A MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
NATIONAL HIGHWAY- 2 CONSTRUCTIONS
Session 2007-2011

Under guidance of
Er. CHANDAN KUMAR
H.O.D (CIVIL ENGINEERING)

SUBMITTED BY
ARUN KUMAR CHAUDHARY (07CE08)
JAVID KHAN (07CE27)
MANOJ KUMAR (07CE36)
MANOJ KUMAR (07CE37)
PRINCE (07CE44)
SHIV SHANKAR (07CE51)
SUBMITTED TO
Er. CHANDAN KUMAR
H.O.D (CIVIL ENGINEERING)
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
KHANDARI CAMPUS AGRA
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ARUN KUMAR CHAUDHARY

(07CE08), JAVID KHAN (07CE27), MANOJ KUMAR (07CE36),
MANOJ KUMAR (07CE37), PRINCE (07CE44), and SHIV
SHANKAR (07CE51) has complied this report on NATIONAL
HIGHWAY-2 CONSTRUCTION under our supervision. As a part
of the course in B.E Final Year (7th Sem. Civil).

We are highly indelted to H.O.D CHANDAN KUMAR and all

teachers of Department of CIVIL Engineering foe their valuable
guidance and the wish counsel in the completion of this report.

Special thanks to our Parents and all our friends for the
encouragement and support given to us in every phase of this report
writing.
 INTRODUCTION

In a National Highway-2 project, the engineer

has to plan, design and construct either a
network of new roads or road link.
Once a highway is constructed, development
takes along the adjoining land and subsequent
changes in alignment in geometric standards
become very difficult. A badly aligned highway is
not only a source of potential traffic hazard, but
also causes a considerable increase in
transportation cost and strain on the drivers and
the passengers. Therefore, proper investigation
and planning are most important in a road
project, keeping in view the present day needs
as well as the future development of the region

NATIONAL HIGHWAY 2
PROJECT
DEFINITIONS
In the contract the following words and expressions shall have the
meanings here by assigned to them, except where the context
otherwise requires:

(i) A BOLLARD is a short vertical post typically found where large

ships docks. While originally it only meant a post used on a quick
for mooring, the word now also describes a variety of structure to
control or direct road traffic. The term may be related to bole,
meaning the lower trunk of a tree.

(ii) A BYEPASS is a road or highway that avoids or bypasses a

built up area, town, or village, to let through traffic flow without
interference from local traffic, to reduce congestion in the built up
area, and to improve road safety.

If there are no strong land use controls, buildings are built a bypass,
converting it into an ordinary town road, and the bypass may
eventually become as congested as the local streets it was
intended to avoid.

(iii) A CURB or KERB is the edge where a raised

pavement/footpath, road median, or road shoulder meets an
unraised street or other roadway. Typically made from concrete,
asphalt, or long stones, the purpose is twofold: first as a gutter for
proper drainage of the roadway, and second for safety, to kee p
motorist from driving into the shoulder, median, sidewalk, or
pavement.

(iv) EMPLOYERS means the person named as such in part II of

these conditions and the legal successors in title to such person.
But not any assignee of such person.

(V) CONTRACTOR means the person whose tender has been

accepted by the employer and the legal successors in title to such
person. But not any assignee of such person.

Contract means the conditions, the specification, the

drawings, the bill of quantity, the tender, the letter of
acceptance; the contract agreement and such further
 documents as may be expressly incorporated in Letter of
Acceptance or Contract Agreement.
Specifications means the specification of the work
included in the contract and any modification therefore or
addition.
Drawings means all drawings, calculations and technical
information of a like nature provided by the Engineer to the
contractor under the contract and all drawings, Calculations,
Samples, Pattern, Models, Operations and maintenance,
manuals and other technical information of a like nature
submitted by the contractor and approved by the Engineer.
Bill of Quantities means the priced and completed bill of
quantities forming part of tender.
Section means a part of the works specifically identified in
the Contract as a section.
Site means the places provided by the Employer where the
works are to be executed and any other places as may be
specifically designated in the Contract as forming part of the
site.

SETTING OUT
The contractor shall establish working Bench marks tied with the
reference Bench Mark in the soon after taking possession of the
site. The reference Bench Mark for the area shall be as indicated in
the contract document of the values of the same shall be obtained
by the Contractor from the Engineer. The working bench mark shall
be at rate of 4 per km and also at or near all drainage structures,
over bridges and under passes. The working Bench Mark/levels
should be got approved from the Engineer. Check must be based on
this Bench Mark once every month and adjustments, if any, got
agreed with the Engineer and recorded. An up-to-date record of all
Bench Mark including approved adjustments, if any, shall be
maintained by the contractor and also a copy supplied to the
Engineer for his record.

The lines and levels of formation, side slopes, drainage works,

carriageways and shoulders shall be carefully set out and
frequently checked, care being taken to ensure that correct
gradients and cross sections are obtained everywhere.

In order to facilitate the setting out of the works, the centreline of

the highway must be accurately established by the contractor and
approved by the engineer. It must then be accurately referenced in
a manner satisfactory to the engineer, every 50m intervals in plain
and rolling terrains and 20m intervals in highly terrain and in all
curve point as directed by the engineer, with marker pegs and
chainage boards sets in or near the fence line, and schedule of
reference dimensions shall be prepared and supplied by the
Contractor to the Engineer. These markers shall be maintained until
the works reach finished formation levels are accepted by the
Engineer.

On construction reaching the formation level stage, the centre line

again be set out by the contractor and when approved by the
Engineer, shall be accurately referenced in a manner satisfactory to
the Engineer by markers pegs set at the outer limits of the
formation.
No marker pegs or markers shall be moved without the approval of
the Engineer and and no earth work shall be commenced until the
centre line has been referenced.

The contractor will be the sole responsible party for safeguarding

all survey monuments, bench marks, etc. The Engineer will provide
the Contractor necessary for setting out of the centre line. All
dimensions and levels shown on the drawing or mentioned in
documents forming part of the or issued under the contract shall be
verified by the Contractor on the site and he shall immediately
inform the engineer of any apparent error in such dimensions. The
Contractor shall in connection with the staking out of the canter
line, survey the terrain along the road and shall submit the
engineer for his approval, a profile along the road centre line and
cross section at intervals as required by the Engineer.

After obtaining approval of the engineer, work on earthwork can

commence and the profile and cross section shall from the basis for
measurements and payments.

The work of setting out shall be deemed to be a part of general

works preparatory to the execution of work and no separate
payments shall be made for the same..

TOPOGRAPHICAL
 PLAN

THE SALIENT FEATURE OF NATIONAL

HIGHWAY - 2 ARE :

STRETCH DELHI : MATHURA

NH No. : 2
LENGTH (Kms) : 145
FOUNDED BY : ADB
CONTRACTOR AND : MORTH
through Haryana and NATIONALITY
& UP PWD (IRCON).
 TEST DONE IN PROJECT
LABORATORY

TEST ON SUB GRADE SOIL

(I) GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION:
Most of the method for the soil identification and classification are
based on certain physical properties of the soil. The commonly used
properties for the classification are the grain size distribution liquid
limit and plasticity index. These properties have also been used in
empirical design method for flexible pavement; and in deciding the
suitable of sub grad soil.

Grain size analysis also known as mechanical analysis of soil is the

determination of the percent of individual grain size present in the
sample. The results of the test are of great value in soil
classification. In mechanical stabilization of soil and for designing
soil aggregates mixture the result of gradation test are used
.correlation have also made between the grain size distribution of
soil and the general soil behavior as the sub grade material and the
performance such as susceptibility to frost action, pumping of rigid
pavement etc.also permeability characteristics, bearing capacity
and some other properties, are approximately estimated based on
grain size distribution of the soil. The soil is generally divided into
four parts on the particle size. The fraction of the soil which is
larger than 2.00 mm size is called gravel, between 2.00 mm and
0.06 mm is sand 0.002mm silt and that is smaller than 0.002 mm
size is clay. Two type of sieves are available, one type with square
perforation on plate to sieves course aggregate and gravel, the
other type being mesh sieves made of woven wire mesh to sieves
finer particle such fine aggregate and soil fraction consisting of
sand silt and clay. However the sieves opening of the smallest mesh
sieves commonly available is about 0.075 mm, which is commonly
known as 200 mesh sieves therefore all soil particle consisting of
silt and clay which are smaller than 0.06 mm size will pass through
the fine mesh sieves with 0.075 mm opening. Therefore the grain
size analysis of course fraction of soil is carried out using sieves the
principle of sedimentation in water.

The sieves analysis is a simple test consisting of sieving a

measured quantity of material through successively smaller sieves.
The weight retain on each sieves. The weight retain on each sieve
is expressed as a percentage of the total sample. The sediment
principle has been used for finding the grain size distribution of fine
fraction; two methods are commonly used pipette method and the
hydrometer method.

The grain size distribution of soil particle of size greater than 63

micron is determine by sieving the soil on set of sieves of
decreasing sieve opening placed one below the other and
separating out the different size ranges.

APPARATUS:
Various apparatus set of standard sieves of different sieves size,
balance, and rubber covered pestle mortar, oven, riffle, sieves
shaker.

Procedure

For the fraction retained on 2.0 mm sieves.

Sufficient quantity of dry soil retained on 2.0 mm sieves is
weighed out. The quantity of sample taken may be increased
when the maximum size of particle is higher. The sample
separated into various fraction by sieving through the set of
sieves of size100, 63, 20, 6, 4.75, and 2 mm is sieves. After
initial sieves, material retained on each sieves carefully
collected and weighed.
For fraction passing 2.0 mm sieves and retained on 0.63 mm
size.
The required quantity of soil sample is taken by riffling or
quartering method, dried in oven at 105 to 110 c and is
subjected to dry sieves analysis using a set of sieves with
sieves opening 2.0, 0.6, 0.425, 0.15, and 0.075 mm, pan lid.
 The material collected on the each sieves and on the pan are
separately collected and weighed.

CALCULATION:
The weight of dry soil fraction retained on each sieve is calculated
as a percentage of the total dry weight of the sample taken. The
gravel, sand , silt ,and clay contain in percentage.

RESULT:
The gravel, silt sand clay contents are marked as result.

(II) CONSISTENCY LIMITS &

INDICES
The physical properties of fine grained soil, especially of clay differ
much at different water content. Clay may be almost in liquid state,
or it may snow plastic behavior or may be very stiff depending on
the moisture content. Plasticity is a property of outstanding
importance for clayey soil, which may be explained as the ability to
undergo changes in shape without rupture.

Liquid limit it may be defined as the minimum content at which soil

will flow under the application of a very small shearing force. The
liquid limit is usually determined in the laboratory using mechanical
device.

Plastic limit may define in general term, as minimum terms, as

minimum moisture content at which the soil remain in a plastic
state. The lower limit is arbitrarily defined and determined in the
laboratory by prescribed test procedure.

Plastic index is defined as the numerical difference between the

liquid and plastic limit.

p.i thus indicates the range of moisture content over which the soil
in plastic condition.

Consistency limit and plasticity index vary for different type. Hence
properties are generally used in the identification and classification
of soil

LIQUID LIMIT TEST:

Liquid limit is the moisture content at which 25 blow in standard
liquid limit apparatus will just close a groove of standardized
dimension cut in the sample by grooving tool by a specified
amount.

APPARATUS:
Mechanical liquid limit device consists of a cup and arrangement for
raising and dropping through a specified height, grooving tool.
Other apparatus include spatula, moisture containers, and balance
of capacity 200g sensitive to0.01 g oven to maintain 105 to110c.

PROCEDURE:
About 120 g of dry pulverized soil sample passing 425 micron sieve
is weighted, and mixed thoroughly with distilled water in the
evaporating dish to from a uniform thick paste. The liquid limit
device is adjusted to have a free fall of cup through 10mm.a portion
of the paste is placed above the lowest spot, and squeezed down
with the spatula to have a horizontal surface . the specimen is
trimmed by firm strokes of spatula in a such a way that the
maximum depth of soil sample in the cup is 10 mm. the soil in the
cup is divided along the diameter through the center line pf the
cam followed by firm strokes of the grooving tool. So as to get a
clean and sharp groove. The crank is rotated at the rated at the
rate of two revolutions per second by hand so that the cup is lifted
and dropped. This continued till the two halves of the soil cake
come in to contact at the bottom of the groove along a distance of
10 mm, and the number of blows given is recorded . a
representative soil is taken, placed in moisture container, lid placed
over it and weighed. The container in dried in oven and the dry
weight determined the next day for finding the moisture content of
the soil. The operations are repeated for at least three more trial
with slightly increased moisture content each time, nothing the
number of blows so that there at least four uniformly distribute
reading of number of blows between 10 and 40 blows.

CALCULATION:
the flow index The flow cure is plotted by taking the number of
blows in the log scale on the x-axis, and the water content in
arithmetic scale on the y-axis, of format sheet .the flow curve is
straight line drawn on semi-logrithmetic plot. The moisture content
corresponding to 25 blow is read from this curve rounding off the
nearest whole number and is reported as the liquid w1 of the soil.
The slope of the straight line flow cure is flow index. It may be
calculated from the following formula;
 W 1W 2 W 10W 100
For index, If= log n2Logn1 = log10 100/10 =w W 10W 100

Hence if the flow curve is extrapolated and moisture w10 and

w100 corresponding to 10and 100 blows respectively are found,
then the difference in these water content would give of the soil.

PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

Plastic limit is the moisture content at which a soil when rolled in to
thread of smallest diameter possible, start crumbling and has
diameter of 3 mm.

APPARATUS:
Evaporating dish, spatula, glass plate, moisture containers, rod of 3
mm diameter , balance sensitive to 0.01 g, drying oven controlled
at temperature 105 to110c.

PROCEDURE:
About 20 g of dry, pulverized soil passing 425 micron IS sieve is
weighed out. The soil is mixed thoroughly with distilled water in the
evaporating dish till the soil paste is plastic enough to be easily
molded with fingers. A small ball is formed glass plate to a thread.
The pressure just sufficient to roll into a thread of uniform diameter
should be used. The rate of rolling should be between 80 and 90
strokes per minute counting a stroke as one complete motion of
hand forward and back to starting position again. The rolling is done
till the diameterof thread is 3 mm . then the soil is kneaded together to a
ball and roller again to from therad this process of alternate rolling
and kneading is continude untill the thread. This process of
alternate rolling and kneading is continude until th ethread
crumbles under prassure required for rolling and the soil can no
longer to roll into a thread.

If the crumbling start at diameter less than 3 mm, then moisture

content is more than the plastic limit and if the diameter is greater
while crumbling starts, the moisture content is lower.

CALCULATION:
The plastic limit (w0) is expressed as a whole number by obtaining
the mean of the moisture content of the plastic limit.

Plastic index is calculated as the diffrence between liquid limit and

plastic limit.

Plastic index = liquid limit plastic limit

W1-wp

(III) COMPACTION TEST

Compaction of soil is a mechanical process by which by which the

soil partical are constrained to be packed more closley together by
reducing the air void. Soil compaction causes decreases ia air void
and consequently an increase in dry density. This may result in
increase in shearing strength., the possible of future settelment or
compressibility decrease. Degree of compaction is usually
measured quantitativily nby dry density.

APPARATUS:
(a) Cylindrical mould of capacity 1000 cc. with an internal
diameter of 10 cm and height 12.73 cm. the mould is fitted with
a detachable base plate and removable collar extension of about
6 cm hight.
(b) For the light compaction, a metal rammer having 5
cmdiameter circular face, and weight 2.6 kg is used which has
drop oif 31 cm.

For heavy compaction, the rammer has 5 cm diameter circular

face, but havin g weight 4.89 kh free drop of 45 cm.

(c)Steel straight edge having behaving beveled edge for trimming

top of the specimen.
(d) Other accessories include moisture container, balance of
capacity 10kg and 200kg, oven, sieves, mixing tools.

PROCEDURE:
In case of soil sample has particle bigger than 4075 mm sieve,
about 20 kg of the representstive soil is air dried, mixed pulerized
and sieved through 20 mm and 4.75 m sieve is not use in the test
the percentage passing 20 mm sieve and retained on 4075 mm
sieve is noted and if this is less than 20 percen this sample is used
as such. It is more than this phenomenon is repeated. In case the
sample passes 4075 sieves, than the bdry pulverized sample is
sieved through 4.75 mm sieve and the portion passing this sievesis
only used for the test. About 16 kg of dry soil in total may be
neccessery for the compaction test in the 1000 cc mould. For
compaction the soil in the mould every time the required quantity
quantity will depend on the soil type, size of mould, moisture
content and amount of compaction. As arough guidance, for each
test 2.5 kg of soil may taken for light compaction. As arough
guidance, for each test 2.8 kg for heavy compaction, and than the
required water ia added. The estimated weight to be added to the
soil every time may be measured in in a jet graduated in cc.
enough water is added to to the specimen to bearing the moisture
content to about 7% less than the estimated o.m.c. for sandy soil
and 10% less for clay soils. The processed soil stored in an air tight
container for about 10 to 20 enable moisture to spread uniform in
the soil mass.

The mould with base fitted in is weighed. The process soil water
mixture throughly and divided into eight equal part.

(1) For light compaction the wet soil is compacted into the mould
in three equal layers, each layer being 25 blow of the 2.6kg
rammer.
(2) For heavy compaction the wet soil mix is compacted in the
mould in five equal layer being 25 bloq of 4.89 kg hammer.

The blow should be uniform ly disributed over the surface of each

layer. Each layer of the compacted soil is scored with a spatula
before placing the soil for the succeeding. The amount of the soil
used should be just sufficient to fill the mould leaving about 5 mm
to strike off on the top after compacting the final layer.

The coller is removed and the compacted soil is leveled to th top of

the mould by mean of straight edge. The mould and the soil are
then weighed. The soil is then ejected out of the mould and cut in
the middle and a representative specimen is determine by finding
the wet weight, keeping in the oven at 105c to 110c and finding the
dry weight the next day.

CALCULATION:
Let weight of mould copacted soil be = W1 g

Weight of empty mould =W2 g

Volume of mould = W
W 1W 2
Wet density = W g/cc
 Wet Density
Then dry density = ( 100+ M . C )100

RESULT:
The result are dry density and wet density.

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

TEST

INTRODUCTION:
The California bearing ratio (CBR) test was developed by the
California division of highway as a method of classification and
evaluating soil-subgrade and base course material for flexible
pavements. Just after world war-2, the U.S.Crops of engineers
adopted the C.B.R. test for use in designing base course for air field
pavement. The test is empirical and result can not be related
accurately with any fundamental property of the material. The CBR
is a measure of resistance of a material to penetration of a
standard plunger under controlled density and moisture conditions.
The test procedure should be strictly adhered if high degree of
reproducibility is desired. The CBR test may be conducted in
remould or undisturbed specimen in the laboratory. U.S. crops of
engineers have also recommended a test procedure for in-situ test.
Many methods exist today which utilize mainly CBR test value for
designing pavement structures. The test is simple and has been
extensive investigated for field correlation of flexible pavement
thickness requirement briefly, the test consist of causing a
cylindrical plunger of diameter 50 mm to penetrate component
material at 1.25 mm/minute. The loads, for 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm are
recorded. This load is expressed as a percentage of standard load
value at a respective deformation level to obtain CBR value.

APPARATUS:

Loading machine: Any compression machine which can operate

at a constant rate of 1.25 mm/minute can be used for this
purpose. If such machine is not available then a calibrate
hydraulic press with proving ring to measure load can be used. A
metal penetration piston or plunger of a diameter 50 mm is
attached to the loading machine.

Cylindrical moulds: Mould of 150 mm diameter and 175 mm

height provided with a collar of about 50 mm length and
detachable perforated and base are used for this purpose. A
spacer disc of 148 mm diameter and 47.7 mm thickness is used
to obtain a exactly 127.3 mm height
 Compaction rammer: The material is usually compacted as
specified for the work, either by dynamic compaction or ISI are
given in table bellow:-

TYPE OF NUMBER WEIGHT OF FALL, cm NUMBER OF

COMPACTION OF LAYERS HAMMER, BLOWS
Kg
Light 3 2.6 31 56
compaction
Heavy 5 4.89 45 56
compaction

Adjustable stem, perforated plate, tripod and dial gauge: the

standard procedure require that the soil sample before testing
should be soaked in water to measure swelling.
Annular weight: in order to stimulate the effect of the overlying
pavement weight, annular weight each of 2.5 kg and 147 mm
diameter are placed on the top of the specimen, both at the time
of soaking and testing the sample, as surcharge.

Beside above equipment, coarse filte r paper, sieves, oven,

balance, etc. Required

TEST ON CEMENT

(1) FINENESS TEST:

INTRODUCTION:

The object of this is to check the proper grinding of cement. The

rate of hydration depends on the fineness of cement. The finer is
the cement, the earlier the hydration and the faster and greater is
the gaining of strength. This because of hydration starts at the
surface. Larger the surface area (i.e. finer the cement), faster will
be hydration. However, very fine cement is susceptible to air set
and deteriorates earlier. The grinding of cement shall be as fine as
to conform to the standard specification and also shall be uniformly
fine .If the cement is not uniformly fine, the concrete made out of it
will have poor workability and will require a large quantity of water
while mixing. Also bleeding of concrete can occur i.e. even before
the concrete is set , water will come out of the surface due to the
settlement of concrete particle. To check the fineness of the cement
IS: 4031-1998 gives three methods:

1. By drying sieving.
2. Blaine air permeability method.
3. By wet sieving.

First method is used to find the fineness of cement in the project

laboratory.

DRY SIEVING METHOD:

The fineness of the cement depends on the particle size
distribution. A small mass of fine cement may have surface area
have large surface area than a large mass of coarser particle of
cement. It is therefore necessary to reduce the percentage of
coarse particles to get require fineness of cement .In this test mass
of coarser cement particle is found out which is limited to specified
percentage for various cements as per respective Indian standard.
Take 100g of various cements from samples and breakdown any air
set lumps with finger. Place it on a standard IS sieve no.9.
Continuously sieve the sample with a gentle wrist motion for 15
minutes. The mass of residue shall not exceed 10g in case of
ordinary Portland cement and 5g in case of rapid hardening
cement.

CALCULATION AND RESULT:

The weight of cement retained is divided by weight taken and is
multiplied by 100 so the percentage retained cement on 90 micron
sieve is calculated. Three trials are done and the average of
percentage.

Cement retained is calculated. The average percentage of

cement retained should not be more than the specified limit.

(II) TEST FOR ONSISTENCY,

INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME
OF CEMENT

CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT PASTE:

INTRODUCTION:
This test determines the quantity of water required to produce
a cement paste of standard consistency for the use of other
test. The vicat apparatus is used for this purpose. The
consistency of standard cement paste is defined as that
consistency which will permit the vicat plunger 50mm long
and having 10mm diameter to penetrate to a point 5mm to
7mm from the bottom of the vicat mould. The unit of the
consistency is percentage of water by mass of dry cement
and denoted by P.

PROCEDURE:
Take 400g cement and add to it 30% water on a glass plate or
any non porous surface. Mix thoroughly and fill the mould of
vicat apparatus. The interval from the time of adding water to
the dry cement until commencing to fill the mould is known as
the time of gauging and must be not less than 3 minutes and
not more than 5 minutes. Lower plunger gently to touch the
surface of test block and quickly release it, allowing it to sink
into the paste. Note the settlement of the plunger. The
settlement of the plunger should be 5mm to 7 mm from the
bottom of the mould. If not, repeat the procedure using fresh
cement and other percentage of water until the described
penetration of the plunger is obtained.

The consistency of standard cement paste is expressed as

the amount of water as percentage by mass of dry cement.

Let, m1= mass of cement taken

m2= mass of water added when the plunger has a
penetration of 5mm to .
7mm from the bottom of the mould.

Then the percentage of water or standard consistency is

P = (m2/m1)x100

Usually standard consistency P lies between 26 to 33 percent.

 TEST FOR SETTING TIMES

INTRODUCTION:

The change of the cement paste from fluid to rigid state may be
referred to as setting. The gaining of strength of a cement of a set
cement paste is known as hardening. During the setting, cement
acquires some strength, however it is not considered in definition to
distinguished setting from hardening, where hardening is gain of
strength of a set cement paste.

Objects of these tests are:-

1. To find initial and final setting times of cement.

2. To distinguished between quick setting and normal setting
types of cement
3. To detect deterioration due to storage.

When water is added to cement and mixed properly. The chemical

reaction soon starts and the paste of cement remains plastic for a
short period. During this period, it is possible to remix the paste for
a short period. During this period, it is possible to remix the paste.
This period is called initial setting time. It is assumed that no
hardening will starts in this period .As time lapses, the reaction is
continued and cement begins to harden. At some stages it gardens
also called finally set and the time elapsed since the water was
added is called final setting time. It is not possible to express the
exact state of hardening and hence empirical measurements are
taken.

This is purely a conventional one and does not relate to the setting
and hardening of actual concrete.

PROCEDURE:

Mix 400g of cement with 0.85 P percentage of water where P is the

consistency of standard cement paste. Start the stop watch at the
instant when water is added to cement. Fill the vicat mould with
this paste and smooth of the surface of the paste making it level
with the top of the mould attach 1mm* 1mm square cross section
needle to the vicat rod. Lower the needle gently near the surface of
the block. Note whether the needle pierces completely .If so, wait
for a while drop the needle at a fresh place. Repeat the procedure
till the needle fails to pierce the block for 5 + 0.5mm measured
from the bottom of the mould. The interval between the time when
water was added to cement and the time at which the needle fails
to pierce the block by 5 + 0.5mm is known as initial setting time.

Replace the needle by the needle which has a sharp pointing,

projecting in the centre with a annular attachment and release it on
the same test block as before. Note the time when needle makes
an impression, but the attachment fails to do so. The interval
between these time and the time when water was added is known
as the final setting time.

The initial setting time for a ordinary Portland cement should not be
less than 30 minutes and the final setting time should not more
than 10 hours. For quick setting cement, the initial setting time
should not be less than 5 minutes and the final setting not more
than 30 minutes.

The minimum limits on initial setting are specified because:

Concrete once placed should not be distributed after the initial
setting has taken place.
There must be sufficient time for placing of second batch which
may be distribute the first batch of the concrete.
The transportation of concrete from the place where concrete is
prepared to the placing of concrete requires some finite time.

The maximum limits of the final setting time are specified because
the concrete should achieve the desired strength as early as
possible so that the shuttering can be remove and reused.

TEST ON ROAD AGGREGATES

(I) AGGREGATES IMPACT TEST

INTRODUCTION:
Toughness is the property of the materials to resist impact. Due to
traffic loads, the load stones are subjected to the pounding action
or impacts and there possibility of stones breaking into smaller
pieces. The road stones should therefore be tough enough to resist
fracture under impact. A test designed to evaluate the toughness of
the stones therefore the resistance of the two fractures under
repeated impacts may be called an impact test for road stones.
Impact test may either carry out cylindrical stone specimens as in
page impact test or stone aggregates as in a aggregate impact
test. The aggregate test has been standardized by the British
Standard Institution and the Indian Standard Institution. The
aggregate impact value indicates the a relative measure of the
resistant of aggregate to sudden shock or an impact, which in some
aggregate differ from its resistant to slow compressive load. The
method of test covers the procedure for determine the aggregate
impact value of coarse aggregates.

APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of an impact testing machine, a cylindrical
measure temping rod, IS sieve, balance and oven.

Impact Testing Machine : The machine consist of a matter

base with a plane lower surface supported well on a firm flour,
without rocking detachable cylindrical steel cup of internal
diameter 10.2cm and depth 5.0cm is rigidly fastened centrally
to the base plate. A matter hammer of weight between 13.5
and 14 kg having the lower and cylindrical in shape, 10cm in
diameter and 5.0 cm long, with 2.0 mm chamber at the lower
edge is capable of sliding freely between vertical guides, and
fall concentric over the cup. There is an arrangement for raising
the hammer and allowing it to fall freely between vertical
guides from a height of 38 cm on the test sample in the cup,
the height fall being adjustable up to 0.5 cm a key is provided
for supporting the hammer while fastening.
Measure: A cylindrical metal measure having internal
diameter 7.5 cm and depth 5.0 cm for measuring aggregates.

Tamping rod: A straight metal tamping rod of circular cross

section, 1.0 cm in diameter and 23 m long, rounded at one end.

Sieve: IS sieve of size 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm for

sieving the aggregates.

Balance: A balance of capacity not less than 500g to weight

accurate up to 0.1g.

Oven: A thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of

maintaining constant temperature between 100oC and 110oC.

PROCEDURE:
The test sample consist of aggregates passing 12.5mm sieves and
retained on 10mm sieve and dried in an oven 4 hours at a
temperature 100oC to 110oC and cooled. The aggregates are filled
up to about one third full in the cylindrical measure and tamped 25
times with rounded and of the tampering rod. Further quantity of
aggregates is then added up to about two third full in the cylinder
and 25 strokes of the tamping rod are given. The measure is now
filled with the aggregates to over flow, tamped 25 times. The
surplus aggregates are stuck off using the tamping rod as straight
edge. The net weight of the aggregates in the measures
determined to the nearest gram this weight of the aggregates is
used for carrying out duplicate test on the same materials. The
impact machine is placed with its bottom plate on the flour so that
the hammer guide columns are vertical. The cup is mixed firmly in
position on the base of the test sample from the cylindrical
measure is transferred to the cup and compacted by tamping with
25 strokes.

The hammer is raised until its lower face is 38 cm above the upper
surface of the aggregates in the cup ,and allowed to fall freely on
the aggregates. The test sample is subjected to a total 15 such
blows, each being delivered at an interval of not less than one
second. The crushed aggregates is then removed from the cup and
whole of it sieve on the 2.36mm sieve until no further significant
amount passes. The fraction passing the sieve is also weighed
accurate to 0.1gm.The fraction retained on the sieve is also
weighed and if the total weight of the fraction passing and retained
on the sieve is added, it should not be less than the original by 1g,
the result should be discarded and a fresh test made
EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
These specification shall be apply to the construction of
embankment including sub grade, earthen shoulders and
miscellaneous backfills with improved material obtained from the
road way and drain excavation, borrow pits and other resources. All
the embankments, sub grades, earthen shoulders and
miscellaneous backfills shall be constructed in accordance with the
requirements of these specification and in conformity with the lines,
grade and cross section shown on the drawing or as directed by
the engineer.

Material & general requirements:

Physical requirements:
The material used in the embankments, sub grades, earthen
shoulders and miscellaneous backfills shall be soil, moorum, gravel,
a mixture of these or any other material approved by the engineer.
Such a material should be from log, stumps, roots, rubbish or any
other intrigent likely to be deteriorate or effect the stability of the
embankment/sub grade

The following types of material shall be considered unsuitable for

the embankment:
Material from swamps, marshes and bogs.
Peat, log, stumps and perishable material; any soil that
classifies as OL, OI, OH or Pt in accordance with IS:1498;
Material susceptible to spontaneous combustion;
Clay having liquid limit exceeding 70 and the plasticity index
exceeding 45;
Material with salt resulting in leaching in the embankment;

The size of coarse material in the mixture of earth shall ordinarily

shall not exceeded 75mm when being placed in the
embankment and 50mm when placed in sub grade.

Ordinarily, only the material satisfying the density requirements

given in the table 1 shall be employed for the construction of the
embankment and for the sub grade.

Table 1.density requirement of

embankment and sub-grade material.
 MAXIMUM
LABORATORY DRY
UNIT WEIGHT WHEN
S.No. TYPES OF WORK TESTED AS PER IS :
2720 (PART 8)

Embankment up to 3meter Not less than

1 height, not subjected to 15.2kn/cu. m
extensive flooding.

Embankment exceeding 3m
2 height or embankment of any
Not less than
height subject to long period
of inundation. 16.0kn/cu. m

3 Sub grade and earthen

backfill/shoulder/verges
Not less than
17.5kn/cu. m

GENERAL REQUIREMENT:

Borrow material:
The contractor shall obtain representative sample from each of the
identified borrow areas and have these tested at the site laboratory
following a testing program approved by the engineer. It shall be
ensured that sub grade material when compacted to the density
requirements as in table 2 shall yield the design CBR values of sub
grade.
TABLE 2. Compaction requirements for
embankment and sub grade

RELATIVE COMPACTION AT
% OF MAXIMUM
TYPE OF
LABORATORY DRY DENSITY
S.No. WORK/MATERIAL
AS PER IS:2720 (PART
8)

Sub grade earthen NOT LESS THAN 97

1 shoulders
NOT LESS THAN95
2 Embankment

Construction operations:

Setting out:
After the site has been cleared, the limits of embankment/sub
grade shall be marked by fixing batter pegs on both sides of 10
meter intervals. The embankment/sub grade shall be built
sufficiently wider than the design dimension so that surplus
material may be trimmed, ensuring that the remaining material is
to desire density & in the position specified and conforms to the
specified of the slope.

Compaction ground supporting:

Embankment/sub grade:
In case where the difference between the sub grade level and
ground level is less than .5 m and the ground does not have 97%
relative compaction with respect to the dry density as given in table
2 the ground shall be loosened up to level .5 m below the sub grade
level, watered and compacted in layer up to 97% of dry density.

Spreading material in layers and bringing to

appropriate moisture content:
The embankment and the sub grade material shall be spread in
layer of uniform thickness not exceeding 200 mm compacted
thickness over the entire width of the embankment by mechanical
means.

Compaction:
The compaction shall be done with the help of vibratory roller of 80
to 100 KN static weight with plain or pad foot drum or heavy
pneumatic typed roller of adequate capacity capable of achieving
required compaction.

Finishing operation:
Finishing operation shall include the work of shaping and dressing
the shoulder/verge/road bed and side slope to confirm to the
alignment, levels and cross section dimension shown n the drawing
or as directed by the engineer subject to the surface tolerance.

Surface finish and quality control of work

The surface finish of construction of surface of sub grade shall
conform to the requirement of heading 10. Control on the quality of
material and work shall be exercised in accordance with heading
11.

Measurement of payment
Earth embankment/sub grade construction shall be measured
separately by taking cross at interval at the original position before
the work starts and after it completion and the volume of the
earthwork in cubic meter by the method of areas and average.
 GRANULAR SUB-BASE

Scope:
The work shall be should be consists of laying and compacting well graded
material on prepared sub grade in accordance with requirements of these
specifications. The material shall be laid in one or more layer as sub base or
lower sub-base and upper sub-base(termed as sub-base here in after) as
necessary according to lines, grades and cross sections shown on the drawing
or as directed by the engineer.

Material:
The material to be used for the work shall be natural sand,
moorum, gravel, crushed stone or combination thereof depending
upon the grading required. Material like crushed slag crushed
concrete, brick metal and kankar may be allowed only with the
specific approval of the engineer. The material shall be free from
organic and other deleterious constituents and confirm to one of
the three grading in table 3.

Physical requirements:
The material shall have 10% fine value of 50 KN or more (for
sample in soaked condition when tested in compliance with BS: 812
(part 111). The water absorption value of the coarse aggregate
shall be determined as per IS:2386(part 3); if this value is greater
than 2% the soundness test shall be carried out on the material
delivered to site IS:383. For grading II and III material, the CBR shall
be determined at the density and moisture content likely to be
developed in equilibrium conditions which shall be taken as being
the density relating to a uniform air void content of 5%.

TABLE 3 . GRADING FOR CLOSE-GRADED

SUB-BASE MATERIAL

IS SIEVE % by weight passing the sieve

DESIGNATION GRADING I GRADING II GRADING III
75 mm 100 -------- --------
53 mm 80-100 100 ---------

26.5 mm 55-90 70-100 100

9.5 mm 35-65 50-80 65-95

4.75 mm 25-55 40-65 50-80

2.36 mm 20-40 30-50 40-65

0.425 mm 10-25 15-25 20-35

0.075 mm 3-10 3-10 3-10

CBR VALUE (MAX.) 30 25 20

Strength of sub-base:
It shall be ensured prior to actual execution that the material to be use in the
sub base satisfied the requirements of the CBR and other physical requirement
when compacted and finished.
When directed by the engineer , this shall verified by the
performance CBR test in the laboratory as required on specimens
remolded at the field dry density and moisture content and any
other test for the quality of the material, as may be necessary.

Construction operation:

Preparation of sub-grade:
Immediately prior for the laying of the sub base, the sub-grade
already finished shall be prepared by removing all vegetation and
other extraneous matter, lightly sprinkled with water if necessary
and rolled with two passes of 80-100kN smooth wheeled roller .

Spreading and compacting:

Immediately thereafter, rolling shall start. If the thickness of the
compacted layer does not exceed 100 mm, a smooth wheeled roller
of 80kN to 100kN weight may be used. For compacted single layer
up to 225 mm the compact shall be done with the help of the
vibratory roller of minimum 80 to 100 kN static weight with plain
drum or pad foot drum of heavy pneumatic tyred roller of minimum
tyre pressure of 0.7kN/m2 or equivalent capacity roller capable of
achieving the required compaction. Rolling shall commence at the
lower edge and proceed toward the upper edge longitudinally for
portion having unidirectional cross fall and super elevation and
shall commence at the edges and progress toward the center
portion having cross fall on both side s. Each pass of the roller shall
uniformly over lap not less than one-third of the track made in the
preceding pass. During the rolling, grade and cross fall (camber)
shall be the checked and any high spots or depressions, which
become apparent, corrected by removing of adding fresh material.
The speed of roller shall not exceed 5 km/hr.
Rolling shall be continued till the density achieved is at least 98% of
the maximum dry density for the material determined as per
IS:2720 (par 8).The surface of any layer of material compaction
shall be well closed, free from movement under compaction
equipment and from compaction planes, ridges, crack or loose
material. All loose, segregated or otherwise defected areas shall be
made good to the full thickness layer and re-compacted.

Surface finish and quality control of work:

The surface of the compaction shall confirm to the requirements of
heading 10.

Control on the quality of material and work shall be exercised by

the engineer and accordance with heading 11.

Measurement of payment:
Granular sub-base shall be measured as finished work in position in
cum. The protection of edges of granular sub-base extended over
the full formation as shown in drawing shall be considered
incidental to the work providing granular sub-base and such no
extra payment shall be made for the same.

Wet mix macadam sub-Basel base

SCOPE this work shall consists of laying of compacting clean,
crushed, graded aggregated and granular, premixed with water, to
a dense mass on a prepared sub grade/sub-base or existing
pavement as the case may be in accordance with the requirements
of these specifications. The material shall be laid in one or more
layer as necessary to line, grades and cross-section shown on the
approved drawings or as directed by the engineer.

The thickness of a single compacted Wet Mix Macadam layer shall

not be less than 75 mm. When vibrating or other approved
types of compacting equipment are used, the compacted depth of a
single layer of the sub-base course may be increased to 200 mm
upon approval of the engineer.
Materials:
Aggregates:
Physical requirements:
Coarse aggregates shall be crushed stone. If crushed gravel/Shingle
is used, not less than 90 percent by weight of the gravel/Shingle
pieces retained on 4.75 mm sieve shall have at least two Fractured
faces. The aggregates shall conform to the physical requirement set
forth in table 4 below.

Table 4 physical requirements of coarse

aggregate for wet mix macadam for sub-
base /base coarse:
S.NO TEST TEST REQUIREMENTS
. METHO
D
1. Los Angles IS:2386 40%
Abrasion (part 4)
Value Or
IS:5640
Aggregate 30%
Impact
Value.
Combined
2. Flakiness
IS:2386
30%
(part1)
Elongation
Test
Aggregate may satisfy requirements of either of the two tests. To
determine this combined portion, the flaky stone from a
representative sample should first be separate out. Flakiness index
is weight of flaky stone metal divided by weight of stone sample.
Only the elongated particles be separated out from the remaining
(non-flaky) stone metal. Elongation index is weight of elongated
particles divided by total non-flaky particle. The value of flakiness
index and elongation index so found are added up.

If the water absorption value of the coarse aggregate is greater

than 2 percent, the soundness test shall be carried out on the
material delivered to site as par IS: 2386 (part-S).

GRADING REQUIREMENTS:
The aggregate shall conform to the grading given in Table 5

TABLE 5. GRADING REQUIREMENTS OF

AGGREGATES FOR WET MIX MACADAM:
Is sieve designation % by weight passing the IS
SIEVE

53.00 mm 100

45.00 mm 95-100

26.50 mm -

22.40 mm 60-80

11.20 mm 40-60

4.75 mm 25-40

2.36 mm 15-30

600.00 micron 8-22

 75.00 micron 0-8

Material finer than 425 micron shall have plasticity index (PI) not
exceeding 6.the final gradation approved within these limits shall
be well graded from coarse to find and shall not very from the low
limit on one sieve to high limit on the adjacent sieve or vice versa..

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION :
Preparation of base:
The surface of the sub-base/ base to receive the mix wet mix
macadam coarse shall be prepared to the specific lines & cross falls
(camber) & made free of dust& other extraneous material.

PROVISION OF LATERAL CONFINEMENT OF

AGGREGATES:
While constructing wet mix macadam, arrangement shall be made
for the lateral confinement of wet mix. This shall be done by laying
material in adjoining shoulder along with that of Wet Mix Macadam
layer.

Preparation of mix:
Wet mix macadam shall be prepared in an approved mixing plant of suitable
capacity having provision for controlled addition of water and forced! Positive
mixing arrangement like pug mill or pan type mixer of concrete batching plant.

Optimum moisture for mixing shall be determined in accordance with IS: 2720
(pait-8) after replacing the aggregate fraction retail 1ed on 22.4 mm sieve with
material of 4.75 mm to 22.4 mm size. While adding water, due to allowance
should be made for evaporation losers. However, at the time of compaction,
water in the wet mix should not vary from the optimum value by more than
agreed limits. The mixed material should be uniformly wet and no segregation
should be permitted.

Spreading of mix:
Immediately after mixing, the aggregates shall be spread uniformly
and evenly upon the prepared sub-grade/sub-base/base in required
quantities. In no case these be laid nor shall their hauling over a
partly completed stretch be permitted.

The mix may be spread either by a paver finisher or motor grader.

For portions where mechanical means cannot be used, manual

means are

approved by the: Engineer shell be used. The motor grade shall be

capable For portions where mechanical means cannot be used,
manual means are spreading the material uniformly all over the
surface. Its blade shall have hydraulic control suitable for initial
adjustments and maintaining the same so as to achieve the
specified slope and grade.
The power finisher shall be self-propelled, having the following
features:

(1) Loading hoppers and suitable distribution mechanism.

(2) The screed shall tamping and vibrating arrangement for

initial compaction to the layer is it is spread without rutting
or otherwise marring the surface profile.

(3) The paver shall be equipped with necessary control

mechanism so as to ensure that the finished surface is free
from surface blemishes.

COMPACTION:
After the mix has been laid to the: required thickness, grade and
cross fall/ camber the same shall be uniformly compacted, to the.
Full depth with suitable roller. If the thickness of single compacted
layer does not exceed 100 mm, a smooth wheel roller of 80 to
100kN weight may be used. for a compacted single layer up to 200
mm, the compaction shall be done with the help of vibratory roller
of minimum static weight1 of 80 to 100kNor equivalent capacity
roller. The speed of the roller shall not exceed 5 km/hr.
In portions having unidirectional cross fall/ super elevation, rolling
shall commence form the lower edge and progress gradually
towards the upper edge. Thereafter, roller should progress parallel
to the centerline of the road, uniformly over-lapping each preceding
track by at least one-third width until the entire surface has been
rolled.
Alternate trip of the roller shall be terminated at the stops at least 1
m away from any preceding stop. I portion in camber, rolling should
begin at the edge with the roller running forward and backward
until the edges have been firmly compacted. The roller shall than
progress gradually towards the center line of the road uniformly
overlapping each of the preceding track at least one-third width
until entire surface has been rolled.

Rolling shall be continued I till the density achieved is at least 98%

of the maximum dry density of the material as determined by the
method outlined in IS: 2720 (part 8).

SETTING AND DRYING:

After final compaction of wet mix macadam course, the road shall
be allowed to dry for 24 hours.

Opening to traffic
Preferably no vehicular traffic of any kind should be allowed Dn the
finished wet mix macadam surface till it has dried and the wearing
course laid.

SURFACE FINISH AND QUALITY CONTROL OF

WORK SURFACE EVENNESS:
The surface finish of construction shall conform to the requirements
of heading 10.
QUALITY CONTROL:
Control on the quality of materials and work shall be exercised by
the engineer in accordance with heading 11.

MEASURMENT FOR PAYMENT:

Wet mix macadam shall measure as finished work in position in
cubic meters.
PRIME COAT OVER GRANULAR BASE

SCOPE:
This work shall consist of the application of angle coat of low
viscosity liquid bituminous material to a porous granular surface .

Preparatory to the superimposition of bituminous treatment or

mix.

MATERIALS:

PRIMER:
the choice of the bituminous primer shall depend upon the porosity
characteristic of the surface to be primed as classified in Ire:16.
These are

1. Surface of low porosity, such as wet mix macadam and water

bound macadam.

2. Surface of medium porosity, such as cement stabilized soil

base.

3. Surface of high porosity, such as gravel base.

Primer viscosity:
The type and viscosity of the primer shall comply with
requirements of IS: 8887, as sampled and tested for bituminous
primer in accordance with these standards. Guidance in viscosity
and rate of spray is given in TABLE.
Table 6. viscosity requirements and
quantity of liquid bituminous primer
Kinematic viscosity Quantity of liquid
of primer at bituminous material
Types of
60deg.C per 10 sq. m.
surface
centistokes

Low porosity 30-60 6 to9

medium

Porosity
70-140 9 to12

High porosity
250-500 12 to 15

Choice of primer:
The primer shall be bitumen emulsion, complying with of a type
and grade as specified in the contract or as directed by the
engineer. The use of medium curing cutback as per IS: 217 shall be
restricted only for site at sub zero temperatures or for emergency
application as per directed by the engineer.

Weather and seasonal limitations:

Bituminous primer shall not be applied to wet surface during a dust
storm or weather is foggy, rainy or windy or when the temperature
in shade is less than 10deg. C. surface which are to receive
emulsion primer should be damp, but no force or standing water
shall be present.
Construction:

Equipment:
The primer distributor shall be self-propelled or towed bitumen
pressure sprayer equipped for spraying the material uniformly at
the specified rates and temperatures. Hand spraying of small areas,
inaccessible to the distributor, or in narrow strips shall be sprayed
with a pressure hand sprayer, or as directed by the engineer.

Curing of primer and opening to traffic:

A primed surface shall be allowed to cure for at least 24 hrs. or such other
period as is found to be necessary to allow all the volatiles evaporate before
any subsequent surface treatment or mix is laid. Any unabsorbed primer shall
first be blotted with an application of sand using the minimum quantity as
possible. A primed surface shall not be opened to traffic or other than that
necessary to lay the next course. A very thin layer of clean sand may be applied
to the surface of the primer, to prevent primer of picking up under the wheels of
the paver and the trucks delivering bituminous material to the paver.

Quality control of work

For control of the quality of material supplied and the work carried
out, the relevant provision of heading 11 shall be applied.

Measurement of payment
Prime coat shall be measured in terms of surface area of
application in square meters.
 TACK COAT
SCOPE:

This work consists of the application of a single coat of low viscosity

liquid bituminous material to an existing bituminous road surface
preparatory to the superimposition of bituminous mix, when
specified by the Contract or instructed by the Engineer.

MATERIALS:

BINDER:
The binder used for tack coat shall be bitumen emulsion complying
with IS: 8887 of a type and grade specified in the Contract of a
directed by the Engineer. The use of cutback bitumen as per IS:217
shall be restricted only for sites sub-zero temperatures or for
emergency applications as directed by the Engineer.
WEATHER AND SEASONAL LIMITATIONS
Bituminous material shall not be applied to a wet surface of during
a dust strom or when the weather is foggy, rainy or windy or when
the temperature in the shade is less than 10c. Where the tack coat
consists of emulsion, the surface should be slightly damp, but not
wet. Where the tack coat is of cutback, the surface shall be dry.

CONSTRUCTION

EQUIPMENT
The tack coat distributor shall be self-propelled or towed bitumen
pressure sprayer, equipped for spraying the material uniformly at a
specified rate. Hand spraying of small Areas, inaccessible to the
distributor, of in narrow strips, shall be sprayed with a pressure
hand sprayer, or as directed by the Engineer.

APPLICATION OF TACK COAT:

The application of tack coat shall be at the rate specified in the

Contract, and shall be applied uniformly. If rate of application of
tack coat is not specified in the Contract then it shall be at the rate
specified in Table 7. The normal range of spraying temperature for a
bituminous emulsion shall be 20C to 70C and for a cutback, 50C
to 80C if RC-70/MC-70 is used. The method of application of the
tack coat will depend on the type of equipment to be used, size of
nozzles, pressure at spray bar, and speed of forward movement.
The Contract r shall demonstrate at a spraying trial, that the
equipment and the method to be used is capable of producing a
uniform spray, within the tolerances specified.

TABLE 7 RATE OF APPLICATION OF TACK

COAT
 TYPE OF SURFACES QUANTITY OF
LIQUIDBITUMINOUS
MATERIAL INKG. PER SQ. M.
AREA

(I) Normal bituminous surface 0.20 to 0.25

(ii) Dry and hungry bituminous surface 0.25 to 0.30

(iii) Granular surfaces treated with 0.25 to 0.30

primer

(iv) Non Bituminous surfaces) Granular 0.35 to 0.400.30 to 0.3

base (not primed)b) Cement concrete
pavement

Where the material to receive an overlay is a freshly laid

bituminous dyer that has not been subjected to traffic of
contaminated by dust, a tack coat is not mandatory where the
overlay is completed with two days.

CURING OF TACK COAT:

The coat shall be left to cure until all the volatiles have evaporated
before any subsequent construction is started. No plant of vehicles
shall be allowed on the tack coat other than those essential for the
construction.
QUALITY CONTROL OF WORK
For control the quality of materials supplied and the works carried
out, the relevant provision of heading 11 shall apply.

MEASUREMENT OF PAYMENT
Tack coat shall be measured in terms of surface area of application
in square meters.
DENSE GRADE BITUMINOUS MACADAM
SCOPE
This clause specifies the construction of Dense Grade Bituminous
Macadam, (DBM), for use mainly, but not exclusively, in base/binder
and profile corrective course. DBM is also intended for use as road
base material. This work shall consist of construction in a single of
multiple layers of DBM on a previously prepared base of sub-base.
The thickness of a single layer shall be 50 mm to 100mm.

MATERIALS

BITUMEN:
The bitumen shall be paving bitumen of penetration Grade
complying with Indian Standard Specifications for Paving Bitumen
IS: 73, and of the penetration indicated in Table 10 for Dense
Bituminous Macadam, or a appropriate grade of bitumen is given in
the manual for construction and Supervision of Bituminous Works.

COARSE AGGREGATES:
The coarse aggregates shall consist of crushed rock, crushed grave!
Or other hard material retained on the 2.36 mm sieve. They shall
be clean, hard, durable, of cubical shape, free from dust and soft or
friable matter, organic of other deleterious substances. Where the
Contractors selected sources of aggregates have poor affinity for
bitumen , as a condition for the approved anti-stripping agent, as
per the manufacturers recommendations, without additional
payment.
Before approval of the source, the aggregates shall be tested for
stripping. The aggregate shall satisfy the physical requirements
specified in Table 8, for dense bituminous macadam.
Where crushed gravel is proposed for use as aggregate, not less
than 90% by weight of the crushed material retained on the 4.75
mm sieve shall have a least two fractured faces.

FINE AGGREGATES:
Fine aggregates shall consists of crushed or naturally occurring
mineral material, or a combination of the two, passing the 2.36 mm
sieve and retained on the 75 micron sieve. They shall be dean,
hard, durable, dry and free from dust, and soft or friable matter,
organic or other deleterious matter.
The fine aggregate shall have a sand equivalent value of not less
than 50 when tested in accordance with the requirement of IS:
2720 (Part 37). The plasticity index of the fraction passing the
0.425 mm sieve shall not exceed 4. When tested in accordance
with IS: 2720 (Part 5)

TABLE 8. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR

COARSE

AGC REGA THE DENSE GRADE BITUMINOUS

MACADA
PROPERTY TEST
SPECIFICATION
Cleanliness(dust) Grain size an analysis Max 5% passing
Flakiness and Elongation 0.075 mm sieve Max
Index (Combined) 30%
Particle Shape Los Angles Abrasion value max 35%
Strength Aggregate Impact Value Max 27%
 Durability Soundness sodium sulphate Max 12%Max 18%
Magnesium
Water absorption Sulphate water Absorption Max 2%Max retained
Stripping Coatin and Stripping of coating 95%
Bitumen
Water Sensitivity Aggregate Mixtures Max 80%
Retained Tensile Strength

FILLER:
Filler shall consist of finely divided mineral matter such as rock
dust, hydrated lime or cement approved by the Engineer.
The filler shall be graded within the limits indicated in Table 9

TABLE 9. GRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR

MINERAL

FILLER
ISSIEVE(M CUMULATIVE PERCENT PASSINGBY WEIGHT OF TOTAL
M) AGGREGATE
0.6 100
0.6 95-100
0.075 85-100

The filler shall be free from organic impurities and have a plasticity
Index not greater than 4. The Plasticity Index requirement shall not
apply if filler is cement or lime. When the coarse aggregate is
gravel, 2 percent by weight of total aggregate, shall be Portland
cement or hydrated lime and the percentage of fine aggregate
reduce accordingly, Cement or hydrated lime is not required when
the lime stone aggregate is used where the aggregates fail to meet
requirements of the water sensitivity test in Table 8, then 2 percent
by total weight of aggregate, of hydrated lime shall be added
without additional cost.

AGREGATE GRADING AND DINDER

CONTENT:
When tested in accordance with IS: 2386 Part 1 (wet sieving
method), the combined grading of the coarse and fine aggregates
and added filler for the particular mixture shall fall within the limits
shown in Table 10, for dense bituminous macadam grading 1 of 2
as specified in the contract. The type and quantity of bitumen, and
appropriate thickness, are also indicated for each mixture type.

MIXTURE DESIGN
REQUIRMENT FOR THE MIXTURE:
A Part from conformity with the grading and quality requirements
for individual ingredients, the mixture shall meet the requirements
set out in Table 11.
Notes: 1. The normal maximum particle size is one size larger than
the first sieve to retain more than 10 percent.
2. Interpolate minimum voids in the mineral aggregate (YMA) for
design air voids values between listed.

BINDER CONTENT:
The binder content shall be optimized to achieve the requirements
of the mixture set out in Table: 11 and traffic volume specified in
the Contract. The Marshall method for determining the optimum
binger content shall be adopted as described in The Asphalt
Institute Manual Ms-2, replacing the aggregates retained on the
22.4 mm sieve, where approved by the Engineer.
Where 40 mm dense bituminous macadam mixture is specified, the
modified Marshall method described in MS-2 shall be used. This
method requires modified equipment and procedures; particularly
the minimum stability value in Table 11 shall be multiplied by 2.25,
and the minimum flow. Shall be 3 mm.

JOB MIX FORMULA:

The Contractor shall inform the Engineer in writing, at least 20 days
before the start of the work, of the job mix formula proposed for
use in the works, and shall give the following details:
Source and location of all materials;
Proportions of all materials expressed as follows where each is
applicable:

Binder type, and percentage by weight of total mixture;

Coarse aggregate/fine aggregate/mineral filler as percentage by
weight of total aggregate: including mineral filler;

A single definite percentage passing each sieve Iv1 the mixed

aggregate;

The individual grading of the individual aggregate fractions, and the

proportion of each in the combined grading.

The results of tests enumerated in Table 11 as obtained by the

Contractor.
Where the mixer is a batch mixer, the individual weights of each
type of aggregate, and binder per batch.

Test results of physical characteristics of aggregates to be used;

Maxing temperature and compacting temperature.

While establishing the job mix formula, the contractor shall ensure
that it is based 011 a correct and truly representative sample of the
materials that will actually re used in the work and that the mixture
and its different ingredients satisfy the physical and strength
requirements of these specifications. Approval for mix formula shall
be based on independent testing by the engineer for which samples
of all ingredients of the mix shall be furnished by the Contractor as
required by the Engineer. The approved job mix formula shall
remain effective unless and until a revised job Mix Formula is
approved. Should a charge in the source of materials be proposed,
a new job mix formula shall be forwarded to the Engineer for
approval before the placing of the material.

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION
WEATHER AND SEASONAL LIMTATIONS
Laying shall be done suspended while free-standing water is
present on the surface to be covered, or during rain, fog and dust
storms, After rain, the bituminous surface, Prime of tack coat, shall
be blown off with a high pressure air jet to remove excess moisture,
or the surface left to dry before laying shall start. Laying of
bituminous mixtures shall not be carried out when the air
temperature at the surface on which it is to be laid is below 100e or
when the wind speed at any temperature exceed 40 km/h at 2m
height unless specifically approved by the Engineer.

PREPARATION OF BASE:
The surface to which the bituminous work is to be laid shall be
cleaned of all loose and extraneous matter by means of a
mechanical broom or any other approver equipment / method as
specified in the contract. The use of a high-pressure air jet from a
compressor to remove dust or loose matter shall be available full
time on the site. Unless otherwise specified in the contract.

PRIME COAT:
Where the material on which the dense bituminous macadam is to
be laid is other than bitumen bound layer, a prime coat shall be
applied, as per specifications, of as directed by the Engineer.

TACK COAT:
Where the material on which the dense bituminous macadam is to
be placed is bitumen bound surface, a tack coat shall be applied, as
per specifications, or as directed by the Engineer.

SPREADING:
Except in areas where a mechanical paver cannot access,
bituminous materials shall be spread, levelled and tamped by an
approved self-propelled paving machine. As soon as possible after
arrival at site, the materials shall be supplied continuously to the
paver and laid without delay.
The rate of delivery of material to the paver shall be regulated to
enable the paver to operate continuously. The travel rate of the
paver: and its method of operations shall be adjusted to ensure and
even and uniform flow of bituminous material across the screen,
free from dragging, tearing and segregation of the materials. In
areas with restricted space where the mechanical paver cannot be
used, the material shall be spread, raked and levelled with suitable
hand tools by experienced staff, and compacted to the satisfaction
of the Engineer.
The minimum thickness of material laid in each paver pass shall be
in accordance with the minimum values given in the relevant of
these Specifications. When laying blinder course or wearing course
approaching an expansion joint of a structure, machine lying shall
stop 300 mm short of the joint. The remainder of the pavement up
to the joint, and the corresponding area beyond it, shall be laid by
hand, and the joint or joint cavity shall be kept clear 6f surfacing
materials.
Bituminous material, with a temperature greater than 145C shall
not be laid or deposited on bridge deck waterproofing systems,
unless precautions against heat damage have been approved by
the Engineer.

ROLLING:
Bituminous materials shall be laid and compacted in layers which
enable the specified thickness, surface level, surface regularity
requirements and compaction to be achieved.

Compaction of bituminous materials shall commence as soon as

possible after lying. Compaction shall be substantially completed
before the temperature falls below the minimum rolling
temperature started in the relevant part of these specifications.
Rolling of the longitudinal points shall be done immediately behind
the paving operation. After this, rolling shall commence at the
edges end progress toward the centre portions; it shall progress
from the lower to the upper edge parallel to the centre line of the
pavement. Rolling shall continue until all roller marks have been
removed from the surface. All deficiencies in the paver before initial
rolling is commenced. The initial or breakdown rolling shall be done
with 8-10 tones dead weight smooth-wheeled rollers. The
intermediate rolling shall be done with 8- 10 tones dead weight or
vibratory roller On with a pneumatic typed roller of 12 to 15 tonnes
weight having nine wheels, with a tyre pressure of at least 5.6
kg/cm2 the finish rolling shall be done with 6 to 8 tonnes smooth
wheeled tandem rollers.
Bituminous materials shall be rolled in a longitudinal direction, with
the driven rolls nearest the paver. The roller shall first compact
material adjacent to joints and then work from the lower to the
upper side of the layer, overlapping on successive passes by at
least one-third of the width of the near roll or, in the case of a
pneumatic-tried roller, at least the nominal width of 300 mm. In
portions with super-elevated and unidirectional camber, after the
edge has been rolled, the roller shall progress from the lower to the
upper edge.
Rollers should move at a speed of not more than 5 km per hour. The
roller shall not be permitted to stand on pavement which has not
been fully compacted, and necessary precautions shall be taken to
prevent dropping of oil, grease, petrol or other foreign matter on
the pavement either when the rollers are operation or standing. The
wheels of rollers shall be taken moist with water, and the spray
system provided with the machine shall be in good working order,
to prevent the mixture from adhering to the wheels only sufficient
moisture to prevent adhesions between the wheels of rollers and
mixture should be used. Surplus water shall not be allowed to stand
on the partially compacted pavement.

OPENING TO TRAFFIC
The newly laid surface shall not be open to traffic for at least 24hrs
after laying and complete on of compaction, without the express
approval of the Engineer in writing.

MEASUREMENT FOR PAYMENT

Dense Grade Bituminous Materials, shall be measured as finished
work either in cubic meters, tons or by the square meter at a
specified thickness as detailed an Contract drawings, or
documents, or as directed by the Engineer.

BITUMINOUS CONCRETE
SCOPE
This clause specifies the construction of bituminous concrete, for
use in wearing and profile corrective courses. This work shall
consist of construction in a single or multiple layers of bituminous
concrete on a previously prepared bituminous bound surface. A
single layer shall be 25 mm to 100 mm in thickness.

MATERIALS

BITUMEN:
The bitumen shall be paving of bitumen of penetration grade
complying with Indian Standard Specification for Paving Bitumen,
IS: 73 and of the penetration indicated in Table 15, for bituminous
concrete, or as otherwise specified in the Contract. Guidance on the
selection of an appropriate grade of bitumen is given in The Manual
for Construction and Supervision of Bituminous Works.

COARSE AGGREGATES:
The coarse aggregates shall consist of crushed rock, crushed gravel
or other hard material retained on the 2.36 mm sieve. They shall be
clean, hard, and durable, of cubical shape, free from dust and soft
or friable matter, organic or other deleterious substances. Where
the Contractors selected source of aggregates have poor affinity
for bitumen, as a condition for the approval of that source the
bitumen shall be treated with an approved anti-stripping agent, as
per the manufacturers recommendations, without additional
payment.
Before approval of the source, the aggregates shall be tested for
stripping. The aggregates shall satisfy the physical requirements
specified in Table 13, for bituminous concrete.

FINE AGGREGATES:
Fine aggregates shall consists of crushed or naturally occurring
mineral material, of a combination of the two, passing the 2.36 mm
sieve and retained on the 75 micron sieve. They shall be clean,
hard, durable, dry and free from dust, and soft or friable matter,
organic or other deleterious matter.
The fine aggregate shall have a sand equivalent value of not less
than 50 when tested in accordance with the requirement of IS:
2720(Part 37).
The plasticity index of the fraction passing the 0.425 mm sieve
shall not exceed 4. When tested in accordance with IS: 2720 (part
5).

FILLER:
Filler shall consist of finely divided mineral matter such as rock
dust, hydrated lime or cement approved by the Engineer.
The filler shall be graded within the limits indicated in Table 9. The
filler shall be free from organic impurities and have a Plasticity
Index rot greater than 4. The plasticity Index requirement shall not
apply if filler is cement or lime. When the coarse aggregate is
gravel, 2 percent by weight of total aggregate, shall be Portland
cement or hydrated lime and the percentage of fine aggregate
reduce accordingly. Cement or hydrated lime is not required when
the lime stone aggregate is used. Where the aggregates fail to
meet the requirements of the water sensitivity test in Table 13,
then 2 percent by total weight of aggregate, of hydrated lime shall
be added without additional cost.

AGGREGATE GRADING AND BINDER CONTENT:

When tested in accordance with IS: 238C Part 1 (Wet grading
method), the combined grading of the coarse and fine aggregates
and adder filler shall fall within the limits shown in Table 15 for
grading 1 or 2 as specified in the Contract.

MIXTURE DESIGN

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MIXTURE:

Apart from conformity with the grading and quality requirements
for individual ingredients, he mixture shall meet the requirements
set out in Table 16.
The requirements for minimum in percent voids in mineral
aggregate (VMA) are set out in Table 12.

BINDER CONTENT:
The binder content shall be optimized to achieve the requirements
of the mixture set out in Table 16 and the traffic volume as
specified in the Contract. The Marshall method for determining the
optimum binder content shall be adopted as described in the
Asphalt Institute Manual MS-2, replacing the aggregates retained on
the 26.5 mm sieve and retained on the 22.4 sieve, where approved
by the Engineer.

JOB MIX FORMULA:

The Contractor shall inform the Engineer in writing, at least 20 days
before the star of the work, of the job mix formula proposed for us,
in the works, and shall give the following details:
Source and location of all materials;
Proportions of all materials expressed as follows where each is
applicable:
Binder type, and percentage by weight of total mixture;
Coarse aggregate (fine aggregate/mineral filler as percentage by
weight of total aggregate including mineral filler;
A single definite percentage passing each sieve for the mixed
aggregate;
The individual grading of the individual aggregate factions, and the
proportion of each in the combined grading.
The results of tests enumerated in Table 16 as obtained by the
Contractor;
Where the mixer id a batch mixer, the individual weights of each
type of aggregate, and binder per patch;
Test results of physical characteristics of aggregates to be used;
Mixing temperature and compaction temperature.
While establishing the job mix formula, the contractor shall ensure
that it is based on a correct and truly representative sample of the
materials that will actually be used in the work and that the mixture
and its different ingredients satisfy the physical and strength
requirements of these specifications Approval of the job mix
formula shall be based on independent testing by the engineer for
which samples of all ingredients of the mix shall be furnished by the
Contractor as required by a Engineer. The approved job mix formula
shall remain effective unless and until a revised Job Mix Formula is
approved. Should a charge in the source of materials be proposed,
a new job mix formula shall be forwarded to the Engineer for
approval before the placing of the material.

TABLE 13. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR

COARSE AGGREGATE FOR BITUMIENOUS
CONCRETE PAVEMENT LAYERS

PROPERTY TEST TEST Cleanlines Grain Size

s (dust) analysis
Particle Flakiness 0.075mm Strength Value
shape and sieve Max Aggregate
Elongation 30% Impact
Index Los Caules
Angeles Polished
Abrasion Stone
Polishing Value Max Water Coation and
Durability Soundness 30%Max absorption Stripping of
Sodium 24%Max Stripping Bitumen
Sulphate 55% Water Aggregate
Magnesium Sensitivity Mixture
Sulphate Retained
Water Tensile
 absorption Strength

CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS:
WEATHER AND SEASONAL LIMITATIONS:
Lying shall be done suspended while free-standing water IS present
on the surface to be covered, or during rain, fog and dust storms.
After rain the bituminous surface, prime of tack coat shall be blown
off with a high pressure air jet to remove excess moisture of the
surface left to dry before lying shall start.
Laying of bituminous mixture shall not be carried out when the air
temperature at the surface on which it is to be laid is below 10 c or
when the wind speed at any temperature exceeds 40 km/h at 2 m
height unless specifically approved by the Engineer.

PREPARATION OF BASE:
The surface to which the bituminous work is to be laid shall be
cleaned of all loose and extraneous matter by means of a
mechanical broom or any other approved equipment / method as
specified in the contract. The use of a high-pressure air jet jorum a
compressor to remove dust or loose matter shall be available full
time on the site, unless otherwise specified in the contract.

TACK COAT:
Where the material on which the dense bituminous macadam is to
Be placed is bitumen bound surface, a tack coat shall be applied as
per specifications, or as directed by the Engineer.

MIXING AND TRANSPROTING OF THE

MIXTURE:
Pre-mixed bituminous concrete shall be prepared in a hot mix plant
of adequate capacity and capable of yielding a mix of proper and
uniform quality with thoroughly coated aggregates. Appropriate
mixing temperatures can be found in Table 14 of these
specifications; the difference in temperature between the binder
and aggregate should at no time exceed 14C. In order to ensure
uniform quality of the mix and better coating of aggregates, the hot
mix plant shall be calibrated from time to time.

TABLE MANUFACTURING AND ROLLING

TEMPRATURES

BITUMEN BITUME AGGREAGAT MIXEDMAT ROLIN LAYING

PENETRAT MIXING MIXING E G
35 160-170 160-175 170 100 min 130 min
65 150-165 150-170 165 90 min 125 min
90 140-160 140-165 155 80 min 115 min

Bituminous materials shall be transported in clean insulated

vehicles, I and unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, shall be
covered while in transit or awaiting tipping. Subject to the approval
of the Engineer, a thin coation of diesel of lubrication oil may be
applied to the interior of the vehicle to prevent sticking and to
facilitate discharge of the material.

TABLE 15. COMPOSION OF BITUMINOUS

CONCRETE

PAVEMENT LAYERS

GRADING 1 2
NOMINALAGGREG 19MM 13MM
ATE SIZE
LAYER THICKNESS 50-65 MM 35-45
MM
IS SIEVE(MM) COMMULATIVE % BY WEIGHT OF TOTAL
 AGGREGATE POASSING
45 - -
37.5 - -
26.5 100 -
19 79-100 100
13.2 59-79 79-100
9.5 52-72 79-88
4.75 35-55 53-71
2.36 28-44 42-58
1.18 20-34 34-48
0.6 15-27 26-38
0.3 13-20 18-28
0.15 13-14 13-20

SPREADING:
Except in areas where a mechanical paver cannot access,
bituminous materials shall be spread, levelled and tamped by a n
approved self-propelled paving machine. As soon as possible after
arrived at site, the materials shall be supplied continuously to the
paver and laid without delay.
The rate of delivery of Material to the paver shall be regulated to
enable the paver to operate continuously. The travel rate of the
paver and its method of operations shall be adjusted to ensure an
even and uniform flow of bituminous material across the screed
free from dragging, tearing and segregation of the materials. In
areas with restricted space where the mechanical paver cannot, be
used, the material shall be spread, raked and levelled with suitable
hand tools by experienced staff and compacted to the satisfaction
of the Engineer.
The minimum thickness of Material laid in each paver pass shall be
in accordance with the minimum values given in the relevant parts
of these Specifications. When laying binder course of wearing
course approaching an expansion joint of a structure, machine lying
shall stop 300 m short of the joint. The remainder of the pavement
up to the joint, and the corresponding area beyond it, shall be laid
by hand, and the joint of joining cavity shall be kept clear of
surfacing materials.
Bituminous material, with a temperature greater than 145C, shall
not be laid or deposited on bridge deck waterproofing systems,
unless precautions against heat damage have been approved by
the Engineer.

ROLLING:
Bituminous materials shall be laid and compacted in layers which
enable the specified thickness, surface level, regularity
requirements and compaction to be achieved.
Compaction of bituminous materials shall commerce as soon as
possible after laying. Compaction shall be substantially completed
before the temperature falls below the minimum rolling
temperature started in the relevant part of these specifications.
Rolling of the longitudinal joints shall be done immediately behind
the paving operation. After this, rolling shall commence at the
edges and progress towards the centre longitudinally except that
on super elevated and unidirectional cambered portions, it shall
progress from the lower to the upper edge parallel to the centre
line of the pavement. Rolling shall continue until all roller marks
have been removed from the surface. All deficiencies in the surface
after lying shall be made good by the attendants behind the paver,
before initial rolling is commenced. The initial of breakdown rolling
shall be done with 8-10 tones dead weight smooth-wheeled rollers.
The intermediate rolling shall be done with 8-10 tones dead weight
cr vibratory roller or with a pneumatic type roller of 12 to15 tones
weight having nine wheels, with a tyre pressure of at least 506
kg/sq.cm. The finish rolling shall be done with 6 to 8 tonnes smooth
wheeled tandem rollers.
Bituminous materials shall be rolled in a longitudinal direction, with
the driven rolls nearest the paver. The roller shall first compact
material adjacent to joints and then work from the lower to the
upper side of the layer, overlapping on successive passes by at
least one-third of the width of the rear roll or, in the case of a
pneumatic-tried roller, at least the nominal width of 300 mm.
In portions with super-elevated and uni-directional camber, after
the edge; has been rolled, the roller shall progress from the lower to
the upper edge.
Rollers should move at a speed of not more than 5 km per hour. The
roller shall not be permitted to stand on pavement which has not
been fully compacted, and necessary precautions shall be taken to
prevent dropping of oil, grease, petrol of other foreign matter on
the pavement either when the rollers are operating of standing. The
wheels of rollers shall be taken moist with water, and the spray
system provided with the machine shall be in good working order,
to prevent the mixture from adhering to the wheels. Only sufficient
moisture to prevent adhesion between the wheels of rollers and the
mixture should be used. Surplus water shall not be allowed to stand
on the partially compacted pavement.

OPENING TO TRAFFIC
The newly laid surface should not be open to traffic for at least 24
hours after laying and completion of compaction, without the
express approval of the Engineer in wirting.

SURFACE FINISH AND QUALITY CONTROL

The surface finish of the completed construction shall conform to
the requirements of heading 10. All materials and workmanship
should comply with the provisions set out in heading 11 of this
specification.

MEASUREMENT OF PAYMENT
Dense Grade Bituminous M.1 trials, shall be measured as finished
work either in cubic meters, tons or by the square meter at a
specified thick ness as detailed the Contract drawings, or
documents, or as directed by the Engineer.

METHODOLOGY OF PQC.
SCOPE:
The work shall consist of construction of un-reinforced, dowel
jointed plain cement concrete pavements in accordance with the
requirements of MOST specification and in conformity with the lines
grades and cross sections as shown on the approved drawings. The
work shall include furnishing of all plant and equipment, materials
and labour as directed by the Engineer.

MATERIALS:

CEMENT:
Ordinary part land cement 43 grade confirming IS: 8112.

ADMIXTURES:
Admixtures used conforming to IS: 9625 and IS: 9103.

COARSE AGGREGATE:
The maximum size of aggregate is 20 mm. the coarse aggregate
complying with IS: 383

FINE AGGREGATE:
As approved in mix design confirm to IS: 383.

WATER:
It shall meet the requirement as stipulated in IS: 456.

MACHINERY USED IN
CONSTRUCTION
LIST OF PLANT & MACHINERY DEVELOPED
AT SITE:

WMM Mixing plant

Tailor
Stone Crusher unit 100TPH
Tipper (6/8)
GSB Crusher unit 100 TPH
Tipper (14cum)
Weight Bridge
Tractor
Concrete Batching Plant
Plate Compactor
Transit Mixer
Concrete Mixer
Motor Grader
Generator set 250KVA
Front end loader
Generator set 180KVA
Generator set 125KVA
Generator set 100KVA
Generator set 22KVA
Generator set 17.5KVA
Generator set 5KVA
Excavator
J.C.B
Soil Compactor
Sensor Pavers
WMM Pavers
Vibratory Tandem Roller
Static Roller
Hydra
Air Compressor
Needle Vibrator
 Water Pump
Bitumen Spryer
Welding set with Generator 8KVA
Mechanical Boomer
Vehicles
Water Tanks
SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

1. Civil engineer should perform the work at their level best

so that it will give better result and improve the production
of the company.
2. Infrastructure of Civil Contractor Cell should be more
developed for giving the contract to the best contractor.
3. Welfare facilities should be increase in for civil engineers of
Construction Company.
4. For the safety of civil engineers at the construction,
company should give the best equipments of safety to the
civil engineers.
5. The hostel facility and amenities should be improved so
that the civil engineers could work with more efficiency.
6. The civil engineers are advised to do their work in slot as
they do it bulk which create adverse problems for example
the road was dug during the rainy season in one flow which
resulted in heavy loss of material, money and machinery of
the company. The work should have been done in small
phases and according to the circumstances. The clipping
can be seen on the next page as to how destruction was
made during the time when I was undergoing my training.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. I.S. specification book on highway.
2. Highway material testing book by
3. S.K.Khanna, C.E.G Justo.
4. Organizations Laboratory.
5. Organizations Engineers.