Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PV System
ElmPvsys
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9
72810 - Gomaringen
Germany
http://www.digsilent.de
info@digsilent.de
r1341
Copyright 2014, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
electronic or mechanical, without the prior written permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.
PV System (ElmPvsys) 1
Contents
Contents
1 General Description 4
2 Solar Calculation 6
PV System (ElmPvsys) 2
Contents
2.7.3 In TypPvpanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.7.4 In SetTime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3 References 19
List of Figures 20
List of Tables 21
PV System (ElmPvsys) 3
1 General Description
1 General Description
The Photovoltaic System element (ElmPvsys) is an easy-to-use model based on the Static
Generator element (ElmGenstat). The PV System element models an array of photovoltaic
panels, connected to the grid through a single inverter. The main difference with the static
generator, is that the PV System provides an option to automatically estimate the active power
setpoint, given the geographical location, date and time.
The description of the following functions supported by PowerFactory can be found in the Tech-
nical Reference of the Static Generator:
The active power value can be specified directly by the user through the option Active Power
Input, or it can be automatically calculated, given the data of the solar panel type, the arrange-
ment of the solar array, the local time and date, and optionally irradiance data, with the option
Solar Calculation.
When the option Solar Calculation is used, the active power is calculated according to the
Section 2.
PV System (ElmPvsys) 4
1 General Description
The number of parallel inverters can be entered, as well as the MVA rating of a single inverter.
In general, the total MW and Mvar outputs of the PV System will be the rating of a single PV
Array multiplied by the number of parallel inverters specified.
For each PV System, which contains a single inverter, a number of panels can be entered. The
panels can be connected either in parallel, series or in series-parallel combination. The PV
System models the solar array viewed from the grid side.
In addition to the Load Flow parameters and analysis described in the Static Generator Tech-
nical Reference, there are additional options for the local controller, which are explained in the
following sections.
The local voltage controller could be set to five different modes (Power Factor, Voltage, Droop,
Q(V)-Characteristic, cosphi(P)-Characteristic). The three first modes are described in the Static
Generator Technical Reference. The last two are described in the following sub chapters.
Q(V)-Characteristic
The Q(V) characteristic is a reactive power control and follows a specified characteristic as
shown in Figure 1.2. U min and U max correspond to the lower and upper voltage deadband
limit.
The local controller acts as a reactive power controller with a variable setpoint. While the refer-
ence voltage is within the deadband, the entered reactive power setpoint is kept. If the reference
voltage leaves the deadband, the reactive power setpoint is adapted according to the droop en-
tered by the user and the voltage deviation from the respective end of the deadband.
PV System (ElmPvsys) 5
2 Solar Calculation
cosphi(P)-Characteristic
The cosphi(P) characteristic is a power factor control and follows a specified characteristic
as shown in Figure 1.3. The local controller acts as a power factor controller, where the power
factor is determined from the characteristic for the input active power flow.
2 Solar Calculation
The active power output of a single PV System, i.e. an array of panels connected to the grid
through a single inverter is calculated based on irradiance input data and the local time and
date.
The following equations for the panel and system output are proposed in [5].
and
Where:
PV System (ElmPvsys) 6
2 Solar Calculation
The geometrical calculation of the global irradiance on an inclined surface is proposed in [1] and
[3].
The first step in the process of calculating the irradiance on the surface of the PV panel (Eg,pv ),
is to calculate the angle of incidence of the solar irradiance ((, )), which can be defined as
the angle between the solar rays and the line perpendicular to the surface of the solar panel.
0 J 2
Jrad = (3)
365.25
0 J 360
Jdeg = (4)
365.25
0
EOT = 0.128 sin(Jdeg 2.8 ) 0.165 sin(2Jdeg
0
+ 19.7 ) (6)
( R )
tLAT = tLM T + + EOT c (7)
15
cos sin
sins = (11)
coss
cos1 (coss )
if sins < 0
s = (12)
cos1 (coss ) if sins > 0
F = s (13)
Where:
PV System (ElmPvsys) 7
2 Solar Calculation
0
Jrad is the day angle in radians
0
Jdeg is the day angle in degrees
is the declination angle in radians
EOT is the Equation of Time in hours
It is possible to specify whether or not the panels have a fixed mounting or a tracking system.
When the panels are fixed, the user must specify the orientation and/or the tilt angles. If a track-
ing system is used, it is assumed that the angles are optimized. The optimization is calculated
according to the sections below.
= tracking = 90 s (15)
= tracking = s (16)
PV System (ElmPvsys) 8
2 Solar Calculation
= tracking = 90 s (17)
= tracking = s (18)
The extraterrestrial irradiance value incident on a horizontal surface corrected by the day of the
year, E0 (J), is given by
I0 = 1367w/m2 (19)
0
= 1 + 0.03344 cos(Jrad 0.048869) (20)
E0 = I0 sin(s ) (21)
Where:
E0 (J) is the extraterrestrial irradiance on the horizontal plane corrected by the day of the
year
The global irradiance is the sum of two components: direct or beam irradiance (Eb,hor ), diffuse
irradiance (Ed,hor ). Since the values of the global irradiance and its two components are nec-
essary to calculate the global irradiance on the inclined surface of the solar panels, the value of
two components will be needed as an input from the user.
Where:
PV System (ElmPvsys) 9
2 Solar Calculation
Eg,hor is the global irradiance at the surface falling on a horizontal plane in W/m2
Eb,hor is the direct or beam irradiance on the horizontal plane in W/m2
Ed,hor is the diffuse irradiance on the horizontal plane in W/m2
The values of these irradiance components can be in the form of historical or forecasted data, or
they can be estimated through simple or complex models. The simple ones use only geometrical
methods, whereas the complex models include atmospheric factors. Implemented here are only
the simple methods, which are described in Sections 2.4.1, 2.4.2 and 2.4.3.
Kasten-Czeplak Model
Haurwitz Model
0.057
Eg,hor = 1098 sins exp( ) (25)
sins
Berges-Duffie Model
Adnot-Bourges-Campana-Gicquel Model
Robledo-Soler Model
Where:
PV System (ElmPvsys) 10
2 Solar Calculation
KT is the clearness index. Daily values vary around 0.68 to 0.72 under cloudless condi-
tions, with lower values at high latitudes in winter.
Inversely, the clearness index factor can be calculated from estimated or given irradiance data:
Eg,hor
KT = (30)
E0 (J)
Normally given as Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) data. In the dialog, the data can be entered
with a characteristic object.
Bugler Model
Ed,hor = 16 s 0.4 s (31)
Eg, hor (1.0 0.09 KT ) f or KT 0.22
Eg, hor (0.9511 0.1604 KT 4.388 KT 2
Ed,hor = (32)
16.638 KT 3 + 12.336 KT 4 ) f or 0.22 < KT < 0.8
Eg, hor (0.165) f or KT 0.8
Eg, hor (1.02 0.254 KT + 0.0123 sins ) f or KT 0.3
Ed,hor = Eg, hor (1.4 1.749 KT + 0.177 sins ) f or 0.3 < KT < 0.78 (33)
Eg, hor (0.468 KT 0.182 sins ) f or KT 0.78
Eg,hor
Ed,hor = (0.384 0.416 KT ) (34)
KT
PV System (ElmPvsys) 11
2 Solar Calculation
Eg, hor (1.0 0.249 KT ) f or KT < 0.35
Ed,hor = Eg, hor (1.577 1.84 KT ) f or 0.35 KT 0.75 (35)
Eg, hor (0.177) f or KT > 0.75
Spencer Model
Eg,hor (0.94 + 0.0118 || (0.41475 + 0.004725 ||)) f or 0.35 < KT
Ed,hor = Eg,hor (0.94 + 0.0118 || (1.185 + 0.0135 ||) KT ) f or 0.35 KT 0.75
Eg,hor (0.94 + 0.0118 || (0.88875 + 0.010125 ||)) f or KT > 0.75
(36)
Where:
Eg, hor (0.977) f or KT 0.15
Ed,hor = Eg, hor (1.237 1.361 KT ) f or 0.15 < KT 0.7 (37)
Eg, hor (0.273) f or KT > 0.7
1
Ed,hor = Eg,hor (1 (10.627 KT 5 + 15.307 KT 4 5.205 KT 3 +
KT (38)
0.994 KT 2 0.059 KT + 0.002))
In the dialog, the normal direct irradiance data can be entered with a characteristic object.
PV System (ElmPvsys) 12
2 Solar Calculation
From the normal direct irradiance, the direct horizontal irradiance can be calculated by
Where
Finally, the global irradiance on an inclined surface, Eg,pv , is the sum of the direct (beam),
the diffuse and the ground reflected irradiance values, all of them on the plane of the inclined
surface, and affected by respective overshading factors.
Where:
Eg,pv is the global solar irradiance at the surface on the inclined plane in W/m2
Eb,pv is the slope direct or beam component in W/m2
Ed,pv is the slope sky diffuse component in W/m2
Er,pv is the slope ground reflected component in W/m2
Sdir is the direct Irradiance shading factor, unit-less
Sdif f is the diffuse Irradiance shading factor, unit-less
The direct or beam component Eb,pv can be calculated very easily with some of the values
calculated above in the following way
Eb,hor cos(, )
f or cos (, ) > 0
Eb,pv = sins (41)
0 otherwise
Where:
PV System (ElmPvsys) 13
2 Solar Calculation
The diffuse component Ed,hor can also be computed straight forward with
1 + cos() 1 + cos()
E f or >0
d,hor
2 2
Ed,P V = (42)
0 otherwise
Where:
The ground reflected irradiance can be computed as a fraction of the global horizontal irradiance
with the following
1 cos() 1 cos()
E f or >0
g,hor g
2 2
Er,pv = (43)
0 otherwise
Where:
Eg,pv Eg,pv
rel = (1 + c (Tc Tr )) 1 + k1 ln k2 1 (44)
EST D EST D
Where:
PV System (ElmPvsys) 14
2 Solar Calculation
Tc = Ta + T Eg,pv (45)
N OCT 20
T = (46)
0.8 EDST D
Where:
PV System (ElmPvsys) 15
2 Solar Calculation
UT 0
k1 = (47)
Upmax0
Rpv Ipmax0
k2 = (48)
Upmax0
Uoc Ipmax Upmax Upmax Ipmax
M= 5.411 + 6.450 + 3.417 4.422 (49)
Isc Isc Uoc Uoc Isc
Isc Upmax Isc
Rpv = M + 1 (50)
Ipmax Ipmax Ipmax
Tr
UT 0 = UT (52)
Tc
EST D
Ipmax0 = Ipmax (53)
Eg,ef f
Upmax EST D EST D
Upmax0 = + UT 0 ln Ipmax Rpv 1 (54)
1 + (Tc Tr ) Eg,ef f Eg,ef f
Where:
PV System (ElmPvsys) 16
2 Solar Calculation
1 1
sin(s ) = = (55)
AM 1.5
Therefore, the effective irradiance is calculated as the global horizontal irradiance (as calculated
in Section 2.4 with the following conditions:
The required parameters to calculate the active power setpoint of the solar system are shown
in the following tables.
The parameters in the Basic Data page are shown in Table 2.1.
The parameters in the Load Flow page are shown in Table 2.2.
PV System (ElmPvsys) 17
2 Solar Calculation
2.7.3 In TypPvpanel
2.7.4 In SetTime
PV System (ElmPvsys) 18
3 References
3 References
[1] T. Markvart and L. Castaer. Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Appli-
cations. Elsevier Science, 2003.
[2] M. Paulescu, E. Paulescu, P. Gravila, and V. Badescu. Weather Modeling and Forecasting
of PV Systems. Springer, 2013.
[3] V. Quaschning. Regenerative Energiesysteme. Hanser Verlag, 2013.
[4] M. J. Reno, C. W. hansen, and J. S. Stein. Global horizontal irradiance clear sky models:
Implementation and analysis. Technical Report SAND2012-2389, Sandia National Labora-
tories, March 2012.
[5] A. Wagner. Photovoltaik Engineering. Springer, 2009.
[6] L. T. Wong and W. K. Chow. Solar radiation model. Applied Energy, 69(3):191224, 2001.
PV System (ElmPvsys) 19
List of Figures
List of Figures
1.2 Q(V)-Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 cosphi(P)-Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
PV System (ElmPvsys) 20
List of Tables
List of Tables
PV System (ElmPvsys) 21