarabias (moldovas) uTmobda.
267
da frangebis damarcxeba. germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis armiebsa da mosaxleobas
unergavdnen rwmenas: gazafxulze Seteva, zafxulSi gamarjveba da zavi.
gadamwyveti gamarjvebis mosapoveblad germanelebma dasavleTis frontze 1918
wlis 27 martidan 17 ivlisamde ganaxorcieles oTxi didi samxedro operacia, magram
araqaTgamoclil germanias dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad Zala aRar gaaCnda. oTxive
SeteviTi operacia warumateblad damTavrda.
1918 wlis 18 ivlisidan kontrSetevaze gadavidnen frangebi, maT SeuerTdnen in-
gliselebi, seqtembridan ki amerikelebi. germanelebi ZlivZlivobiT akavebdnen
mowinaaRmdegeTa Setevebs.
268
omis msvlelobaSi antantam moaxdina 50 milionamde adamianis mobilizeba, germa-
niam da misma mokavSireebma ki 25 milionze meti adamianisa.
uzarmazari iyo adamianTa danakargi: sul 13 milioni gardacvlili, maTgan 1 390
000 safrangeTis mxares da TiTqmis 2 milioni germaniis mxares; milionobiT da-
Wrili, dainvalidebuli, samudamod daavadebulni. materialuri danakargi mniSv-
nelovani iyo: marto safrangeTSi sruliad Tu nawilobriv 700 000-ze meti Senoba
daingra, 2 milioni heqtari miwa gamousadegari gaxda soflis meurneobisTvis, Cr-
diloeTSi maRaroebi wyliT daifara. omis finansuri xarjis gamoTvla cifrebiT
Zalze rTulia. saxelmwifos valma, ganmeorebiTi sesxebis Sedegad, yvelgan gamolia
biujeti.
mcire ram Seicvala dasavleTiT: safrangeTma daibruna alzas-loreni (elzas-
-loTaringia); belgiam Seimata ori mcire teritoria, eupeni da malmedi; daniam mii-
Ro Slezvigi. samagierod centraluri da aRmosavleT evropa mTlianad Seicvala:
avstria-ungreTi gaqra; `polonuri derefnis~ Camoyalibebis Sedegad germania orad
gaiyo; ruseTs CamoeWra dasavleTis regionebi; gaCnda axali qveynebi: avstria, ungre-
Ti, Cexoslovakia, poloneTi, fineTi, baltiispireTis qveynebi; mniSvnelovnad gaizar-
da sxva qveynebi: serbia, romelic iugoslaviad gadaiqca, da rumineTi.
pirvelma msoflio omma zogierT qveyanaSi Seqmna pirobebi totalitaruli, uaR-
resad agresiuli teroristuli diqtaturis dasamyareblad.
269
daewyoT ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba germaniis daxmarebis imediT. am winadadebas
mxari ar dauWires social-demokratebma. ZalTa arsebuli Tanafardobis pirobeb-
Si, maT ajanyebis idea unayofod CaTvales. amave dros, social-demokratebi eWvis
TvaliT uyurebdnen germaniisagan daxmarebis miRebis SesaZleblobas. maT skeptikur
pozicias sxva faqtoric ganapirobebda _ ruseTis social-demokratiuli partiis
qarTveli warmomadgenlebisTvis brZolis mTavar mizans ruseTis imperiis socia-
listur saxelmwifod gardaqmna warmoadgenda da ara saqarTvelos damoukideblo-
ba. gansxvavebuli iyo qarTveli socialist-federalistebisa da erovnul-demokra-
tebis pozicia. maT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena swored germaniis gamar-
jvebiT warmoedginaT.
XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis asparezs TandaTan
tovebda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mesveurTa ufrosi Taoba. 1912
wels gardaicvala iakob gogebaSvili. eris did moamages, qarTuli enis amagdar
qomags xalxma samudamo gansasvenebeli mTawmindaze miuCina. 1913 wels gardaicvala
arCil jorjaZe. 1915 wlis 25 ianvars sofel sxvitorSi samudamod dadumda akakis
qnari. poeti didi pativiT dakrZales mTawmindaze. 1915 welsve wminda ninos saxe-
lobis lazareTSi (axla iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis
Senoba) gardaicvala vaJa-fSavela. `jer kidev ar gacivebula didebuli akakis sa-
flavi, rom Cveni poeziis sakurTxevelze Caqra meore brwyinvale lampari, is lampa-
ri fSav-xevsureTis mwvervalTagan uxv naTels fenda mTel saqarTvelos. gafrinda
`mTis arwivi~. vaJa mogvikvda fSavela!~ _ Tqva gamosaTxovar sityvaSi korneli
kekeliZem.
davaleba
1. ratom daiwyo germaniam daundobeli wyalqveSa omi da ramdenad gaamarTla man?
2. imsjeleT 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciaze ruseTSi.
3. ratom Caeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi omSi antantis mxareze?
4. rogori iyo omis msvleloba 1917 wels?
5. ra pirobebSi daido brestis zavi; ra Sedegebi mohyva mas?
6. daaxasiaTeT 1918 wlis omis msvleloba dasavleTis frontze.
7. rodis dazavdnen antantis saxelmwifoebi bulgareTTan, TurqeTTan, avstria-ung
reTTan?
8. ra pirobebiT da rodis daido zavi germaniasTan?
270
testi #14
I. teqstis Sesworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
271
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
272
11. saboloo zavi germaniasTan daido
a) 1918 wlis oqtomberSi; g) 1918 wlis noemberSi;
b) 1918 wlis seqtemberSi; d) 1918 wlis dekemberSi.
273
kiTxvebi:
______________________________________ (1 qula)
______________________________________ (1 qula)
______________________________________ (1 qula)
______________________________________ (1 qula)
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
ruseTis imperiis maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa nawili I msoflio omSi ruseTis mo-
nawileobis momxre iyo, meore nawili ko mowinaaRmdege.
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
274
XV Tavi. saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublika
davaleba
1. imsjeleT, ramdenad xelsayreli momenti iyo Tebervlis revoluciis Semdgomi pe-
riodi erovnuli damoukideblobis sakiTxis dasayeneblad.
2. ganmarteT da SeafaseT saqarTveloSi moqmedi partiebis politikuri mrwamsi.
3. axseniT, rogor gesmiT eklesiis avtokefalia erovnuli da avtokefalia terito-
riuli mniSvnelobiT da imsjeleT, ratom gaaprotesta qarTulma eklesiam rusu-
li mxaris Sesworeba avtokefaliis erovnuli mniSvnelobiT aRiarebaze?
4. imsjeleT qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis mniSvne-
lobaze.
ganmarteba
saxalxo komisarTa sabWo _ ruseTis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respu-
blikis (rsfsr) mTavrobis saxelwodeba 1917-dan 1946 wlamde.
saxalxo komisari _ oqtombris gadatrialebis Sedegad Seqmnili sabWoTa mTavrobis
(saxalxo komisarTa sabWos) wevrebi, ministrebi, romlebic xelmZRvanelobdnen
saxalxo komisariatebs (saministroebs).
1878 wlis berlinis traqtati _ saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelic gaformda
1878 1(13) ivliss berlinis kongresze. traqtatma ruseTisaTvis sazianod Secvala
adre xelmowerili san-stefanos xelSekrulebis pirobebi.
277
1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialeba da saqarTvelo. 1917 wlis Tebervlis demokra-
tiuli revoluciis Semdeg ruseTSi TandaTan mwvavdeboda politikuri krizisi. dro-
ebiT mTavrobas xalxSi ar hqonia avtoriteti, radgan igi praqtikulad ver wyvetda
qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebis praqtikul amocanebs, amasTan kvlav grZeldebo-
da omi da sameurneo ngreva.
1917 wlis 25 oqtomberis gadatrialebis Sedegad ruseTSi sabWoTa wyobilebam gai-
marjva.
amierkavkasiis demokratiulma partiebma (bolSevikebis garda) oqtombris gada-
trialeba Zaladobad monaTles da mis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi mosul Zalebs sruli
undobloba gamoucxades.
1917 wlis 19 noembers TbilisSi muSaobas Seudga sruliad saqarTvelos pirveli
erovnuli yriloba, romelsac 329 sruluflebiani delegati eswreboda.
erovnuli yrilobis Tavmjdomareoba noe Jordanas daekisra. manve gaakeTa mTavari
moxseneba. qarTvel social-demokratTa lideri moxsenebaSi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda,
rom `misi prioriteti didi rusuli saxelmwifos SenarCuneba iyo~.
yrilobam moiwona da miesalma TavadaznaurTa sakrebulos patriotul gadawyveti-
leba, usasyidlod gadaeca saxelmwifosTvis maT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwebi. yrilobam
airCia `erovnuli sabWo~, Camoayaliba seqciebi, Seqmna aRmasrulebeli komiteti. ero-
vnuli sabWos da misi aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomared noe Jordania airCies.
amrigad, saqarTvelos erovnuli yriloba iyo meore umniSvnelovanesi movlena sa-
qarTvelos damoukideblobis gzaze; xolo am yrilobaze arCeuli saqarTvelos erov-
nuli sabWo ki am damoukideblobis Semzadebis mesveuri da sulisCamdgmeli.
oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg ruseTSi gaurkvevloba da anarqia sufevda. ru-
seTis demokratiulad ganwyobili mosaxleobis didi nawili damfuZnebeli krebis
mowvevis molodinSi iyo. 1918 wlis 6 ianvars gaixsna damfuZnebeli kreba. es misi
pirveli da ukanaskneli Sekreba iyo. krebam imTaviTve Seurigebeli pozicia daika-
va bolSevikebis mimarT, riTac maTi guliswyroma gamoiwvia. gadatrialebis Sedegad
xelisuflebaSi mosulma bolSevikebma sayovelTaod arCeuli damfuZnebeli krebis
deputatebi naZaladevad garekes. es ise moxda, rom samxreT kavkasiidan arCeulma de-
putatebma, irakli wereTlis garda, sxdomaze daswrebac ki ver moaswres.
`amierkavkasiis komisariatSi~ SemuSavda marTebuli azri garekili damfuZnebeli
krebis samxreT kavkasiaSi arCeuli deputatebisagan Seqmniliyo adgilobrivi saka-
nonmdeblo organo. 1918 wlis 22 ianvars Sedga am deputatebis pirveli sxdoma, ro-
melsac 26 kaci eswreboda. dadginda am SemadgenlobiT Camoyalibebuliyo `amierkavka-
siis seimi~ (igive parlamenti) da misi mowvevis dRed 1918 wlis 10 Tebervali dainiSna.
278
TbilisSi ruseT-osmaleTis garigebis Sesaxeb sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa
ministris moadgilis l. karaxanis depeSis Sedegad zavis xelmoweramde erTi dRiT
adre, ukve 2 marts Seityves. imave dRes amierkavkasiis seimisa da mTavrobis saxeliT
nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZem da evgeni gegeWkorma protesti ganacxades da yvela qveyanas
acnobes, rom ar cnobdnen brest-litovskis zavis ukanono gadawyvetilebas.
1918 wlis 10 marts TurqeTma amierkavkasiis mTavrobas mosTxova daecala zaviT
miTiTebuli teritoria da iq Tavisi jarebis Seyvana daiwyo. amierkavkasiis mxri-
dan TurqeTma arsebuli problemebis diplomatiuri gzebiT gadaWris winadadeba mii-
Ro. 14 marts trapizonSi daiwyo sazavo konferencia. TurqeTis mxare molaparakebis
winapirobad brestis xelSekrulebiT miTiTebuli teritoriebs daclas moiTxovda.
amasTan, TurqeTi amierkavkasiis mTavrobasTan molaparakebas SesaZleblad Tvlida
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba iuridiulad iq-
neboda aRiarebuli. amierkavkasiis seimma delegacia ukan gaiwvia. trapizonis konfe-
renciaze Sesveneba gamocxadda, rac realurad mis CaSlas niSnavda. TiTqmis erTi Tvis
ganmavlobaSi diplomatiuri brZolebiT gadaRlili amierkavkasiis sazavo delegacia
TbilisSi dabrunda. sapasuxod TurqeTis jarebi winsvlas ganagrZnobdnen. saqarTve-
los mcirericxovani armia ver axerxebda dampyrobTa moZalebis SeCerebas. Turqebma
baTumi da ozurgeTi daikaves. qveynis mTlianad okupaciis safrTxe savsebiT realuri
iyo. aseT viTarebaSi, seimi iZulebuli Seiqna 1918 wlis 22 aprils amierkavkasiis da-
moukidebloba gamoecxadebina. aseve garkveuli cvlilebi moxda amierkavkasiis fede-
raciul mTavrobaSic. mas saTaveSi akaki Cxenkeli Caudga. manve SeiTavsa sagareo saqme-
Ta ministris postic. imave dRes gadawyda TurqeTTan sazavo molaparakebis ganaxleba
baTumSi.
trapizonis molaparakebis CaSlidan baTumis konferenciamde erTi Tve gavida. am
periodSi TurqeTi SeuCerebliv axorcielebda Tavis adrindel Canafiqrs _ samxreT
saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebas.
baTumSi amerkavkasiis delegacia ganaxlebuli saxiT Cavida. misi xelmZRvaneli
kvlav akaki Cxenkeli iyo. konferenciam mxolod erTi sxdoma gamarTa.
am droisaTvis amierkavkasias imdenad uWirda, rom mTavroba daTanxmda ecno bres-
tis sazavo pirobebi da mis safuZvelze warmarTuliyo molaparakeba. magram Turqe-
Tis mxare am warmatebas ukve aRar sjerdeboda; igi axal-axal pretenziebs ayenebda,
romelTac, saboloo jamSi, TurqeTis mier saqarTvelos okupacia unda mohyoloda.
`amierkavkasiis seimSi~ politikur partiaTa dapirispireba zavis sakiTxma uki-
duresobamde gaamwvava. azerbaijanuli musavaturi partia aqezebda TurqTa dampyro-
blur RonisZiebebs da kavkasiis muslimur mosaxleobaSi TurqeTTan amierkavkasiis
SeerTebis propagandas eweoda. sakuTari teritoriuli pretenziebi hqondaT seimSi
moRvawe somxuri daSnakuri partiis warmomadgenlebsac. aRsaniSnavia, rom baTumis
konferenciaSi Suamavlis statusiT germaniis delegaciac monawileobda.
arsebul kritikul situaciaSi saWiro iyo drouli da energiuli qmedebebi. saqar-
Tvelos gadarCenis iniciativa xelSi erovnulma sabWom aiRo. 19 maiss akaki Cxenkelma
oficialurad mimarTa germaniis delegaciis xelmZRvanels general otto herman fon-
-losovs Careuliyo amierkavkasia-osmaleTis davaSi, razedac dadebiTi pasuxi miiRo.
meore dResve baTumSi saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomare noe Jorda-
nia Cavida da akaki CxenkelTan erTad molaparakeba gamarTa germaniis delegacis Ta-
vkacTan, romlisganac mxardaWeris myari garantiebi miiRo. amis Semdeg noe Jordania
saswrafod dabrunda TbilisSi. Seqmnil viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT noe Jordania mo-
gvianebiT werda: `dRis wesrigSi daisva saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba.
es iyo sruliad moulodneli, arasodes ar gaTvaliswinebuli ambavi. misi gatareba
Cvens revoluciur organizaciebSi gaxda did Tavsamtvrev amocanad. am misiiT dav-
brundi TbilisSi~.
279
am situaciaSi erovnuli sabWos warmomadgenlebis germaniaze orientaciis aReba
qveynis gadasarCenad gakeTebuli erTaderTi swori arCevani iyo. qarTvel diplomat-
Ta marTebuli varaudiT germanias im momentSi TurqeTis Semakavebeli roli unda
Seesrulebina. germaniis baTumis sazavo molaparakebaSi Careva TurqeTis mxarem pir-
velad ukanonod aRiara, magram ver SeZlo Zlieri partniorisaTvis winaaRmdegoba
bolomde gaewia.
saqarTvelos germaniasTan urTierTobas myari safuZveli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
eqneboda, Tu saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifod Camoyalibdeboda.
1918 wlis 26 maiss TurqeTma amierkavkasiis federaciul mTavrobas wauyena ul-
timatumi 72 saaTis ganmavlobaSi gadaewyvita axali sazRvrebis, saqarTvelos teri-
toriaze TurqeTis jarebis gatarebis da samxreT kavkasiaSi referendumis Taobaze
Tanxmobis sakiTxi.
amierkavkasiis seimi 26 maisis dilis sxdomaze daiSala. 5 saaTisaTvis ki dainiSna
saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos gafarToebuli sxdoma. sxdoma noe Jordaniam gaxsna
gancxadebiT: `moqalaqeno! dRes Tqven aq mowame iyaviT erTi istoriulis da imave
dros traRikuli aqtisa. am darbazSi mokvda erTi saxelmwifo da ai axla, amave dar-
bazSi, eyreba safuZveli meore saxelmwifos~.
mokle Sesavali sityvis Semdeg man waikiTxa `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti~
da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamoacxada. `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti~
xelmoweriT erovnuli sabWos wevrebma da sxva gamoCenilma warmomadgenlebma daadas-
tures. aqts asze metma erovnulma moRvawem moawera xeli.
mefisnacvlis sasaxlesTan, sadac erovnuli sabWos sxdoma tardeboda, uamravi
xalxi Sekrebiliyo.
damswre sazogadoebas damoukideblobis aqtis teqsti ivane zurabiSvilma gaacno.
xalxi didi sixaruliT Sexvda saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis aRdgenas. saxalxo
zeimi gvian Ramemde gagrZelda.
davaleba
1. Tqveni azriT, SeiZleba Tu ara CaiTvalos amierkavkasiis komisariatisa da seimis
Seqmna damoukideblobisaken gadadgmul nabijad.
2. SeafaseT qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis iniciativa.
3. imsjeleT, ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo `erovnuli sabWos~ Seqmna saqarTvelos da-
moukideblobisaTvis.
4. SeafaseT brest-litovskis zavis pirobebi ruseTisa da amierkavkasiisaTvis.
5. SeafaseT TurqeTis miznebi saqarTvelos mimarT. imsjeleT, ramdenad daicavda
TurqeTis okupaciisagan saqarTvelos brest-litovskis zavis pirobebis gaziare-
ba.
6. imsjeleT, ratom iyo mniSvnelovani germania-saqarTvelos politikuri urTier-
TobisaTvis saqarTvelos damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamocxadeba.
280
$3. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saSinao politika
281
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebma sazogadoebaSi sakmaod didi interesi gamoiwvia.
masSi monawileobda15 politikuri partia da organizacia. qveynis umaRles saka-
nonmdeblo organoSi social-demokratebma yvelaze meti deputati gaiyvanes. maT 130
adgilidan 109 mandati moipoves. erovnul-demokratebma da socialist-federalis-
tebma rva-rva adgili gadainawiles, xolo socialist-revolucionerebi 5 mandats
dasjerdnen.
damfuZnebeli krebis pirveli sxdoma Sedga 1919 wlis 12 marts. krebis Tavmjdo-
mared airCies social-demokrati, gamocdili politikosi da parlamentari nikoloz
(karlo) CxeiZe. krebam Camoayaliba oTxi mudmivi komisia: saredaqcio, sareglamento,
sakonstitucio da safinanso-sabiujeto.
krebis pirvelsave sxdomaze ucvlelad damtkicda `saqarTvelos damoukideblo-
bis aqti~, romlis safuZvelzec 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukidebloba
gamocxadda. mas xeli moawera damfuZnebeli krebis yvela damswre deputatma. damfuZ-
nebelma krebam daamtkica axali mTavroba. Tavmjdomared kvlav noe Jordania iqna ar-
Ceuli. sagareo saqmeTa da iusticiis ministris portfeli evgeni gegeWkors Cabarda.
Sinagan saqmeTa, saxalxo ganaTlebisa da samxedro ministri _ noe ramiSvili gaxda.
aseve mTavrobis wevrebi gaxdnen: noe xomeriki _ miwaTmoqmedebis, Sromisa da gzaTa
ministri, konstantine kandelaki _ finansTa da vaWroba- mrewvelobis ministri.
1921 wlis 21 Tebervals damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo saqarTvelos pirveli kons-
titucia.
saqarTvelos konstituctia Sedgeboda 17 Tavisa da 149 muxlisgan. zogadi debu-
lebebis Semdeg igi akanonebda respublikis moqalaqeobas da mis uflebebs, parlamen-
tis prerogativas, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis movaleobas, sasamarTlo xelisu-
flebis Sinaarss anu masSi mkafiod iyo asaxuli xelisuflebis danawilebis demokra-
tiuli principi.
Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo daaxloebiT 126 kanoni.
maT Soris: moqalaqeobis, adgilobriv organoTa arCevnebis, qveynis Tavdacvis or-
ganizaciis, agraruli, sasamarTlo organizaciis, erovnul umciresobaTa, saxalxo
ganaTlebis organoebis gaerovnulebis Sesaxeb.
qveyanaSi TviTmmarTvelobis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiTac gadaidga seriozuli
nabijebi. Seiqmna erobebi da saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobebi. isini uSualod axorcie-
lebdnen adgilebze mmarTvelobas. xelisuflebis survili iyo centrsa da periferie-
bs Soris Zalaufleba Tanabrad gadanawilebuliyo.
saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis periodi gamoirCeoda erovnuli energiis aR-
mavlobiT. swored am dros moxda skolebis gaerovnuleba, qarTuli universitetis
(SemdgomSi ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis), Tbi-
lisis konservatoriis daarseba.
saqarTveloSi bevrjer iyo erovnuli universitetis daarsebis mcdeloba, Tumca
carizmis rusifikatoruli reJimis pirobebSi es mcdelobani warumateblobisaTvis
iyo ganwiruli. didi mecnieri ivane javaxiSvili jer kidev 900-iani wlebidan amzade-
bda qarTuli umaRlesi saswavleblis gaxsnas.
1918 wlis 26 ianvars, saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos mxardaWeriT, sazeimod gaixs-
na qarTuli universiteti. niSandoblivia, rom universitetis gaxsna daemTxva daviT
aRmaSeneblis xsenebis dRes. pirvel reqtorad petre meliqiSvili airCies. univer-
sitetis profesorebi iyvnen: eqvTime TayaiSvili, Salva nucubiZe, dimitri uznaZe,
andria razmaZe, akaki SaniZe, giorgi axvlediani, korneli kekeliZe da sxvebi.
respublikis mTavrobam universiteti, romelic kerZo saswavlebels warmoadgen-
da, 1918 wlis 3 seqtembers, avtonomiis sruli SenarCunebiT, saxelmwifo universite-
tad gadaakeTa.
`qarTuli samusiko sazogadoebis~ TaosnobiT daarsda Tbilisis konservatoria.
282
saintereso saxeebiT iyo warmoCenili imdroindeli saxviTi xelovneba. mxatvarTa
Zvel Taobas axalgazrdebic Seematnen, Tavisi xelweriT gamoirCeodnen lado gudiaS-
vili, daviT kakabaZe, elene axvlediani da sxvebi. mniSvnelovani iyo axalgazrda mxa-
tvrebis parizSi mivlineba. saintereso fenomenad warmoCnda TviTnaswavli mxatvari
niko firosmanaSvili (firosmani), romelic Semdgom mTel msoflioSi aRiares.
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda Teatraluri cxovreba. mniSvnelovani roli iTa-
maSa parizidan dabrunebulma giorgi jabadarma, romelic saTaveSi Caudga qarTul
Teatralur studias. stabilurad muSaobdnen quTaisisa da baTumis Teatrebi.
283
1919 wlis 13 Tebervals airCies afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo, romlis Tavmjdomare
gaxda arzayan (dimitri) emuxvari. igi male afxazeTis mTavrobas (komisariats) Caudga
saTaveSi, xolo misi adgili varlam ServaSiZem daikava. am sabWoSi yvela rodi idga
erT poziciaze, magram proqarTuli Zalebi umravlesobaSi iyvnen da swored maTi Za-
lisxmeviT 1919 wlis 20 marts miiRes `aqti afxazeTis avtonomiis Sesaxeb~.
aseve mosagvarebeli iyo e.w. `saxreT oseTis~, anu igive samaCablos problema. mTa-
vroba maT sTavazobda, msoflioSi arsebuli standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kultu-
rul-nacionalur avtonomias. sabWoTa ruseTi aqtiurad ereoda saqarTvelos saSinao
saqmeebSi. is osebs aqezebda saqarTvelos mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego ZirgamomTxreli
saqmianobaSi da sanacvlod jildod politikur-teritoriul avtonomias pirdeboda.
swored am mizniT Crdiloeli mezobeli os separatistebs uxvad amaragebda iaraRiTa
da sxva sabrZolo masalebiT. maTi mizani saqrTvelodan gamoyofa da ruseTTan Se-
erTeba iyo. am periodSi osebma, kremlis miTiTebiT, sami seriozuli SeiaraRebuli
gamosvla moawyves.
aqedan yvelaze mZime Sedegebi mohyva 1920 wels ganxorcielebul amboxebas. aSkara
iyo qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofis mcdeloba. ajanyebis CaxSoba mTa-
vrobam valiko juRelis xelmZRvanelobiT saxalxo gvardias daavala. sxvadasxva
wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom am samxedro operaciis ganxorcielebisas qarTuli Sena-
erTi zedmeti simkacriTac ki moqmedebda. ajanyeba CaaxSves.
ajanyebis likvidaciis Semdeg samaCablos osuri mosaxleobis nawili (ZiriTadad
SeiarRebuli dajgufebis wevrebi) CrdiloeT oseTSi gaixizna. amdenad `samxreT ose-
Tis~ avtonomiis sakiTxi dRis wesrigidan moixsna.
qveynis mTavrobisaTvis aseve mniSvnelovani iyo aWaris (`samuslimano saqarTve-
los~) problemis gadawyveta.
1918 wlis 4 ivnisis baTumis xelSekrulebis Sedegad saqarTvelos axlad Seqmnili
damoukidebeli respublika iZulebuli gaxda TurqebisaTvis axalcixisa da axalqa-
laqis mazrebic daeTmo. osmaleTis xelisuflebam samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi
Caatara referendumi. igi seriozuli darRvevebiT Catarda da Turqebma maTTvis sa-
surveli Sedegi miiRes. saqarTvelos mTavrobam referendumis Sedegebi ukanonod Ca-
Tvala da TurqeTis mTavrobas protestiT mimarTa. male inglisTan dadebuli mudro-
sis zavis Sedegad (1919 w.) Turqebi iZulebulni gaxdnen okupirebuli teritoriebi
saswrafod daecalaT.
1918 wlis noemberSi samcxeSi adgilobrivma begebma Seqmnes `axalcixis mTavroba~
da misi saqarTvelosgan gamoyofac moindomes. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis davalebiT
generalma abel mayaSvilma axalcixis mxareSi maleve aRadgina wesrigi. adgilobriv
miwaTmflobelebs antisamTavrobo qmedebebisaken server-beg aTabagi mouwodebda.
igi iyo samcxis aTabagTa ukanaskneli warmomadgeneli. serveri cdilobda am mxareSi
`qarTvelobis~ niSanwyali moespo da es ZirZveli qarTuli miwebi TurqeTisTvis mie-
erTebina.
1919 wels gamocxadda e.w.`yarsis respublikis~ (igive samxreT-dasavleT kavka-
siis) mTavroba. axlad gamomcxvari respublika Tavis kuTvnil teritoriad yarsis,
ardaganisa da baTumis olqebs moiazrebda. imave wlis ianvris bolos server-begma
seriozuli ajanyeba wamoiwyo. amboxebulebma SeZles axalcixis aReba. saqarTvelos
mTavrobam am gamocdasac gauZlo. qarTulma jarma general giorgi kvinitaZis sar-
dlobiT separatistuli Zalebi gaanadgura da axalcixe da axalqalaqi daibruna.
aWaraSi antiqarTul qmedebebs zRvari 1919 wlis 31 agvistoss baTumSi mowveulma qar-
Tvel mahmadianTa warmomadgenlebis yrilobam daudo. igi `samuslimano saqarTvelos
ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis~ mier iqna mowveuli. yrilobam miiRo rezolucia,
sadac sagangebod iyo aRniSnuli, rom `amieridan da samaradisod baTumi da baTumis
olqi SeuerTdes Tavis bunebriv samSoblos, saqarTvelos respublikas~.
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davaleba
1. SeafaseT saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samxedro reforma da misi
mniSvneloba.
2. SeafaseT mis mier ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad gatarebuli Ro-
nisZiebebi; romels miiCnevT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad?
3. SeafaseT saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis damokidebuleba erovnuli umcire-
sobebis mimarT.
4. gansazRvreT, ramdenad mwvaved idga afxazeTis problema demokratiuli mTavrobis
winaSe da SeafaseT mis mosagvareblad gatarebuli RonisZiebebi.
5. ganmarteT da SeafaseT kremlis roli samaCablos problemis gamwvavebaSi.
6. imsjeleT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda qarTvel mahmadianTa yrilobis mowvevas baTumSi
da mis mier SemuSavebul rezolucias.
285
toves amierkavkasia. mudrosis zaviT, TurqeTsac unda gaeyvana samxedro nawilebi
amierkavkasiaSi mitacebuli teritoriidan. amierkavkasia inglisis gavlenis zonaSi
aRmoCnda. 1918 wlis dekemberSi baqosa da baTumSi inglisis armiis nawilebi Sevidnen.
damoukideblobis mopovebis eqvsi Tvis Semdeg saqarTvelos sagareo politika, misi
bed-iRbali arsebiTad inglis-safrangeTze aRmoCnda damokidebuli. amiT evropasTan
siaxlovis miswrafeba ar Secvlila. saqarTvelo, rogorc damoukidebeli subieqti,
CaerTo evropuli politikuri cxovrebis orbitaSi, amieridan misi momavali parizis
sazavo konferenciis gadawyvetilebebze iyo damokidebuli.
saqarTvelos sakiTxi `erTa ligaSi~. `erTa liga~ Seiqmna 1920 wels aSS-is prezi-
dentis vudro vilsonis iniciativiT. `erTa ligis~ wevroba sagareo usafrTxoebis
mxriv saimedo garantia iyo saqarTvelosaTvis. amitom iyo, rom saqarTvelos dele-
gaciam parizSi miiRo gadawyvetileba, radac unda dajdomoda, mieRwia `erTa ligaSi
gawevrianebisaTvis. am axlad Seqmnil saerTaSoriso organizaciis prezidiums saqar-
Tvelos delegaciam memorandumi warudgina.
dokumenti gansaxilvelad gadaeca specialur komisias, romelsac norvegiis war-
momadgeneli, cnobili mkvlevari doqtori fritiof nanseni Tavmjdomareobda.
komisiam Seiswavla dokumentTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi da igi gansaxilvelad
gaitana 1920 wlis 16 dekembers Semdgar `erTa ligis~ yrilobaze. TviT fritiof nan-
287
seni, agreTve, samxreT afrikis warmomadgeneli lord rober sesili mxars uWerdnen
saqarTvelos miRebas `erTa ligaSi~ da `bolSevikuri safrTxisagan~ mis dacvas moi-
Txovdnen. inglisis warmomadgeneli herbert fiSeri ki eWvs gamoTqvamda, rom `erTa
ligas~ ar hqonda SesaZlebloba materialurad daxmareboda `ruseTis sazRvarze myof
am mamac patara saxelmwifos~ da yrilobas urCevda misi miRebisagan Tavi Seekavebina.
`erTa ligis~ 24 wevridan saqarTevlos miRebas mxari mxolod aTma dauWira.
momavalSi sakiTxi kvlav unda dasmuliyo. manam saqarTvelos ufleba eZleoda mo-
nawileoba mieRo `erTa ligis~ saerTo xasiaTis teqnikur organizaciebSi.
davaleba
1. rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad iyo SesaZlebeli saqarTvelos mier gamocxadebuli
sruli neitralitetis aRiareba ucxo saxelmwifoTagan da misi SenarCuneba?
2. ra saxis problemebis warmoSoba iyo mosalodneli saqarTvelos, somxeTsa da azer-
baijans Soris, mas Semdeg rac isini damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibdnen?
3. ra roli ekisreboda germanias saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis sagareo
politikaSi?
4. istorikosebi miiCneven, rom 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis `saidumlo oqmi~
damRupveli aRmoCnda respublikis usafrTxoebisaTvis, ratom?
5. Tqveni azriT, ra mniSvneloba eqneboda ruseTTan gaformebul xelSekrulebas sa-
qarTvelos damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso aRiarebisaTvis?
6. Seafase erTa ligis 1920 wlis 16 dekembris gadawyvetileba da misi mniSvneloba
saqarTvelosaTvis.
ganmarteba
rkp (b) _ ruseTis komunisturi partia (bolSevikuri).
kavbiuro _ kavkasiis biuro.
1920 wlis 20 ivniss TbilisSi Camovida sabWoTa ruseTis saelCo s. kirovis meTau-
robiT. es saelCo 400-ze met TanamSromels aerTianebda, rac Cveulebrivi diplomatu-
ri urTierTobisaTvis uCveulo movlena iyo.
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis brZolis mTavar Stabs im droisaTvis
warmoadgenda baqo, sadac moTavsebuli iyo rkp (b) kavbiuro da me-11 armiis samxedro
revoluciuri sabWo. am organoebs jer kidev 1920 wlis aprilSi, baqoSi sabWoTa xeli-
suflebis damyarebisTanave ewadaT Tbilisisaken gamolaSqreba. am mizniT gamoiwvies
288
kidec sasazRvro incidentebi, magram es mcdelobebi warumatebeli gamodga. samxedro
revoluciuri sabWos wevrs sergo orjonikiZes imdenad eCqareboda saqarTveloSi wi-
Teli armiis Semosvla, rom saqarTvelo-ruseTis xelSekrulebis gaformebac ar aZ-
levda xels. amitomac iyo, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobis specialuri warmomadgenlis,
grigol urataZis rostovidan moskovSi gamgzavrebas yvelanairad abrkolebda.
rkp (b) kavbiurom saqarTveloSi wiTeli jarebis Seyvana 1920 wlis noemberSi,
somxeTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave moiwadina, magram leninma da tro-
ckim es aqcia, saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT, maSin mizanSeuwonlad CaTvales. 1921 wlis
ianvris damdegs s. orjonikiZe da s. kirovi, kavbiuros saxeliT rkp (b) centralur
komitets kvlav udgenen moxsenebas saqarTvelos dauyovneblivi gasabWoebis Sesaxeb.
XI armiis sardlobas ukve hqonda saqarTvelos dapyrobis gegma, rac lenins 1920 w. 18
dekembers waredgina. kavbiuros pozicias erTgulad icavda i. stalini.
1921 wlis TebervalSi kremlisaTvis xelsayreli dro dadga: wiTelma armiam da-
savleTiT moigeria poloneTis Seteva, xolo samxreTSi daamarcxa vrangelis armia.
amasTan momzadda savaWro xelSekruleba inglisTan. inglisis premierma loid jorj-
ma saqarTvelos sakiTxi sabWoTa ruseTis saSinao saqmed CaTvala.
Tebervlis Sua ricxvebisaTvis rkp (b) politbiuro mTlianad iziarebda damouki-
debel demokratiul saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis azrs. 15 Tebervlis TariRiT i. sta-
linma s. orjonikiZes gaugzavna qarTulad daSifruli depeSa `axlave Seutie, dastu-
ria, aiRe qalaqi~.
saqarTvelos okupaciis gegma winaswar iyo dagegmili da igi azerbaijanisa da
somxeTis dapyrobis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samxedro
operacia saidumlod da didi sifrTxiliT mzaddeboda.
davaleba
1. rogor fiqrobT, raze miuTiTebda ruseTis saelCos TanamSromelTa simravle sa-
qarTveloSi.
2. imsjeleT, ratom CaTvala sabWoTa ruseTma saWirod saqarTvelos okupaciisaTvis
adgilobrivi mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego gamosvlis inscenireba.
3. SeafaseT damfuZvnebeli krebis sapasuxo moqmedebebi ruseTis agresiaze.
4. SeafaseT saqarTvelos demokratiuli republikis mTavroba, romelmac aWaris
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT okupantebTan molaparakeba awarmoa.
5. rogor fiqrobT, ratom ar aRiara qarTulma mxarem kapitulacia?
6. SeafaseT sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis faqti da misi Sedegi.
290
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
ajanyebis inscenireba lores olqSi _ 1921 w. 11 Tebervali
wiTeli armiis Semosvla TbilisSi _ 1921 w. 25 Tebervali
quTaisis molaparakeba _ 1921 w. 17-18 marti
291
mzadeba quTaisze gasalaSqreblad. svaneTidan ajanyeba raWa-leCxumsac gadaedo. mo-
salodneli iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos erTiani amboxi, manam ki, vidre daiwyeboda
saerTo-saxalxo gamosvla, moqmedebdnen calkeuli partizanuli razmebi, romlebic
Tavs esxmodnen xelisuflebis adgilobriv organoebs da angariSs usworebdnen sagan-
gebo razmebis warmomadgenlebs.
seqtemberSi svanebis SeiaraRebulma razmebma daamarcxes da ganaiaraRes iq mdgari
rusuli samxedro nawilebi da 6 Tve umklavdebodnen rusebis dasaxmareblad quTaisi-
dan daZrul axal-axal samxedro nawilebs. svaneTis gamosvlasTan erTad navaraudebi
iyo ajanyeba xevsureTsa da kaxeTSi. kaxeT-xevsureTis ajanyebas ukve `damoukide-
blobis komiteti~ da `samxedro komisia~ xelmZRvanelobda. ajanyebas saTaveSi edga
qaquca (qaixosro) ColoyaSvili, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos armiis mamaci oficeri,
romelic emigraciaSi ar wasula.
1921 wlis gazafxulidanve qaqucam kaxeTsa da xevsureTSi Camoayaliba Zlieri par-
tizanuli razmi. am razmma, iseve rogorc svanebma, fSav-xevsureTisaken misasvleli
gzebi gadaketa. misive iniciativiT partizanuli razmebi Seiqmna qarTlSi. ajanyebu-
lebs kavSiri hqondaT saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patrirqTan ambrosi xelaiasTan. 1922
wlis agvistoSi qaquca ColoyaSvilis razmma duSeTis raionSi warmatebuli operacia
ganaxorciela. `Seficulebma~ JinvalTan moiges brZola ruseTis jarTan, xolo Se-
mdeg xevsureTSi gadainacvles da iq gamagrdnen. qaqucas da misi SeficulTa razmis
msgavsi qmedebebi mosvenebas ukargavda sabWoTa xelisuflebas.
qaqucas razmebis aRmosaCenad da maT gasanadgureblad isini sistematurad gzav-
nidnen did diversiul dajgufebebs. maT daapatimres da daxvrites partizanuli raz-
mebis mesveurebi qarTlsa da kaxeTSi. amis Semdeg antisaokupacio moZraoba Senelda
da qaquca ColoyaSvilis razmic iZulebuli gaxda Tavi droebiT xevsureTisaTvis
Seefarebina.
wiTeli armiis nawilebi xevsureTSi Sevidnen da qaqucas razmi alyaSi moaqcies.
qaqucam SeZlo alyis garRveva da Tavis razmTan erTad Tavdapirvelad kaxeTSi, Sem-
deg ki CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadavida. ajanyeba xelisuflebam daamarcxa da mis orga-
nizatorebs saSineli terori mouwyo. ajanyebis warumateblobas samxedro centris
Cavardna mohyva. samxedro centris wevrebi da erovnuli moZraobis sxva mesveurebi
(15 kaci) daxvrites.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis did guliswyromas iwvevda bolSevikuri mTavrobis is
RonisZiebebi, romlebic qritianuli eklesiis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. marto 1922-
1923 wlebSi bolSevikebma daangries 1500 eklesia. ganadgurda didZali saeklesio
qoneba, romelTagan bevri erovnul ganZs warmoadgenda.
qarTvelma inteligenciam mtkivneulad aRiqva didi saeklesio moRvawis, erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis sulieri moZRvris ambrosi xelaias dapatimreba. mas
sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutanes, Tumca xalxis winaaRmdegobis gamo male patimro-
bidan gaaTavisufles. kaTalikos-patriarqis dapatimrebis mizezi gaxda misi memo-
randumi genuis saerTaSoriso konferenciisadmi, romelSic ambrosi xelaia amxelda
bolSevikebis antidemokratiul mmarTvelobas da evropis qveynebs mouwodebda, mxari
daeWiraT qarTveli xalxis ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolisTvis.
292
Taobaze moismina `damoukideblobis komitetis~ Tavmjdomaris moadgilis iason
javaxiSvilis moxseneba. gadawyda sayovelTao gamosvla agvistos Sua ricxvebSi,
kerZod, 17 ricxvSi dawyebuliyo. ajanyebis mTavarsardlad generali spiridon Wav
WavaZe dainiSna.
saqarTvelos `Cekam~ miagno ajanyebis mesveurTa kvals da maT winaaRmdeg saSineli
terori da represiebi daiwyo. daapatimres g. winamZRvriSvili, n. xomeriki, g. faRava,
v. juReli da sxva moTaveebi. ajanyebis warmateba ukve saeWvo gaxda. juRelma cixidan
`damoukideblobis komitets~ miwera kidec, xeli aeRoT ajanyebaze. magram `damkomis~
xelmZRvanelobam CaTvala, rom juRelis rCeva TviT Cekas mier iyo inspirirebuli. 24
agvistos kvlav Seikriba `damkomis~ sxdoma. gadawyda, ajanyeba 29 agvistos diliT,
adre ganTiadze dawyebuliyo.
ajanyebis mesveurTa gegmiT, gamosvlis centri Tbilisi unda yofiliyo. adgilo-
briv Zalebs qaquca ColoyaSvilis da mixeil laSqaraSvilis razmebi unda daxmare-
bodnen. ganzraxuli iyo Tavdasxma vazianis saartilerio polkzec.
am operaciis meTauroba polkovnik a. cagurias hqonda davalebuli. aseve dageg-
mili iyo ajanyeba yvela mazraSi. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ajanyebis meTaurni
baTumis placdarms akisrebdnen, magram swored ajanyebis wina dReebSi daapatimres ba-
Tumis mTeli saajanyebo Stabi general furcelaZis meTaurobiT. am viTrebaSi ajanye-
bis warmatebaSi daeWvda `damkomi~ da mTavarsardali spiridon WavWavaZec. partiaTa
Soris gaCaRda dava gamosvlis gadadebis Taobaze. WiaTuraSi ajanyeba dagegmilze
erTi dRiT adre, 28 agvistos daiwyo. swored am faqtma iTamaSa sabediswero roli:
mTavrobis sagangebo organoebs saSualeba miecaT droulad wamoewyoT ajanyebis sa-
likvidacio RonisZiebebi.
1924 wlis ajanyebas mainc masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda. gansakuTrebiT xalxmravali
iyo gamosvlebi Sorapnis, guriis, samegrelos, kaxeTis rig raionebSi, aseve svaneTSi.
qaixosro ColoyaSvilma duSeTis aReba moaxerxa, magram damxmare Zalis gareSe Tbi-
lisze veRar gailaSqra da iZulebuli gaxda TavSesafris saZieblad, Tavis Seficu-
lebTan erTad, TurqeTSi gadasuliyo. wiTeli jari ajanyebulebis winaaRmdeg ener-
giulad ibrZoda. WiaTura-SorapanSi ajanyebis salikvidacio RonisZiebebs samxedro
nawilebi i. talaxaZis meTaurobiT axorcielebdnen. SorapanSi daxvrites rkinigzis
vagonebSi gamomwyvdeuli asobiT udanaSaulo adamiani. represiebi ganxorcielda se-
nakisa da zugdidis mazrebSi. senakis mazris komunisturi razmis meTaur daviTaias
mowodeba zutad asaxavs sabWoeli bolSevikebis damokidebulebas ajanyebulebisa da
saerTod erovnuli Zalebisadmi _ `TviTeul komunists gvwyuroda RvinosaviT gvesva
ajanyebulTa sisxlio~, aRniSnulia masSi. senakSi a. gegeWkoris miTiTebiT 500 kaci
daxvrites. saerTod, oficialuri cnobiT, daixvrita 980 adamiani, araoficialuri
wyaroebiT ki daxvretili iyo 4000 kaci.
1921-1924 wlebSi saqarTvelos revoluciuri da sabWoTa struqturebis saqmianoba
ar Seesabameboda xalxis interesebs. saqarTvelo demokratiuli marTvelobidan erT-
baSad aRmoCnda sabWoTa diqtaturis pirobebSi.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT, ra RonisZiebebs mimarTavda saqarTvelos revkomi qveyanaSi poziciebis
gasamtkiceblad.
2. gansazRvreT xevsureTisa da svaneTis ajanyebis mizezebi da miznebi.
3. SeafaseT `SeficulTa~ brZolis meTodebi.
4. rogor fiqrobT, ratom ver SeZlo bolSevikurma xelisuflebam 1924 wlis ajanye-
bis Tavidan acileba represiebis saSualebiT?
5. imsjeleT, ra faqtorebma ganapiroba 1924 wlis ajanyebis marcxi.
293
testi # 15
I. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
294
6. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis himni iyo:
a) ilia WavWavaZis Cemo kargo qveyanav;
b) kote focxveraSvilis dideba;
g) xalxuri qarTvelo xeli xmals ikar;
d) xalxuri mravalJamieri.
295
14. rodis daikava Tbilisi bolSevikurma wiTelma armiam?
a) 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals;
b) 1921 wlis 23 Tebervals;
g) 1921 wlis 14 marts;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
kiTxvebi:
1. romel samSvidobo kongresze (konferenciaze) aris saubari wyaroSi?
______________________________________ (1 qula)
296
2. ra ekonomikur daTmobas sTavazobda evropis saxelmwifoebs saqarTvelos mTa-
vroba?
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_______________________________________ (2 qula)
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297
XVI Tavi. totalitarizmi msoflioSi
ganmarteba
nepi _ axali ekonomikuri politika. miiRes sabWoTa ruseTSi 1921 wels. is iTvaliswi-
nebda soflis meurneobaSi, xelosnobasa da vaWrobaSi kerZo sakuTrebis daSvebas.
298
brZola trockis winaaRmdeg da am miznisTvis gamoiyena partiis sxva avtoritetuli
wevrebi: lev kamenevi, grigori zinovievi, nikolai buxarini. stalinma SeZlo trockis
ganadgureba, Semdeg ki dartyma miayena yofil mokavSireebs da sxva Zvel bolSevikebs.
daiwyo partiis wmenda arasasurveli pirebisgan da qveyanas moedo represiebis farTo
talRa.
20-iani wlebis bolodan sabWoTa kavSirSi ori procesi daemTxva erTmaneTs. erTi
mxriv, gaiSala farTo industriuli mSenebloba, mimdinareobda Zaladobrivi kole-
qtivizacia, meore mxriv, nadgurdeboda yvelanairi winaaRmdegoba, romelic xels
uSlida bolSevikuri politikis gatarebas. dRiTidRe umniSvnelo xdeboda rigiTi
adamianebis sicocxle. `socialisturi gardaqmnebi~ umowyalod sresda milionobiT
adamianis beds.
komunisturi partiis liderebi qadagebdnen, rom qveynis cxovrebis yvela sfero
gaJRenTili unda yofiliyo klasobrivi brZolis Seurigeblobis suliskveTebiT. mka-
cri ganaCeni, masobrivi mkvlelobebi qmnida SiSisa da undoblobis atmosferos, sama-
gierod asparezi gaexsna aTasi juris dambezRebelsa da karierists.
sabWoTa xelisufleba Tavdapirvelad axali wyobis mowinaaRmdegeebs daeria. Sem-
deg modgnen eklesias da sxvadasxva religiur organizaciebs. momdevno dartyma mii-
Ro inteligenciam.
teroris mTavari talRa cnobili partiuli moRvawis s. kirovis mkvlelobis Se-
mdeg, 1934 wlidan daiwyo. 1936-37 wlebSi ganadgurda didi jgufi yofili partiu-
li liderebisa (zinovievi, kamenevi, piatkovi, radeki, buxarini). yoveli politikuri
sasamarTlo procesis Semdeg represiebi masobrivi xdeboda, xolo ganaCeni sastiki.
1937 wels daxvrites cnobili samxedro moRvaweebi tuxaCevski, iakiri da sxvebi. re-
presiebi Seexo sabWoTa armiis meTaurTa Semadgenlobis TiTqmis naxevars. armiidan
politikuri da sxva motivebiT daiTxoves 40 aTas kacze meti. terorma moicva ukle-
bliv yvela regioni da respublika. zogierTi sabWoTa muSaki ucxoeTSi garboda, ma-
gram sabWoTa specsamsaxurebs xeli yvelgan miuwvdebodaT. 1940 w. meqsikaSi dazvervis
agentma mokla lev trocki. zogierTi xelmZRvaneli muSaki ver uZlebda totalur
TvalTvals da Tavs iklavda (magaliTad, s. orjonikiZe).
socializmis mSeneblobis Tanamgzavrad iqca patimarTa iZulebiTi Sroma. aseul
aTasobiT politikuri patimari, romlebic Sroma-gasworebis koloniebSi imyofebod-
nen, faqtobrivad warmoadgendnen iaf muSaxels. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi iZulebiTi
Sromis banakebi sokosaviT moedo ssrk-s. am banakebis samarTavad Seiqmna specialu-
ri sammarTvelo `gulagi~, romlis jojoxeTuri saqmianoba aRwera rusma mweralma
solJenicinma romanSi `arqipelagi gulagi~. sul 1930-53 wlebSi am saSinel banakebSi
imyofeboda daaxloebiT 18 mln adamiani, 786 aTas adamians sasjelis umaRlesi zoma
daxvreta miesaja.
represiebis Sedegad 30-ian wlebis bolos ganmtkicda sabWoTa politikuri siste-
ma, moispo gansxvavebuli azri, Camoyalibda stalinis pirovnebis kulti.
davaleba
1. ra TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeboda ruseTis (SemdegomSi sabWoTa kavSiris) totali-
taruli reJimi?
2. ras niSnavda soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacia? imsjele, ramdenad Seesabamebo-
da is glexobis interess?
3. imsjeleT, ra ganapirobebda masobriv represiebs sabWoTa kavSirSi?
4. ifiqreT, ra Sedegebs moutanda totalitaruli reJimi sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval
xalxebs?
299
ZiriTadi movlenebi da TariRebi:
`axali ekonomikuri politika~ (e. w. `nepi~) _ XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi
sabWoTa kavSiris (ssrk) Seqmna _ 1922 w.
ganmarteba
totalitarizmi _ antidemokratiuli politikuri wyoba, reJimi, romlis drosac
saxelmwifo srulad aris gabatonebuli sazogadoebasa da pirovnebaze.
300
flobiT gaerTianebuliyo kolmeurneobebSi. sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis
1930 wlis dadgenilebiT, koleqtivizacia daCqarebuli, faqtobrivad, Zaladobrivi
wesiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo, SeZlebuli glexoba (`kulakebi~), rogorc klasi,
unda ganadgurebuliyo.
sabWoTa xelisuflebis dadgenilebisamebr, saqarTveloSic sayovelTao xasiaTi
SeiZina soflis meurneobis ZaldatanebiTma koleqtivizaciam. 1931 wels kolmeurneo-
bebSi gawevrianda glexobis 61%. mowinaaRmdege glexebi ki (saerTo raodenobiT daa-
xloebiT 10-15 %) `Sav siebSi~ Seiyvanes da maTi umravlesobis winaaRmdeg represiebi
ganaxorcieles.
mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobam, sabWoTa kavSiris rig regionebSi ki glexTa sayo-
velTao ajanyebebma komunisturi xelisufleba aiZula ramdenadme mainc Seerbilebina
`gankulakebisa~ da iZulebiTi koleqtivizaciis procesi. komunisturi partiis cen-
traluri komitetis generaluri mdivnis i. stalinis gancxadebiT, glexTa SeiaraRe-
buli gamosvlebis gamo `sabWoTa xelisufleba bewvze ekida~.
`ukandaxeva~ droebiTi aRmoCnda. poziciebis ganmtkicebisTanave xelisuflebam
kvlav ganaaxla glexebis kerZo meurneobebis likvidacia da iZulebiTi koleqtiviza-
cia. 1937 wlisTvis koleqtivebSi gaerTianebuli iyo saqarTvelos glexobis 76,5 %,
xolo 1940 wels maTma raodenobam 92%-s gadaaWarba.
koleqtivizaciam garkveuli efeqti marTlac gamoiRo _ gaSenda Caisa da citru-
sebis plantaciebi, ganxorcielda soflis meurneobis meqanizacia, gaumjobesda sa-
rwyavi sistema, xorblisa da sxva sasoflo produqcis ucxoeTSi gayidviT miRebuli
Tanxebi moxmarda qveynis industrializacias. amasTan aSkara iyo koleqtivizaciis
uaryofiTi Sedegebic: moiSala glexuri meurneobebi; mraval aTas mSromels sxva-
dasxva sasjeli daekisra, maTi nawili ki gausamarTleblad daxvrites; kerZo saku-
Trebis gauqmebam mniSvnelovnad dasca glexTa Sromis nayofiereba.
302
lizmis gamarjvebis pirobebSi klasobrivi brZola ki ar neldeba, piriqiT mwvavdeba.
klasobrivi mteri Sens gverdiT aris, unda aRmoaCino da gaanadguro~.
`arasaimedo pirebs~ ganusazRvreli uflebebiT aRWurvili, aqtivisti komuniste-
bisgan Semdgari, `sameulebi~ (`troika~) asamarTlebdnen. dakiTxvisas eWvmitanilebs
sastikad awamebdnen da aiZulebdnen, xeli moeweraT `aRiarebiT~ Cvenebebze. maTgan
aseve moiTxovdnen `mavneblobaSi Tanamzraxvelebis~ dasaxelebas. dakiTxvidan pati-
mrebi sastikad nacemi brundebodnen... amogdebuli TiTebiT, sxeulze Rrma Wrilobe-
biT... es yvelaferi danaSaulis aRiarebis gamo keTdeboda (nawyveti represirebu-
lis mogonebidan).
represiebis wlebSi gansakuTrebuli daundoblobiT inteligencia idevneboda.
araerTi mwerali, mecnieri Tu xelovnebis dargis moRvawe daxvrites an gadaasaxles
Soreul SromiT banakebSi. daxvrites poeti tician tabiZe, mwerali mixeil javaxiS-
vili, kompozitori _ evgeni miqelaZe, reJisori _ sandro axmeteli; Tavi moikla
xalxis mtrobaSi eWvmitanilma poetma paolo iaSvilma; universitetidan gaaZeves
misi damaarsebeli ivane javaxiSvili; daapatimres mecnieri Salva nucubiZe... es re-
presirebul qarTvel moRvaweTa mxolod mcire nawilia.
represirebulebs, romlebsac `gaumarTlaT~ da daxvretis magier gadasaxleba
miesajaT, specialur SromiT banakebSi, autanel pirobebSi gahyavdaT sarkinigzo da
saavtomobilo gzebi, amuSavebdnen xe-tyes, maRaroebidan amohqondaT wiaRiseuli da
a.S. vmuSaobdiT tyeSi, iyvnen qalebi, eqimebi, pedagogebi, mecnierebi, studentebi...
romlebmac xerxis xmareba ar icodnen. xe rom gadaiqceoda, aucileblad romelime
qali moyveboda mis qveS da iqve gardaicvleboda... (nawyveti represirebulis mogo-
nebidan).
davaleba
1. ras iTvaliswinebda qveynis industrializacia?
2. ras niSnavda soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacia?
3. ratom upirispirdebodnen glexebi koleqtivizacias?
4. ra igulisxmeboda `kulturul revoluciaSi~?
5. daaxasiaTeT qarTuli kultura da mecniereba XX saukunis dasawyisSi.
6. imsjeleT, ratom da ramdenad ganapirobebs totalitaruli mmarTveloba politi-
kur represiebs?
7. gamoxateT Tqveni damokidebuleba sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelTa samoqmedo mo-
wodebebisadmi xalxis mtrebis mimarT.
8. imsjeleT, ratom uswordeboda xelisufleba gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT inteli-
gencias?
303
kur keTildReobas. 20-ian wlebSi gaizarda amerikis mrewveloba, magram moxmareba
ar gamxdara masobrivi. erovnuli Semosavli araTanabrad nawilleboda. xelfasebi
umniSvnelod gaizarda, xolo korporaciebis mogeba gasammagda; mdidrebi kide ufro
gamdidrdnen. yidulobdnen mdidrul sasaxleebs, limuzinebs, iaxtebs, magram isini
ver Secvlidnen masobriv momxmarebels.
am periodisTvis msoflioSi umsxviles niu-iorkis safondo birJaze arnaxuli
aJiotaJi sufevda. wlebis manZilze sawarmoTa aqciebis kursis matebam fasiani qa-
Raldebis bazarze uzarmazari kapitali moizida. yvela cdilobda aqciis yidvas, rom
sarfianad gaeyidaT. roca am spekulaciurma bumma miaRwia ukidures zRvars, daiwyo
aqciebis fasis vardna. 1929 wlis 29 oqtomberi _ `Savi samSabaTi~ aRiniSna 10 mi-
liardi dolaris dakargviT. am momentidan moirya aSS-is da masTan erTad danarCeni
msoflios finansuri sistema.
dasavleTis mTavrobebi moumzadebeli aRmoCndnen krizisisTvis. sagadasaxado Se-
mosavlebi Semcirda, gaCnda deficiti biujetSi. yvela mTavrobam mosamsaxureebis da-
TxovniT daiwyo xarjebis Semcireba. krizisma gamoiwvia umZimesi socialuri Sedegebi.
umuSevroba gaxda masobrivi. vinc samsaxuri dakarga da amowura Tavisi danazogi,
male aRmoCnda arsebobis saxsrebis gareSe. gauaresda fermerebis da glexebis mdgo-
mareoba. daeca moTxovna sursaTze, daiwia masze fasebma, bevri meurneoba wamgebiani
gaxda da gakotrda. krizisis Sedegi iyo sayovelTao siRatake. milionobiT adamiani
SemTxveviTi Semosavlebis imedad adgilidan adgilze gadadioda; cxovrobdnen Tunu-
qis da muyaos yuTebisgan Sekowiwebul qoxmaxebSi.
krizisi msoflio iyo da, bunebrivia, yvela saxelmwifos SeTanxmebulad unda emo-
qmeda, magram, sinamdvileSi, yvela sakuTar naWuWSi Caiketa da qmnidnen xelovnul
barierebs sakuTari Tavis dasacavad.
20-ian wlebSi Camoyalibebuli imedebi ukeTesi momavlis Sesaxeb Seicvala pesimiz-
miTa da imedgacruebiT. gaizarda iseTi partiebis gavlena, romlebic Zireul cvli-
lebebs moiTxovdnen da aTasgvar populistur programebs warmoadgendnen. ase ga-
Zlierdnen komunistebi da faSistebi.
msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma ganapiroba, rom 20-ian wlebSi gamovlenili ten-
denciebi sazogadoebriv-politikuri da saxelmwifo ganviTarebaze Camoyalibda ori
modelis saxiT: totalitarul-avtoritaruli da liberalur-demokratiuli.
socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis garTuleba da maTi gadawyvetis gzebis Zieba
kidev ufro afarToebda saxelmwifo regulirebis funqcias. saboloo jamSi, gaCnda
tendencia damyarebuliyo saxelmwifos yovlismomcveli (totaluri) kontroli war-
moebis, ganawilebis, gacvlis sferoebSi, sazogadoebis sulier cxovrebaSi da a.S.
pirovnebis roli totalitarizmis pirobebSi reJimis morCilebaa. adamiani unda
mudmivad emsaxurebodes umaRlesi miznis miRwevas, TviTSewirvisTvis mzadyofnamdec
ki; iqmneba mtris xatebi, romelTa intrigebiT aixsneba sirTuleebi miznis miRwevis
saqmeSi. gansakuTrebuli roli totalitarul reJimebSi ekuTvnis liderebs, xdeba
maTi gaRmerTeba, yalibdeba pirovnebis kulti.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis gamomwvev mizezebsa da Sedegebze.
2. gansazRvreT misi roli totalitaruli reJimebis formirebis procesSi.
3. gansazRvreT da SeafaseT totalitarizmis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.
304
$4. totalitaruli reJimebi evropasa da iaponiaSi
306
ekonomikis militarizacia axdenda samoqalaqo produqciis warmoebis Semcirebas.
oficialuri propaganda mouwodebda germanelebs moeWiraT qamrebi da Zalisxmeva
momavali gamarjvebisken miemarTaT. germania aqtiurad emzadeboda omisTvis.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT italiaSi faSisturi partiis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis mizeze-
bze.
2. daaxasiaTeT musolinis saSinao politika.
3. daaxasiaTeT nacisturi germaniis saSinao politika.
4. SeadareT erTmaneTs hitlerisa da musolinis mmarTveloba. miuTiTeT msgavseba.
5. imsjeleT espaneTsa da iaponiaSi totalitaruli reJimebis damyarebis ganmapiro-
bebel faqtorebze.
307
XVII Tavi. meore msoflio omi
ganmarteba
pacifizmi _mimdinareoba, romelic ilaSqrebs yovelgvari omis winaaRmdeg.
reparacia _ fuladi an naturaluri gadasaxadi, romelsac omSi damarcxebuli qveya-
na miyenebuli zaralis asanazRaureblad uxdis gamarjvebuls.
308
daZabulobis kerebis gaCena. 1931-1932 wlebSi arastabiluri situacia Seiqmna So-
reul aRmosavleTSi. swored aq gaCnda axali globaluri konfliqtis pirveli kera,
roca iaponiam moaxdina manjuriis (Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTi) okupacia. iaponia-
Ci
neTis molaparakebebSi erTa ligis Suamavlobam marcxi ganicada, ris Sedegadac,
iaponiam datova erTa liga.
agresiis Semdgomi gafarToeba aRmosavleT aziaSi moxda 30-iani wlebis meore naxe-
varSi, roca iaponiis jarebma daiwyes mTeli CineTis aSkara dapyroba (1937).
`cxeli wertili~ gaxda damoukidebeli afrikuli qveyana eTiopiac. 1935 italiam
eTiopiasTan wamoiwyo omi, romlis Sedegic winaswar iyo gadawyvetili im upirateso-
bis fonze, romelic italias hqonda samxedro teqnikasa da SeiaraRebaSi eTiopiasTan
SedarebiT. italielebs gaaCndaT 500 TviTmfrinavi da 300 tanki, eTiopielebs Sesa-
bamisad _ 7 da 5. italiis motomeqanizebul nawilebs ebrZoda eTiopiis kavaleria,
romlis mebrZolebic SeiaraRebulni iyvnen SubebiT, sanadiro TofebiTa da Zveli
modelis SaSxanebiT.
erTa ligis reaqcia italiis agresiaze iTvaliswinebda ekonomikuri sanqciebis
SemoRebas italiis winaaRmdeg, magram es sanqciebi saTanadod ar sruldeboda didi
britaneTis da safrangeTis damTmobi poziciis gamo. amdenad, eTiopia, marTalia mok-
le droiT, magram gaxda italiis kolonia. 1937 wlis dekemberSi italia gamovida
erTa ligidan.
msofliosTvis yvelaze did safrTxes warmoadgenda hitleris mTavrobis poli-
tika, romelmac kursi aiRo versalis sistemis sruli likvidaciisken. 1935 wlamde
berlini sityviT mxars uWerda sazRvrebis urRvevobis princips da gamodioda yve-
la evropul saxelmwifosTan Tavdausxmelobis paqtis dadebis winadadebiT. aseTi
politikiT hitleri `mesame raixis~ samxedro Zlierebis aRsadgenad drois mogebas
cdilobda.
reparaciebis sakiTxis sabolood dasamarebis, dasavleTidan kreditebis miRebis
da did britaneTTan samxedro-sazRvao xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg hitlerma 1935
wels daarRvia versalis xelSekruleba da germaniaSi gamoacxada sayovelTao samxe-
dro savaldebulo samsaxuri. amrigad aSkarad aiRo kursi omis forsirebuli mzade-
bisken.
hitlerulma mTavrobam warmatebiT moagvara `SeiaraRebis Sevsebis~ sakiTxi da
daiwyo teritoriul-politikuri problemebis gadawyveta. maT Soris mTavari iyo
ori _ zaaris olqis kuTvnilebis sakiTxi da rainis zonis statusi. pirveli proble-
ma sruliad umtkivneulod gadawyda: 1935 w. ianvarSi mowyobil plebiscitze zaaris
olqis mcxovrebTa 90%-ma mxari dauWira `mesame raixSi~ Sesvlas. `rainis sakiTxi~
ufro rTuli gamodga. 1936 wels sami germanuli batalioni Sevida rainis demilita-
rizebul zonaSi. safrangeTis mxridan mtkice nabijebi ar gadadgmula. safrangeTis
generaluri Stabi gamovida germaniasTan samxedro Setakebis winaaRmdeg. samxedro
moqmedebebis nacvlad, safrangeTi diplomatiuri gziT Seecada problemis mogvare-
bas, magram uSedegod. mogvianebiT hitleri aRniSnavda _ safrangeTs rom germaniis
winaaRmdeg gamoeyvana 13 divizia, ganlagebuli safrangeT-germaniis sazRvarze, `Cven
mogviwevda samarcxvinod da lanZRva-ginebiT ukandaxeva, radgan Cven susti winaaRm-
degobis gawevasac ver SevZlebdiT~.
1936 wlis ivlisSi msoflios yuradReba mimarTul iyo espaneTisaken, sadac daiwyo
samoqalaqo omi. germania da italia mxars uWerdnen meamboxeebs general frankos me-
TaurobiT. espaneTis omma ufro daaaxlova agresorebi. 1936 wlis 25 oqtombers maT
Soris gaformda kavSiri, e. w. `RerZis xelSekruleba, mogvianebiT ki Seiqmna bloki
berlini-romi-tokio, romelmac miznad daisaxa brZola msoflio komunizmis winaaRm-
deg (`antikominternuli paqti~).
saerTaSoriso daZabulobis fonze, roca ver xerxdeboda agresiis winaaRmdeg ko-
leqtiuri brZolis organizeba, zogierTi qveyana cdilobda ormxrivi xelSekrulebe-
309
biT daezRvia Tavi. safrangeTma mimarTa sabWoTa kavSirs, daedoT SeTanxmeba, romelic
SemdgomSi ufro farTo xelSekrulebis safuZveli gaxdeboda. 1935 wels moskovma da
parizma xeli moaweres ormxriv xelSekrulebas urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb, ori kvi-
ris Semdeg maT SeuerTda Cexoslovakia. miuxedavad am warmatebisa koleqtiuri usa-
frTxoebis sistemis Seqmnis procesi faqtobrivad CixSi moeqca, ramdenadac wamyvani
saxelmwifoebi, urTierTundoblobis gamo, cdilobdnen iseTi politikis gatarebas,
romelic upasuxebda maT sakuTar erovnul interesebs da ar iTvaliswinebdnen saer-
To safrTxes msoflioSi.
310
daekava misi aRmosavleTi teritoriebi. axali realobis iuridiuli gaformeba iyo
ssrk-germaniis axali xelSekruleba 1939 wlis 28 seqtembers, romelic amtkicebda
axal sazRvrebs da aformebda megobrul urTierTobebs or qveyanas Soris. polone-
Tis operaciis dros sabWoTa tyveobaSi Cavarda aTasobiT poloneli samxedro mosa-
msaxure da policiis TanamSromlebi. faqtobrivad Sepyrobil iqna mTeli oficerTa
koprusi. aTasobiT adamianis bedi tragikulad dasrulda. isini katinis tyeSi daxvri-
tes sabWoTa specsamsaxurebma.
am movlenebis gagrZeleba iyo sabWoTa mxaris mier latviis, litvis da estoneTisa-
dmi ultimatumis wayeneba, sabWoTa kavSirTan daedoT xelSekruleba urTierTdaxma-
rebis Sesaxeb. xelSekrulebebis samxedro nawili iTvaliswinebda am saxelmwifoebSi
sabWoTa samxedro bazebis Seqmnas. baltiispira saxelmwifoebisgan iZulebiTi Tanxmo-
bis miRebis Semdeg ssrk Tavs daesxa fineTs. moskovi cdilobda gadaewia ssrk-fineTis
sazRvari leningradidan (dRevandeli sankt-peterburgi). stalini fineTs sTavazobda
teritoriis gacvlas: fineTs unda daeTmo Tavisi nawili da sanacvlod mieRo orjer
meti teritoria sabWoTa kareliaSi. msgavsi qceva aixsneba sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis
SiSiT, germania-fineTs Soris ssrk winaaRmdeg ar gaformebuliyo xelSekruleba da
omis SemTxvevaSi ar momxdariyo leningradis swrafi dapyroba. ssrk-fineTis waruma-
tebeli molaparakebebis Sedegi iyo omi am qveynebs Soris.
1939 wlis 30 noembers sabWoTa jarebma daiwyes Seteva fineTze. qalaq teriokSi
Seiqmna marionetuli mTavroba fineli komunistis j. kuusinenis meTaurobiT, magram
gaTvla swraf gamarjvebaze da fineTis damokidebul saxelmwifod gadaqcevaze ar
gamarTlda. sabWoTa kavSir-fineTis omi gaWianurda. aman ssrk daayena did britaneTsa
da safrangeTTan konfliqtis winaSe. dasavleTis qveynebis samxedro xelmZRvaneloba
ssrk-s aRiqvamda germaniis `aramebrZol mokavSired~ da masTan omisTvis emzadeboda.
daiwyo mzadeba samxedro moqmedebebisTvis kavkasiaSi, iq unda gagzavniliyo saeqspedi-
cio korpusi fineTis dasaxmareblad. aman aiZula ssrk 1940 wlis martSi zavi daedo.
didi danakargebis miuxedavad strategiuli mizani, romelic daisaxa sabWoTa mxarem,
miRweul iqna. fineTi iZulebuli gaxda wasuliyo sabWoTa SeTavazebaze. fineTTan
omis gamo ssrk gairicxa erTa ligidan.
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT dapirispirebuli blokebis samxedro-politikuri miznebi.
2. SeafaseT inglis-safrangeTis pozicia germaniis militarizaciis mimarT.
3. SeafaseT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis izolacionisturi pozicia.
4. imsjeleT, ramdenad samarTliani iyo germaniisa da italiis moTxovnebi, gadasin-
juliyo versal-vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis pirobebi.
5. SeafaseT ribentrop-molotovis 1939 wlis xelSekruleba.
6. imsjeleT meore msoflio omis gamomwvev mizezebze. SeafaseT germaniisa da sabWo-
Ta kavSiris moqmedeba omis sawyis etapze.
311
$2. meore msoflio omis pirveli etapi
ganmarteba
vermaxti _ faSisturi germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi.
blickrigi _ germaniis agresiuli, dapyrobiTi omis warmoebis avantiuristuli Teo-
ria, romlis mizani iyo mowinaaRmdegis damarcxeba umokles droSi.
maJinos xazi _ germaniis agresiis mogeriebis mizniT franguli TavdacviTi nagebobe-
bis kompleqsi germaniis sazRvarze.
omi dasavleT evropaSi. 1939 w. 1 seqtembers, diliT adre germaniis jarebi omis
gamoucxadeblad SeiWrnen poloneTSi. 1939 w. 3 seqtembers inglisma da safrangeTma
omi gamoucxades germanias. ingliss mibaZes misma udidesma koloniam indoeTma da yve-
la dominionma: kanadam, samxreT afrikis kavSirma, avstraliam da axalma zelandiam.
daiwyo meore msoflio omi.
omis pirvel etapze (1939-1941) germaniam mimarTa mokavSireebisTvis uCveulo `bli-
ckrigs~ (elviseburi omi), sadac mTavari damrtymeli Zala satanko da meqanizebuli
SenaerTebi iyo. isini gamagrebuli sazRvrebis gverdis avliT soliseburad utevdnen
mowinaaRmdeges. aseTi strategiiT germaniam Tavis kontrolqveS moaqcia TiTqmis mTe-
li dasavleT evropa. sabWoTa kavSirma, romelic `megobrul neitralitets~ icavda
germaniis mimarT, isargebla omiT, aRmosavleT evropaSi Tavisi sazRvrebi 250-300
kilometriT gadaswia da ganamtkica sakuTari samxedro Zliereba.
poloneTze gamarjvebis Semdeg germaniam dasavleTis frontze daiwyo jarebis ga-
dasrola. inglisma da safrangeTmac daiwyes germaniis sazRvrebTan samxedro Zalebis
Tavmoyra. frangi da ingliseli samxedro specialistebi mxars uWerdnen TavdacviT
strategias im imediT, rom, I msoflio omis msgavasad, kvlav ganmeordeboda poziciu-
ri omi. germania-safrangeTis sazRvarze `maJinos xazis~ arsebobis pirobebSi unda ga-
Tvaliswinebuliyo belgiasa da luqsemburgTan safrangeTis sazRvrebis dacvis sakiT-
xi. am or qveyanas, marTalia, neitraliteti hqonda gamocxadebuli, magram aSkara iyo,
rom hitleri maT neitralitets daarRvevda. saerTo jamSi, inglis-safrageTis jare-
bi araviTar sabrZolo operaciebs ar awarmoebdnen germanelebis winaaRmdeg. swored
amitom ewoda mokavSireebis aseT moqmedebas `ucnauri omi~.
marTalia, safrangeTis armias da safrangeTis teritoriaze myof britaneTis sae-
qspedicio korpuss mniSvnelovani upiratesoba gaaCndaT cocxal Zalasa da teqnikaSi,
magram isini arc ki cdilan wamoewyoT Setevebi germanelebis winaaRmdeg. mogvianebiT
germaniis umaRlesi mTavarsardlobis operatiuli xelmZRvanelobis Stabis ufro-
si, generali iodli aRiarebda: `Cven Tu jer kidev 1939 wels ar vigemeT damarcxeba,
es mxolod imitom, rom daaxloebiT 110 franguli da inglisuri divizia, romlebic
Cveni poloneTTan omis dros upirispirdebodnen dasavleTSi germaniis 23 divizias,
absoluturad umoqmedoni iyvnen~.
mowinaaRmdegeTa umoqmedobiT waxalisebulma germaniis mTavarsardlobam gada-
wyvita daniis da norvegiis dapyroba, raTa saimedo bazebi hqonoda CrdiloeTSi
momavali sazRvao operaciebisTvis. miuxedavad am qveynebis neitralitetisa, 1940
wlis 9 aprils hitlerelTa jarebi SeiWrnen daniasa da norvegiaSi. daniis mTavro-
bam imave dRes gamoacxada kapitulacia, norvegiis mTavrobam ki armia mzadyofnaSi
moiyvana da ingliss mimarTa daxmarebisTvis. magram ZalTa upiratesoba germanele-
bis mxares iyo, romlebmac qveynis didi nawili igdes xelT da xelisufleba adgi-
lobriv faSists vidkun qvislings gadasces. norvegiis mefem da mTavrobam ingliss
Seafara Tavi.
312
1940 wlis maisSi daiwyo Seteva safrangeTze. safrangeTs omi gamoucxada italia-
mac. safrangeTis mTavrobam parizi Ria qalaqad gamoacxada da 14 ivniss uomrad ga-
dsca germanelebs. 1940 wlis 22 ivniss kompienis tyeSi xeli moewera safrangeT-ger-
maniis dazavebas. safrangeTis CrdiloeT nawili okupirebul iqna germanelebis mier.
araokupirebul teritoriaze ki iqmneboda marSal petenis marionetuli mTavroba,
romelic mzad iyo eTanamSromla germaniis xelisuflebasTan (rezidencia ganTavsda
patara sakurorto qalaq viSiSi).
frangebi ar Serigebian damarcxebas. maT brZolis gagrZelebisken mouwodebda ge-
nerali Sarl de goli, romelic gadavida inglisSi da iq Seqmna komiteti `Tavisufa-
li safrangeTi~.
safrangeTis damarcxebam Secvala situacia evropaSi, romelic TiTqmis srulad
moeqca germaniis kontrolqveS. germanelebma minimaluri danakargebiT SeierTes te-
ritoriebi 27 milioni mosaxleobiT, xelT igdes didi odenobiT SeiaraReba. 1940
wlis seqtemberSi xeli moewera samTa paqts _ SeTanxmebas samxedro kavSiris dadebis
Sesaxeb germanias, italias da iaponias Soris, male am kavSirs SeuerTda ungreTi, ru-
mineTi, slovakeTi da bulgareTi.
erTaderTi mebrZoli saxelmwifo evropaSi iyo didi britaneTi. germaniam ingliss
iaraRis dayra SesTavaza. inglisma, romelsac saTaveSi uinston CerCili edga, dazave-
baze uari ganacxada. sapasuxod, germanelebma TiTqmis mTeli aviacia gadaisroles Cr-
diloeT safrangeTSi da daiwyes inglisis umowyalo dabombva. dabombvaSi monawile-
obda germanelTa 2500 TviTmfrinavi. inglisma gauZlo am mkacr gamocdas. mas kapitu-
lacia ar gamoucxadebia. es iyo pirveli gamarjveba hitleris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
jer kidev 1940 wlis zafxulSi germaniis mmarTvel wreebSi ganisazRvra Semdgomi
moqmedebebis strategiuli mimarTulebebi. generaluri Stabis ufrosma f. galderma
Tavis dRiurSi CainiSna `mzera mimarTulia aRmosavleTisken~. hitlerma erT-erT sa-
mxedro krebaze ganacxada: `ruseTi unda ganadgurdes~.
safrangeTis elviseburi ganadgureba moulodneli iyo ssrk-s xelmZRvanelobisTvis,
romelic pirveli msoflio omis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare Tvlida, rom omi miiRe-
bda gaWianurebul xasiaTs. Secvlil situaciaSi sabWoTa kavSirma daCqarebuli tempiT
daiwyo kontrolis damyareba teritoriebze, romlebic mis interesTa sferoSi Sedio-
da. 1940 wlis 14 ivniss ssrk-m daadanaSaula baltiispira qveynebi urTierTdaxmarebis
Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis pirobebis darRvevaSi, romelic sabWoTa kavSirma maT 1939 wels
moaxvia Tavs da miaRwia maTgan Tanxmobas, jarebi ganeTavsebina am saxelmwifoTa teri-
toriebze. ssrk-m erT TveSi litvis, latviisa da estoneTis okupacia moaxdina da es
saxelmwifoebi sabWoTa respublikebad gamocxadda. safrangeTis kapitulaciis Semdeg
sabWoTa kavSirma didi Zalis koncentrireba moaxdina rumineTis sazRvarzec.
1940 wels sabWoTa diplomatia isev aRmoCnda rTuli arCevanis winaSe. 1940 wlis
noemberSi, ssrk-is sagareo saqmeTa ministris v. molotovis berlinSi vizitis dros,
mas SesTavazes sabWoTa kavSiri mierTeboda samTa paqts. es niSnavda, rom ssrk-s mona-
wileoba unda mieRo inglisis winaaRmdeg omSi, riTac gza gaexsneboda mis eqspansias
iranisa da indoeTis mimarTulebiT. sabWoTa kavSirma uari Tqva am SeTavazebaze.
313
ukraina, donbasi. garRveva unda momxdariyo mZlavri satanko SenaerTebis da aviaciis
ZalebiT. `blickrigi~ zamTris dadgomamde gamarjvebiT unda dasrulebuliyo. 22 iv-
niss germania moulodnelad, omis gamoucxadeblad daesxa Tavs ssrk-s.
1941 wlis dasawyisSi, rogorc aSS-is da didi britaneTis, aseve sabWoTa dazverva
afrTxilebda stalins germaniis ssrk-ze Tavdasxmis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. es ga-
frTxileba eWviT iqna miRebuli. faSisturi propagandis oficialuri versiiT, ssrk
centralur evropaSi SesaWrelad emzadeboda, germaniis moqmedeba ki TavdacviT xa-
siaTs atarebda. ssrk-m daiwyo omisTvis aqtiurad mzadeba. sabWoTa samxedro do-
qtrina amodioda iqidan, rom pasuxi nebismier dartymaze iqneboda gamanadgurebeli
kontrdartyma, romlis Sedegadac omi gadatanil iqneboda agresoris teritoriaze.
moulodneli Tavdasxmis Sedegad sabWoTa aviaciis mniSvnelovani nawili aero-
dromebzeve ganadgurda, dairRva momarageba. amasTan, armia dasustebuli iyo 1937-
38 wlebis represiebiT, ra drosac man gamocdili sardlebis umravlesoba dakarga.
ssrk-is Zvel sazRvrebze gamagrebebi moSlili iyo, xolo axali sazRvrebi jerac ar
iyo safuZvlianad gamagrebuli.
davaleba
1. ramdenad mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa sabWoTa kavSiris neitralurma poziciam
germaniis samxedro agresiis warmatebaSi?
2. rogor fiqrobT, rom ara ribentrop-molotovis SeTanxmeba, SesaZlebeli iqnebo-
da, saomari moqmedeba sxvagvarad warmarTuliyo? rogor?
3. imsjeleT, ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo faSisturi germaniisaTvis safrangeTis
swrafi damarcxeba.
4. SeafaseT germaniisaTvis inglisTan gancdili marcxis mniSvneloba.
5. imsjeleT im faqtorebze, romlebmac ganapiroba omis dasawyisSi germanelebis
warmateba sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze.
316
didi sameulis Sexvedrebi meore msoflio omis dros. mokavSireebs Soris mniSvne-
lovani samxedro-politikuri sakiTxebi wydeboda ssrk-is, aSS-sa da didi britaneTis
liderebis, e.w. `didi sameulis~ Sexvedrebze. omis ganmavlobaSi moewyo sami aseTi
Sexvedra: TeiranSi, ialtaSi da potsdamSi.
saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg erToblivi moqmedebis aucilebloba `didi sameulis~
saxelmwifoTa Soris sadavo sakiTxebze kompromisuli gadawyvetilebis moZebnis sa-
Sualebas iZleoda. amis miuxedavad, mokavSireebi erTmaneTis mimarT srul ndobas ar
ganicdidnen da es did gavlenas axdenda maT TanamSromlobaze.
pirveli Sexvedra didi saxelmwifoebis liderebis, ioseb stalins, franklin de-
lano ruzveltsa da uinston CerCils Soris Sedga TeiranSi 1943 wlis 28 noemberidan
1 dekembramde. Sexvedraze gadawyda, rom evropaSi meore fronti 1944 wlis maisSi
gaixsneboda.
rigiT meore konferenciaze ialtaSi (yirimSi), romelic 1945 wlis 4-11 Tebervals
mimdinareobda, gadawyda, rom germaniis saboloo damarcxebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSi-
ri iaponiis winaaRmdeg omSi Caebmeboda. yirimis konferenciam daadgina, 1945 wlis 25
aprils san-franciskoSi moewviaT gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis damfuZnebeli
konferencia.
rigiT mesame Sexvedra potsdamSi (berlinis maxloblad) gaimarTa 1945 wlis 17
ivlisidan 2 agvistomde. masSi monawileobdnen ioseb stalini, aSS-is axali prezi-
denti hari trumeni da uinston CerCili, romelic maleve Secvala didi britaneTis
axalma premier-ministrma klement etlim. konferenciaze ganixiles omis Semdgomi
mowyobis sakiTxebi. reparaciebis saerTo raodenoba ganisazRvra 20 miliardi ameri-
kuli dolariT, aqedan naxevari unda mieRo ssrk-s, germania daiyofoda 4 saokupacio
(sabWoTa, amerikul, britanul da frangul) zonad. zonebad dayofa berlinsac exebo-
da. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunalis daweseba nacisti da-
mnaSaveebis gasamarTlebis mizniT, dgindeboda saxelmwifoTa axali sazRvrebi da a.S.
davaleba
1. ra safrTxes uqmnida evropaSi germaniis samxedro warmatebebi amerikas?
2. SeafaseT lend-lizis kanoni.
3. imsjeleT aSS-is II msoflio omSi CarTvis mniSvnelobaze.
4. SeafaseT atlantikuri qartia da misi principebi.
5. SeafaseT hirosimasa da nagasakis dabombvis gadawyvetileba.
6. imsjeleT didi sameulis mier TeiranSi, ialtasa da potsdamSi miRebuli gadawyve-
tilebebis mniSvnelobaze.
7. SeafaseT faSizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli TiToeuli qveynis roli gamarjvebaSi.
317
$4. meore msoflio omis Sedegebi. niurnbergis procesi
ganmarteba
glosteri _ gmiri Seqspiris tragediidan, igive riCard III.
318
gadawyda, rom germaniasa da poloneTs Soris sazRvari gavlebuliyo mdinareebis
oderisa da neises xazze. poloneTis aRmosavleTi sazRvari unda gadasuliyo dasa-
vleT ukrainisa da dasavleT belorusiis sazRvarze kerzonis xazis gaswvriv. q. ke-
ningsbergi mimdebare teritoriebiT unda gadascemoda sabWoTa kavSirs (es qalaqi,
kaliningradis saxelwodebiT, dRes ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSia). 6 milion-
ze meti germaneli da ungreli, romlebic im teritoriaze cxovrobdnen, romlebic
gadaeca poloneTs, Cexoslovakias da ssrk-s, gamosaxlebuli iqna maTi sacxovrebeli
adgilebidan. germaniasa da mis mokavSireebs unda gadaexadaT reparaciebi qveynebisa-
Tvis, romlebic faSisturi agresiis msxverplni gaxdnen.
gadawyda, iaponias gaeTavisuflebina yvela teritoria, romelic `man Zalis da-
xmarebiT daipyro~ da misi suvereniteti Semofargluliyo mxolod oTxi umTavre-
si kunZuliT. korea xdeboda damoukidebeli. Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTi (manjuria),
kunZuli taivani da CineTis sxva teritoriebi ubrundeboda CineTs. sabWoTa kavSiris
Rebulobda saxalinis samxreT nawils da kurilis kunZulebs.
koreaSi gaivlo gamyofi xazi. CrdiloeT korea (38-e paralels CrdiloeTiT) unda
gaeTavisuflebina sabWoTa jarebs, samxreT korea _ amerikelebs.
Tavdapirvelad gamyofi xazebi moiazreboda rogorc droebiTi samxedro RonisZie-
ba, magram sul male igi gadaiqca faqtobriv sazRvrad sabWoTa da inglis-amerikis
gavlenis sferoebs Soris.
omis damTavrebisa da faSistur saxelmwifoTa mxridan safrTxis mospobis Semdeg
winaaRmdegobebma ingliss, amerikasa da ssrk-s Soris mkveTrad moimata.
ssrk-is stalinuri xelmZRvaneloba, romelic socializmis kapitalizmze gamar-
jvebis ideiT xelmZRvanelobda, kontrols amyarebda sabWoTa armiis mier okupire-
bul qveynebze da TandaTanobiT spobda kapitalistur wesrigs, riTac msoflio kapi-
talisturi sistemisaTvis dartymis miyenebas cdilobda.
Tavis mxriv aSS mmarTveli wreebi cdilobdnen, _ rogorc aSS-is prezidentma hari
trumenma ganacxada kongresisadmi mimarTvaSi 1945 wels, _ `SeenarCunebinaT yvela
eris xelmZRvanelis roli~. Tvlidnen, rom gamarjvebam amerikas daakisra `msoflios
xelmZRvanelobis pasuxismgeblobis didi tvirTi~, cdilobdnen SeeCerebinaT sabWoTa
eqspansia da centraluri da aRmosavleT evropa ar gadasuliyo ssrk-is kontrol-
qveS. ar surdaT komunizmis gavrceleba axal teritoriebze.
319
1 oqtombramde. sasamarTlos gadaeca cocxlad darCenili 24 nacisti samxedro damna-
Save. gansasjelis skamze aRmoCnda nacisturi germaniis TiTqmis mTeli mmarTveli fena
_ wamyvani germaneli politikosebi, mrewvelebi, sardlebi, diplomatebi. maT bralad
wauyenes SeTqmuleba msoflios winaaRmdeg agresiuli omis momzadebis da ganxorcie-
lebis gziT, samxedro da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg danaSaulebebSi monawileoba (xel-
mZRvaneloba), rac gamoixateboda politikuri, rasobrivi an religiuri motivebiT
mSvidobiani mosaxleobis ganadgurebaSi.
damnaSave organizaciebad cnes nacisturi partia (NSDAP), moieriSeTa razmebi
(SA), damcveli razmebi (SS), usafrTxoebis samsaxuri (SD), saxelmwifo saidumlo
policia (gestapo), faSisturi germaniis samTavrobo kabineti da generaluri Stabi.
sul Catarda 403 sasamarTlo mosmena, sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare iyo didi bri-
taneTis warmomadgeneli j. lourensi. procesze warmodgenili iqna sxvadasxva mtki-
cebulebebi, maT Soris, pirvelad gamoCnda molotov-robentropis paqtis saidumlo
protokoli, romliTac germaniam da sabWoTa kavSirma gaiyves gavlenis sferoebi aR-
mosavleT evropaSi (warmodgenili ribentropis advokat a. zaidlis mier). ssrk da
dasavleTs Soris urTierTobebis gafuWebis gamo procesi daZabulad mimdinareobda,
es braldebulebs procesis CaSlis imeds aZlevda. amitomac isini Tamamad iqceodnen,
aWianurebdnen dros da a.S.
gamoZiebisTvis da braldebis mxardasaWerad Seiqmna mTavar bralmdebelTa komi-
teti: didi britaneTis mxridan h. Soukrosi, ssrk _ r. rudenko, aSS _ r. h. jeqsoni,
safrangeTidan _ f. de mentoni, Semdeg S. de ribi.
1946 wlis 16 oqtombris saRamos, 1946 wlis 30 seqtembers da 1 oqtombers ga-
mocxadebeli ganaCeni sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb moyvanil iqna sisruleSi (geringma
moaswro Tavis mowamvla). geringma, hesma, ribentropma, zaukelma, iodlma, keitelma,
zeis inkvartma, funkma, denicma, neiratma Sewyaleba iTxoves. Tu es Txovna ar dakmayo-
fildeboda, geringi, iodli, keiteli iTxovdnen CamoxrCobis Secvlas daxvretiT. re-
derma samudamo patimrobis Secvla iTxova sasikvdilo ganaCeniT. arc erTi es Txovna
ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli.
mTavari iaponeli samxedro damnaSaveebi aseve gadaeca saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo
tribunals, romlis sxdomebic mimdinareobda iaponiis dedaqalaq tokioSi 1946-1948 ww.
brali wauyenes 28 damnaSaves. 7 braldebuls, maT Soris yofil premier-ministrebs to-
Ziosa da hirotas gamoutanes sasikvdilo ganaCeni CamoxrCobiT, danarCenebs sxvadasxva
vadiT patimroba miesajaT.
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT da erTmaneTs SeadareT aSS-isa da ssrk-is politikuri Zlierebis gan-
mapirobebeli faqtorebi omis Semdgom periodSi.
2. SeafaseT aSS-isa da ssrk-is SesaZleblobebi, SeesrulebinaT msoflio lideris
roli.
3. SeajameT msoflio omis Sedegebi.
4. msoflioSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis pirobebSi, ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo ga-
erTianebul erTa organizaciis Seqmna?
5. SeafaseT niurnbergis procesi, imsjeleT, ramdenad samarTliani iyo gansasjele-
bis mimarT wayenebuli braldebebi da ganaCeni.
320
$5. qarTvelebi meore msoflio omSi
meore msoflio omSi saqarTvelodan gawveuli iqna daaxloebiT 700000 kaci, rac
respublikis mosaxleobis mexuTeds Seadgenda. maTgan TiTqmis naxevari omSi daiRu-
pa an daiWra. mosaxleobaSi patriotuli suliskveTebis gasaZliereblad sabWoTa
xelmZRvanelobam aRadgina 1938 wels gauqmebuli erovnuli samxedro SenaerTebi.
1942 wlisTvis ukve arsebobda ramdenime qarTuli divizia, romlebic sxvadasxva
frontze mZime brZolebs awarmoebda germaniis jarebis winaaRmdeg. qarTveli mosax-
leobis umravlesobisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirsa da germanias Soris omi samamulo omad
iqca.
saqarTvelos daevala sabWoTa armiis iaraRiT da sursaTiT momaragebac. aq mzad-
deboda Wurvebi, sxvadasxva saxis cecxlsasroli iaraRi da samxedro TviTmfrinave-
bi. saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT iRebda sabWoTa kavSiri iranidan Semosul ame-
rikul daxmarebas. frontze wasul mamakacebs qarxnebsa da kolmeurneobebSi qalebi
da bavSvebi cvlidnen.
1941 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebisa da axalgazrdebis
erTma jgufma Seqmna saidumlo organizacia, _ `saqarTvelos erovnuli Tavdacvis
komiteti~. misi erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli iyo levan goTua, SemdgomSi cnobili mwera-
li. SeTqmulebi saqarTvloSi germanelebis Semosvlis SemTxvevaSi, maT sardlobasTan
molaparakebis gziT, qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenas gegmavdnen. saidumlo orga-
nizaciis wevrebi (33 monawile), sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis
organizebis mcdelobis braldebiT, daapatimres. maTgan Cvidmets daxvreta miusajes,
danarCenebi ki sxvadasxva vadiT sakoncentracio banakebSi gadaasaxles.
didi raodenobiT qarTveli daiRupa 1942 wlis gazafxulze yirimis naxevarkun-
ZulisaTvis brZolaSi. sabWoTa sardlobis mier dagegmili kontrSeteva Cavarda.
germanelebma qalaqi sevastopoli aiRes. aq mebrZoli 224-e qarTuli divizia TiTq-
mis mTlianad ganadgurda. 1942 welsve germanelebma wamoiwyes operacia `edelvai-
si~, rac kavkasiis uReltexilebis xelSi Cagdebas, samxreT kavkasiaSi SeWrasa da
kaspiis zRvis navTobiT mdidari raionebis dakavebas iTvaliswinebda. maT daikaves
qluxoris da maruxis uReltexilebi da soxums 30 kilometrze miuaxlovdnen, da-
bombes qalaqebi soxumi, foTi, baTumi da sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebi. germanelTa
saqarTveloSi Semosvlis safrTxe imdenad realuri iyo, rom sabWoTa sardlobam
respublikis mTavrobis evakuaciisa da samxedro sawarmoebis ganadgurebis gegma
SeimuSava.
1943 wlis dasawyisSi sabWoTa armiam warmatebuli kontrSeteva ganaxorciela da
germanelTagan mTeli kavkasia gaaTavisufla. am brZolebSi gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina
Tavi 42-e armiam, romelsac generali konstantine leseliZe meTaurobda. regularul
jarTan erTad saqarTvelos CrdiloeT sazRvars qarTveli moxaliseebic icavdnen.
mniSvnelovan sadazvervo davalebebs asrulebdnen svanebi, romlebmac SesaniSnavad
icodnen mTis bilikebi da jariskacebs megzurobasac uwevdnen. es damsaxureba umaR-
lesi mTavarsardlis (stalinis) araerTi madlobiT aRiniSna.
qarTveli jariskacebi aseve TavgamodebiT ibrZodnen: moskovis, leningradis da
stalingradis dasakavad, ukrainis, belorusiis, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis ger-
manelTagan gasaTavisufleblad. 1945 wlis 1 maiss berlinSi, raixstagze gamarjvebis
droSa qarTvelma meliton qanTariam aRmarTa rus sergei egorovTan erTad.
omSi bevrma qarTvelma meomarma gamoiCina Tavi. SoTa gamcemliZe belorusiaSi
xelyumbarebis koniT germanelTa mewinave tanks Seuvarda, romlis afeTqebiTac Se-
ferxda mtris Semoteva. kievisTvis brZolebSi 42 qarTvel meomars mieniWa gmiris
wodeba.
321
qarTveli meomrebi monawileobdnen poloneli, italieli, frangi da sxva xalxebis
ganmanTavisuflebel brZolebSic. fore mosuliSvili italiel mebrZolebTan erTad
germanelebis alyaSi moeqca. sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad germanelebma maT meTau-
ris gacema mosTxoves. forem yvelas daaswro, razmis meTauroba daibrala da tyvia
daixala. ase gadaarCina man TanamebrZolebi. italiis mTavrobam fore mosuliSvili
saxalxo gmirad aRiara.
germanelebis mier dapyrobil poloneTSi moRvaweobda beri grigol feraZe. man
germanelTagan devnili bevri ebraeli Seifara da sikvdils gadaarCina. amis gamo igi
daapatimres da osvencimis sikvdilis banakSi gadaiyvanes. gadmocemis mixedviT, gri-
gol feraZe ar moSorda sasikvdilod ganwirul ebrael bavSvebs da maTTan erTad
daiRupa gazis kameraSi. igi wmindanad aris Seracxuli.
safrangeTis winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi Tavis gamoiCina oficerma dimitri amila-
xvarma. parizSi mis saflavs aseTi warwera amSvenebs: dimitri amilaxvari iyo Rir-
seuli Svili Tavisi samSoblo saqarTvelosi da erTguli safrangeTisa.
qarTul politikur emigracias araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba hqonda germania-
sabWoTa kavSiris omis mimarT. social-demokratebi (noe Jordania, irakli wereTeli,
akaki Cxenkeli da sxv.) faSisturi germaniis gaZlierebas saxifaTod Tvlidnen da mis
winaaRmdeg mebrZol dasavlel mokavSireebs (aSS, inglisi da safrangeTi) uWerdnen
mxars. sapirispiro poziciaze idgnen erovnul-demokratebi da maTi Tanamoazreebi
(spiridon kedia, revaz gabaSvili, zurab avaliSvili, sabWoTa kavSiridan emigrirebu-
li mwereli grigol robaqiZe da sxv.). maT faSizmi droebiT, uperspeqtivo movlenad
miaCndaT, xolo omSi germaniis gamarjvebas saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena
unda mohyoloda.
1941 wlidan qarTveli emigrantebisa da samxedro tyveebisgan germanelebma ramde-
nime qarTuli batalioni Camoayalibes: Tamar I, Tamar II, `ostlegioni~ (poloneTSi,
general Salva maRlakeliZis xelmZRvanelobiT) da sxva. kavkasiaSi brZolebisaTvis
Seiqmna specialuri samxedro formireba `bergmani~ (`mTieli~), romelsac SeuerTes
batalioni Tamar II.
1945 wels germaniis sardlobam erT-erTi qarTuli batalioni holandiis kunZul
teqselze gadasxa. maT inglisis desantisagan kunZulis dacva evalebodaT. germaniis
kapitulaciamde ramdenime dRiT adre qarTveli jariskacebi ajanydnen. maTi imedi,
rom daxmarebas ingliselebisgan miiRebdnen, ar gamarTlda. germanelTa sadamsjelo
eqspedicia ajanyebul qarTvelebs da kunZulze mcxovrebT sastikad gausworda.
omis dasrulebis Semdeg legionerTa nawili, sabWoTa mTavrobis mowodebiT, sam-
SobloSi darunda. xalisuflebam daiviwya Tavisi dapireba da isini, germanelTa tyve-
obaSi namyof qarTvel (sabWoTa) jariskacebTan erTad, cimbirSi gadaasaxla.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT, ramdenad iyo meore msoflio omi qarTvelTaTvis samamulo.
2. SeafaseT qarTvelTa wvlili faSizmis winaaRmdeg omSi.
3. SeafaseT germaniisadmi qarTveli emigrantebis damokidebuleba.
322
testi #16
I. Secdomebis gasworeba:
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
323
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
324
g) 1939 wlis miunxenis SeTanxmeba, sadac germaniis sasargeblod gadawyda Cexos-
lovakiis danawevrebis sakiTxi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
325
16. vin iyo fore mosuliSvli?
a) qarTveli generali. ibrZoda sabWoTa kavSiris armiaSi, Tavi gamoiCina stalin-
gradis brZolaSi;
b) kompozitori, romelic bolSevikuri reJimis damyarebis Semdeg germaniaSi gada-
saxlda da nacisturi partiis aqtiuri wevri gaxda;
g) italiis saxalxo gmiri. is monawileobda italieli xalxis brZolaSi faSis-
turi reJimis winaaRmdeg, ra drosac gmirulad daiRupa;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
17. romeli qveynis usityvo kapitulaciiT dasrulda II msoflio omi 1945 wels?
a) germaniis; b) iaponiis; g) italiis; d) ssrk-is.
kiTxvebi:
1. mxatvruli literaturis romeli mimdinareoba ikrZaleboda sabWoTa kavSirSi?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
ganmarteba
eqspansionizmi _ gavlenis sferos gafarToeba, axali teritoriebis dapyrobisken
miswrafeba.
civi omi _ am terminiT aRiniSneba mwvave politikuri da ideologiuri dapirispireba
erTi mxriv, aSS-sa da dasavleTis sxva saxelmwifoebs, xolo meore mxriv, sabWoTa
kavSirs da mis mokavSireebs Soris.
marSalis gegma da evropis gayofa. Sekavebis politikis kidev erTi saSualeba dasa-
vleT evropis dangreuli ekonomikis aRdgena iyo. 1947 wlis ivnisSi aSS-is saxelmwi-
fo mdivanma a. marSalma wamoayena evropis ekonomikuri aRdgenis programa. daxmarebis
mimReb qveynebs unda warmoedginaT monacemebi TavianTi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis,
moTxovnebis da miwodebuli daxmarebis gamoyenebis gegmis Sesaxeb, ris safuZvelzec
aSS gansazRvravda daxmarebis odenobas.
`marSalis gegma erTi mxriv, unda daxmareboda evropas omis damangreveli Sedege-
bis daZlevaSi, meore mxriv, ki is saSualeba miscemda aSS-s Tavidan moeSorebina Warbi
kapitali, Seeqmna msyidvelobiTunariani bazrebi produqciis gasasaReblad.
marSalis gegma SesTavazes ssrk-s da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsac, magram ssrk-m
uaryo igi, rogorc aRmosavleT evropaSi dasavleTis gavlenis mopovebis morigi sa-
frTxe, rogorc amerikuli kapitaliT evropis dakabalebis mcdeloba da a.S. rogorc
dasavleT evropis qveynebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena, es Sefaseba Sors iyo realo-
bisgan, maT SeZles aSS-is daxmarebis gamoyeneba ara mxolod normaluri ekonomikuri
cxovrebis aRsadgenad, aramed TviT aSS-sac gauwies konkurencia msoflio bazarze.
SemuSavda kompleqsuri ekonomikuri proeqti, rac gulisxmobda 1948-1952 ww. pro-
gramis monawile qveynebisTvis 16 miliardi amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis ned-
leuliT, produqciiT da kapitaliT daxmarebas.
ssrk-is gavleniT aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma da misma yvela mokavSire-megobarma
uari Tqves daxmarebaze da wamoayenes lozungi daecvaT TavianTi qveynis ekonomikuri
damoukidebloba. protestis niSnad komunistebi gamovidnen italiis da safrangeTis
mTavrobebidan. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi ki gaCenili politikuri krizisebi das-
rulda komunisturi reJimebis damyarebiT, romlebmac daiwyes `axali sazogadoebis
mSenebloba~ da gansxvavebuli azris winaaRmdeg masobrivi represiebi. marSalis geg-
328
mam saboloo xazi gaavlo `civi omis~ frontze, dasrulda evropis gaxleCa saxelmwi-
foebis or jgufad. erTi mxriv, romlebmac gaakeTes arCevani marSalis gegmis miRebis
da aSS-Tan daaxloebis sasargeblod, meore mxriv, romlebmac airCies socialisturi
ganviTarebis gza da ssrk-sTan TanamSromloba.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT `civi omis~ dawyebis mizezebze.
2. ra gziT cdilobdnen sakuTari gavlenis damyarebas aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi
ssrk da dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi?
3. SeafaseT `trumenis doqtrina~.
4. SeafaseT marSalis gegma, imsjeleT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda mis ganxorcielebas
aSS-sa da evropisaTvis.
5. imsjeleT, ra roli unda eTamaSa `marSalis gegmas~ komunisturi reJimis Sekave-
baSi.
329
1948 wels didma britaneTma, safrangeTma, belgiam, luqsemburgma da niderlandma
briuselSi piroba dades evropaze SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi urTierTda-
cvis da daxmarebis Sesaxeb. briuselis xelSekrulebis gaformebidan erT TveSi xel-
momwerma mxareebma mxardaWera aSS-s sTxoves. xangrZlivi molaparakebebis Sedegad
1949 wlis 4 aprils vaSingtonSi xeli moewera Crdilo-atlantikur xelSekrulebas,
romlis safuZvelzec Seiqmna samxedro-politikuri bloki _ nato (Crdilo-atlan-
tikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation).
Crdilo atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis ZiriTadi muxlebi:
muxli 1. xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebi, gaerTianebuli erebis wesdebis Sesa-
bamisad, valdebulni arian, daareguliron saerTaSoriso konfliqtebi mSvidobiani
gziT, raTa safrTxe ar Seeqmnas saerTaSoriso mSvidobas, usafrTxoebasa da samar-
Tlianobas da Tavi Seikavon saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi muqarisa da Zalismieri
meTodebis gamoyenebisagan, rac ewinaaRmdegeba gaeros miznebs.
muxli 2. xelSekrulebis amocanebis efeqturi ganxorcielebisaTvis, xelSekru-
lebis monawile mxareebma sakuTari ZalebiTa da urTierTdaxmarebiT unda gaaZlieron
samxedro potenciali.
muxli 3. xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebi Tanxmdebian, rom evropasa da Crdi-
loeT amerikaSi erT-erT an ramdenime mxareze ganxorcielebuli SeiaraRebuli Ta-
vdasxma miiCneva rogorc Tavdasxma yvelas winaaRmdeg da arsebul SemTxvevaSi, samxe-
dro Zalis gamoyenebiT isini daxmarebas gauweven safrTxeSi myof mxares an mxareebs,
raTa SeinarCunon Crdilo-atlantikuri regionis usafrTxoeba. nebismieri amgvari
saxis SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisa da mis mimarT ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebis Sesa-
xeb dauyovnebliv unda ecnobos uSiSroebis sabWos. uSiSroebis sabWo miiRebs zomebs,
rac aucilebeli iqneba saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebisa da
aRdgenisaTvis.
nato Tavisi wevri saxelmwifoebis gziT dakavSirebuli iyo iseTi organizacie-
bis SeqmnasTan, rogorebicaa e.w `balkanuri paqti~ _ iugoslaviis, saberZneTis da
TurqeTis SemadgenlobiT (1953 w.); `baRdadis paqti~ _ TurqeTis, iranis, pakistanis,
erayis, didi britaneTis SemadgenlobiT; samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis xelSekrulebis
organizacia (seato, 1954 w.) _ avstraliis, didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, axali ze-
landiis, pakistanis, tailandis, filipinebis SemadgenlobiT. am organizaciebSi aSS-s
damkvirveblis statusi hqonda, Tumca umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobda Seiqmna sxva
blokebic, romlebic faqtobrivad natos filialebi iyvnen da maTi saqmianobis Ziri-
Tad princips `komunizmis Sekaveba~ warmoadgenda.
natos gafarToeba:
saberZneTi, TurqeTi _ 1952 w.
germaniis federaciuli respublika _ 1955 w.
espaneTi _ 1982 w.
ungreTi, poloneTi, CexeTi _ 1999 w.
bulgareTi, litva, latvia, rumineTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, estoneTi _ 2004 w.
albaneTi, xorvatia _ 2009 w.
natos Seqmnis Semdeg sabWoTa liderebmac gadawyvites socialisturi banaki samxe-
dro blokis SeqmniT gaemyarebinaT. 1955 wels ssrk-is iniciativiT varSavaSi gaimarTa
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis da sabWoTa kavSiris warmomadgenelTa TaTbiri, romel-
mac samxedro-politikuri bloki _ `varSavis xelSekrulebis organizacia~ daafuZna.
misi mizani iyo ar daeSva evropaSi natos gaZliereba. organizaciis wevri qveynebi iyv-
nen: ssrk, albaneTi, bulgareTi, Cexoslovakia, germaniis demokratiuli respublika,
ungreTi, poloneTi, rumineTi. gawevrianeba SesTavazes fineTsac, magram man uari gana-
cxada, 1956 w. ungreTma scada paqtidan gamosvla, magram uSedegod, 1968 wels albaneT-
ma datova igi oficialurad. organizacia arsebobda 1991 wlis ivlisamde.
330
sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis ganmavlobaSi nato-s umTavresi roli iyo misi wevre-
bis dacva mosalodneli safrTxisgan. sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT gaqra aliansis tra-
diciuli mowinaaRmdege, ramac ganapiroba usafrTxoebis Tavdapirveli principebis
Secvla da aliansis rolis xelaxali gansazRvra. 1999 wels gamoqveynebulma nato-s
axalma strategiulma koncefciam ZiriTadi amocanebi Semdegnairad Camoayaliba:
iyos stabilurobis bazisi mTels evro-atlantikur arealSi;
iyos forumi konsultaciebisaTvis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze;
iyos Semakavebeli da damcveli nebismieri wevri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg agre-
siis, yovelgvari safrTxisa;
xeli Seuwyos konfliqtebis efeqtian prevenciasa da krizisebis mowesrigebas;
ganaxorcielos partnioroba da dialogi evro-atlantikuri arealis qveyneb-
Tan.
aliansis strategiuli koncefcia aseve aRniSnavs, rom, usafrTxoebis mxriv, gare-
mo ZiriTadad pozitiurad Seicvala, Tumca, amavdroulad, saxelmwifoebi aRmoCndnen
sxva riskis winaSe. esenia: eTnikuri konfliqtebi, adamianis uflebaTa xelyofa, po-
litikuri arasaimedooba da ekonomikuri krizisi. seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs bir-
Tvuli, biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRebis gavrcelebis safrTxe. momdevni wlebSi,
gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul Statebze 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebuli tero-
ristuli aqtis Semdeg, natom gaiTvaliswina axali riski da terorizmis winaaRmdeg
brZolas usafrTxoebis prioritetTa nusxis saTaveSi miuCina adgili.
davaleba
1. gansazRvreT Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis Seqmnis mizani.
2. ratom iyo mniSvnelovani dasavleT germaniis gaerTaneba natos organizaciaSi?
3. SeafaseT natos aliansis Seqmnis mniSvneloba amerikis, evropisa da saerTaSoriso
usafrTxoebisaTvis.
4. SeafaseT natos funqciebi 1999 wlis koncefciis mixedviT.
5. imsjeleT terorizmTan da koncefciaSi CamoTvlil sxva safrTxeebTan brZoli-
saTvis ramdenad mniSvnelovania Zlieri saxelmwifoebis urTierTTanamSromloba.
331
da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweebi, romelTac devnida koloniuri xelisufleba. mahaTma
gandi _ indoeTSi, xo Si mini vietnamSi, kvame nkruma (gana) da jomo keniata (kenia)
_ afrikaSi da a.S. brZolis ZiriTad formad, romelsac mimarTavdnen patriotebi,
rCeboda winaaRmdegobis araZaladobrivi meTodebi: metropoliidan Semotanili sa-
qonlis boikoti, saprotesto demonstraciebi, SimSiloba da gaficvebi, periodulad,
socialur-ekonomikuri sirTuleebis periodSi an kolonizatorTa sastiki represie-
bis sapasuxod, mSvidobiani brZola gzas SeiaraRebul meTodebs uTmobda. dro gadio-
da, magram TviTmmarTvelobis gafarToeba da koloniis mcxovrebTaTvis samoqalaqo
uflebebis miniWebas saSveli ar adgeboda.
meore msoflio omis msvlelobisas da Semdgom periodSi Sesustda metropoliebis
kavSiri koloniebTan. didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da, miT umetes, belgia da nider-
landebi veRar inarCunebdnen kontrols aziis da afrikis qveynebis farTo da mWi-
drod dasaxlebul teritoriebze. garda amisa, Sesasrulebeli iyo koloniebisaTvis
micemuli piroba, rom faSizmis winaaRmdeg Tanadgomis sanacvlod gaiTvaliswinebdnen
maT politikur moTxovnebs. magaliTad, did britaneTs sxva araferi rCeboda, garda
imisa, rom gamoecxadebina Tavisi koloniuri imperiis `margalitis~ _ indoeTis da-
moukidebloba 1947 wels.
indoeTis ganamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRiarebuli lideri iyo mahaTma gan-
di (1869-1948 ww.). swored misi xelmZRvanelobiT moipova indoeTma damoukidebloba.
mahaTma gandi uaryofda terorizmsa da Zaladobas. misi mesveurobiT warmoebuli gan-
maTavisuflebeli brZola mSvidobian xasiaTs atarebda.
indoeTis mosaxleobaSi religur niadagze izrdeboda konfliqti muslimebsa da
indusebs Soris. 1947 wels indoeTi gaiyo or nawilad: indoeTad (mosaxleobis umrav-
lesoba indusia) da pakistanad (mosaxleobis umravlesoba muslimia).
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, 1948 wlidan, mmarTvelobis specifikuri sistema Ca-
moyalibda samxreT afrikis respublikaSi. Seqmnili reJimi cnobilia aparteidis sa-
xeliT. aparteidis periodSi samxreT afrikis respublikis Savkanian mosaxleobas,
romelic umravlesobas warmoadgenda, ar hqonda arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba.
mmarTvelobis yvela ZiriTadi rgoli mxolod TeTrkaniani umciresobiT iyo warmod-
genili. rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg Savkaniani mosaxleobis xangrZliv br-
Zolas saTaveSi edga nelson mandela. mandelam aparteidis winaaRmdeg brZolis gamo
27 weli gaatara cixeSi. 1993 wels mas mieniWa nobelis premia mSvidobis dargSi.
aparteidis winaaRmdeg xangrZlivma brZolam Sedegi gamoiRo. 1994 wels respubli-
kis ukanasknelma TeTrkanianma prezidentma de klerkma pirveli Tavisufali arCevnebi
Caatara. xmaTa umravlesobiT prezidenti nelson mandela gaxda. swored es movlena
iTvleba aparteidis dasasrulad.
davaleba
1. ram ganapiroba meore msoflio omis Semdeg koloniuri reJimebis msxvreva?
2. vin iyo indoeTis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis lideri?
3. rogor reJims ewodeba aparteidi? ra movlena iTvleba aparteidis dasasrulad?
332
$4. politikuri krizisebi civi omis dros
ganmarteba
embargo _ saqonlis, iaraRis da a.S Sezidvisa da gazidvis akrZalva romelime saxel-
mwifoSi.
koreis omi 1950-53 ww. aRniSnul pirobebSi gaCnda konfliqti koreis naxevarkunZul-
ze. iaponiis kapitulaciis Semdeg korea or saokupacio zonad daiyo. 1948 wels Crdilo-
eTSi Seiqmna koreis saxalxo demokratiuli respublika, samxreTs avtokratuli sapre-
zidento reJimi marTavda li si manis xelmZRvanelobiT. Crdilo koreis komunisturma
reJimma sabWoTa kavSiris waqezebiT da mxardaWeriT scada iaraRis ZaliT aRedgina qvey-
nis mTlianoba. gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom CrdiloeT korea agresorad cno. aman aSS-sa
da mis mokavSireebs samarTlebrivi safuZveli misca jarebi gaegzavnaT koreaSi. opera-
cias amerikeli generali duglas makarturi xelmZRvanelobda. maT gaaTavisufles sa-
mxreT korea, gadalaxes sazRvari da ganagrZes brZola CrdiloeT koreis teritoriaze.
aseT viTarebaSi CrdiloeT koreis dasaxmareblad CineTidan 300 000 moxalise daiZra.
generali makarturi da aSS-is gavleniani politikosebi mkveTri zomebis miRebas moi-
Txovdnen, makarturi arc atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebas gamoricxavda. saboloo jamSi,
moxda frontis stabilizacia da 1953 wlis panminjonis zaviT aRdga Zveli mdgomareoba.
333
suecis krizisi 1957 wels 1956 w. 26 ivliss egviptis prezidentma gamal abdal
naserma gamoacxada suecis arxis kompaniis nacionalizacia (saxelmwifos sakuTre-
baSi gadasvla). amas mohyva inglisisa da safrangeTis mxridan mwvave reaqcia, maTTan
winaswari saidumlo molaparakebis safuZvelze, israelis armia gadavida egviptis sa-
zRvarze da sinas naxevarkunZulis gavliT gaemarTa suecis arxisaken. daiwyo arabeT-
israelis omi.
dasavlurma saxelmwifoebma ganacxades, TiTqos maT surdaT meomari mxareebis Se-
Cereba suecis arxis zonaSi inglis-safrangeTis jarebis SeyvaniT, magram roca egvip-
tem uaryo amgvari gegma, maTma aviaciam dabomba egviptis qalaqebi. 5 noembers jarebi
gadasxdnen egviptis qalaq port-saidSi. egviptis jarebma ukan daixies.
inglis-safrangeT-isarelis Tavdasxmebma egvipteze didi mRelvareba gamoiwvia.
gaeros generaluri asambleis sagangebo sesiaze, 2 noembers miRebuli iqna rezolucia
cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, magram omi grZeldeboda, 5 noembers sabWoTa mTavrobam
moiTxova sabrZolo moqmedebebis dauyovnebliv Sewyveta da egviptis teritoriis ga-
Tavisufleba. man ganacxada, rom mzadaa daexmaros egviptes moxaliseebis gagzavniT
da ar gamoricxa birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebac. 7 noembers RamiT Sewyda sabrZo-
lo moqmedebebi. dekemberSi inglis-safrangeTis jarebi gayvanil iqnen arxis zonidan,
1957 w. martSi ki dasrulda egviptis teritoriidan israelis jarebis gayvana.
suecis krizisis dros aSS-ma gaafrTxila Tavisi mokavSireebi, rom vaSingtonis
mxardaWera ar iqneboda avtomaturi. aman aiZula inglisi da safrangeTi ukan daexiaT.
amasTan maTi urTierTobebi aSS-Tan mniSvnelovnad gauaresda. orive saxelmwifom da-
aCqara muSaoba sakuTari birTvuli iaraRis Sesaqmnelad. safrangeTi gamovida natos
samxedro organizaciidan.
berlinis krizisi 1961 wels. 1961 wlisaTvis kvlav daiZaba situacia berlinis gar-
Semo. zafxulSi gdr-m (germaniis demokratiuli respublika) SemoiRo mkacri sasa-
zRvro reJimi dasavleT berlinTan. dasavleT berlini SemosazRvruli iqna ekliani
mavTulxlarTebiT da aRmarTuli iqna Robe. daiwyo berlinis kedlis mSenebloba,
romelic 1962 wels. dasrulda.
berlinis SemosazRvris sapasuxod aSS-s prezidentma jon kenedim saswrafod gaa-
gzavna 1500 jariskaci dasavleT berlinisaken. daiwyo dapirispirebis axali faza. 27
oqtombers dasavleT berlinsa da aRmosavleT berlins Soris gamSveb punqtze orive
mxridan ganlagebuli iqna tankebi. paralelurad mimdinareobda molaparakebebi, rom-
lebsac Sedegebi ar mohyolia. male ki mTeli msoflios yuradReba miipyro `karibis
krizisma~, ase rom, berlinis sakiTxi miviwyebulic ki iqna. saboloo jamSi, 1971 w.
3 seqtembers dasavleT berlinis Sesaxeb mainc iqna dadebuli oTxmxrivi SeTanxmeba
(ssrk, aSS, didi britaneTi da safrangeTi), romelmac gansazRvra dasavleT berlinis
gansakuTrebuli statusi.
karibis krizisi 1962 wels. 1959 wels kubaze revoluciis gamarjveba fidel kas-
tros meTaurobiT, romelic ssrks-Tan TanamSromlobis kursis erTguli iyo, vaSing-
tonSi gansakuTrebul gaRizianebas iwvevda. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam kubaze 1962
wels ganaTavsa saSualo radiusze moqmedi birTvuli raketebi, romelTa uaxloes
samizneebs aSS-is sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis centrebi warmoadgenda.
sahaero dazvervis saSualebiT, es faqti aSS-Si male gaxda cnobili. vaSingtonma
moiTxova kubidan raketebis dauyovneblivi gayvana. 1962 w. 22 oqtombers prezidentma
jon kenedim kubis sazRvao da sahaero blokada gamoacxada. kubis irgvliv Tavi moiya-
ra aSS-is sazRvao da sahaero Zalebma. sabWoTa kavSirma da kubam sazRvao blokadis
moxsna moiTxoves. srul sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi iqna moyvanili aSS-is floti, stra-
tegiuli aviacia. analogiuri RonisZiebebi gaatara ssrk-m, kubisa da varSavis xel-
334
Sekrulebis monawile qveynebis mxardaWeriT. Seiqmna pirdapiri samxedro Setakebis
saSiSroeba. saboloo jamSi, konfliqti aSS-is da ssrk-is liderebis, j.kenedisa da
n. xruSCovis mSvidobiani SeTanxmebiT dasrulda. dapirispirebuli saxelmwifoebis
liderebi SeTanxmdnen, rom ssrk kubidan gaitanda birTvul raketebs, xolo aSS _
TurqeTidan.
vietnamis omi (1965-1973). vietnami, iseve rogorc korea, or nawilad iyo gayofi-
li, CrdiloeT vietnamSi komunisturi reJimi damyarda. 1960 wels samxreT vietnamSi
Seiqmna erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli fronti, romelic CrdiloeT vietnamidan iRe-
bda daxmarebas, CrdiloeT vietnams ki sabWoTa kavSiri exmareboda. vietnamis mTel
teritoriaze Seiqmna komunizmis gavrcelebis safrTxe. aseT pirobebSi aSS-m gada-
wyvita gaaqtiureba samxreT vietnamSi da samxedro moqmedebebi CrdiloeT vietnamis
winaaRmdeg. 1965 w. Tebervlidan aSS-m daiwyo sistematuri masirebuli bombardireba
haeridan da zRvidan. samxreT vietnamSi gagzavnili aSS-is didZali samxedo nawilebi
awarmoebdnen sabrZolo operaciebs meamboxeebis winaaRmdeg. 1965 wlis ivnisSi aSS-is
SeiaraRebulma Zalebma samxreT vietnamSi 70 aTas kacs gadaaWarba, 1966 wels maTma
raodenobam 400 aTas, xolo 1968 wels 550 aTas kacs miaRwia.
vaSingtonis omSi Cabma dagmo sabWoTa kavSirma, romelic TviTon uwevda materia-
lur da samxedro daxmarebas CrdiloeT vietnams. gaWianurebul omSi aSS did zarals
ganicdida, magram brZolis bedis Tavis sasargeblod Semobrunebas ver axerxebda.
vietnamSi aSS-is agresiis winaaRmdeg moZraobam mTeli msoflio moicva da gansaku-
TrebiT gaaqtiurda Tavad aSS-Si.
1973 w. 27 ianvars parizSi samSvidobo molaparakebaze miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba
vietnamSi sabrZolo moqmedebebis Sewyvetisa da samxreT vietnamidan aSS-is jarebis
gayvanis Sesaxeb. gadawyda, vietnamis mSvidobiani gaerTianeba sayovelTao arCevnebis
safuZvelze. 1976 w. aprilSi vietnamis mTel teritoriaze Catarda erovnuli krebis
arCevnebi, romelmac CrdiloeT da samxreT vietnamis gaerTianeba gamoacxada erTian
vietnamis socialistur respublikad.
helsinkis deklaracia. 1975 wlis 1 agvistos 35-ma saxelmwifom xeli moawera hel-
sinkis deklaracias _ maT Soris, evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyanam, kanadam, amerikis
SeerTebulma Statebma da sabWoTa kavSirma.
helsinkis deklaraciiT, msofliom erTgvarad cno evropis dayofa dasavlur da
sabWoTa gavlenis sferoebad. am dokumentis mixedviT, misi xelmomwerni cnobdnen
evropas iseTs, rogoric is meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg iyo, rac Ta-
visTavad niSnavda sabWoTa kavSiris kontrols latviis, litvisa da estoneTis res-
publikebze, Tumca amerikis prezidentma jerald fordma dokumentis xelmoweramde
xazgasmiT ganacxada, rom ar cnobda baltiispireTis respublikebis aneqsias.
helsinkis aqti Seicavda 10 punqts: saxelmwifoebis teritoriuli mTlianoba, Cau-
revloba saSinao saqmeebSi da ase Semdeg. meSvide punqti ki gansazRvravda adamianis
uflebebs, maT Soris, sityvis, sindisis da gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebas.
helskinis aqtis xelmoweras ssrk-sa da varSavis blokis qveynebSi disidenturi mo-
Zraobebis gaaqtiureba mohyva. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1976 wels adamianis uflebaTa damcve-
li araformaluri (disidenturi) gaerTianeba helsinkis kavSiri saqarTveloSiac
Seiqmna. am gaerTianebis lideri iyo zviad gamsaxurdia. helsinkis kavSiris Seqmna
mniSvnelovani movlena iyo saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriaSi.
335
saxelmwifoebs Soris, romlebic ar cnobdnen israelis saxelmwifos. egviptesa da
siriaSi nacionalisturi samxedro reJimebis mosvlis Semdeg, romlebic cdilobdnen
ssrk-is daxmarebiT gadaewyvitaT ganviTarebis amocanebi, israeli gaxda aSS-is Ziri-
Tadi mokavSire axlo aRmosavleTSi. omebi 1967 da 1973 ww. israelsa da mis mezoblebs
Soris mTavrdeboda arabuli qveynebis damarcxebiT. ssrk da aSS samxedro teqnikiT
exmarebodnen TavianT mokavSireebs. amave dros gaeros saSualebiT TanamSromlobdnen,
raTa SeezRudaT konfliqtis masStabebi.
axali daZabulobis kera gaCnda avRaneTSi, sadac ssrk-m 1979 wels jarebi Seiyvana.
SeerTebulma Statebma avRaneTSi sabWoTa intervencias ssrk-sTvis gankuTvnil ame-
rikul agrarul eqsportze embargos dawesebiT upasuxa, xolo 1980 wels moskovis
olimpiadas boikoti gamoucxada. aSS-is prezident karteris mimarTvaSi kongresisad-
mi gamoikveTa ssrk-is mimarT gasatarebeli politikis ZiriTadi amocanebi: samxedro
upiratesobis miRweva da sabWoTa eqspansiis ZaliT aRkveTa. karteris winadadebiT
gadawyda samxedro biujetis da SeiaraRebis gazrda.
1981 wels aSS-is xelisuflebaSi respublikeli prezidenti ronald reigani mo-
vida, romelmac wamoayena msoflio mSvidobis dacvis axali devizi _ `Zalismieri
mSvidoba~. reiganma sabWoTa kavSiri `borotebis imperiad~ gamoacxada da dasavleTs
mis winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli laSqrobisken mouwoda. misi daxasiaTebiT ssrk-s iseTive
ganusazRvreli midrekileba hqonda eqspansionizmisken, rogorc faSistur germanias.
prezidenti ar zogavda saxsrebs SeiaraRebis gazrdis da misi gaumjobesebisaTvis. 1983
wlis gazafxulze gadawyda kvleviTi samuSaoebis dawyeba srulyofili raketsawina-
aRmdego TavdacviTi sistemis Sesaqmnelad, rac iTvaliswinebda kosmosSi TavdacviTi
faris Seqmnas, amitom am programas zogjer `varskvlavur omsac~ uwodebdnen. aSS-m
gadawyvita win aRdgomoda sabWoTa kavSiris interesebs msoflios nebismier regionSi.
am gadawyvetilebas SeerTebuli Statebi axorcielebda sxvadasxva formiT _ Seiara-
Rebis zrdiT da srulyofiT, antikomunisturi reJimebis mxardaWeriT da a.S. amrigad,
80-iani wlebis I naxevrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo Semobruneba ganmuxtvidan konfron-
taciisken. viTareba Seicvala XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis II naxevarSi, roca ssrk-is
saTaveSi movida axali xelmZRvaneloba `axali politikuri azrovnebiT~. amas mohyva
xelSekrulebebi ganiaraRebis sferoSi da, saboloo jamSi, civi omis dasasrulic.
davaleba
1. SeafaseT koreis sakiTxis mimarT aSS-sa da ssrk-is damokidebuleba.
2. imsjeleT, ramdenad myari garanti iyo mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad birTvuli omis
safrTxe.
3. gansazRvreT aSS-is roli suecis problemis mogvarebaSi.
4. rogor fiqrobT, ratom iwvevda kubaSi sabWoTa kavSiris mxardamWeri reJimis ga-
marjveba aSS-is gansakuTrebul gaRizianebas?
5. SeadareT erTmaneTs koreis, suecis, berlinis, karibis da vietnamis krizisebi, ipo-
veT msgavseba da gansxvaveba.
6. Tqveni azriT, romelma maTganma miiRo yvelaze mwvave xasiaTi da ratom?
7. rodis Seiqmna birTvuli omis gaCaRebis yvelaze didi safrTxe?
8. imsjeleT, ras gulisxmobda `Zalismieri mSvidoba~ da SeafaseT prezident reiga-
nis RonisZiebebi ssrk-is mimarT.
336
berlinis krizisi _ 1961 w.
karibis krizisi _ 1962 w.
vietnamis omi _ 1965-1973 ww.
helsinkis deklaraciis miReba _ 1975 w.
sabWoTa jaris Sesvla avRaneTSi _ 1979 w.
ganmarteba
`perestroika~ _ igive gardaqmna, 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi sabWoTa kavSir-
Si dawyebuli da gatarebuli politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri xasiaTis
cvlilebebi , rac sabolood sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT damTavrda.
`xaverdovani revolucia~ _ politikuri reJimebis mSvidobiani, usisxlo cvla ada-
mianuri msxverplis gareSe. termini damkvidrda 1989 wlis praRis cnobili movle-
nebis Semdeg.
337
nisturi reJimebis demontaJi. Tumca, adgilobrivi situaciebidan gamomdinare, yvela
qveyanaSi procesebi Taviseburad mimdinareobda.
1989 wels CexoslovakiaSi moxda e. w. `xaverdovani revolucia~, ramac komunistu-
ri reJimis demokratiuli xelisuflebiT usisxlod Secvla gamoiwvia.
Cexoslovakia, rogorc erTiani saxelmwifo, msoflio politikur rukaze pirveli
msoflio omis Semdeg gaCnda. CexeTi da slovakeTi erT saxelmwifod 1918 wels gaer-
Tianda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg igi socialisturi sistemis ganuyofeli wevri
gaxda. qveyana sabWoTa imperiis zegavlenis qveS moeqca. am zegavlenis SenarCunebis
ZiriTadi faqtori ki, iseve rogorc regionis bevr qveyanaSi, aqac sabWoTa saokupacio
jarebis yofna iyo.
sabWoTa kavSirSi `perestroikis~ da `axali azrovnebis~ egidiT dawyebul garda-
qmnebs Sedegad aRmosavleT evropis bevr qveyanaSi sabWoTa poziciebis da misi zegav-
lenis seriozuli Sesusteba mohyva.
1989 wlis 17 noembers praRaSi mSvidobiani studenturi manifestacia daiwyo. ma-
nifestacia policiam daSala. aman sazogadoebis studentebisadmi mxardaWera kidev
ufro gazarda da maTdami solidarobis niSniT quCaSi 250 aTasi adamiani gamovida.
amis Semdeg qveyanaSi sayovelTao gaficva daiwyo. komunisturi xelisufleba iZu-
lebuli gaxda gadamdgariyo. xalxma gaimarjva. es movlena istoriaSi `xaverdovani
revoluciis~ saxeliT Sevida. am revoluciis erT-erTi organizatori da sulisCa-
mdgmeli vaclav haveli iyo.
revoluciis warmatebiT dasrulebis saqmeSi gadamwyveti roli `samoqalaqo fo-
rumma~ iTamaSa. mTavrobis iZulebiTi gadadgomis Semdeg forumis iniciativiT prezi-
dentis uflebamosileba swored havels gadaeca.
vaclav havels sazogadoebaSi didi avtoriteti hqonda. igi, rogorc mwerali da
dramaturgi, yovelTvis ibrZoda politikaSi moraluri faseulobebis dasamkvidre-
blad. haveli didi xnis manZilze iyo komunisturi reJimis ukompromiso mowinaaRmde-
ge. igi jer kidev 1968 wlis e. w. `praRis gazafxuli~-is (antikomunisturi, antisa-
bWoTa gamosvla) aqtiuri monawile iyo. havelma daafuZna uflebadamcveli erT-erTi
seriozuli organizacia `qartia-77~. am organizaciis lideris rangSi, igi dauRala-
vad ibrZoda adamianis uflebebis dasacavad. komunisturma reJimma represiebiT scada
misi modreka. igi ramdenjerme iyo dapatimrebuli.
1990 wels CexoslovakiaSi saprezidento arCevnebi Catarda. amomrCevlebma ndoba
da mxardaWera swored vaclav havels gamoucxades da prezidentad airCies.
xelisuflebidan komunistebis CamoSorebis Semdeg axali mTavroba Seiqmna. mis wi-
naSe amjerad nacionaluri xasiaTis problemam iCina Tavi. slovakeTSi Zlieri iyo
separatistuli tendenciebi. am mxaris nacionalistebi politikur damoukideblobas
iTxovdnen. xelisuflebam 1990 wlis konstituciaSi specialurad Seitana slovakeTi-
sa da CexeTis ekonomikuri avtonomiis muxli, Tumca slovaki nacionalistebisaTvis
es sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. 1992 wels slovakeTma miiRo axali konstitucia, romlis
ZaliTac, man Tavi damoukidebel politikur subieqtad gamoacxada.
noemberSi daiSala Cexoslovakiis parlamenti. amis Semdeg daiwyo CexeTisa da slo-
vakeTis mTavrobebis molaparakebebi, rac 1992 wlis 21 dekembers CexeTisa da slovake-
Tis damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad gadmocxadebiT damTavrda.
80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi poloneli opozicionerebis wreSi gaCnda Tavisufali
profkavSirebis dafuZnebis idea. igi warmatebiT ganxorcielda da 1980 wels dafu-
Znebul am tipis organizacias `solidarnosti~ ewoda. mis Tavmjdomared muSaTa mo-
Zraobis lideri, lex valensa airCies. lex valensas politikuri karieris dasawyisi
gdanskis gemTsaSenis muSebis sagaficvo komitets ukavSirdeba. valensa, rogorc po-
loneTSi komunisturi reJimis winaaRmdeg dauRalavi mebrZoli, 1980 wels saTaveSi
Caudga Tavisufali profkavSirebis organizacia `solidarnost~. 1983 wels igi xdeba
338
nobelis premiis laureati mSvidobis dargSi. xelisuflebam mas jildos misaRebad
qveynis datovebis ufleba ar misca. profkavSiruli organizacia `solidarnosti~
qveyanaSi didi popularobiT sargeblobda. masSi 10 milionamde adamiani iyo gaerTia-
nebuli. igi komunisturi reJimis winaaRmdeg brZolis simbolod iqca.
1982 wels mTavrobam akrZala solidarnosti, xolo valensa daapatimra. qveynis
specsamsaxurebi oficialuri propagandis gziT mis diskreditacias cdilobdnen. Tu-
mca uSedegod, radganac lex valensa, 80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, didi popularo-
biTa da, rac politikosisaTvis yvelaze mTavaria, xalxis ndobiT sargeblobda.
mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda axali saparlamento arCevnebi daeniSna. 1989 wlis 4
ivniss poloneTSi Catarda saparlamento arCevnebi, romelSic `solidarnostma~ ga-
marjveba moipova. amiT poloneTSi sabolood dasrulda komunizmis xana. 1990 wels
poloneTis prezidentad lex valensa airCies. `solidarnost~-is liders es posti
1995 wlamde ekava.
seriozuli Zvrebi xdeboda germaniis demokratiul respublikaSic. xalxSi ko-
munisturi diqtaturisa da maTi specsamsaxurebisagan gaTavisuflebis survili ga-
nuzomeli iyo. 1989 wels SesaZlebeli gaxda berlinis kedlis moSla, ris Sedegadac
germania gaerTianda.
1989 wlis dekemberSi rumineTSi saxalxo ajanyeba azvirTda. CauSeskuebis ojaxis
diqtatura daemxo.
sxvagvarad warimarTa movlenebi ungreTSi. iq mmarTveli xelisuflebis warmomad-
genlebsa da opoziciur erovnul Zalebs Soris Sedga molaparakeba da xelisufleba
mSvidobiani gziT Seicvla.
iugoslavia ki, romelic am saxelmwifoebs Soris yvelaze mravalerovani qveyana
iyo, daiSala. xorvatiam, makedoniam, sloveniam da bosnia-hercogovinam damoukide-
bloba gamoacxades.
davaleba
1. rogor fiqrobT, iyo Tu ara SesaZlebeli socialisturi sistemis sruli ngrevis
gareSe axali demokratiuli saxelwifos aSeneba, romelic samarTlebriv princi-
pebze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.
2. SeafaseT Cexoslovakiis disidenturi moZraoba, misi brZolis meTodebi da Sede-
gebi.
3. imsjeleT mizezebze, ramac aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi XX saukunis 80-90-ian
wlebSi komunisturi reJimis sawinaaRmdego moZraobis aRmavloba gamoiwvia.
4. Tqveni azriT, ra roli Seasrules opoziciurma organizaciebma komunisturi re-
jimebis ngrevaSi.
5. berlinis kedlis dangrevas istorikosebi civi omis dasasrulis simbolod miiCne-
ven, rogor fiqrobT, ratom?
339
$6. saqarTvelo XX saukunis 50-80-ian wlebSi
340
aralegaluri muSaoba gamococxlda 60-70-ian wlebSi. am dros farulad ibeWdeba
da vrceldeba Jurnalebi oqros sawmisi, saqarTvelos moambe da sxva. 1976 wels
zviad gamsaxurdiam da merab kostavam saqarTveloSi daaarses adamianis uflebaTa
damcveli organizacia helsinkis kavSiri.
breJnevis mmarTvelobis wlebSi kidev ufro SeizRuda sabWoTa respublikebis mo-
CvenebiTi suvereniteti. axali sabWoTa konstituciis mixedviT saqarTvelos ssr uze-
naesma sabWom SeimuSava respublikis konstituciis gegma, romelSic qarTuli saxel-
mwifo enad ukve aRar iyo gamocxadebuli. qarTuli enis statusis Secvlis mcdelo-
bam mosaxleobis ukiduresi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. 1978 wlis 1214 aprils TbilisSi
moewyo masobrivi gamosvlebi, romlebSic gansakuTrebiT studentebi aqtiurobdnen.
amjerad sabWoTa xelisuflebam veRar gabeda 9 martis tragediis gameoreba da res-
publikas ufleba misca qarTuli enisTvis SeenarCunebina saxelmwifo enis statusi.
erovnuli Zalebis am didi gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad 14 aprili dedaenis dRed gamo-
cxadda.
1985 wels sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivnis posti mi-
xeil gorbaCovma daikava. misi axali kursis mTavari postulatebi iyo: `gardaqmna~,
`sajarooba~ da `politikuri sistemis demokratizacia~. xelisufleba cdilobda
reformebiT SeenarCunebina sabWoTa saxelmwifos erTianoba da Tavi daeRwia saerTa-
Soriso izolaciisagan.
341
datova zviad gamsaxurdiam da TanamoazreebTan erTad Camoayaliba axali politiku-
ri gaerTineba `mrgvali magida _ Tavisufali saqarTvelo~. forumis wevrebma ki, gia
Wanturiasa da irakli wereTlis xelmZRvanelobiT, erovnuli kongresis arCevnebi
Caatares. imave wels kongresma moiTxova ruseTis jarebis saqarTvelodan gayvana da
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena.
erovnuli moZraobis zewoliT 1990 wlis 28 oqtombers dainiSna sabWoTa saqarTve-
los (da mTeli kavSiris) istoriaSi pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi. arCevnebSi
politikur partiaTa blokma `mrgvali magida _ Tavisufalma saqarTvelom~ gaimar-
jva. uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomared zviad gamsaxurdia airCies. Seicvala saqarTvelos
respublikis simbolika _ aRdga 1918-1921 wlebis demokratiuli respublikis droSa,
gerbi da himni. saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom saqarTvelos gasabWoebis faqti cno,
rogorc ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacia da qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenamde
gardamavali periodi gamoacxada.
davaleba
1. vis Seexo 50-iani wlebis dasawyisis represiebi? rogor fiqrobT, ra Sedegs gamoi-
Rebda `megrelTa saqme~? Tqveni azriT, ramdenad logikuria xelovans braldebad
waeyenos `axali musikaluri formebisa da saSualebebis Zieba~?
2. ganmarteT, ras niSnavs `pirovnebis kulti~ da imsjeleT, ramdenad gamarTlebulia
mis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba.
3. SeafaseT 1956 wlis 9 martis movlenebi.
4. ratom gamoiwvia axali konstituciis proeqtma saxalxo mRelvareba? ramdenad
iziarebT imdroindeli sazogadoebis suliskveTebas?
5. SeadareT erTmaneTs 1956 da 1978 wlebis movlenebi da imsjeleT, Seicvala Tu ara
am xnis manZilze qarTveli xalxis politikuri ganwyoba.
6. ra faqtorebma ganapiroba ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRmavloba 1980-iani
wlebis bolos.
7. Tqveni azriT, ratom ver SeinarCunes komunistebma mmarTveloba saqarTveloSi?
SeafaseT 1990 wlis arCevnebis mniSvneloba.
ganmarteba
primati _ upiratesi mniSvneloba, upiratesi mdgomareoba, pirveloba.
prerogativa _ saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organos an Tanamdebobis piris gansaku-
Trebuli ufleba, upiratesoba.
separatizmi _ swrafva gamoyofisaken, gancalkevebisaken.
plebisciti _ kenWisyriT saerTo-saxalxo gamokiTxva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan
saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebze amomrCevelTa an misi nawilis azris gasagebad.
342
1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtis safuZvelze?. referendumSi monawileoba miiRo samxreT
oseTis avtonomiuri olqisa da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis mosaxleobamac,
referendumSi monawileTa raodenoba Seadgenda 3.302.572 adamians (amomrCevelTa 90,3
procenti). monawileTa 98,9 procentma mxari dauWira saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgenas.
referendumis Sedegad, 1991 wlis 9 aprils, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom miiRo
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti.
1991 wlis 26 maiss saqarTveloSi Catarda pirveli saprezidento arCevnebi, ro-
melSic xmebis didi upiratesobiT (87 %) zviad gamsaxurdiam gaimarjva.
yovelives miuxedavad, saqarTvelo jer kidev rCeboda sabWoTa kavSiris politi-
kur sivrceSi. mixeil gorbaCovi ukanasknel ZalRones ar iSurebda erTiani saxelmwi-
fos SesanarCuneblad. mokavSire respublikebis liderebisgan is axal samokavSireo
xelSekrulebaze xelmoweras iTxovda. saqarTvelos respublikis pozicia uryevi iyo.
damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT Cvenma qveyanam sabolood Tqva uari ganaxlebuli sa-
bWoTa kavSiris wevrobaze. urCi respublikis dasasjelad kremlma separatistuli
Zalebi waaqeza. jer kidev 1990 wlis dekemberSi, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis pro-
testis miuxedavad, `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiur olqSi Catarda arCevnebi. axlad
arCeulma sabWom `samxreT oseTi~ damoukidebel respublikad gamocxadda. amis pasu-
xad, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqi gaauqma. 1991
wlis 23 marts daba yazbegSi zviad gamsaxurdiasa da ruseTis prezident boris elcins
Soris xelmowerili dokumentiT, Sida qarTlis (samaCablos, yofili samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqis) sakiTxis gadawyveta saqarTvelos xelisuflebis prerogativad
gamocxadda.
saxelmwifoTa Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebis miuxedavad, ruseTis waqezebiT, kidev
ufro daiZaba samaCabloSi qarTul-osuri urTierTobebi. qarTveli mosaxleoba to-
vebda sacxovreblebs da qveynis sxvadasxva regions afarebda Tavs. aranakleb gar-
Tulda mdgomareoba afxazeTSi. 1990 wels afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis uze-
naesma sabWom afxazeTis damoukidebloba gamoacxada. saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom
es aqtic ukanonod cno.
343
molaparakeba. miRebuli dadgenilebebi ar sruldeboda. rusuli iaraRiT aRWurvil-
ma afxazma mebrZolebma, ruseTisave samxedro Zalebis uSualo daxmarebiT, aiRes ga-
gra, oCamCire, soxumi, gali da mTeli afxazeTi sakuTar kontrols dauqvemdebares.
am oms aTasobiT qarTveli meomari da mSvidobiani moqalaqe Seewira. daaxloebiT 300
aTasi qarTveli ki sakuTar samSobloSive devnilad iqca.
afxazeTSi datrialebuli tragediis paralelurad ganaxlda samxedro dapirispi-
reba gamsaxurdiasa da SevardnaZis momxre SeiaraRebul Zalebs Soris. xelisuflebam
samxedro daxmarebisTvis ruseTs mimarTa. gamsaxurdias momxreebi damarcxdnen. 1993
wlis 31 dekembers walenjixis raionis sofel xibulaSi TavSefarebuli zviad gamsa-
xurdia gardaicvala. am faqtis gamoZieba dRemde mimdinareobs.
1995 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo axali konstitucia. dainiSna preziden-
tisa da parlamentis arCevnebi. prezidentad airCies eduard SevardnaZe, saparlamen-
to umravlesoba moipova misma politikurma partiam _ `moqalaqeTa kavSirma~. par-
lamentis Tavmjdomare gaxda zurab Jvania. 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebic imave
SedegiT dasrulda.
1992 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelo gawevrianda gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia-
Si. ruseTTan politikuri urTierTobebis mowesrigebis mizniT 1993 wels saqarTve-
lo gaxda damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis wevri, romelSic wamyvani
roli ruseTis federacias akisria. 2008 wlis agvistos ruseTis gamoucxadebeli
omis Semdeg saqarTvelom Tanamegobroba datova. 1994 wels saqarTvelom xeli moawe-
ra Crdilo-atlantikuri kavSiris (natos) programas partnioroba mSvidobisTvis.
1999 wels saqarTvelo evropis sabWos (evrosabWo) sruluflebiani wevri gaxda. sxva-
dasxva wlebSi saqarTvelo gawevrianda msoflios savaWro, evropis uSiSroebisa da
TanamSromlobis (euTo) da sxva organizaciebSi.
nawilobriv daZleul iqna Sida problemebic. ailagma ukanono SeiaraRebuli for-
mirebebis TareSi, 1995 wels SemoRebuli iqna erovnuli fulis erTeuli lari. 1999
wels amoqmedda baqo-sufsis navTobsadeni da a.S.
344
saqarTvelos kursma dasavleTis qveynebTan integraciaze ruseTis xelisuflebis
gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. saerTaSoriso normebis uxeSi darRveviT man 2008 wlis agvis-
toSi saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawilis okupacia moaxdina.
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisa da saxelmwifoebrivi usafr-
Txoebis sakiTxebSi mxars uWers msoflios demokratiuli Tanamegobroba. am mxriv
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aSS-is Tanadgoma.
2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebze xmebis umravlesoba koalicia `qarTulma oc-
nebam~ moipova. Seiqmna axali mTavroba. parlamentma saqarTvelos premier-ministrad
biZina ivaniSvili airCia.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis sagareo politikis ZiriTadi prioritetia saqarTve-
los natoSi gawevrianeba. 2004 wels saqarTvelo natos `individualuri patnioro-
bis samoqmedo gegmas~ SeuerTda. 2006 wlis seqtembridan igi natosTan `intensiuri
dialogis~ etapze gadavida, rac ukve qveynis am organizaciaSi gawevrianebis mTavari
winapirobaa. qarTveli jariskacebi monawileobdnen natos samSvidobo operaciebSi
kosovosa da eraySi. isini amJamadac asruleben avRaneTSi mSvidobismyofel misias.
natos sainformacio centris ganmartebiT: `nato CrdiloeT amerikisa da evropis 28
saxelmwifosgan Semdgari samxedro-politikuri aliansia, romlis mizans Crdilo
atlantikuri xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli miznebisa da amocanebis Sesruleba war-
moadgens.
Crdilo-atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacis ZiriTad amocanaa aliansis we-
vri qveynebis Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa rogorc politikuri,
ise samxedro TvalsazrisiT. nato icavs mokavSireebis demokratiis saerTo faseulo-
bebs, pirovnebis Tavisuflebas, kanonis uzenaesobasa da uzrunvelyofs konfliqtebis
mSvidobianad mogvarebas. nato aris saerTaSoriso organizacia, romlis wevri qveyne-
bi inarCuneben srul damoukideblobasa da suverenitets~.
davaleba
1. SeafaseT 1991 wlis 31 martis referendumis Sedegebi.
2. imsjeleT damoukidebeli saqarTvelos winaSe mdgar problemebze.
3. SeafaseT SeiaraRebuli gziT xelisuflebis damxobis faqti; imsjeleT mis Sede-
gebze.
4. imsjeleT afxazeTsa da `samxreT oseTSi~ separatistuli Zalebis gamarjvebis mi-
zezebsa da Sedegebze.
5. gansazRvreT da SeafaseT saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri kursi.
6. imsjeleT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosTvis natoSi gawevrianeba.
345
testi #17
I. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
346
7. romeli saxelmwifoebi daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs karibis krizisis dros?
a) aSS, ssrk; g) aSS, kuba
b) aSS, germania; d) aSS, italia.
347
16. ra moxda 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTveloSi?
a) referendumis safuZvelze aRdga saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-
bloba;
b) Catarda pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi;
g) erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis yvelaze masStaburi saprotesto ga-
mosvla;
d) Catarda saprezidento arCevnebi.
kiTxvebi
1. romel wlebSi SeiZleboda es mimarTva daewera aSS-is prezidents?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
348
XIX Tavi. sazogadoeba da kultura XX saukuneSi
349
abstraqcionizmi. abstraqcionizmis mimdevarTa azriT, axali xelovneba mxolod ma-
Sin SeZlebda mayurebelze zegavlenis moxdenas, Tu ferebs da formebs sruli Tavisu-
fleba miecemoda, anu isini konkretul sagnebs ar gamosaxavdnen. am dros warmoSobili
ferebis da formebis kombinaciaTa raodenoba usazRvrod bevri SeiZleba iyos, iseve,
rogorc adamianSi warmoSobili emociebisa da gancdebis simravle. abstraqcionizmi
miznad isaxavs mxatvruli elementebis (feris, xazis, moculobis) meSveobiT emociisa
da qveSecneuli impulsebis, sulieri mdgomareobis gamoxatvas. abtraqcionisti vasili
kandinski Tvlida, rom axalma ferweram xilulad unda aqcios is, rac uxilavia.
primitivizmi. am termins aqvs ori mniSvneloba. erTi mxriv, aRiniSneba mxatvroba aka-
demiuri codnis gareSe, anu Sedian TviTnaswavli mxatvrebi, xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli
xelovanebi da a.S. meorenairad amas hqvia naivizmi anu naivuri xelovneba, qarTulad
_ gulubryvilo xelovneba. primitivizmi modernistul mimdinareobasac ewoda xelo-
vnebaSi, romelic gulisxmobda ganzrax gamartivebul, Zvels mimsgavsebul, miamitur
formebs, TiTqos bavSvis naxatebs rom waagavda. aseTi stiliT mxatvrebi cdilobdnen
Cawvdomodnen im gulubryvilobas, im sisufTaves rac, maTi azriT, Zvel droSi gaaCndaT.
350
fantastikuri romani `Cven~. mogvianebiT gaCnda am Janris romanebi _ oldos leonard
haqslis `mSvenieri axali qveyana~ (1932 w.) da jorj oruelis `1984~ (1949 w.).
`mxatvruli winaswarmetyvelebis~ magaliTi gaxda Cexi mwerlis karel Capekis
Txzuleba `salamandrebis omi~. masSi moTxrobilia fantastikuri istoria imis Sesa-
xeb, rom raRac arsebebi Semodian adamianebTan kontaqtSi, sul ufro ipyroben sasi-
cocxlo sivrces, Semdeg ki isev xalxisgan miRebuli iaraRiT iwyeben oms kacobrio-
bis gasanadgureblad.
351
Carlz spenser Caplini daibada londonSi, msaxiobebis ojaxSi. igi bavSvobidan
mSoblebis kvals gahyva. axalgazrda msaxiobi aSS-Si Cavida, sadac komediuri fil-
mebis dadgma daiwyo los anJelesis erT-erT kinostudiaSi. 1919 wels man ramdenime
msaxiobTan da reJisorTan erTad daaarsa damoukidebeli kinokompania `iunaiTed ar-
TisTsi~. Caplinis cnobili filmebia `biWuna~ (1920) `oqros cieb-cxeleba~ (1925),
`didi qalaqis CiraRdnebi~ (1931), `axali droeba~ (1936). maTi gmiri iyo patara ada-
miani sasacilo qudiT da didi zomis fexsacmliT, joxiT xelSi. mayurebeli TanagrZ-
nobiT uyurebda mis Tavgadasavlebs, icinoda da Tan cremlebi ereoda.
20-iani wlebis bolos munji kino alaparakda. pirveli xmovani filmi aSS-Si gadai-
Res 1927 wels. munji kinos varskvlavebma gza axal varskvlavebs dauTmes, romelTa
umravlesoba Teatridan movida. msaxiobTa TamaSi ufro bunebrivi da gasagebi gaxda.
filmebSi aJRerda musika, romelic mayurebels exmareboda mxatvruli Canafiqris ga-
rkvevaSi da xazs usvamda moqmedebis dinamikas. aSS-Si kinomrewvelobam gansakuTrebuli
gaqaneba pova. aRniSnuli periodi Sevida istoriaSi, rogorc holivudis oqros saukune.
davaleba
1. imsjeleT, ra iyo modernizmis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi.
2. imsjeleT, ram gamoiwvia xelovnebaSi realobis uaryofis moTxovnileba?
3. rogori iyo `dakarguli Taobis~ xelovneba, SeafaseT misi Tavisebureba, raze
werdnen isini da ratom?
4. imsjeleT, ra movlenebi ubiZgebda fantastikuri Janris aRmocenebas mwerlobaSi
da ra Taviseburebebi axsiaTebda mas?
5. ra problemebma Seuwyo xeli surrealizmis aRmocenebas da ra TaviseburebebiT
xasiaTdeboda is?
6. ra faqtorebma Seuwyo xeli xelovnebis xelmisawvdomobas mosaxleobis farTo
fenebisaTvis?
7. ra cvlilebebi ganicada 20-30-iani wlebis arqiteqturam da ratom?
8. SeafaseT 20-iani wlebis kinematografia.
XX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi xelovnebis ZiriTadi Tema iyo meore msoflio omi.
am Temaze xelovnebis araerTi nimuSi Seiqmna. omma sazogadoeba daafiqra adamianis
daucvelobasa da ususurobaze, sicocxleze, rogorc umaRles faseulobaze.
italiur kinoSi gaCnda neorealisturi mimdinareoba, romelic omis Semdeg evro-
pas gansakuTrebulad xiblavda. mas saTave daudo roberto roselinis filmma `romi
352
Ria qalaqi~ (1945). neorealizmSi gmirebi iyvnen Cveulebrivi adamianebi, TavianTi yo-
veldRiuri sazrunaviT, warmatebisa da bednierebis mopovebis surviliT. mayurebe-
li xarobda da tiroda personaJebTan erTad. roselinis, vitorio de sikas, lukino
viskontis filmebi gaxda kinoklasikis nimuSebi. am stilSia federiko felinis pirve-
li filmebi `gza~, `kabirias Rameebi~.
msoflio omma, omis Semdgomma Zaladobam da daZabulobam, bevrma akrZalvam ada-
mianebSi, ufro metad ki axalgazrdebSi, warmoSva protesti. daZabul 60-ian wlebSi
imedgacruebis, yuradRebis miqcevisa da arsebuli wesrigis Secvlis survili axal-
gazrdobis mniSvnelovan nawils aiZulebda farTomasStabian gamosvlebSi mieRoT mo-
nawileoba (mag., studnetebis gamosvla safrangeTSi), zogi axalgazrda erTiandebo-
da jgufebSi, romlis Sedegad Seiqmna `asocialuri~ axalgazrduli subkulturebi
(subkultura aris mcire kulturuli qvejgufi, romelic gamoirCeva Tavisi statu-
siT, eTikiT, gansxvavebuli religiiTa Tu SexedulebebiT).
hipebis, pankebis, rokerebis da a.S. protesti gaCnda musikaSic. protesti nawilo-
briv igrZnoboda rokjgufis `biTlzebis~ SemoqmedebaSi. maT erT-erT simReraSi iyo
aseTi sityvebi `mieciT msoflios Sansi~.
davaleba
1. rogor fiqrobT, riTi xiblavda sazogadoebas neorealisturi kinoxelovneba?
2. imsjeleT, ra faqtorebi ganapirobebda axalgazrdobaSi imdgacruebisa da pro-
testis gancdas.
3. SeadareT erTmaneTs axalgazrduli subkulturebi, ipoveT maT Soris saerTo da
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.
4. rogor gesmiT cneba elitaruli xelovneba da ra ganasxvavebs mas masobrivisgan?
5. SeafaseT masobrivi kulturis Taviseburebebi.
354
Semajamebeli testi # 1
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1. vin aris avtori naSromis: saxeobaTa warmoSoba bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT, anu
ukeT Seguebuli jiSebis gadarCena sicocxlisaTvis brZolaSi.
a) frensis bekoni; g) Carlz darvini;
b) devid iumi; d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
355
2. ra ewodeba adamianTa uZveles gaerTianebas?
a) gvari; b) jogi; g) tomi; d) Temi.
356
10. `xalxTa didi gadasaxlebiT~ moixsenieben:
a) germaneli tomebis gadasaxlebas CrdiloeT evropidan samxreTisaken, romis im-
periis sazRvrebisaken;
b) Soreuli aRmosavleTidan hunebis gadasaxlebas dasavleT evropaSi, ramac ro-
mis imperiis dacema gamoiwvia;
g) keltur-germanuli tomebis gadasaxlebas dasavleT da CrdiloeT evropaSi, ro-
mis imperiis provinciebSi;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
357
18. romeli qarTuli samefoebi SemoierTa daviT aRmaSenebelma?
a) tao-klarjeTi da qarTli; g) afxazeTi da kaxeT-hereTi;
b) kaxeT-hereTi; d) egrisi da afxazeTi.
23. vin iyo saqarTvelos mefe bizantiis imperiis dacemis (1453 w.) dros?
a) konstantine II; g) aleqsandre I didi;
b) giorgi VIII; d) bagrat V.
358
27. CamoTvlilTagan, ra gaxda `didi geografiuli~ aRmoCenebis ganmapirobebeli
faqtori?
a) orTqlisZraviani gemebis ageba, ramac gaaadvila saokiano mimosvla;
b) osmaleTis mier Zvel saqaravno gzebze kontrolis damyareba;
g) amerikis aRmoCenisa da iq koloniebis daarsebis survili;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
359
37. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli ajanyeba atarebda antibatonymur xasiaTs?
a) 1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyeba;
b) 1819 wlis imereTis ajanyeba;
g) 1850 wlis qsnis xeobis glexTa ajanyeba;
d) 1856-1857 ww. samegrelos ajanyeba.
360
48. romeli brZolebi iTvleba gardatexis wertilad II msoflio omSi ssrk-s sa-
sargeblod?
a) stalingradis da kurskis; g) sevastopolis da qerCis;
b) moskovis da qerCis; d) moskovis da kurskis.
kiTxvebi:
362
3. riT gansxvavdeboda sparselebis mdgomareoba imperiaSi Semavali sxva xalxebis
mdgomareobisagan?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
_______________________________________ (2 qula)
kiTxvebi:
363
VI. problemis analizi da argumentacia (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 6 qula)
davaleba
1. SearCieT TqvenTvis sasurveli pozicia da daasabuTeT misi siswore.
___________________________________________
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____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
___________________________________ (Sefaseba 2 qula)
2. Sua evropaSi 1815 wels monarqebma, aleqsandre I-is winadadebiT, e.w. `saRvTo
kavSiri~ Sekres. kavSiris Seqmnis aqts ruseTis, avstriisa da prusiis xelmwifeebma
moaweres xeli. inglisisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdegobis gamo
`saRvTo kavSirma~ evropis farglebs gareT TandaTan dakarga Zala da gavlena.
davaleba
1. moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumen-
ti, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdnen ruseTis, avstriisa da prusiis xelmwifeebi
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
364
VII. karikaturis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 3 qula)
kiTxvebi:
365
Semajamebeli testi # 2
# Secdomaa sworia
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
366
1. ras niSnavs `homoereqtusi~
a) mosiarule adamians;
b) gonier adamians;
g) civilizebul adamians;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
367
10. ratom aujanydnen vestgoTebi romis imperias?
a) romaelebma vestgoTebi imperiis ganapira, unayofo miwebze daasaxles, ris gamoc
isini Tavs ver irCendnen;
b) imperatorma vestgoTebs didi xarki daakisra da mis gadaxdamde mZevlebi aiyva-
na; g) vestgoTebi imperiis samxedro samsaxurSi Cadgnen da sazRvris gamagreba ikis-
res, Tumca wlebis ganmavlobaSi dapirebuli anazRaureba ver miiRes;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
16. ram gamoiwvia konfliqti mefe bagrat IV-sa da liparit baRvaSs Soris?
a) TbilisisaTvis brZolam. mefem liparitis daukiTxavad alya moxsna qalaqs;
b) liparit baRvaSis survilma saqarTvelos taxtze aeyvana bagrat IV-is mci-
rewlovani naxevarZma da amiT samefoSi sakuTari gavlena gaezarda;
368
g) liparit baRvaSma aiRo Tbilisi da sakuTar kldekaris saerisTavos SemouerTa.
bagrat IV-m erTguli didaznaurebis daxmarebiT daamarcxa lipariti da TbilisSi
amiras xelisufleba aRadgina;
d) liparit baRvaSi ibrZoda samefo taxtis xelSi Casagdebad. mefobisaTvis brZo-
laSi mas Tbilisis amira da bizantiis saimperatoro kari exmareboda.
369
b) quTaisis erisTavTerisTavma bagratma daamarcxa mefe giorgi VIII, daikava sa-
mcxe da Tavi imereTis damoukidebel mefed gamoacxada;
g) quTaisis erisTavTan, bagratTan CixorTan brZolaSi damarcxebis Semdeg yva-
ryvare jayeli daukavSirda Turq-osmalebs da maTi daxmarebiT imereTis samefo tax-
ti daikava;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
25. ratom mokla konstantine xanma mama kaxeTis mefe aleqsande II?
a) aleqsande II iran-osmaleTis omSi osmaleTis mxares ibrZoda, konstantine xani
ki iranis Sahis erTguli iyo;
b) konstantine xans kaxeTSi gamefeba surda, aleqsandre II-s ki samefo taxtze
umcrosi Svilis giorgis ayvana undoda, Tanac konstantine ewinaaRmdegeboda gamahma-
dianebuli mamis proiranul politikas;
g) konstantine osmaleTis sulTnis davalebiT moqmedebda. man aleqsandre II-s is-
lamis miReba mosTxova, razec kaxeTis mefem kategoriuli uari ganacxada da Svilis
Sepyroba scada. konstantinem saSvelad Turq mxedrebs uxmo da mamis mokvla ubrZana;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
370
31. kenWisyris rogori wesiT iRebdnen generalur Statebis sxdomaze gadawyveti-
lebas?
a) generaluri Statebis sxdomebze gadawyvetilebas iRebdnen deputatTa xmebis
umravlesobiT;
b) generalur StatebSi monawileobda sami wodeba. TiToeul wodebas hqonda TiTo xma;
g) generaluri Statebis gadawyvetileba miiReboda kenWisyris safuZvelze, ro-
melSic mxolod sasuliero wodeba da Tavadaznauroba monawileobda. mesame wodebas
ki kenWisyraSi monawileobis ufleba CamorTmeuli hqonda;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
371
39. romel qveyanaSi moxda antirusuli ajanyebebi 1830, 1848 da 1863 wlebSi?
a) saqarTveloSi;
b) baltiispireTSi;
g) moldaveTSi;
d) poloneTSi.
372
46. rodis Catarda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli sabWos
arCevnebi da romelma partiam moipova gamarjveba?
a) 1918 wels, social-demokratiulma partiam;
b) 1918 wels; socialist-federalistebis partiam;
g) 1919 wels, social-demokratiulma partiam.
373
b) Cexi disidenti; Cexoslovakiis respublikis ukanaskneli prezidenti;
g) profkavSiruli moZraobis _ solidarnostis lideri;
d) arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.
374
4. kenedi __ gardaqmnis kursi
5. gamsaxurdia __ koleqtivizacia
6. gorbaCovi __ marSi romze
7. musolini __ monobis gauqmeba
8. vilsoni __ 1991 wlis referendumi
9. linkolni __ erTa ligis Seqmna
10. garibaldi __ karibis krizisi
wyaro 1
a) bizantiis imperatoris iustinianes novela xelisuflebasa da eklesiaze:
`umaRlesi kacTmoyvareobis gamo, RvTisagan, adamianebs naboZebi aqvT udidesi wya-
loba _ eklesia da mefoba.
pirveli saRvTo saqmes emsaxureba, meore _ amqveyniurs. orive erTi wyarodan mo-
edineba da amSvenebs cxovrebas. amitom mefeni, upirveles yovlisa, zrunaven sasulie-
ro pirTa keTildReobaze, romelnic Tavis mxriv, mudmivad loculoben maTze uflis
winaSe.
_ roca SeubRalavia samRvdeloeba, xolo xelisufleba ki kanonieri, maT Soris
sufevs keTili Tanxmoba, rasac adamianebisaTvis didi sargebloba moaqvs.
_ adamianis msgavsad, saxelmwifoc Sedgeba nawilebisagan da organoebisagan; udi-
desni da umTavresni arian mefe da patriarqi. qveSevrdomTa sulieri da xorcieli si-
mSvide damokidebulia samefo xelisuflebasa da eklesias Soris Tanxmobaze da azrTa
erTianobaze~.
kiTxvebi:
1. wyaro a-s safuZvelze:
a) ras Tvlida iustiniane samefo xelisuflebisa da eklesiis movaleobad?
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375
b) ratom iyo aucilebeli maT Soris Tanxmoba?
___________________________________________
_______________________________________ (1 qula)
wyaro 2
`a. adamianebi Tavisufalni da Tanasworuflebianni ibadebian. sazogadoebrivi
sxvaobani SeiZleba efuZnebodes mxolod saerTo sargeblobas.
376
b. yovelgvari politikuri kavSiris mizania SeinarCunos adamianis bunebiTi da
xelSeuvali uflebani. am uflebaTa arsia: Tavisufleba, sakuTreba, uSiSroeba da
Cagvrisadmi winaaRmdegoba.
g. mTeli umaRlesi xelisuflebis wyaro mudam xalxSia. arc erT dawesebulebas, arc
erT pirovnebas ar ZaluZs marTos qveyana, Tu igi uSualod xalxis wiaRidan ar modis.
d. Tavisufleba niSnavs moimoqmedo yvelaferi, rac ar vnebs meores...
e. kanoni saerTo neba-survilis gamoxatulebaa... kanoni yvelasaTvis Tanabari unda
iyos...
v. aravin ar unda daisajos Tavisi, Tundac religiuri rwmenisaTvis, Tuki misi ga-
movlena kanoniT dadgenil sazogadoebriv wesrigs ar arRvevs...
z. radgan sakuTreba uryevi da wmidaTawmida uflebaa, amitom aravis ar unda Camo-
erTvas igi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac amas aSkarad moiTxovs kanoniT dadastu-
rebuli sazogadoebrivi aucilebloba, amasTan, samarTliani da winaswari gasamrje-
los pirobiT~.
kiTxvebi:
377
6. moqalaqeTa ra uflebebs uzrunvelyofs dokumenti?
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
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davaleba
a) SearCieT TqvenTvis sasurveli pozicia da daasabuTeT misi siswore.
___________________________________________
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378
2. didi britaneTi XX saukunis dasawyisamde atarebda e.w. `brwyinvale izolaciis~
politikas. mas miaCnda, rom ar sWirdeboda mudmivi megobrebi da mudmivi mtrebi. mas
hqonda mxolod mudmivi interesebi da amis mixedviT amyarebda urTierTobebs sxva-
dasxva qveyanasTan. is ar debda xelSekrulebebs did saxelmwifosTan an did saxel-
mwifoTa kavSirebTan. magram XX saukunis dasawyisSi mdgomareoba TandaTan Seicvala,
didma britaneTma uari eTqva `brwyinvale izolaciis~ politikaze da dauaxlovda
Tavis uZveles metoqes safrangeTs.
davaleba
1. moiyvaneT erTi konkretuli /politikuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli/ argumen-
ti, romelic axsnida didi britaneTis `brwyinvale izolaciis~ politikas.
___________________________________________
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kiTxvebi:
379
VIII. rukis analizi (maqsimaluri Sefaseba 7 qula)
ruka #13-is (danarTi #1) gamoyenebiT:
380
danarTi #1
rukebi
ruka #1. qvis xanis Zeglebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze
381
382
p i r o b i T i n i S n e b i
likia
qalaqi
ruka #2. finikiuri da berZnuli kolonizacia Zv.w. XI-VI saukuneebSi
383
ruka #4. romis imperia da barbarosebi
monebisa da kolonebis
gamosvlebi
hunebi alan-vandalebi
ostgoTebi burgundebi
vestgoTebi anglebi, saqsebi da iutebi
frankebi avarebi
slavebi
384
385
386
ruka #5. arabTa dapyrobebi
arabTa dapyrobebi
muslimTa teritoria 632 frankTa samefo
387
ruka 7. saqarTvelo daviT IV aRmaSeneblis mefobis dros
388
ruka #8. saqarTvelo Tamar mefis dros
389
ruka 9. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi
390
391
ruka #10. safrangeTis imperia 1812 wels
392
ruka #11. germaniis gaerTianeba
prusiis jarebis Seteva omSi daniasTan (1864 w.); avstriasTan (1866 w.);
safrangeTTan (1870-1871 ww.)
393
saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebi 1914 wlisaTvis
romi saxelmwifoTa dedaqalaqebi
394
4.VIII.1914 calkeul saxelmwifoTa omSi
Cabmis TariRebi
3.VIII.1914
28.VII.1914
27.VIII.1916
ruka #12. 1914-1918 wlebis pirveli msoflio omi
9.III.1916
28.VII.1914
23.V.1916
7.VIII.1914
14.X.1915
30.VI.1917
29.X.1914
395
danarTi #2
testebis swori pasuxebi
testi # 1
1-a; 2-b; 3-b; 4-d; 5-g; 6-g; 7-a; 8-g; 9-g; 10-d; 11-d; 12-b.
testi #2
I. teqstis Sesworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
2. xeTebis asureTis
5. skviTebi kimerielebi
testi #3
I. teqstis Sesworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
3. samara azo
397
6. saurmagi quji
8. marzpani spaspeti
9. Tbilisis mcxeTis
testi #4.
I. teqstis Sesworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
2. parTiis somxeTis
4. tigrani artagi
7. albaneTi somxeTi
8. arSaki miTridate
9. tiberiusi adriane
testi # 5
1-g; 2-a; 3-d; 4-b; 5-b; 6-g; 7-d; 8-d; 9-a; 10-b; 11-g; 12-b; 13-a; 14-a; 15-b; 16-b; 17-b; 18-a;
19-d; 20-g; 21-g.
398
testi #6
1-b; 2-d; 3-g; 4-b; 5-a; 6-a; 7-g; 8-b; 9-abu baqri, omari; osmani, ali; 10-a; 11-d; 12-b;
13-d; 14-a; 15-g; 16-d.
testi #7
1-b; 2-b; 3-b; 4-d; 5-g; 6-b; 7-a; 8-b; 9-a; 10-d; 11-g; 12-g; 13-g; 14-d; 15-b; 16-b; 17-b; 18-g;
19-b; 20-d.
testi #8
I. teqstis Sesworeba.
# Secdomaa sworia
2. aTabagi mwignobarTuxucesi
3. kaTalikosi Wyondideli
8. rusTavi dmanisi
testi # 9
I. teqstis Sesworeba.
# Secdomaa sworia
1. 1220-1245 ww. 1223-1245 ww.
2. 1224 w. 1225 w.
3. iranis xorezmis
399
4. ananuris brZola garnisis brZola
5. quTaisi Tbilisi
6. didubis xidi metexis xidi
7. Turq-selCukebi monRolebi
8. 1245 w. 1235 w.
9. demetre II rusudani
10. fazisi quTaisi
testi #10
I. teqstis Sesworeba
Secdomaa sworia
1499 1497
espaneTidan portugaliidan
samxreT amerikis afrikis
atlantis okeanis indoeTis okeanis
espanelebma portugalielebma
testi # 11
I. teqstis Sesworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
1. 1778 w. 1776w.
2. pirveli meore
400
3. cxrameti cameti
4. safrangeTTan inglisTan
# Secdomaa sworia
1. 1799w. 1798w.
2. lafaieti bonaparti
3. maroko egvipte
4. ruseTi inglisi
5. naximovi nelsoni
# Secdomaa sworia
1. italia Sveicaria
2. helsinki varSava
3. korsika malta
4. espaneTi italia
5. prusia italiis
# Secdomaa sworia
1. ispahani ganja
3. 1765 w. 1762 w.
4. sparseTi ruseTi
5. 1774 w. 1770w.
401
19. 4. imperia; 2. konstituciuri monarqia; 3. respublika; 1. SeuzRudavi monarqia.
20. 2. borodinos brZola;
4. vaterloos brZola;
1. austerlicis brZola;
3. laipcigis brZola.
21_g; 22_a; 23_g; 24_g; 25_b; 26_a; 27_g; 28_d
testi #12
I. teqstis gasworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
2. iranTan osmaleTTan
3. sevastopolisaken stambolisaken
4. kavkasiaSi yirimSi
5. baTumi sevastopols
# Secdomaa sworia
1. frangebma holandielebma
2. kaTolikeebi protestantebi
3. avstrielebma ingliselebma
4. samxreTisaken CrdiloeTisaken
402
testi #13
I. teqstis Sesworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
1. lui-filipe lui-napoleoni
3. mesamed meored
4. 1856 w. 1866 w.
5. prusiam safrangeTma
# Secdomaa sworia
1. demokratiuli respublikuri
2. 1862 1860
3. respublikurma demokratiulma
5. 23 10-ma
testi #14
I. teqstis Sesworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
1. avstria-ungreTis germaniis
3. safrangeTis ruseTis
403
4. ingliss italias
# Secdomaa sworia
1. avstria-ungreTis germaniis
3. Sveicariidan belgiidan
4. berlini parizi
5. samxreTis aRmosavleTis
testi #15
upasuxe kiTxvebs
1-d; 2-g; 3-d; 4-g; 5-g; 6-b; 7-d; 8-d; 9-a; 10-g; 11-g; 12-b; 13-b; 14-d; 15-g; 16-b
testi # 16
I. teqstis Sesworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
1. 5 seqtemberi 1 seqtemberi
2. espaneTma safrangeTma
4. 1942 w. 1941 w.
5. katini kompieni
404
6. samxreTi CrdiloeTi
7. de golo peteni
8. 1943 w. 1941 w.
9. potsdami Teirani
testi #17
upasuxeT kiTxvebs
1-g; 2-b; 3-b; 4-b; 5-d; 6-g; 7-a; 8-g; 9-b; 10-d; 11-d; 12-g; 13-g; 14-b; 15-a; 16-a
Semajamebeli testi #1
I. teqstis Sesworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
1. 1090 w. 1095 w
2. inglisi safrangeTi
3. episkoposi papi
4. monRolTa TurqTa
5. meqa ierusalimi
6. 1092 w. 1099 w.
8. 1201 w. 1204 w
9. genuelTa venecielTa
405
II. upasuxeT kiTxvebs
1-g; 2-b; 3-b; 4-d; 5-d; 6-d; 7-b; 8-b; 9-b; 10-a; 11-g; 12-d; 13-b; 14-b; 15-g; 16-g; 17-a; 18-
b; 19-a; 20-a; 21-a; 22-a; 23-b; 24-g; 25-d; 26-b; 27-b; 28-a; 29-b; 30-a; 31-b; 32-b; 33-b; 34-b;
35-g; 36-a; 37-d; 38-d; 39-b; 40-b; 41-g; 42-d; 43-b; 44-b; 45-b; 46-d; 47-g; 48-a; 49-a; 50-g;
51-b; 52-g.
406
Semajamebeli testi #2
I. teqstis Sesworeba
# Secdomaa sworia
1. 1951 w. 1949 w.
4. harvardi makarturi
5. vietnami CineTi
7. 1966 w. 1962 w.
9. breJnevi xruSCovi
407
3. TariRebi daakavSire movlenebTan
1. 1991 w. 8. Seiqmna varSavis bloki
2. 1979 w. 10. didi sameulis Sexvedra TeiranSi
3. 1949 w. 9. gaformda ssrk-germanias Soris Tavdausxmelobis paqti
4. 1962 w. 3. Seiqmna nato
5. 1985 w. 6. vardebis revolucia
6. 2003 w. 2. sabWoTa kavSirma jari Seiyvana avRaneTSi
7. 1953 w. 5. sabWoTa kavSiris generaluri mdivani gaxda gorbaCovi
8. 1955 w. 7. dasrulda omi koreaSi
9. 1939 w. 1. daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri
10. 1943 w. 4. karibis krizisi
408