History of Ancient Egypt

ARL Y EGYPTIAN S TATU ES momMmouy
E ,
.
E USTORY
0F
A N C I E NT E G Y P T .
BY
GEOR GE R AW L INS O N, M A . .
,
m n EN P ROF ESS OR O F ANC I E NT H I S T ORY I N T H E U N I VE R S I T Y O F OX F OR D ; C ANON

O F C AN T E RB U RY ; AU T H O R OF SE V E N GR E AT M O NA RC H I ES OF
THE AN I E N T E AS TE R N W ORL D
C .

IN TW O V OL U M ES .
VOL . II .
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A L . . BU RT , PU B L IS HER .
1 4 58 5 8
WK
O
C O NT E NT S
CH AP TER XII .
T HE C HR O NO LO GY .
D i f cu ltie s o f th e S u bje ctwh en ce ari si n g C h ro n o l ogi c al D e .
c ien c ies O f the M on u m en ts S c h e me s O f M a n e t h o O f H e r o

. .
d o t u s o f D i o d o r u s u n tr u st w o r t h y
, ,
Imp oss i b i l i ty o f a n
.
e x ac t C h ro n o l o g y Li mi t s O f t h e U n c e rta i n ty
. f o r th e
Th i rd P e r i od o r
Ne w E mp ire ;
f o r th e S e c o n d o r
,
H yk s os P e r i o d t h e M i dd l e E mp i re )

f o r t h e F i rs t o r
E a r l i e s t P e r i o d ( th e O ld P o s s i b i l i ty O f a n i n
stru ctiv e H i sto ry W i thout exac t C hron o l o gy ,
C H AP TER X III .
TH E O L D EM PIR E TH E FIR S T B EGINNING S .
U t t
n c e r a i n y o f t e S u cc e
h ss i o n O f t h e E a r l y K i n g s O fc i a l O rder ,
d e t er mi n e d o n a f t e r t he Ex p u l s i o n o f t he S h e p h erd K i n g s ,
n o t to b e v i e we d a s h i s to r i c a l Th e L i s t a s g i v e n b y t he
.
,
c h i e f Na t i ve Au t h o ri t i e s D ou bt s a s to t he Ex i st e n c e O f
.
M e n e s R e mark s o n th e n a me A th o t hi s H ese p ti men ti on e d

. .
i n t he R i t u a l D is ti n c ti o n a tta c hin g to M eri b ipu Va ri a

. .
t i o n s i n t h e Li s ts G e n era l C h ara c ter O f t h e Name s Th e

. .
trad i ti o n a l No ti c e s o f t he M o n a rc hs s ca n ty a n d v a l u e l es s .
C on di t io n o f th e Eg yp t i a n P e o p le a t thi s ea r l y t i me C har .
a c t e r o f t h e i r Ar t a n d O f t h e ir Re l ig i o n Pri n c ip a l Fe a tu res
.
o f t heir L if e , 13
C HAP TER X IV
T HE P YR AM ID KING S .
Re ign s O f S en e feru , K hu fu S ha f ra , M e n k au ra , an d Aseskaf , o f

,
th e Fo u rt h D yn a s ty a n d O f U s u rk a f , S a h u ra Ka a Ne f er , k ,
ar -
k
ara R a n u s e r , M e n k au h o r Ta t k a r a o r Ass a a n d U n a s o f
, , , ,
t h e Fift h Ge n e ra l C o n d i t i on o f E g yp t u n de r t h ese K i n gs

. .
.
P ro g re ss O rt
f A O f R e lg
i i o n O f C i v i l iz a t i o n a n d t he A rt s O f
Li f e , 26
iv C ONTENTS .
C HAP TER XV .
THE S I X TH D Y NA S TY C U LM INATION A ND D EC INEL .
GE
PA
M arked D ivi s i on bet we en t he Fif th a n d S ixth Dyn a stiesS hift o f

P o wer t o t he S o u t h Fir st E v id e n c e o f a u n i t ed Egypt

. .
G ro u p o f f o M
u r o n a r c h s Te t a P e p i ( M e rira) M e re n ra a n d
, , ,
Ne ferk ara P ro b a b l e Po si tion O f A t i R e i gn O f Te ta R e ig n

. .
O f Pep i Fir s t g e
r a t W a r R e e c ti on s t o w h i c h i t g iv es ri s e
P e p i s P yr a mi d a n d Ti t l es P o s i ti o n O f U n a u n d e r h i m

F ami l y O f P e pi R e i g n O f M e re n ra
. R e i g n O f Nef e rk a ra . .
Tra di t i o n s re s p e c ti n g Ni to c r i s S u dd e n D e c l in e o f Egyp t at
.
t he C l os e o f t h e S i x t h D y n as ty C u lmi n ati on o f the earl y .
Egypti an Art and Adva n c e O f C i vi li zat i o n u nd er i t

, , 53
C HAP TER XV I .
TH E D YNAS TIES BETW E EN THE SI XTH AND THE TW ELF TH .
NO M o n u men ts l e ft b y a n y Dyn asty b et ween t h e S i xth a n d t he

E l e ve n t h w h i c h w e r e h o w e v e r se p a ra t ed b y a n In t e rv a l
, , . .
D is i n teg ra t i o n o f Eg ypt Pa ra ll e l K i n gd o ms O f Me mp h i s
-
,
H e ra c l e o p o l i s a n d Th e be s
, C a u ses O f t h e D is i n teg ra ti o n a n d
.
D e c l i n e a n d p ro ba bl e Le n g t h O f t he In ter v a l S i t u a t i o n o f .
Th e b es . It s An t i qu i ty Na me a n d p r i mi ti ve Pos i t i o n
, , Ri s e .
o f Th e b e s t o I n d e p e n d e n c e D yn a sty O f t h e A n t ef s a n d
.
Me n tu h o t eps R e ig n O f S an kh k a ra Ex p edi ti on t o Pu n t
-
. . .
C l os e o f t he D yn asty Featu res o f the Early Theb an Ci vi li

.
a
zati on , 66
C H AP TER XV II .
THE TW E F TH D YNA STY

L .
Peri od O f D istu rb an c e A c c ess io n O f Amen-emhat I Hi? -
M il i tary E xp e di t i o n sH i s great W ork sH is Addi c ti o n to

. .
Fie l d o r
S p ts H e a s s o c i a t es hi s S o n U su rta s e n a n d lea v e s ,
h i m w ri t t en In st ru c t i o n s

R e i g n O f U s u r ta s e n I H is
.

O b e l i sk s H s e p l i T m e s H i s C u s h i t e W a r H i s C h i e f O fc ers ,
A me n i a n d M e n tu h
-
o tep H is As s o c i a t i o n o f Ame n e mh a t - -
II . R e i g n O f Ame n e m h a t II - -
R e i gn s O f U su rt a se n II a n d
. .
U su rt as e n III . C on qu es t o f E thi op i a a n d c on stru c ti o n o f ,
Fo rts at S emu e h a n d K o o mme h U su rt a s en III th e O rigi n a l

.
O f the m y t h i c S e s o s t r i s E s t i m a t e O f hi s C hara c t er R e ig n
e n e m h a t III H i s Th ro n e Na me H i s g r e a t Irri g a
.
O f Am - -

t i o n S c h e me H i s N l o et e i m r H is P a l a c e a n d P yr a mi dH is
o t h e r W o rk s R e i g n s O f Ame n e m h a t IV a n d S a b a k n e f ru - - -
C i v i l i z a t i o n o f t h e P eri od Arts O f Lif e Arc hi te c ture

. .
ra .
a n d G yp l t i c A r t Cha n ge s i n t he Re li gi on , 77
.
C O NTENTS . 4
C H APTER XV III .
L VENT EENT H
'
T HE DY NA S TIES B ET W EEN TH E T W E F TH AND T HE S E .
PA E G
The Thi rte e n t h ( The b a n) D yn a sty i n p art c o n t e mp ora ry Wi t h t he
Fou rtee n t h ( Xo i t e ) an d th e Fi f te e n t h a n d S i x te e nt h (S h ep
h e rd s) D e c l i n e O f Egyp t a t t h i s p e r i od . Na me s a n d s c an ty
m
.
Me mo ri al s O f t h e K i n g s Perman e n t S e i ti c P res s u reOn t he

.
No rthe a s tern Fro n t i er In v a s i o n b rou g h t a b ou t b y prev i bhs

'
d i stu rb an ce an d di s in tegrat i on , 95
C H A P TER XIX .
THE M I DD L E E M P IR E C ONQUE ST OF E G YPT BY T HE HY xso s .
C ert a in ty O f th e H yk so s C on qu e st Gro wi n g P o w er O f t he
t h e K h aru t he
.
i
Tr es b to t h e E a s t o f t h e D e l t a t h e Sa k t i
S h a su Te mp t a ti o n s d
to In v a d ers First
O ff e r e by E g yp t -
. .
L o dg me n t s e ff e c te d i n h e r C o n s e qu e nt E xc i te
Te rri to ry .
men t a mon g t h e E a stern Tri b es Qu e sti o n O f t he Na t i o na l ity .
Of t he H yk s os C i rc u msta n c e s o f t h e C o n q u es t
. C ha ra c ter .
O f t h e H y k so s R u le Ad va n ta ge s w hi c h i t c o n f e rre d o n

.
E g yp t R e i g n s o f t h e H yk s os K i n g s Ap e p i s Qu a rr e l w i th
. .
Ra S eken en
-
W a r e n su e s a n d e n d s i n t h e Ex pu l s i o n O f t he
.
H yk sos S u p p os e d S yn c hr o n i s m O f Jose p h wi th Ap e p i
.
, 1 00
C H APTER XX .
THE NEW E M PIRE EGY PT UND ER TH E E I GHTEENTH DYNASTY

( A B O UT B C 1 6 00

. .
R e ig n O f A ahmes hi s W a r w i th t h e H y k sos hi s Exp edi ti on

.
a ga i n s t t h e S ou t hhi s B u i l di n g s h i s W i f e , Ne fe rt a ri -
Aa h me s R e i g n O f Ame n h o t e p I R e i g n O f Th o t h mes
-
.
b
h i s Nu a n i C o n q u e s t s h i s S yri a n a n d M es o p o ta mi a n W ar
hi s M o n u me n ts S h o rt R eig n o f Th o th me s II Ac c e s s i o n Of
. .
H a t a s u h e r B u i l d i n g s a n d o t h e r M o n u me n t sh e r Fl e e t s a i ls
to P u n th er Ass o c ia ti o n O f Th o th me s III a n d D e at h .
, .
G l o ri ou s R e i g n O f T h o t h mes III. H i s In v a s i o n O f As i a .
En e mi e s w i t h w h o m h e c a me i n t o c o n t a c tt h e K ha r u t he ,
Z a hi t h e K h ita t h e R u ten t he Na h i ri , R e d u c ti o n o f S yria .

, , .
S c
u c e ss i n M e so p o t a m i a E l e p ha n t H u n t B oo ty c arried O ff . .
In s c ri pt i o n s se t u p b y Th o th mes III H i s B u i l d i n g s S t a tu es
.
, ,
a n d O b e l is k s H i s E mp l o yme n t o f f o rc e d L a b o r
. C on di tion .
O f t h e Is ra e l i te s u n d e r hi m H i s S o u t h e rn W a r s
. His s u p .
p os e d M a r i t i m e E m p i r e S u m m a r.
y o f h i s C h a ra c t er R eign .
O f Ame n ho t e p I I -
H i s W a rs a n d B u i l d i n g s
. R e ig n o f .
Th oth mes I V H i s Te mp l e to th e S p hi n x
. H i s W a rs His . .

Li on H u n ts Rei gn O f Amen ho t ep H is W if e ITaI a;

'
-
. .
Vi.
C ONTENTS .
G
PA E
C ommen cement D i s k W o rs hi p H i s W ars H i s

of th e

. .
l s
B u i di ng a n d S tat u e s H i s L o v e o f Fi. e l d S p o rt s Person a l
App e aranc e a n d C ha ra c t e r R e i g n o f A men h o te p IV o r
.
-
.
,
K hu e n a t e n H i s s tran g e P h ys i og n o my
. H is E st a b l is hmen t .
o f t h e D i sk W o rs hi p H i s n e w C a p i ta l
. H i s W a rs R e ign s . .
o f S a a n ekh t Ai an d Tu t an k h a me n Re sto ra t i on o f t he

- -
.
, ,
Old Reli gi o n R e i gn O f H or e m heb

. C l os e o f t he D yn asty
- -
.
, 1 12
C HA P TER XXI .
THE NI NE TEENTH D YNASTY (A B O UT B C 14 00 . .
Ac c e ss i on of R a me s e s I Hi s S yri a n W ar . Ac c e s si o n o f S e t i 1 . .
H i s W ars w i t h t h e S h a s u K aru an d K hi t a , Pe a c e ma de , .
wi t h t h e Kh i ta Ti mb e r c u t i n L e b a n o n
. R ec o v ery O f M e .
8 0p 0 t a mi a W a rs w i t h t h e L i b y a n s a n d E t h i o p i a n s S e t i s
. .
g rea t W o r k s H i s T a b l e.O f K i n gs H i s P e r s o n a l Ap p ea r .
an ce . H i s Asso c i a t i o n O f h i s S o n R a me s e s R e i g n O f R a m , .
e s e s M eri a mo n O ve r e s t i ma t e f o r me d O f h i m H i s W ars
.
-
.
w i th t h e Negr o e s a n d Et h i o p i an sw i th th e H i tti t e s w it h
Na hara i n H i s Tre a ty o f P e a c e w i t h t h e H i tti t es Imp or
.
ta n c e O f i t H e marri e s a H it ti te Pr i n ces s H i s l a ter Afri

. .
c an W ars La rge n u mb er O f h is C a p t i v e s Pl a n pu rsu e d i n

l o ca tin g t h emtheir Emp l o yme n t G re at W o rk s o f R a meses
.
u s e f u l a n d o rn a men t al H i s P erso n a l App ea ra n c e D o

.
mest i c R el ation s a n d C h ara c t er A c c essi o n o f h is S o n

,
.
,
M e n ep h t ha hH i s tro u b l e d R e i g n
,
In s i g n i c a n c e o f h i s .
Monu men t s Pa c i c C hara c ter O f his Fore ign P o l i c y S u d

. .
d en In v a s i o n O f Egyp t b y t he L i b ya n s a n d t h e i r All i es P ro .
po s e d Ide n tic at i o n o f t hes e All i e s w i t h Eu ro p e a n Na t i o n s .
R e pu l s e o f t h e L i b ya n Att a c k R e l a t i o n s O f M e n e p h t ha h .
w i th th e Israe l i t es u n d e r M o se s Tro u b l e s O f hi s l a t er yea rs . .
S tru gg l e be t w e e n hi s S o n S et i IL a n d Amon me s , or ,
-
B ri ef R eign s o f the s e M o n arc h s R e ig n O f

,
Amo n me s e s -
.
S i p htha h P erio d o f An arc hy Ci v i liz at i o n O f Egyp t u n der

. .
t he Ei ghte en t h a n d Ni n et e en t h D yn a st i e sAr c hi t e c t u re a n d
i ts Ki n dre d ArtsR e l i g i o n M a n n er a n d C u sto msL i tera s
tu re Dra w bac k s on the g en era l Prosperi ty

.
, 1 54
C H AP TER XXII .
TW ENTIETH DY NASTY (A B O UT B C 12 80
TH E . .
Acc e ss i o n o f S e t n e k h t hi s B i rt h a n d P a r e n t a g e do u bt f u l H is .
bri e f R ei gn H i s To mb . S e t n e k h t a ss o c i a tes h i s S o n
.
,
Ra mes e s R e i gn o f R a me se s III
. H is App e ll a t i o n s His . .
n e w Arr a n g e me n t O f t h e Ofc i a l C l a s s e s H i s W ars w i th

w it h the Li byan sw i th
.
the S h as u t he g rea t Co n fed eracy

C O NTENTS . vii
G
PA E
of the TRn au n a , S hart an a , S he k lu s ha , Tu lsha , U ash esh , Pu r

u s at a , a n d Te k ar u
w i th t he M a sh a u sh a w i t h t he Negr o es
a n d Et hi o p i a n sw i t h t h e Na t i o n s o f S yri a H i s great .
W or k s . Pl an ti n g o f Trees H i s En c oura ge men t of

H is .
M in i n g a n d Tra d e The C o n s p i ra c y a g a i n st h i m H i s D O
. .
mestic H istory H is Pe rso n al App earan ce an d C harac ter

. .
H i s T o m b R a p i d
. D e c l i n e O f E g yp t a f ter h i s D e a t h i ts
C au s e s R eig n s O f R a me se s IV R a me s e s V Rame s e s V I
. .
, .
, .
a n d Mer i Tu m R a mes e s V II a n d V III

-
, Re ig n O f R ames es . .
IX a n d C o mme n c e me n t O f P ri e s tl y E n croac h me n t
. R e i gns .
O f Ra m e s es X an d XI R a me s e s X 11 a n d t h e P ri n c e s s
. . .
O f B a k h ta n R e i g n o f R ame s e s X III
. G e n e r a l Vi e w O f t h e .
Peri odD ec l in e O f Arc hi tectu re Art a n d Li tera t u reD ete

Mora l sS l igh t C ha n g es i n C i vi l i z ati on a n d
, ,
r i o ra t i o n Of
H ab its of Life , 195
C HA P TER XXIII .
THE T WE NTY FIR S T D YNA S TY (A B O UT B c -

1 100 . .
Ac ce ssi o n O f H er h o r t h e rs t P ri est K i n g -
, C hi e f Featu res O f -
.
hi s R e i g n H is S e mi t i c C on n e c t i o n
. H is Ti t l e s P e rs o n a l .
,
App eara n c e a n d C hara c t e r , D ou bt f u l R e ign O f Pi a n kh . .
R e i g n o f P i n e te m H i s S o n M e n k h e p r ra re e sta b l i s h es .
,
- -
,
-
Tran qu i l ity a t Th e b e s U n e v e n t f u l R e i g n O f M e n khe pr ra

.
- -
.
La te r Ki n g s O f t he D yn ast y Ge n e ra l Pre v a l e n c e O f P ea c e .
a n d P ros p e ri t y D ura ti o n of t h e Dyn a sty

.
, 2 19
C HAP TER X X IV .
THE T W ENTY S EC OND AND C ONT EM P O R AR Y D Y N -

A S TIES
( AB O UT B C 975 . .
The Twen ty s e c on d D yn as t y n o t As syri a n b u t B u b a stit e

-
An

, .
c es t o rs o f S h es h o n k I hi s R o y a l D e s c e n t hi s M arri a ge
.
w i th a Ta n i te P r i n c e ss H i s re ce p ti o n o f Je ro boa mh i s .
g r e a t E x p e d i t i o n i n to P a l e st i n e hi s A r a b i a n C o n q u es t s .
H i s B as re l i e f s a n d B u i l d i n g s
-
H i s t w o s o n sD e a th O f t he .
e l d e r a n d A c c e ss i o n O f O s a rk o n I
,
Pea c e fu l R eig n O f O sar .
kon '
.R e i gn s O f Ta k e lu t I a n d O s arko n II E xp e d i t i on o f
. .

Z era h th e Et hi op i an R e i g n s O f S hes h o n k II Ta k e lu t II
. .
, .
,
S hes ho n k III P i ma i a n d S h e s ho n k IV
.
, O the r C o n te mp o
, .
r ary K i n g s R i s e o f P i a n khi
. D i sa ppe aran ce O f Art a n d .
Li teratu re u n der the S hesho n ks , 2 23
C HAP TER XXV .
THE ET HI O PIAN P H AR A O H S ( A B O UT B c 750 . .
Geogr aphy O f E t hi p i a a n d C o n di ti o n o f t he Et h i op i a n s a b out

o ,
750 Posi ti on an d Importan ce Of Napata C onnec ti on

. .
vi i i CO NTENTS .
it s K i n gs P ha ra ohs S u dden Ris e O f

w i th the Egyp ti an

Of .
Pi a n kh i t o P o w er an d Na t u re O f hi s R u l e O ve r E gyp t , Re .
v o l t O f Ta f n e kh t Gr ea t C i vi l W a r a n d R e e s t a b l i s h me n t o f
.
-
P i an k hj s Au th o ri ty R e v o l t a n d R e i g n Of B o c c h o ri s Ih

. .
va si o n O f S h a b a k ( S a b a c o ) H i s R e ig n H i s M o n u men ts . . .
F i rs t Co n t e s t b e t w e e n E gyp t a n d the Ass yri a n K i n g do m o f

t h e S a rg o n i ds R e i g n o f S h a b at o k .Ac c es s io n O f Tirha k ah . .
H i s C on n e c ti o n w i th H e z e k i a h H i s Fi rs t Ass yri a n W ar
.
. .
H is S e c o n d W a r w i t h t he As s yri a n s Hi s .
D eath ; R e i gn s O f R u t ammon an d M i ammo n Nu t En d IOf

1 o
-
A .
'e
t he E th i o pian Po w e r i n Eg yp t 2 31 ,
C HAP TER xv
THE T W ENTY SI X TH D YNA STY ( B C 6 5 0 -

. .
Dep res sed S ta t e O f Egy p t a t th e C l o s e O f t he E th i o p i c R u l e C o m .
mu n i c a t i o n s b et w ee n Ps a mme t i c h u s I a n d G yg es O f Lydia . .
Ba tt l e o f M o me mp hi s an d Es ta bl ish me n t O f th e Po we r O f
P sa mmet i c h u s o v e r t h e w h o le O f Egyp t P erso n a l App e ar .
a n c e a n d s u pp o s e d L i b ya n O i g i n O f P s a mme t i c h u s S e tt le r .
me n t O f t he G re e k s a t B u b as t i s R e vo l t a n d S e c essi o n O f .
O th e r R e su l t s of t h e Gre e k In u x Ps a m

the W arri ors . .
me ti c hu s t a k es As h do d H e b u ys O ff t he S c yt hs H is . .
B u i l di ng s Ac c essi o n O f Ne c o H is Tw o Fl eets H i s S hip

. . .
c an a l H i s C i r c u mn a v ig a t i o n O f Afri c a
. H i s E x p e d i ti o n .
t o C arc h e mi s h C o u n te r E xp edi ti o n O f Ne bu c ha dn e z zar

.
-
.
R e i g n O f Ps a mmet i c hu s II H i s W ar w i t h Et hi op i a Re ig n . .
of Ap ri e s H i s Fi rst W a r w i th Ne b u c ha dn e zz a r
. H is .
Phoen i c i an W a r H i s S ec o n d B a byl on i a n W a r a n d D ep osi.
t i on H is O b e l i s k a n d In s c ri p t i o n s
. R e i g n O f A ma si S . .
C o n d i ti o n o f E g yp t u n de r hi m H e c o n qu e r s C yp ru s an d
_
ma k es a l li an ce w i th Lyd ia H is great W o rk s Hi s W i ve s . . .
S h o r t R e ign O f Ps a mme ti c h u s III E gyp t c o n qu e r e d b y .
C a mb se s C i v i l i z at i o n a n d Art u n der t h e T we n ty sixth

y .
-
Dyn asty Nov elties in R el igi o n C h an ge s i n M ann ers Con

. . .
c lu si on . 245
A P P E ND I X .
NO TE A (see p
'
. . 5) 2 71
NOTE B (se e p . . 1 99) 2 72
L I ST OF AUTH O R S A ND E DITIONS
1 28 1
L IS T OF IL L U S TRATIONS ,
F IG P L AT E FIG .
PL AT E
S ta tu es of a M an a nd his
M o n u me n ts
W i fe 19 .
Hea d of Th oth mes II ( from the .
( fro m M a ri e tt e me)

s sa O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 9
F ro n ti sp i ece 20 . Bu s t O f Th o th me s I .
( f ro m th e .
To mb t h e Py ra i s ( ro
ne a r md f m sa m e) .
9
D esc ri t i o n d e lE d f om the
H ea Qu e en H a ta s u (
"
th e p gyp t e ) 21 . Of r
An t e l ( f ro m L me )

Dog an d op e ep siu s s sa O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 9
mu a ( from
O
H
1 22 . H ea d Of Qu e en M u te
Hea d Of Eg y p t i a n No b l e ea rly th e sa me ) 10
p e ri o d ( f mthro e sa me ) 1 2 3 He a . d Of S e t i I ( fro m t h e . sa me) 10
f m
,
Ta b l e t Of S e n e f er u at Wa dy Ma 24 . B as -
re li e f M e n xa u no r ( ro
. Of
g ha rah ( f ro th e s a e ) m m 2 t he Vi c o mt e d e R o u g es R e ,
l
Ta b e t o f K h u u a t W a y f d Ma c h e rc h e s

g ha ra h ( ro f m
the sa e ) m 2 25 . He a d of Qu ee n Ti i ( fro mLe p s iu s

s
'
Ta b l et of S a hu ra at Wa dy Ma
mh b ( f
0 0 0 0 0 0
gh a ra h ( ro f m
th e s a e) m 3 26 . He a d of H o re e ro m the
Ta bl e t o f Pe p i ( ro f m
t h e sam e ), 3 sa me )
l
Ea r i e s t S a n a s ( r o d l f m m
t h e s a e) . 4 2 7. B u st of Th o th me s III ( f mth e
ro
Hea dd re s s e s wo rn '
by W o me n
( f mthe s m )
ro a e 4 28 . R e ma rk a b le Ca p i t a l ( fro m t he
10 O r n a
. me n ts wo rn b y M en ( f ro m sa me )
t h e s a me ) 29 Th e T win
. C l i f Am o o ss O e n Op his
11 . S ec on d typ e Of Eg y p t i a n D o g III ( c a
. ll d b y th G k
e e re e s M em
( f mt h
ro e sa me) non )
12 . Do g re se mb l i n g a T u rn s p it ( f m
ro 30 H ea
. d of me s IV ( f ro mL ep
Th o t h .
sa m D e n k male r )

siu s s
6
the e) .
( f ro m H ea d o f Ame n Op hiS IV ( f ro m
'
Ta b et of M e n t u h o t e p II
-
. 31 .
t he s a me ) t h e s a me ) 14
14 Dre ss e s wo rn un d er t h e T we l f th 32 . H ea d o f M e n ep h t h a h ( f r o m t h e
sa m
.
Dyn as t y ( ro t h e sa f m me) e) 15
. l
15 O b e is k o f U s u r ta se n I . at He i l 33 . He a d O f A me n op h i s 111 ( fro m .
o p oh s the s a m e) 15
16 . Ne te r h o te p
-
r e ce i vi ng l i fe f ro m 34 . No ve l H e a dd resses o f K i ng s ( from
An u k a ( f ro mLe p si u s s De n k t h e s a me ) 16

35 . H e a d O f Ne f erta ri Aah mes ( fro m -
17 . H ou se on Pi l es i n th e L d an of t h e sa me ) 16
Pu nt ( f o mDli mi
r c he n s

FlO t t e 36 . D re s s of a No b l e i n t he ti me of
e in er Eg yp tis c h e n R a me se s III 17
18 B u st o f A m
e n op h is I ( fromL ep 87 Ne w s ty e o f S an l d al ( f ro mth e
me)
. . .
slus s

n u sa u t t i t a t c 0 0 0 0 0 v l ! i v aa at v v c n
L I ST OF I LLU S TR ATIO NS .
FI G . PL AT E FI G . P L AT ]
38 . H ea d of M ia mmo n Nu t ( f ro m
-
53 H e a
. d Of T i rh a k a h ( ro R o se f m l
Mari e tte s M on u men t s Di li n i

s m
M o nu e n t i S t o ric i 25
vers

) 17 54 . He a d of S e t i II .
( f om L
r

e p si u s s
ma l e l
.
8 V ari e t i es of Fe Ap p a re 25
( f ro m L ep si u s s

D e nk maler
) 17 55 Ca p i ta
. l of Pi ll a r, b el o n g i ng to
40 Pec u li ar H e a
. dd re ss o f Ne f ertari ti me o f t h e Psa mme ti c hi ( from
Aa h mes ( fro mthe 17 th e 25
41 . Th ro n e of Egy pti an Kin g ( fro m 56 . Pi a nkhi rec e i vin g th e S u b iss i on m
th e sa me) 18 o f Na m
ru t a n d o th e rs ( fro m
M on u men
Orn a me n ta l C arvi ng E th i op ia n Ma ri et te
42 . s ts Di
( fro mt h e sa me) . 19 ve rs

) 26
43 He a
. d of Se t -
n e kh t ( f om
r th e 57 B ag
.
-
re l ie f s of Psam met ich u s I .
19 ( f ro m th e sa me) 26
44 . Hea d of Ra meses IV ( fro
. mth e 58 . S u pp o se d H ea d of Reh ob oa m
me) ( f rom R o se lli n i M o nu menti

sa 2O s
4 5 H ea
. d of Ra mese s III ( . f o m th e
r

S t o ric i ) 27
sa me) 2O 59 H ea
. d of Ra mes es II ( from L . ep
46 . He a d Of Ra me s es IX . ( f omth e
r s iu s s

D e n k maler )

27
sa me) . 21 60 U p pe r p o rt i o n
. of S ta t u e of Shaf
4 7 He a
. mme tic h u I ( d ra wn
d of Psa ra ( f ro m
s . mte d e th e V ic o
b y t h e a u t h o r f ro ma has reli e f
'
R ou g e s -
27
i n t h e B ri t i s h M se u m) 22 61 H e a d o f O s a k o n I ( f ro m R o s e l
u . r .
48 Hea d o f H e r h or ( f romL ep s iu s s
.
- l i ni s M o n u me nti S to ri c i

27
D e n k male r ) o rn a m

22 62 C u io u s e nt p e rh a p s a . r ,
4 9 H ea d o f S h a b a to k ( fro m th e
.
Ch arm worn b y a M a n o f t h e ,
sa m e) 23 P sa ma t i k p e ri o d ( f o m L o p r
50 H ea d O f S h e s h onk I ( f ro m t h e 28

.
si u s s.
sa m e) . 23 63 Dre sses O f a No bl e a n d h i s W i fe i n .
51 Hea d o f O sarko n II ( f ro m the t h e t i me O f t h e T we n t i e th Dy

.
n a s ty ( f ro m L e p s iu s s
.
sa me ) D e nk

24
52 Hea d o f S h a b a k o r S ab ac o ( f ro m
.
mal er )
28
th e sa me ) 24
M ap o f t h e Fa you m ( sh o wi ng t h e B e rk e t e l K e rou n a n d th e a rt i c ia l La ke - -
,
7
HISTORY
OF
A NCI E NT E GY P T .
CHAPTER XII .
TH E CH R ONO LOGY .
l
Di fc u ti es o f the S u bje c t when c e ari si n Ch ro n o lo c al Deci enci e s o f th e
'
M o n u me nt s m g
.
S ch e e s o f M an e th o , o f l e ro d o t u s , o f i o d o ru s, u n tru stwo rthy

Impo ss i i i ty o f an e ac t C h ro n o o gy Lm
.
bl x l
.
i i ts o f the U n c e rtai nty f o r t he

m
.
Thi r d d
Pe ri o , o r Ne w E p i re ;

( 2 ) f o r th e S e c o n o r Hyk s o s Peri o
( the d d
M i d e Emp i re )
d l
f o r t he Fi rst o E r est
r a li P ri h
e od (t e o ld Po s
s ibi li t y o f a n i n stru c ti ve Hi st o ry W i th o u t e x ac t Ch ro n o o gy l .
IT is a patent fact an d o n e that is beginning to Obtain gen

,
e ral rec O n i ti o n that the chronological element in the early

'
f ,
E gyptian l lS tOI n S i n a state o f almost hopeless O bscurity

.

.
Modern critics of the best ju dgment an d the widest knowl

edge b asing their conclusions on identically the same data
, ,
have publish e d to the wo rld views upon the subj ect which are
n ot only diverg e nt and con icting bu t which di ff e r in the , ,
e stimates that are the most e xtrem e to the extent of above ,
three thousand years ! B Ockh giv e s for the year of the acces
sion of Me n es th e supposed rst E gyptian k i n g the ,
ear B C 5 702 Unger the ye ar B C 56 1 3 M ariette B ey and

{ en ormant B C 5004 B rugsch B ey B C 4 4 5 5 L auth B C
-
. . . .
, ,
-
.
. .
, . .
, .
4 1 5 7 L epsius B C 38 5 2 B uns e n B C 36 2 3 or 3059 Mr R egi

, . .
, . .
, .
n ald Stuart Poole B C 2 71 7 and Sir Gardner Wilkinso n B C . .

, . .
It is as if the b e st authorities upon Ro man history

were to tell us some of them that the Republic was fou nded
,
I
n B C 5 08
. . and others in
, B C 35 08 Such extr a ordi nar
y . . .
dl vergen cy argu es something uniqu e in the Conditions of the

problem to be solved ; and it is the more remarkable; sinc e
the material s for the history are abundant a n d includ e sources ,
of the most unimpeachable character The best of ancient
c assm al historians has left an import ant m
.
l onograph o n t he
hi stor y of the Egy tian s a nat iv e Wri ter o f hig h positi on
p .
2 H I S T O RY OF A N C I E N T E G Y PT . [ OH . m
3
and intelligenc e wrot e an elaborat e work upon the subj ect ,
w h ereof we possess s ev eral extracts and an epitome ; and the ~
monu ments discov ered in the country and recently d eci )
h red c ont a in a m ass jo f his tor ical information mor e varied

p e ,
more abu n dant and more curious th an has been yield e d by

,
th e researches made in any other of the great seats o f early

e mpire .
T he v alu e of these variou s sources of i n for

i n every case slight The great defect .
Of the m o num ents is t heir incompletenes s The E gyp tian s

-
.
-

had no era Th ey drew ou t n o chronological schemes They

. .
cared for nothing but to know how l ong each incarnate god ,
hu man o r bovine had condescended to tarry upon the earth

, .
They record e d c ar efull y the length of the life of each Apis -
bul l and the l ength of the reign of each king ; but they neg
,
lect ed to t a ke not e of the intervals betw een on e A pis bull and

another and om itted to distingu ish the sole reign of a mon
,
arch from his joint reign with others A m onarch might .
occu py t he throne ten years in conju nction with his father ,
t hirty two years alone and thr ee years in conj unc tion with his
-
,
son i n an E gyptian royal lis t he will b e credited with forty 5
ve years although his rst ten years will be assigned also to

,
his father and his last thre e to his son C ontemporary dy

,
.
nasti es if accepted as legitimate will appear in an E gyptian

, ,
list as cons e cutive while dynastie s not so accepted howeve r

, ,
long they may h ave reigned , will dis appear altogether O nly .
on e calculation o f the time which had elasp ed between a

mon arch b elong ing to one dynast y and one b elonging to an
other h as b e en found in the whol e range of Egyptian monu
m ental literature and in that which is the (apparently )

rough estimat e of four hundred years
,
neith er the termi

n u s a q u o nor t he term i n u s a d q u em is det ermine d Gener .
ally sp eaking the E gyptian monum e ntal lists are not chrono
,
lo gical at all ; the only on e w h ich is so the Turin papyru s , ,
exists in tattered fragments the original order of which i s ,
unc ertain while the notic e s of time which it once contained

,
ars i n many c ases lost or oblit erated The latest historian of

.
E gypt says Of it : As the cas e stan d s at present , no mortal

m

man p ossesses t he eans of removing the di fculties whic h

.
arj nse parab le from the a ttempt to restore t he original list of

king s f ro m
the f ragmen ts of the Turin papyrus Far too . f
m any of the most ne cessary elements are wanting to ll up
the l acu n ae It also appears c ertain that the long
.
series of the k i n s w hic h t he papyru s onc e contained was

g ,
arra nged p t he au thnr according t o hi s own id eas and view?

.
,
" '
y
-
CH . X II .
] C H R O NO O L G IC A L S C H E M E o r H E R O DOT US . 3
It may be added that the chrono logical elem ent is altogether

wanting in the earli e r part of t he p apyru s while as the pap , ,
ru s i tself belongs to the tim e o f t he eighte e nth dynasty it

y ,
furnishes n o materials at all either for the chronology o r the

history of the later kingdom These many and great d efects .
of the Turin papy ru s it is qu ite impossibl e to S L pply from

any other m onumental source O ccasional corrections of the .
nu mbers giv e n i n the papyrus may be mad e from the anna l s

o f the kings ; but there is no possibility o f lling up its gaps
from the m onu ments nor of constructing from them alone ,
anything like a cons e cutive chronological schem e either for ,
t he E arly the M iddle or even the L ater E mpire The

7
Middl e E mpire that of the Hyksos left no monu ments at

, , .
all ; and from the m onum ents alone no estimate Of its dura
tion can be form e d The E arly an d the L ater E mpires left
.
important monu m ents but n ot a co ntinuou s series of them ;,
an d t he result is that even for the last a monumental c b ro

, ,
n ology is absolut e ly u nattainable

U n der these circu m stanc es it is scarcely probable that mod
.
ern historians would have made an y attempts to r e constru c t

the chronology of A ncient E gypt had not c ertain schemes on ,
the subj e ct desc e nded to them from th e ir pre decessors in the

historical eld possessing o r appearing to possess a certain
, , ,
amount of authority H erodotu s the e arliest of classical in

.
,
q u i re rs into E ygpt i an history laid it down that t he mona chy ,

r
had lasted b etween el ev en an d tw el v e t housand years before

its des tru cti on by C a mbys es
'
H e partition e d out this time .
among 34 7 kings of whom how ev er h e mentioned n in eteen

, , ,
only by name O f th e s e on e ha d built M e mph is ; anoth er

.
9
had constructed the L ak e thre e who w ere c o n secu ,
tive had bu ilt the thre e great pyra mids

, anoth er had set up
the t wo chief Ob elisks at H eliOpOlis ; and so o n H is c hro 12
.
n ology wa s v ery i m

perf e ct and n ot altog eth er consistent , .
Still it seemed to furnish an o u tline ; and it cont ained som e

,

important synchronisms as o n e with the Trojan war and , ,

another with S ennach e rib It professed to hav e be en d e

.
rived from the Egyptian priests men especi ally w e ll skilled in ,

history ; and it represented according to the writer not t he , ,
views of any o n e school but those in which the thr e e great ,
Memphis a n d H eli opoli were

d
sac er o tal colleges O f Theb e s
"
, ,
agree l
Another Gre ek writ er of repute D io doru s S icu lu s while , ,
less exact than H erodotus se e m e d to furnish som e import ant ,
additions to h is chronologic al sch eme a n d some corr e ctions ,
of it ; sinc e while
to speak generally following in Herod
,
4 H I S T O RY OF A N CIENT E G Y PT . [011 . XII
.
otus s footsteps he occasionally add ed a king to the Herod

,
ot ea n list an d also fr equ e ntly not e d th at s ev eral g eneratio ns

,
interv en ed b etw e en monarchs whom Herodotus represented

as immedi at ely succ ee ding one the other .
Great vag u en ess how ever must have charact erized any
, ,
chronology which should have ba sed itself simply o n the

views and statem ents of these two authors and had it n o t ,
be en for the extant r emains of a third writer upon the h istory

O f Anci ent E gypt it is scarc ely probable that any of the
,
compl et e chronological schemes to which we have adv erted , ,
woul d ever hav e b een composed much l ess publish ed It , .
happ ens how ever that in the third century b efore the
, , ,
C hristian era a n ativ e E gy ptian priest named Man etho

, , ,
wrot e for the inform ation of the Greeks then rec ently s ettl e d ,
in E gypt as th e dom i nant race a history of his cou ntry , ,
which was professedly compl ete an d in a c ertain s ense contin

u ou s ,
and which contained a vas t numb er o f Chronological
stat em ents though not (so far as appears ) anything like a
d enite chronology Man etho s work was not so much a his
,

.
tory Of E gypt as a history of the E gyptian kings whom he ,
divid ed into thirty dyn asti es which he tre ated Of separately , ,
appar entl y without distinctly marking whether th ey were

l7
con temporaneous or c on secu t i ve Against each king s name .

was set t he nu mb er of ye ars t hat he r e igned ; and at the close

o f each acco u nt o f a dyn a sty thes e y e ars w er e add e d tog ether
and t h e tot a l su mgiven 18

T he imp erf e ction of t he m ethod
.
was twofold Joint reigns w ere cou nt e d as if they had b een

.
succ essiv e in t he summation o f the years of a dyn as ty ; an d 9

,
conte mporary dyn asties not b eing in many cas e s d istinctly

marked t he sum total Of all the y ears of t he dynasti es was
,
g r e a tly in e xc e ss o f the real period during w h ich t h e mon

archy had l ast ed In early times att e mpts wer e mad e to cor
.
r ect the serious chro n ological errors thu s resulting E ratos

.
t hen es reduc e d the years Of Man etho s O ld E mpire 2

to and a later wri ter probably Pan odoru s cut down
2
, ,
the or mor e o f the entire thirty dynasti es to

,
but it do es not appear that either writer poss ess ed tru stworth y
data for his conclusions or r eached them in an y oth er way ,
th an by arbitrary a lteration and a fre e u se of conj ecture .
Scholars of the present day hav e probably qu ite as ampl e ma

t e ri als for criticising Man etho s schem e as e ither Pan o doru s
or E ratos th en es b u t are b etter awar e o f or more ready to
, ,
ackno wl edge th eir ins u fciency for the purpos e

,
.
It adds to t he di fculty o f eliciting a satisfactory c hron olog

fromM an etho s work that we possess it only in epitomes an
.

, , g
6 HI S T O RY O F A N C I E N T E G Y P T . [ 011 . m
latter are copious ; but they r esolv e themselve s u ltimat ely in .
to stat ements made by the E gypti an pri e sts fo r the sati sfac
tion of t he Gre eks an d R om ans upon points o n which they
felt no inter est thems elves and o n which th e ir r e cord s did
,
n o t e n abl e th e m to giv e exact information The E gyptians

.
th ems elves it can n ev er be too oft e n r epe at ed had no c b ro ,
It n ever occurr e d to th e mto consid er or to ask ho w

,
n o logy .
, ,
long a dynasty had occupied the thron e The ki n gs dat e d .
28
their annals by their r egnal years ; an d it is prob ab le that
the dat es of a king s a cc ession and of hi s d emi s e w ere com

mouly p lac ed on record by the priests of his c apital city so ,
that the entire l ength Of his reign could b e kno wn ; but no

care was taken to distinguish the years of his sole r eign from
t hose du rin g which he was associat e d with his pr edecessor
'
Neither were contempor ary dynasties distinctly marke d as ,
an ordinary rule In on e case alone did M an etho apparently

.
note that two of the dynasties which he mention e d reigned

Y et all mod er n critics or al most all b e
29
simultan e ously .
, ,
li eve that several other instances of contemporaneousness oc

c u r i n his li st f
0
The extent to which the practice of entering
contemporaneo u s or collat e ral lists is an apparen tly con t i n u '
ou s lin e has b ee n carri e d in disput e d ; and the d iv e rg e nce Of
t he mod ern chronologi e s is du e principally to the di eren t

vie ws which have been tak en o n this subj ect L en orman t .
31
mak es two ou t of the thirty dynas ti e s collat eral ; B rugsch ,
ve ;
32
B unsen s ev en ; Wilkinson and Stuart Pool e tw elv e
,
33
,
3
Until some fresh light shall be thrown u pon this point by

the progr e ss o f discov ery the uncertainty attaching to the
,
E gyptian chronology mu st contin u e and for the e arly period ,
must b e an unc ertainty n ot of ce n turi es but of mi llen n i a

, , .
Wh en the d i fculti es of E gyp tian chronology are st ated in

this broad way it may seem at rst sight th at the entire mat
,
ter is hop eless and that historians of Anci ent Egypt had best
,
drop ou t the chronological element from their narratives alto

g eth er and try th e exper i ment O f writing history without
,
chronolo gy B ut it is not n ec e ssary to adopt quite so viol ent

.
a rem edy T he dii cu l ti es o f t he E gyptian chrono logy are

.
not spre ad uniformly over the e ntir e p eriod cover e d by the

history ; th ey diminish as we descend the stream of time and
f o r the p eriod occupied by Man etho s New E mpire are
,
n ot m uch gr eat er th an those which meet u s in Assyrian P h oe ,
n i c i an or Jewish history
, where it i s the usual practice of
,
h istorians to grappl e with th e m and r educ e them to a mi n

im um . We propos e th er efor e to end e avor in the r e m ai nd er
o f t h is chapt e r to mark t he li m
, , ,
, its o f the un ce rtainty with

Vol II
. .
Plate
Fig . 1
. T 0MB AR
NE TH E Py RAMID s .
S ee Page 19 .
Fi g . 2
. D 0G AND ANTEL O PE , F R OM O B NE AR THE
AT M E mm a S ee Pag e 2 1 .
3 H EAD o n EGYPTIAN N O B L E ( c a l 1v p e ri o d) S e e Pag e 2 3

-
Fig . . .
- .
Plat e II
. V01 IL
.
Fi g 4
. .
TAB L Er 0F S E NEFE RU
'
A'
r W A D Y M AG HARAH w S ee Pa g e 26 .
Fi g 5. . TAB L ET OF KmnmAr W ADY MAGHARAH

'
See Pa ge 30
. .
CH. XII .
) U N C E R T AI N T Y O F TH E C H R O N O L O GY . 7
respect to e ach of the three periods into which it has be e n cu s

t omary from the time o f M ane tho to divide the his t ory o f
, ,
Ancient Egypt .
I Wi th respect to the l atest perio d or t hat o f th e New

.
,
Empire This period includes the l as t thirteen dyn asties o f

.
M anetho or if we termin ate the history o f Anci e n t Eygp t

, ,
Wi th i ts con quest by C a mbyses an d the Persi ans i t re ac h es ,

from the beginning of M anetho s eighteent h to the close o f
his twenty sixth d yn as ty cont aining t h u s the history of ni n e
-
,
dyn asties These are the eighteent h nineteenth an d t wen

.
, ,
ti e th Theb an ; t he twenty rst T a nite ; the twen t y second

,
-
,
-
,
B u b astite ; the t we n ty third T ani t e ; the twenty fourth -

,
-
,
S aite ; the twenty f th Ethiop i an ; an d t he t wenty si xth

-
,
-
,
S aite like the t wen ty fourth The chronology of this l ast

,
-
.
n amed dyn asty i s very ne arly ex act C a mbyses conqu ered .
E gypt in the ye ar B C Psa mati k whom he de . .
throne d had reigned only six months ; his f ather, Amasis

,
36
,
forty four ye ars ; Apri es the predecessor of Amasi s prob a

-
37
, ,
Psamati k the f ather of Apries si x

33
bly nineteen ye ars ,
ye ars ; Neco his grandf ather sixteen ye ars ; an d Psamatik

39
the f ather of Neco fi f ty four ye ars tot al 1 4 5 ye ars

, ,
4" '
-
.
, ,
Thus Psamatik the founder of the dyn asty ascended the ,
throne in B C 6 72 His immedi ate predecessor Tirh ak ah

. . .
, ,
reigned twenty si x ye ars an d we may therefore pl ace his ac

-
,
41
cession in B C 6 98 Th u s f ar the d ates are as ne arly as

. . .
,
possible cert ain They rest m ainly upon Egypti an sources

, .
,
but are conrmed to a considerable extent by Herodotus ,
a n d a ccord with the S cript u ral d ates for Ph ar a oh H op hra -

( A p r i es
) Ph ar a oh Nech
, e h ( Neco ) an d Tirh ak ah -
, .
From the d ate of Tirhakah s accession we are thro wn al
most wholly upon M anetho He seems to h ave ascribed to .
the two kings w ho wi t h Tirh ak ah m ade up the twenty fth -
dyn asty either twenty two or twenty four ye ars which

, ,
43
- -
,
would bring the accession of the dy n asty to B C 72 0 o r B C

. . . .
7 2 a d ate con firmed by t he synchronism of Sh ab ak ( Seveh

2

o r So
) with Hoshe a .
The S a ite dyn asty preceding this consisted of but on e king

B occ hori s who reigned either six or forty four ye ars
the -
,
uncert ainty n ow beginning to t ake l arge r dimensions His .
accession may h ave been as e arly as B C 76 6 o r as l ate as B C . .

, . .
72 6 To the two dyn asties preceding the twen tyf ou rth

.
8
M anetho assigne d a period of 2 09 ye ars which would m ake ,
the d ate f or the accession o f the twenty second ( B ub as tite ) -
dyn asty B C 975 or B C 935 No w this dyn asty was founded

. . . . .
by the great k in g S heshonk or Shi sh ak who rec eived Jero , ,

8 H I S TO R Y or AN I EN T EGY PT C .
[011 . m

bo am as a fugitive an d w arred with Rehoboam
,
7 a
It i s a .
rem ark able co n rm ation of the Egypti an numbers th at in ,
t he m argi n o f o u r B i b les the d ate f or the expedition of ,
Shish a k agai n st R ehobo a m c alcul ated from Hebrew an d ,
B abyloni an sources only is pl aced in the ye ar B C 971 This , . . .
synchronism lends a streng th an d a support to the Egypti an

chronology thus f ar from which we may re ason ably conclude
th at we are stil l upon ter mm
,
n a an d h ave not entered into ,
cloudl and .
To the dyn asties intervening between the twenty second -
an d the nineteenth M anetho is s aid to h ave given either 2 65 ,
302 o r 308 ye ars

49
thus bringing the accession of the twen
t i et h dyn asty to B C 1 2 8 3 as a ma xi m
,
u m or B C 1 2 00 as a
,
. .
,
mi n i mu m The f ormer of the t wo d ates is on the whole

. .
.
, ,
5
preferable .
The nineteenth dyn asty of M anetho held the throne ac

cording to him either a little more or a little less th an 2 00
I t appe ars however by the monuments th at this
61
ye ars .
, , ,
numb er is ex agger ated ; a n d moderns are n ot inclined to allow

5
to the dyn asty a longer period th an about 1 6 0 ye ars which ,
would give for its commencement either B C 1 36 0or B C 1 4 6 3 . . . . .
Y et gre ater doubt att aches to the dur ation of the eighteenth

dyn asty M anetho s n ames an d numbers are here in e xtreme
.

confusion an d are quite irreconcil able with the monuments
, .
The time wh ich he assigned to the dyn asty was accordi n g to ,

54
Eusebius very ne arly three centuries an d a h alf ; according to
,
55
Afric anus a little more th an two centuries an d a h alf ; ac
,
"6
cording to Josephus r ather less th an th at period Moderns
, .
v ary in their es t im ates bet ween 1 8 0 ye ars an d but i n

cline on the whole to about 2 00 This number i f we accept
, , .
,
it will produ ce for the a ccession of this gre at an d gloriou s

,
dyn asty an d the in augur ation of the New Empire the ye ar

, ,
B C 1 6 4 3 f or which however D r B irch subst i tutes B C 1 6 00

. .
, , . . .
,
an d Dr B rugsch B C
. There are writers who pl ace
. .
the d ate as low as B C Thus the limits of uncer tainty

. .

in the New Empire extend at the utmost to somewhat , ,
less th an t wo centuries .
11 With respect to the Middle Empire o r period of the

.
,
Shepherd kings The limits of uncert ainty are here very

.
much incre ased M anetho according to Afri can u s gave

.
, ,
"o
three dyn asties of Shepherds the fteenth sixteenth an d sev , , ,
en teen th o f his list who reigned respectively 2 8 4 5 1 8 an d

, , ,
1 5 1 ye ars m aking the e n tire period o n e of 95 3 ye ars

,
J ose .
h
61
u s red u ces this tot al to 5 1 1 ye ars an d the dyn a sties app ar
p , ,
ently to two , Eus ebius allows only a sin gle She p herd dy
.
on . C HR O N O LO GY O F TH E L AT E R EM PI R E . 9
n asty an d assigns it no more t han 1 03 ye ars Thu s the

.
,
various reporters o f M a netho differ here enormously v arying ,
between o n e century an d nine centuries a n d a h al f .
It h appens ho wever th at in this c a se the monumen ts com e

, ,
to ou r ai d There is o n e which sho ws Apepi o r Apophis

.
, ,
to h ave been the l ast o f the Shepherd ki n gs an d contempo

,
r ary with a cert ain R a S e ken en who i mme d i ately preceded-

,
Aahmes the founder of the eighteenth dyn asty

,
There i s .
a nother whic h not obscurely i n tim ates th at S et o r S a ites was
( )
64
as M a netho also wit n esses the rst o f the S hepherd kings ,
6"
an d a lso gives his d ate a s 4 00 ye ars be fore some ye ar in the
reign of R ameses II Now t he only d yn asty o f Shepherd kings
.
whose n ames M anetho gave began with a S aites an d ended

with an Apophis
according to both Afric anus an d the
,
Armeni an E usebius ; so th at there are strong grounds for

believing th at the r u le of the Shepherds re ally beg an an d
67
e nded with this dyn asty to which M ane t ho assig n ed 2 8 4 ,
ye ars accord ing to Afric anus or a ccording to Josephu s 2 5 9

, , , ,
ye ars an d ten months These numbers are prob ably both of

.
,
them in excess ; since the dyn asty consisted o f only si x kings

, ,
whose u nited reigns can sc arcely h ave covered m ore th an t wo

centuries Su ch an estim ate prod u ces for the accession of
.
S aites the prob able d ate of B C 1 8 4 3 which is between four . .

,
an d ve hundred ye ars before the prob a ble ye ar for the acces

sion of R ameses 11 (about B C . . .
If the four hundred ye ars o f the T anis inscription be regard

ed as an exa ct n u mber which is a possible view the only , ,
alter ations required in the d ates hitherto suggested would be

the following We should h a ve to shorten the periods assign
.
ed to the seventeenth an d eighteenth dyn asties by twenty

ye ars e ach ; to m ake the d ate for the a ccessio n of the eight
e en th dyn asty B C 1 6 23 inste a d of B C 1 6 4 3; an d th at for
. . . .
the a ccession of the seventeenth or Shepherd dyn asty B C . .
1 8 03 inste a d of 1 8 4 3 The f our hundredth ye ar f rom t he

.
a ccession o f S aites will then f all within the reign o f R am eses 1 1 .
1f th e views here propounded be accepted the a ddition al

u ncert ainty att aching to the d ates of the M iddle Empire
,
beyond th at which att aches to th e e arlier p art of the New ,

E mpire will be o n e of some sixty or eighty ye ars only As
, .
,
however there are still writers of repute who assign t o the

, ,
Shepherd kings a period of above ve centuries p r actic ally ,
the add ition al u ncert ainty to the unle arned mu st be admitted

to be o n e of about three centuries The New E m p i re
.
commenced its e xistence n ot e arlier th an B C 1 700 an d n o t

,
. .

lat er th an B C 1 52 0; the Mid dle E m p ir e is thou ght by
. .
10 H I S TO R Y o r A N C I E N T E G Y P T . [011 . xn .
s ome 0 h ave commenced as e arly as B C 2 2 00 by others as . .

,
l ate as B C 1 72 0 The uncert ain ty has n o w risen from t wo

. . .
centuries to ve

.
111 W ith respect to the O ld Empire

. or n ative king ,
dom anterior to the Shepherd i n v asion It is in this portion .
of Egyp ti an history th at the m ain doubts an d di fculties wi th

respect to the chronolo gy occ u r an d th at the u ncert ainty ,
ch anges from on e me asured by cent u ries to on e of mi ller m ia .
M anetho assigned to hi s rs t fo urteen dyn asties terms of

ye ars which if the dyn asties were in all c ases consec u tive
, , ,
would m ake the whole period covered by them o n e o f

ye ars M ariette B ey who sc outs altogether the ide a of there
.
,

being an y contemporary dyn asties in M anetho s list a little ,
dimi nishes this am oun t by corrections o f a f e w of the num

bers an d m akes the O ld Empire occupy a sp ace of
,
68
ye ars . B rugsch B ey who admits but admits sp aringly , , ,
the theory o f dyn asties being contempor ary an d substitutes ,
for M anetho s estim ates o f reigns a c al cul ation by genera

"9
tions m akes a further deduction of ne arly four centuries
from M anetho s su m tot al an d gives the old n ative king
,

,
dom a duration of ye ars B aron B unsen adopting the

contemporary i de a to a much l arger extent th an B rugsch ,
.
an d a ccepti n g a c alcul ation of Er atosthenes by whic h

he supposes the re al length of the O ld E mpire to h ave
been correctly xed redu ces it to the comp ar atively moderate

,
term of ye ars giving f or its commencement B C , . .
L as tly Mr Stu art Poole an d Sir G ardner Wilkinson by still

.
, ,

further c arrying o u t the con t empor ary theory effect a fur ,
ther reduction of abou t four centuries assigning to the rst ,
n ative k ingdom no longer a perio d th an about six centuries

an d a h alf w h ereby the commencement o f mon archy in
,
E gypt is brought down to about B C 2 700 or a little l ater . .

.
,
We h ave thus f or the period o f this First E mpire an u n c er

t ainty extending to above ye ars the m aximum term as ,
signed to it by recent writers being ye ars an d the mi n ,
imu m 6 37 .
There appe ar to be at pr esent no me ans of termin ating this

controversy The monuments belonging to the ancient king
do mcluster m ainly about f our dyn asties the fourth of M a
.
n etho the fth the sixth an d the twelfth

, , A few b elong , .
to the eleventh an d the thir t eenth There are none which .
c an be positively assigned to kings of the rst second or , ,
third ; an d thus we h ave no direc t proo f o f those dyn asties

havin existed Egypti a n monument al history commences
g f
w it h bene eru , who seems to corr es p o n d to M anet ho s S o ri s
.
"
,
_ 2 HI TS ORY OF A N C I ENT EG Y PT . [OH , xn .
u pon its b ank witho u t ex act a cq u ai n t ance or anything more

th an a very v ag u e notio n o f its le n gth It is the s ame with ,
.
history If we c an obt ai n a cl ear knowledge of the condition

.
o f a people at di fferent perio d s if we c an represent t h e d if ,
f e ren t ph ases o f its li f e in the order of their occurrence if we ,
c an to som e extent at an y r ate perceive an d appreci ate

,
the c auses which prod u ced the v arious alter ations w e may ,
present an instructive picture of them compose an agree a ble

a n d useful history even though we c an only conj ecture
v agu ely the leng th of time during which e ach condition l asted .
It is this which an histori an o f ea rly Egypt must ai m at

e ffecting an d if he su cceeds in e ffecting it he must be ,
s atised The chronologic al riddle is insoluble He must

. .
set it aside B ut h e needs not there f ore to set aside th at i m

.
mense m ass of m ateri al possessi n g the highest i n terest which , ,
the toils of travellers an d explorers an d the p atient l abors ,
of philologists h ave a ccum u l ated duri n g the l ast cen

,

tury The O ld Empire o f M an etho is a re ality It lives
. .
an d moves before us i n the cou n tless tombs o f Ghizeh S acc a ,
rah an d B eni H ass an o n t he rocks o f Assou an an d the Wad y

,
-
,
M agh ar ah o n the obelisk of Heliopolis an d i n num erous an

, ,
cient p apyri ; its epochs are well m arked ; its person ages c ap
able in m any c a ses o f being exhibited distinctly ; its life a s
cle arly portr ayed as th at o f the cl assic al n ations And th at .
li fe is worth studying 1t is the oldest present ation to us of .
civilize d man which the world cont ai ns b eing cer tainly an ,

73
t eri or much o f it to the time of Abrah am ;
, ,it is given with
a fulness an d minuteness th at are mos t r are ; an d it is i n tri n
si c ally most curio u s A picture therefore o f the Old Empire
.
, ,
may well be requ ired of the histori an o f A n cien t Egypt an d ,
will be here attempted notwithst anding t he v agueness of the ,
chronology

.

For the Middle E mpire an approxim ate chronology will
be given The author is strongly convinced of the shortness

o f the Shepherd period an d c annot bring himsel f to assign ,
to it a dur atio n o f above two centuries He reg ards it as .
commenc i ng about B C 1 8 4 0 an d term i n ating about B C 1 6 4 0

. . . . .

The d ates for the New E mpire will be foun d gradu ally
to advance tow ards absolute ex actness Its commencement

.
,
c i rc B C 1 6 4 0 is doubtful to the extent alre ady allowed

. . .
, ,
but t he uncert ainty of the chronology dimin i shes with e ach

successive dyn asty ; an d when we re a ch the twenty second it -
,
sc arcely exceeds t wenty ye ars since the synchronism o f S eson ,
( hi s wi t h R eho bo am xes the co m mencement of th at king s

:
rei gn to some d at e b etw een B C 975 an d B C 95 5 Fr omthe . . . . .

on . XM L ] TH E O L D E M PI R E FI R ST B E GI NN I N G S . 13
accession of Tirh ak ah the chronologic al d i fculties almost dis

appe ar an d thenceforth ex act d ates will t ake the pl ace o f
,
those v ague an d merely appro xim ate ones which are necess ary
for the e arlier periods .
C HA PT E R X III .
TH E OL D E M PI R E TH E FI R S T B E GI N N I N G S .
U c
n ertai n ty of th S cc i o of th E l y K i g Of i l O d d t mi ed n
e u ess n e ar n s c a r e r, e er n o
fta er t h Ex p l i o
e of t h S h p h d K i g
u s n t t b vi w d e hi t o i c le Th er n s, n o o e e e as s r a . e
Li t s asiv b y t h C h i f N t i v A t h o i ti
en e Do bt et th E x i t c of
a e u r es u s as o e s en e
m k N m Ath t h i p ti m ti o d i th R it l
.
,
M enes e th ar s on H e a e o s e se en ne n e ua .
V i ti o i t h L i t G
. .
D i ti c t i o
s n tt c h i g t M
n a ibip
a n o erl Ch ct u ar a ns n e s s e n e ra ara er
of th N m T h t d i ti o l No ti c of th M o c h c ty a d v l l
. .
e a es e ra na es e n ar s s an n a u e e ss
l y ti m Cha ac t of th i A t nd
. .
C o d i ti o
n f t h E ypti
n o p opl t th i an e a s e ar e r a
of th i R eligi o n g nci pal F t es of th i L i fe
e e e . r er r
e r . ri ea u r e r .
'
AvefAeyxr a
. Ka i r d
. AM 0 . {me xp vo v i
( n e f
rn o ; rri 7 6 # 1306 66 9 e xve mxnx r a

.
T H U CY D 1 , 2 1 . .
WH E N gre at mon archs of n ative Eygpti an blood who

the

bore sw ay in E gypt after the e xpu lsion o f the Shepherd
,

k ings resolved for the honor of their e xcellent m aj esty
, , ,
to set forth before the eyes of their subj ects the long list of
their royal predecessors an d for this purpose rans acked su ch

,

rem ains of the O ld Empire as had survived the ship

wrec k of the st ate brought about by t hose foreign inv aders l
they undertoo k a t ask for which it may be doubted whether

,
there e xisted an y sufcient m ateri als Egypti an civiliz ation .
had been annihil ated by an av al anche of b arb ari ans ; the whole
2
country had been dev ast ated ; tombs had been ried p apyri ,
burnt or torn to shre ds even the stone monuments p arti ally ,
de faced an d inj ured ; how should the succession of kings from

father to son duri n g a sp ace o f even seven centuries be recov
ered after so complete an overthrow an d d estru ction of all
th at had gone before ? R oy al n ames rendered conspicuou s ,
by the ea r toa eli es enclosing them e xisted no doubt in l arge ,
numbers as they exist to this day on mo n u ments which had

, ,
esc aped the we ar an d te ar of time an d the r avages of the

T art ars of the South but wh at clue could there h ave been 8
;
to their true order an d proper arr angement ? w hat me ans of
di scoverin g the re al rel ation shi p o f the k in gs who bore
14 S
H I TORY or A N CIENT EG Y PT . 10H . XI I I
.
them ? E gypti an mon archs d id not ordin arily glorify thei r , ,
predecessors or even put on record the n ame o f their true

,
f ather They merged their e arthly in their he avenly p arent

.
age , an d spoke o f Horus or R a o r Ammon o r Pht hah as , , ,
their f athers tot ally ignoring the re al sire from whose loins
,
they had sprung Priv ate persons in the inscriptions upon .

,
th e ir tombs might sometimes indic ate the s u ccession of t wo

,
o r three mon ar c hs under whom they flourished ; but this would

be a very p arti al an d incomplete me ans of arrivin g at the j
truth an d it would be altogether w anting f or the e arliest pe

,
It would seem th at there must h ave been a l arge amount

4
ri o d .
o f arbitr ariness in the order which wa s as signed to the n ames
recovered from the monu ments as there cert ainly was in the ,
number of the ancestors which the different mon archs c l aimed

to themselves .
Still a cert ain order present i ng fe wer v ari ations th an might ,
h ave been e xpected seems to h ave been arrived at an d to h ave , ,
becom e at an y r ate the ofci ally recognized o n e ; an d t his or

, ,
der though it has no cl aims to be regarded as historic al mu st

, , ,
u nder e xisting circumst ances be pl aced before the re ader both

, ,

as being the b asis o n which v arious Hi stories of Eygpt
are built an d as th at which is supported by the l argest
,
amount of authority It is n ot cert ain th at all the k ings o n .
the list are re al person ages or t hat some of those who are did ,
not reign contempor aneously ; but on the w hole there is

ground f or believin g th at the gre at m aj ority of them were
kings who actu ally bore sw ay i n some p art of Egypt before t he
erection of the pyramids ; an d though the b are n ames tell us
little an d the tradi tions which belong to them are almost
,
worthless yet a cert ain interest att aches even to mere n ames
,
of so anc i ent a d ate an d for the full u nderst anding o f the ,
l ater n ative kingdom it is import ant to know wh at its beli ef

was as to th at more ancient mon archy f rom which it cl aimed
descent an d with which it strove to est ablish in every way
,
a solid arity an d a continu ity .
The subj oined is a t abul ar arrangement of the e arly E gyp

ti an kings according to the chie f n ative authorities It is in
,
.
,
its princip al fe atures b ased upon the t able drawn up by M

.
,

d e Rou g in his interesting R ese arches but embodies cor ,
rections which he subsequ ently m ade an d a few alter at i ons of ,
n a mes from other sources .
A few rem arks only need be m ade on these n ames In .
Men a or M n a the s u pposed rst king the M e n of Herod

,
,
otus the Men es of M a netho an d the Men as of D io doru s

-
7
-
we h ave p rob ab ly no re al p erson age but a li eres ep Onyma s

, ,
9
, ,
CH . XI II .
] TH E EA RL Y EG Y PT I A N K I NG S . 15
the mythic es ta bli s her of the k i ngdom a n d founder o f the ,

0
rst c apit al M e mphis The Egypti an n a me w hich the Greeks

,
.
,
m ade into Me mphis is M en n of er

S
'
, As the
-
, ,
good st ation
or the good est ablishment ; an d M n a
, ,

m is the esta blisher or founder of this station
,

The n ame has not been discovered on an y m onu me nt of the

.
E arly E mpire .
13
It rst appe ars in the New T able o f Aby

dos where it he ads the list set up by Seti
,
the second king
13
ofthe n in eteenth d yn asty ; it is found again in the list of
Rameses at the R ameseum ; an d appe a rs also on a fr ag .
ment of the Tu rin p apyrus B ut we h ave no evidence th at it was

.
known in Egypt e arlier th an about B C 1 4 4 0 . . .
or the k ings Tet a

, Atet , an d Ata
L i here
J
is n o other record th an the occurrence of their n ames in the lis t

of S eti an d some su pp osed rem ains of th em in the fr a
g
.
16 S
H I T O R Y OF ANCIENT EG Y PT .
[ CE XII I .
15
ments of the Turin p apyru s The Gre ek s seem to h ave ex

:
.
pressed all three n ames by the form AthOthis or At hOthes ,
which see ms like a Greci z ed form Of the god of le arning Thoth , .
It was perh a ps w ith some re f erence to this connect i on th at th e

rst AthOthi s was s aid to h ave been a physici an an d to h av e
18
written books on an atomy .
The fth king in the list o f Seti who appe ars also in a
fr agment of the Turin papryu s the king H esepti o r B esep , ,
a (c alled U asap haedu s by M ane tho ) is m entioned in ,

several co pies o f the R it u al or B ook o f the D e ad as
, ,

the author Of two of its most import ant ch apters He is also .
mentioned in a p apyrus o f the d ate of R ameses as a king
a nterior to The context rather implies th at he was

9
immedi ately anterior ; but the expression u sed is to some
extent doubtful If a dmitted to h ave this me aning it would
.
,
show th at as e arly as R ameses

, there were di fferent tra
d i t io n s as to the succession of the ancient mon archs .
The sixth king M eribipu the M i ebi du s of M anetho has

, , ,
"
the singul ar honor of being mentioned i n the Turin p apyrus ,
in the list of Seti 1 an d in th at of S ac carah as well as in

.
, ,
the c at alogues both Of M an etho an d Er atosthenes The list .
of S accarah pl aces him at the h e a d of the whole series of

kings as if he had been a mon arch of more th an common
,
23
import ance B ut nothing is recorded o f him eithe r by M a

.
,
n et ho o r by an y other anc ient writer to j ustify or a ccount for ,
his being held in peculi ar honor ; no mention is m ad e of him

in the has his n am e bee n found on an y m e nu
ments of the E arly Empire
.
In the pl ace of the S eme mp ses Of M anetho wh o is perh aps

Eratosthenes Pemphes there appe ars in the Turin p apyrus a
5
,

n ame gre atly defaced which M de Rou g is i nclined to re ad
, .
as Ati ,
The Ne w T able of Abydos has an entirely
different represent ation the ea r toa elze cont aini n g o n ly a sin
,
gle hierogl yp h which is the gure Of a man st andi n g an d

, ,
27
holding in hi s h and the sceptre of a go d It is sc arcely p os .
s ible th at this single g u re c a n represent the trisyll abic n a me

o f M anetho Th at n ame has bee n i den ti ed with a king
.
28
,
S em
( R a hem
-
) -
en tet who appe ars in the lists o f his ancestors
,
given by Tho thmes at K arn a k but is ignored by the ,
Turin p apyru s as well as by Seti, an d the au thor Of th e

list of S a c c arah Here again we h ave evi d ence o f a variety
.
in the traditions as to the primitive times current un der the

e ar ly d yn a sti es of t he New E m p i r e .
CH . XIIL ] V A R I AT I O N S IN TH E EA RLY L I TS .
P roof of the s ame is also furnished by the n ames B ut au

z:n d T e ti ,
in th e New T abl e O f Ab y d 08

,
which are repl ac ed by those of Neter biu -

an d B eb i
in the list of S accarah an d the Turin p apyrus as ,

29
we n as by the substitution of Ran ebka an d Huni in the S ac

c ar ah list for S etes an d Neferkara in the Abydos on e The .
supposition th at mon archs of this e arly period bore two n ames ,
which D e R ou g m akes is wholly gr atu itous an d quite con ,

30
,
t rary to the monu ment al evidence which shows no double ,

31
n ame until Ra n user of the fth dyn asty - -
.
O f the entire list o f n ames dow n to S e n eferu it is to be ob

served th at they h ave an arch aic an d (as D r B rugsch ex

.
,
32
presses it )a plebei a n ch ar a cter They do not at a ll r e sem .
ble the Ph araonic n ames of C onsisting

uniformly Of a single appell ation encircled by a single elliptic a l ,
line or ca r tou che they are with f ew exceptions short simple

, , , , , ,
severe They express moreov er for the most p art ide as o f

, ,
.
force an d terror Tet a he who be at s Huni

he who
strikes
K ak au the chief bu ll liter ally the bull of bulls
, ,
, ,

Sent a the terrible
,
Into the titles o f the l ater kings the
.
n ames of d ivinities whom they speci ally worshipped Ra , ,
Am mon Thoth Phthah Sh ab ak H or Set u su ally enter

, , , , , .
Among the n ames Of these e arly m o n archs there are but three
which are com p osed w ith the appell ation of a god N eferka .
Sok ari , the ninth in the t able of S ac c arah who se ,

o
n ame occu r s a so in a fr agment of the Turin p apyrus Nefer
l
,
ka Ra 0 1L ]
-
, the predecessor of S en eferu according to ,
m
the Ne w T able o f Abydos an d Ran ebk a o r Neb k a Ra , ,
-
,
0 m the fo u rteenth in the S accarah list the prede ,
cessor of Hu ni h ave a divine element in their n am es the rst

, ,
Of these n ames being compounded with the god Sok ar i a

form of Phthah an d h aving the signic ation Of perfect ,
,

through Sok ari the secon d m e aning perfect thro u gh Ra

, ,

an d the th ird lord through Ra , .
It c annot be s aid th at an y f acts are re ally known o f these

mon archs Tradition m ad e Men a the f ounder Of Memphis
.
,
an d his son Tet a the builder o f the roy a l p al ace in th at city

,
an d a writer of an atomic al books H esept i or H esep was

87
.
, ,
regarded a s the aut h or Of som e ch apters o f the religious work

k n own as the B ook of the D e ad U nd er Sem em
33
p ses or .
,
18 H I S T O RY OF AN I E N C T EG Y PT . [ 011 . XIII .
S emen tet, wh o was perh aps a king of this period there was ,
l n the time o f B ut au
89
s aid to h ave bee n a gre a t pl agu e .
o thu s )the e a rth g aped ne ar the city of B u b ast i s an d swal

( B
1
,
lowed u p a v ast n u mber O f persons K ak au (K aech Os) i h 0

tro du ced the worship of the Apis bull at Memphis the M n e -

,
vi s bull at Heliopolis an d the s a cred go at at Mendes

-
, B in .
n u t er ( B i n Oth ri s ) m ade a law th at t h e crown should be allowed

to descend to women Nefer ka Sok ari was a gi ant ; an d
.
1 - -
2
u n d er N efer K a R a (Nepher c h eres ) the Nile owed with

- - -
honey for eleven d ays Under Nec herOphes ( Nebk a ?) the

.
43
L iby ans who had revolted m ade their su bmission on a ccou n t

,
o f a su d den i n cre ase in the moo n s size which terried t h em

,

, .
T o sorthru s ( S ar sa ) was worshipped af ter his de ath as the

? -
Egypti an ZEscu lapiu s (Aemhetp ) o n a ccount Of his medic al

s k ill ; he p aid atte n tion to inscriptions an d was the rst to ,

constru ct buildings with polis h ed sto n e .
Such are the tr aditions which h ave alone come down to u s

with respect to these e arly mon archs Their v alue would be .
but slight even were they to be depended on : as the case

,
st ands it is di ffi cult to assi gn them an y v alue at all

,
They .
come to u s almost without excep t ion from M anetho who

, , ,
wrote two tho u s and ye ars after the time an d who i n his a o , ,
counts o f far more recent reigns is fr e quently contradicted by ,
contemporary mo numents No doubt M anetho found these .
tr aditions in Egypti an authorities ; but his credulity was

gre at his critic al discernment sm al l his diligence in re
,
4 7
,
T O rely on M a
48
se arch less th an might h ave been expected .
n et ho is to put trust i n a writer t o o negligent to c are f or tru th ,
an d h ad he c ared too uncritic a l to d i scover it

, , .
It is a relief to turn f rom th e sc anty a ccounts left u s of

( perh aps ) a pocryph a l kings to the condition of the Egypti a n
people at this e arly period The people cert ainly existed .
an d tho u gh n o t very mu ch m ay be known Of their condition

yet an i nterest att aches to all th at is known very gre atly be
yond th at which belongs to kings an d dyn asties We pro .
pose to c On sider their condition under the three he ads of art

religion an d mode o f li f e including m anners an d customs
, ,
The history Of Egypt will alw ays be to a very l arge e xtent , ,
a history of art Art had so far as we k n ow its birth an d

.
, ,
ea rliest development in the v al ley O f the Nile an d grew up

there by a n atur al an d gr adu al progress witho u t being a ff ect
ed to an appr e ci able extent by an y extraneo u s influ ences The .
e arliest of the arts to st art into being was no d oubt architect

u re ; an d its rst emp lo y ment there as else wh ere was in t h e
c onstr u ction Of h abit ations c ap able Of ao rdi n g shelter fro m

, ,
20 H I S T O RY OF A NCIENT E G Y PT . [ CE X III .
is roofed over with l arge at stones ; an d if i t exceeds a certain ,
size the roof is supported intern ally by a m assive squ are

,
stone pier In this simple an d primitive construction we h ave

.
the germ o f the pyr amid which grew up ou t Of it by a num ,
ber of slight ch anges

.
O ne Of these ch anges belongs by gener al consent to the

eriod O f which we are spe aking 1 n the
tower pyr
, ,
p
or a .
mid O f M eydo u n 5"

we see an enl arged e dition of on e Of these
e arly tombs di ffering f rom them in gre atly incre ased size an d
,
solidity as well as in the novel fe ature of superimposed stories

,
in a retre ating series the entire nu mber of the S t ories bei n g,
three The M eydou n pile has a grandeur of its o wn Em

. .
l aced upon an isol ated rocky knoll o f some considerable

peight an d stan di n g in the middle O f the gras sy pl ain which
,

, ,
5
green as a n emer al d stretches e astward t o t h e holy stre am
, ,
it has a prou d an d imposing appe ar ance an d in almost any ,
other c ountry th an Egypt would be consi d e red a monu ment

Of hi gh architectur al import ance The b ase me asures 2 00 .
feet e ach way an d the height Of the edice is little short of

,
1 2 5 feet The solid contents amount to ne arly three millions

.
O f cubic f eet

.
The gre at pyr amid Of S acc ara as it is c alled which is

a lso tho u ght to belong to these e arly times
shows a furthe r
,
a dv ance in architectur al skill an d power o n the p art Of the
pr i mitive b u ilders L ike the M eydou n building it was a

.
,
to wer in stageS the number of the st ages being si x an d

, , ,
as in the M e do u n bu ilding the e xtern al w alls sloped inw ards

y ,
at a slight angle This edice is even more imposin g th an

.
th at of M eydou n si n ce it rises to a height o f ne arly 2 00 feet

,
69
,
a n d covers an are a Of squ are feet inste ad of one Of ,
only It is empl aced upon a rocky pl ate au which has ,
an elev ation O f ne arly a hu ndred feet above the Nile v alley ,
an d is a conspicu ou s Obj ect o n all sides .
Such so far as appe ars was the furthest point to which

, ,
architectur al S kill was c arried by the Egypti a ns of these e arly
d ays They did not erect a true pyramid They did not
. .
even venture to buil d in perp endicul ar st ages They did not .
60
give to their work the minute c are an d nish of l ater times .
Their loftiest erections were less th an h alf the height Of thos e

designed an d executed subsequently Gently tent atively .
, ,
the builders adv anced from the sm all to the gre at alw ays ai m ,
ing at solidity an d perm anence comp aratively c areless of orn a ,
ment ation an d looking to Obt ain the impressive e ff ect at

, ,
which they aimed by size an d m assiveness rather than by ,
ele gance or be au ty .
en . mi GL Y PTI C ART . 21
Glyptic art was also k nown , an d pr a ctise d wi t hin . cert ai n

limits , at this e arly period The most ancient tom bs . are ad
o rn ed intern ally with the sculptured forms o f the owner ,
his wife his childr en his attend ants represented in the lo w

, , ,
relie f peculi ar to Egypt T hese forms h ave all the ordin ary .
defects of E gypti an drawing the h ard outline the stiff

limbs the ill m ade h ands the over lon g feet but are not
, ,
- -
, , ,
gre atly inferior even to those of the best epoch There is a .
mor e m arked inferiority in the represent ations of anim al s

Fig which are n ot o n ly sti ff but unga inly n ot only con
( .
ven t ion al but absurd Groupin g seems to be an u nknown .
ide a ; e ach gure st ands by itself or is followed by its cou n ,
t erpart the s am e form being repe ated as often as is requisite

,
i n order to ll up v ac ant sp aces o n the w alls of the sepulchr al

ch ambers Sculpture in the rou nd was also attempted by
.
the primitive artists ; an d ve or si x st atue s exist which the

best Egyptologists assi gn to a time anterior t o th at o f th e
Pyramids O f these M L en orma nt rem arks th at
62 on .
.
,
studying them we observe a rudeness an d indecision o f style

, ,
w hich m ake it cle ar th at at this period Eygpti an art was still

t ryi ng to nd the right p ath an d had n o t y e t formed itself ,
) , 63
ly o
A single mos aic supposed to be of the s am e e arly d ate, ,
tends to r aise the art of the tim e to a higher level B rugsch

.
s ays of it : The double picture a little sm aller th an the n at ,
ural size shows a man an d his wife in a dignied attitu de

,
s itting by the si de of o n e another in a ch air of the form o f a

die The brilli ancy o f the eye imit ated in shining cryst al
.
an d white ivory an d d ar k o re in a m asterly m anner ha s all

the appe ar ance of life O n the whole he a ccounts the work
a m arvel of art venerable from its an tiquity an d e xqu isite
.
,
, ,
6
in its workm anship .
With respect to the religio n of thi s perio d the evidence th at ,
we possess is rather negative th an positive The twenty si x .

-
n ames of kings suppos e d to belong to it reve al th e worship of

two gods only Ra an d Phthah o r Sok ari The n ame o f a
, , .
,
function ary Thoth h otep reve als the worship of Thoth

,
-
, .
With regard to the other gods we h ave n o monumen tal evi

dence to show whether at this time t h ey were worshipped or
no C ert ainly te mples of an y pretension were n ot erected
.
, ,
or we should h ave som e rem ains of them

. The oldest e xisting .

Eygpti an temple belongs to the reign of C hephren ( S hafra) ,
the b u ilder o th e Second Pyr amid ; an d though the cl assic al

f
,
writers ascribe temples to e arlier mon arc h s an d sever al cer ,

68
tai nly existed in K hu fu s time ye t their f abric mu st ha ve

,
"9
22 H I S T O RY A N C I E N T E G Y PT [ C H XIII
'
OF . .
been slight an d the religion which co n sisted in the publi c

,
worship of gods must h ave been second ary No d oubt .
Phthah R a a n d Thoth possibly O siris Isis Athor Horus

, , , ,
received some worship a n d there may h ave been

,
an d Set ,
7
,
buildings dedic ated to them as e arly as there was mon archy in

Egypt ; but the re al practic al religion of the primitive peri od
was th at worship of ancestors whereo f we h ave spoken in ,
71
the previous vol u m e as an import ant portion of Egypti an
religious pr actice The sep u lchr al ch ambers above described
.
were the tr u e temples of the period ; here the worshippers met

from time to time for s acred ceremonies ; here hymns were
sung o ff erings m ade an d services co n ducted f rom which
, , ,
both the de ad an d the living were expected to derive advan

t age The worshippers reg arded their s acrices lib ations
.
, ,
an d o eri n gs as contributing to the h appiness o f the dep arted ,
an d l ooke d to receive f rom them in ret u rn spiritu al o r per ,
h aps even temporal benets They viewed their ancestors as

, .
still living an d as interested in the condi tion an d prospects

,
o f their descend ants ; they reg arded them a s invested with a

qu asi divinity prob ably addressed their prayers to them an d
-
, , ,
like the C hinese appe aled to them for help an d protection .
Hence it would seem th at from the rst there lay at the root
o f the E gypti an religio n the belief in a f u ture life an d o f ,
h appi n ess o r misery beyon d the gr ave Emb alming was prae .
t i se d long before the constru ction o f the Pyr amids an d mum ,
mies were deposited in stone s arcop hagi with a view to their

,

conti n ued preserv ation The R it u al of the D e ad had .
,
73
we are told its origin in these times ; an d wh atever su b se
, ,
quent renements may h ave been introd u ced it would seem ,
to be cert ain th at the f und ament al conceptions of the contin

n ance of the soul after de ath its p ass age through the L ower ,
World an d its ultim ate reunion with the body which it once
,
inh abite d must h ave been entert a ined by l arge numbers f rom
,
the very rst begin n i n gs of the n ation Whence these doc .
trines were derived who sh all say ? There is no hum an n am e

,
which st ands in the history of E ygpti an Opinion where the

n ame of Zoro aster st ands in Persi a o r th at of Moses in the

history o f the Jews The composition of the B ook of the
,

D e ad was ascribed in the m ain to the gods H o w it hap
, ,
.
ened th at in Egypti an thought the future life occupied so

parge a sp a ce an d was felt to be so re al an d so subst anti al
l
, ,
while among the H ebrews an d the other Semites it rem ained ,
even after cont act with Egypt so v ag u e an d sh adowy is a , ,
mystery which it is impossible to penetrate We can only .
say th at so it was ; th at from a time anterior to Jo se p h, or ,

P la t e 111
.
Fi g 6
. .
- TABL ET OE S AHU RA AT W ADY M AGHARAH S ee Pag

. e 33
.
Fi g 7
. .
TAR L ET O E PE PI S e e
. P a g e 56 .
Plat e IV .
V o l II .
Fig 8 . . R
EA L IE S T S AND AL S S e e Pa g e 4 7 .
Fig . 9
, H EADDRES S ES W ORN BY W OMEN S ee Pa ge 47 .
Fig . 1 0 O RN AM E NT S W O R N B Y
.
M E N S ee P a g e 47 .
S E C O ND TYP E O F T HE Fi g 1 2
D OG R ESE MB L I N G A TU RNS P IT S ee
Fi g 1 1
.
. .
. .
EG YPTIAN D OG -
See P a g e 64 Pa g e 92 .
. .
CPI XIII
. .
) E A RL Y REL I G IO N . 23
e ven Abr aham the children Of Mizraim i n their bright an d

, ,
fertile l an d o n either s ide of the strong o win g Nile thought -

,
as mu ch o f the future life as o f the present ; th at their relig

ious ide as clustered rather about the tomb th an about the tem
ple ; an d th at their worship d omestic r ather th an n ation al , ,
though it included among its obj ects some beings regarded as

wholly divine was d ire cted especi ally tow ards the spirits of
,
those who had been the i r f athers i n the esh an d were

,
thought to h ave a n atu ral interest in the welfare of persons

sprung from their loins .
There was another worship also o f a pr actic al ch ar acter , ,
which belongs almost cert ainly to this e arly period the wor
ship of the reigning mon arch E ach king was r egarded as an .

inc arn ation of Horus was assigned a priest or priests an d 76
a temple or at a ny r ate a ch a pel

,

He was styled the vi c to
,

.
,
rions Horus the d ivine lord

, the ever H is ,
subj ects worshipped him n ot only during his life but after , ,

his de ath The priesthood once instituted in a king s honor
.
was m ainta ined ever afterw ard s ; s a crice s were offered to t he

defunct sovereign at st ated interv als ; an d in this way e ach oc
cu p an t of the Egypti an throne u nless some revolution occur ,
78
red continu ed to be held in perpetu al remembr ance
, .
L ife in Eygpt under the e arly kings was simpler an d les s

v aried th an it bec ame at a l ater period bu t n ot very m arked ,
ly different Towns e xi sted at the furthest d ate t o w h ich

79
.
o u r m ateri als c arry u s b ack an d the distinction between tow n ,
an d co u ntry life was a necess ary co n sequ ence In the town .
dwelt the mo n arch th e courtiers the roy al attend ants the

, , ,
art is ans the shopkeepers ; in the cou ntry l arge l anded p ro

, ,
p r i e t orS their
, ser vants a gricultur al l a borers co wherds
, per , ,
haps bo atmen L anded property was heredi t ary

. an d a n ,
80
u p per cl ass was thus m aint ained which reg arded itself as a ,
nobility R oyal blood often o wed in th e veins of these per

.
sons who are frequ entl y s aid to be S a ten re/ch gr andsons o f

,
-
,

a mon arch Their we alth which was consider able en abled
.
9
,
the m to m aint ain a nu merous ho u seh old which con siste d

,
both of m ale an d fem ale serv ants an d re ached in some i n ,
stances the n u mber o f thirty L ittle was spent by them up o n .

8
person al displ ay The dress of the upper cl ass even c on si d

.
,
e rabl l t er th n the time w hereof we are spe aking was won

y a a ,
d erfu lly simple an d u n pretendi n g presentin g little v ariety ,

a n d sc a rcely a n y or n am ent The grandee ( Fig 3) we re i n . .
d eed an el abor ate wig but th at was indispens able for the s ak e
o f cle anliness ;
,
other wise his attire is almost unp aralleled in

3
anci ent t im es for s im p lic ity A short tunic p rob ably of .

,
24 H I ST O RY OF A N C I EN T EG Y P T .
[CIL xm
white linen re aching from t he w aist to a little above the

His arm
,
k nees was ordin ari ly his sole g arment

,
s chest legs .
, , ,
even his feet were n aked the use o f s and als not being as yet
, ,
known The only decoratio n which he wore was a ch ain or

.
ribbon about the neck on which was su spended an orn am en t

like a locket ,
In his right h and h e c arried a long st aff or

.
w and which he seems to h ave used as a w alkin gs tick Such -

.
,

was the gre at noble s ordin ary app arel his un dress c o s

,
tume to use a modern expression ; when he vent u red beyond

,
this an d allo wed himsel f t o ind u lge in the re n ement of

,

dress he exch anged his tunic f or a somewh at sc anty robe
,
re achi n g from the neck to the an kles repl aced his ch ain an d ,
locket by a bro ad coll ar an d h aving adorned his wrist with , ,
br acelets was re ady to pay visits or to receive polite comp an y !

,
; 6
The costume o f his wi f e i f he h appened to be m arried was , ,
not a whit more el abor ate She we re her h air long an d g ath .
ered in three m as ses one behind the he ad an d the other two, ,
in front of either sho u lder O n her body she had a single .
g arment a short gown or pettico at re achi n g from just below

the bre asts to h al fw ay dow n the lower j oi n t of the leg a n d ,
supported by t wo bro a d str aps p assed o ver the two shoulders .
H er f eet were b are like her h u sb and s an d like him she ,

, , ,
encircled her wrists with b r acelets We have no represen .

87
tati o n or a ccoun t o f the ho u ses i n w h ich these persons resided .
Prob ably they were pl ain i n ch ara cter ; but their furniture
was not i n artistic The ch airs on which both sexes sat or
.
rather stools fo r they had no b ack were supported on legs

.
f ashioned after those o f an i mals an d the extremity of the se at ,
o n either side termin ated in a lot u s owe r

83
T ables seem to -
.
h ave been ro u n d an d to h ave been s u pported by a single pil

,
lar in the centre C o u ches are n ot represented but t hey pro

.
,
b ably di ffered little from those of l ater ti mes ; an d t here had

alre a dy been invented th e pec u li arly Egypti an piece of f u rn i

ture known as t he he a d rest
-
.
89
The anim als domestic ated at this e arly period were so f ar ,
as appe ars the dog the cow the goose an d perh aps the a n
, , , ,
t elo pe Antelopes were ho wever also hunted ; a n d it is pos

.
, ,
9
9
sible th at those which appe ar to be t ame were wild o n es t aken
young an d kept as pets Pet an im als seem to h ave been mu ch .

aect e d an d incl u d e d the j erb oa the hare an d the porcupine
, , , .
The only an im als th at can be pro ved to h ave been killed fo r

foo d at this d ate are th e o x an d the goose ; but we may sus
p ec t th a t sh whereo f sever a l ,
species a ppe a r i n the hiero
l h i cs o f the time were lso rticles o f common co n su m

g yp a a
, p 3
tion as they cert ainly were in l ater t imes
, B re ad no do u bt .
26 H I S TO R Y OF A N C I E NT E G Y PT . [ CE xx
v
C HA PT E R XIV .
TH E P Y R AM I D K I N G S .
Reigns of S en e feru f
K hu u , S h af ra, M en k au r a , an d A s e sk a f , t he u rth Dyn ast y , of Fo
of k k
,
an d U su rk af , S ah u ra, K a a, N ef e r ar ara, R an u s e r, M e n k au h o r, T atk ara o r

- -
A ss a , an d U n as O f t h e i t h Ff
G e n e ra C n i t i n l o d o of
Eg yp t u n e r t h es e K i n gs d
o of l o vlz o
.
of L f
, .
P r g re ss Art o i R e i gi n o f Ci i i at i n an d t h e A rts i e .
Pu lc h er f u g ati s di es t en e b ri e .
HOR

. 0d i v, 11 394 0
. .
-
.
HI S T O R I C light d a wns truly historic person ages begin to

an d
mo ve beforeu s with the accession of the dyn asty whi ch M ane

,
tho styled the f o u rth M an etho pl ace d at the he ad of this

.
dyn asty a ki n g whom he c alled Soris ; an d tho u gh the n am e

itsel f correspo n ds r ather with the S ar o f the Turin p apyrus ,
an d o f the t a ble o f S a cca rah yet as t h e pl a ce assign e d to , ,
him m ake him denitely the predecessor o f S u phi s ( Khufu )

it would seem th at we may properly identify him with Sen
e feru who beyond all doubt occupied th at position
, Sene .
1
fern
S a ppe ars to h ave succeeded Huni but to h ave ex ,
c eeded him in the extent of his dominions He had the .

2
ch arac ter o f a good an d b en ece n t king ; an d it is in h armony

with this d escription of an Egypti an wr iter th at we nd hi m
in his lifetime t ak i n g the title of web ma t or lord of ,
3
,

j ustice which was n ot o n e commo n ly borne by Egypti an
,
sovereigns S en eferu ( Fig 4 ) is the rst Egypti an mo n arch

. .
who has le ft behind him an i n script i on an d the rst o f w hom l

we have monum ent al evid e nce th at he m ade war beyon d his

o wn borders a n d est ablished the power o f E yg t over a f or
, p
e i n cou ntry
g Thu s he
. was gre a t both at home an d a bro a d ;
he d ispensed j ustice to his subj ects with s u ch w i sdom an d im
p arti ality as to acq u ire a ch aracter f o r b en cc en c e ; an d he
employed the Egypti an arms beyond his fro n tiers with su ch

success th at he could cl aim also the title of c onqu eror
It .
m u st alw ays be with a pro fo u nd interest th at travellers con

t empl ate th a t rock t ablet in the Sin aitic peninsul a which
-
cont ains his n am e a n d titles together with a represent ation ,
o f his prowess as he eng a ges with a n d f ells a f oreign advers ary .
The chie f wi t h whom he co nte n ds is the sheikh o r prince of

-

the M ei za i za s a t or Shepherds o f the E ast
-

who at th at 6
, ,
t ime held the mount ain country between the two arms o f the
CH . xrv .
] A C C E SS I O N or K H U FU .
R ed S ea Attracted thither by the m ineral tre as u re s of the

.
region the Egypti an m on arch K ing of Upper an d o f L o wer

7
, ,

Egypt as he procl aims himself L ord of Justice an d
V anqu isher o f his ad vers ary c arried all before him de
, , ,
fe ated an d dispersed the old inh abit ants of the country re ,
c ei ve d their submission an d est ablished a milit ary an d ,
mining post in the he ar t o f the region which was t henceforth ,
for centuries c a refully gu arded by a n Egypti a n garrison .
The rem ains still to be seen i n the Wa dy M agh arah show the
strong fortress within which the Egypti an troops were lo dge d ,
the deep well within the w all which secured them an u n

failing supply of w ater an d the neighboring temples o f their ,
n ative deities wherein the exp atri ated soldiers might h av e

,
the enj oyme n t of the worship to w hich they were accustomed

i n their o wn l and .
e
It is n o t cert ain th at S en eferu ad orned Egypt with an y

buildings The M eydou n pile has bee n ascribed to him but
.
,
9
sc arcely on sufcient d at a V ariou s members of his family .
were interre d i n the tombs of Ghizeh ; an d it is i n this way

th at we m ake acqu aint ance with his favorite wife Mer ti ,
-
tefs ; his son Nefer mat ; his gr andson Sh af

, S e n eferu t he
-
, ,
an d h i s eldest d au ghter Nefer t k au who

2
s on o f this l atter ; ,
- -
,
was buried in the s ame tomb as her brother

13
It has been .
suggested th at his own mummy was perh aps deposited in the

lower ch amber of the Gre at Pyr amid which in th at c ase ,
must be supposed to h ave been commenced by hi m; but there

are n o su fcient grounds f or this supposition .
The Turin p apyrus appe ars to h av e assigned to Se n e feru a

reign of nineteen ye ars His son Ne fer mat is thought t a .
,
-
,
h ave died during his lifetime an d Sh af S e n eferu hi s gr and ,

-
,
son to h ave been thereupon invested with the title o f here d i

,
o
t ary prince (erp a a tea 8 a ) which he certa inly bore ; but t he ,

1"
ro val dignity inste ad o f p a ssing t o this pri n ce o n his gr a nd

,
.
sire s demise was obt ained by Khufu

, , u nder wh at
circumst ances it is impossible to say K hufu c an sc arcel y .
h ave been a son of S en eferu for he took to wife S en eferu s ,

widow M ertitefs H e was perh aps a usurper an d no rel a

, .
tion ; o r possibly he may h ave been a brother an d h ave in her

,
i te d the throne bec au se S haf S en ef eru was n ot tho u gh t to be

,
-
o ld enough to e xercise the f unctions of roy alty when S e n ef eru

died Sh af . S en ef eru seems t o h ave held a high pl ace at his
court an d to h ave died while K hufu was still living before
, , ,
the ac cessio n of S hafra .

28 H I STO RY OF A N C I E N T E G Y PT .
[CH XIV .
1n Khufu must be ack n owledge d if not the gre atest of Egyp ,
ti an ki n gs yet cert ainly t he gre at es t o f Egypti an bu ilders

, ,
a n d a sovereign o f extr a ordin ary energy From the c o n c ep .
tion of the step pyr amid of S acc arah which was the h i ghest
-
,
ight of Egypti an architectur al d ari n g at the time to th at o f ,
the Gre at Pyramid of Ghizeh was so v ast a stride th at the , ,
mon arch who took it must be credited with a grandeur an d

elev ation of tho u ght appro aching to genius T o more th an .
double the height o f the highest previous buildi n g to multi ,
ply the are a by ve an d the m ass by ten was a venture into

, ,
the untried an d the unknown which none but a bold mind ,
could h ave conceived n one but an iron will could h ave re

,
solved t o e xecute So far as conception went Khu f u may have

.
,
16
been assisted by his architect ; but the adoption o f a pl an so
e xtraordin aril y grand the determin ation to embody the con
,
c ept i on in solid stone this must h ave been wholly hi s own

,
ac t his own doing ; an d it implies a resolution an d a s t rength

,
o f mind o f the highest order The fa ct must ever rem ain on e

.
to excite ou r profoun d a stonishment th at in Egypt almos t , ,
at the commencement of its history among a people livi n g b

y ,
them selves an d deriving no instruction f rom without a king ,

-
f or there is every re ason to believe th at the whole work was
begun an d nished by a single mon arch conceived an d c ar 17
ried ou t a design so v ast completing a stru cture which has

,
l asted fou r thous and ye ars which is even n ow among the ,

world s chief m arvels an d rem ains in respect o f size an d
, ,
m ass the most prodigious of all hum an constructions

, .
18
A description of the Gre at Pyr amid has been alre ady given .
1
It must h ave been commenced by Khu f u almost as soon as he

a scended the throne an d must h ave bee n the occup ation of a
,
lifetime Herodotus is not likely to h ave obt ained an ex actly

.
authentic a ec ou n t ; but his esti m ate of thirty ye ars f or the
time consumed in constructing the pyramid itself together ,
with its subsidi ary structures a n d o f 1 00 C00 l aborers as the , ,

20
nu mber const antly employed upon the work is quite in ,
accord ance w ith the prob abilities of the c ase though sc arc e ly ,
21
d eserving to be a ccepted as m atter of positive history An .
enormous amount of unskilled hum an l abor gr adu ally ad ,
van c i n g the work by expenditure of mere brute strength is ,
necessit ated by the circumst ances of the time an d the condi ,
tions u nder which the pyr amid was erected A consider able .
employment of very highly skilled l abor upon t hose wo n der

f u l p ass ages an d ch ambers w hich form t he true m arvel o f t he
,

building m u st also be regar de d as cert ain ; an d it seems to
,
follow th at su c h a work co u ld not h ave been c arried to i t s

CH . x1v .
] O P PR E S S I O N O F TH E PE O PL E . 29
completion wit hout e n gaging the energies of almost the whole

t alent o f the st ate as w ell as almost i t s whole l aboring p opu
,
l ation duri n g the pe riod o f an e n tire gener ation Gre at su f

,
.
feringe would n atur ally a cco mp any such an interference w ith

men s n at u ral employments an d su ch a concentration of v ast

n u mbers upon a limited are a The constr u ction of the Suez .
1 8 6 9 co st the lives o f thous ands

C a n a l in the ye ars 1 8 6 5 ,
wh o perished thro u gh w ant an d dise a se It c an n ot be sup .
posed th at it was possible in the infancy of the w orld s history
to e xecute a far v aster work without S i mil ar c al amities .
Hence prob a bly the ill repute which att ac h ed to K hufu an d

-
,
the other pyr a mid builders in after tim es a n ill repute

-
,
23
-
which tho u gh f alsely expl ained as resti n g u pon religiou s

,
M
grounds was itself a f act not doubtf u l nor d ispu table
, , .
In very truth su ch constructions as the Pyr am ids however

, ,
they may move o u r ad mir ation as works of art in their kind , ,
utterly as t on i shing an d u n appro a ch able are to the politici an ,
an d th e mor alist miser able inst ances of the le n gths to which

a p altry egotism will go f or the gr a tic ation of se lf at the ex
pense o f others All Egypti ans had t h e s a m e belief w i th re
.
spect to a future li f e all equ ally desired the s afe conservatio n

o f their e arthly rem a ins throu gh m any centuries Y et the .
bulk even of the rich were content to h ave their rem ains
, ,
deposited in a deep pit the m outh of which was closed an d ,
conce al ed from V iew by h avi n g o n e o f the w alls o f t he sepu l

chr al ch a mber o r ch apel bu ilt over it B u t the E gypti an .
kings or at an y r ate th e kings of this period bec au se they

, ,
could com m an d the services o f their su bj ects being a bsolu te ,
an d able to employ as m a ny o f them as t hey chose in forced

l abors wo u ld not be s atised with the common lot Nothing
, .
less would content them th an gr anite c h ambers se aled by

portcullises an d enclosed in the centre of artici al monu
,
~

,
6
t ains ,
formed of m assive blocks of stone moved i nto pl ace ,
with sighs an d gro an s by i mpresse d workmen an d too o ften ,
cemented with the b lood of those who were m aimed o r crush

e d to de ath when a block slipped as t he a ttempt was being
, ,
m ade to lift an d empl ace it Such acci d ents must h ave been .
fre qu ent an d h ave occ asioned a co n sider able loss of life ; but
,
i t was e asy to repl a ce the mutil ated a n d the k i lled by a fresh

conscription an d so to c arry o u t the m on arch s prou d design
,
at the cos t of incre a sed su ffe ri n g t o hi s s u bj ects Egypti an .
k ings did not S hrink f rom en forcing their will at this cos t .
O n e o n ly seems a t a cert a in point t o h ave p au sed in his d e

, ,
sign an d m ade a ch ange which bro u ght hi s work t o an earlier

,
termi nation th an th at orgin ally contem p l a ted ,

7
.
30 H I S T O RY OF A N C I E N T E G Y PT . [OIL m
It must ever t herefore rem ain a repro ach to Khuf u t hat ,
by the extr avagance of his egotism of his v anity a n d of his , ,
a mbition to excel all who h ad gon e be f ore or should follow

h i m he hel d his people i n an i n toler able bond age f o r a longer
'
term of ye ars th an an y other E ygptian king We possess no .
represent ation of him th at can be reg arded as appro a ching to

the n ature of a portr ait or we should expect to see in his cou n
,
t en an ce indic ations o f an iron will a stern pride an d a cruel , ,
h ardness such as appe ar in the l ater pictures of the rst Na

,
o leo n The only has relief o f him which exists is o n e at the

p
-
. .
Wady M agh ar a h ( Fig modelled after the e arlier represen

.
28
t at i o n o f S en ef eru which S hows him clutching an enemy by
,
the h air of his he ad an d about to de al him his de ath stroke

,
-
wi t h a cl u b or m ace The relief is in a bad st ate of preserv a

.
tion but it appe ars to be t horoughly convention a l an d n ot to

,
ai m at truth f u l n ess o f expression Kh u f u has a face little .
di ffering from th at of S en ef eru to w hom in ch aracter b e pre ,
se n ted a striking contrast .
We g ather f ro m the Wady M agh arah t ablet that Khu f u -

,
m ade two expeditions into the Sin aitic peninsul a o n e to t ake ,
possession of the mines o n which occ asion he merely set u p

,

!
his c artouche an d his titles c alling himself Khu f u
,
,
a

King of Upper an d L ower Egypt the conquering H o r ns , ,
an d another th at commemor ated on th e opposite p age
where he gave his n ame as Num Kh u fu -

.
W 0 an d
represented himsel f a s striking down one

o f the Pet or An
foreigners in the prese n ce of the ibis he aded go d T ahuti or -

T ho th . B oth these n ames are found in the Gre at Pyra
2"
a n d though so m e h ave supposed them to designate d if

31
feren t individu als it seems to be now most commonly held 3
,
th at they are merely two appell atio n s of the s ame mon arch ,
the successor of S en eferu who having been origin ally c alled

, ,
Khu fu at a cert ain period of his li f e as sumed the pre x of

,
Num or Khnum intending thereby to i dentify himself with

,
the god whom the Greeks c alled K n eph on e of the chief oh ,

33
jec t s o f worship in Upper Egypt .
This fa ct an d some others recorded o n the n ative mo nu

ments s u fciently refute the legend of the Greeks which
,
3
,
represen t e d the builder of the Gre at Pyramid as wholly irre

h gi o u s on e wh o sh u t up the temples an d was op posed to the
, ,
p oly theism Of his sub jec ts The very reverse appe ars to h ave
.
CH . X IV J S U PPO E D S REIG N O F R AT A FT . 31
been t he f act K hufu n ot only took the n ame of Khnu m in

.
,
acknowledgement of the E leph antin e deity a n d pl a ced Thoth ,
upon the trophy o f victory which he set up a t Wady M agh a

ra h but c a lled himself
the l iving Horu s
an d a ctu all y
3"
,
built a temple to Isis whom (as being Horu s ) he c alled hi s ,
,

mot h er an d whose im age he pl aced in he r s anctu ary, at
,
t aching at the s ame time to the e d ice an est ate by way of

endowment He also i f we may trust an in scription o f
.
36
,
comp ar atively late d ate found at the temple of D ender ah , ,
furnished the pl an upon which the origin al edice d ed ic ated ,
t o Athor o n th a t site was bu ilt

37 3"
Even the Greeks inform
, .
us th at Khu f u notwithst a nding his alleged impiety compos

, ,

ed a religio u s work entitled The S acred B ook whi ch con ,
ti nu ed to be highly v alu ed in later ages The ext ant rem ains .
cert ainly be ar strong witness to his religiou s ze al presenting ,
him to u s in the ch ar acter of the rst known builder of t em

ples the rst king who is found to have a cknowledged almost
,
an d the rst person kno wn

39
a ll the princip al Egypti ans gods ,
to have brought into use the system of religiou s endowments .
The fam ily o f Khufu appe ars to h ave been l arge He too k .
( 9 wi f e on his a ccession Queen M ertit efs the widow o f his

, , ,
predecessor an d had by her a nu mber o f sons an d d aughters

,
who se tombs form a cro wn around his pyramid

M erh et
4

.
,

c
:
i o n e o f his sons
,
is s aid to h ave been the pries t ,
4
of K hu fu s obelisk wh ereby we perceive th at this archi
,
t ectu ral embellishment although it may n ot h ave t aken an ,
import ant pl ace in the gre at d esigns o f architects u ntil the

time of the twelfth dyn asty was yet alre ady kno wn an d em ,
ployed in the fourth t h ough prob ably upon a sm aller sc ale

th an afterw ards S af
,
h otep anot h er so n was (as alre ady

.
, ,
43
m entio n ed ) the chief of the works of Khufu an d there ,
fore most likely his he ad architect A third son S haf .

.
was
K hufu was , priest of Apis A d aughter Hent s .
,
buried un der a sm all pyr amid in i mmedi ate pro ximity to the
gre at monument of her father T wo other sons K a ab an d -

.
,
Khem tat f had tombs in the s ame vicinity

- -
, M erisan kh .
,
the wife of S hafra is thought to have been also o n e of his

dau ghters
.
7
,
K huf u wa s a ccording to the lists o f Abydos an d S accarah

, ,

su cceeded by

a king n amed

Ratatf, o
f , who is supposed
to be M anet h o s Ra to i ses

. There are sever al m onument al

evIdenc es of thi s
e
mo narch s exrsten c e, a n d the p l ac e as
32 H I S T O RY OF A N C I E N T E G Y PT . L en . XIV .
si gned to him in the lists seems to be the correct on e ; but his

reign must h ave been u nimport ant an d was prob a bly extreme ,
ly brie f to be counted n o t by ye ars but by months

,
At his , .
demise the throne was occupied by a son i n law of the great

,
- -
K hu fu a mon arch who bore the n ame of S hafra ( Fig 6 0) or

, .

K hafra , the C hephren of H erodotu
i r
i an d the Cha
9
b ryes of D i o doru s S i cu lu s
"0
.
S hafra is the rst o f the Egypti an kings whose person al ap

eara n ce we c an distinctly an d fully rea lize Two st tues of
p a .
him in green b as alt his o wn gi ft to the te mple of the

, ,
"l
Sphinx S how him to u s such as he existed in li f e be aring

, ,
upon them as they do the st amp of a thoroughly re alistic tre at

m ent The gu re of th e king is t all an d slenderthe chest
shou lders an d upper arm well developed bu t the lower arm
.
,
, ,
an d the lower leg long an d S light The he ad is sm allish the .

,
forehe ad fairly high an d m arked with lines of thought bu t a ,
little retre at ing ; the eye sm all the nose well sh aped the , ,
lips slightly proj ecting but not u nduly thick the chin well , ,
rounded an d the c h eek somewh at t o o fat The expression

, .
,
o n the whole is ple asing the look thoughtful an d intelligent

, , ,
but with a touch of sensu ality about the under jaw an d

mouth There is no p articul ar sternness but there is cer

.
,
t ai n ly no w e akness in the f ace which is th at of one not like

, ,
1y to be moved by pity or turned from his purpose by undue

softness o f he art .
L ike his predecessor S hafra must h ave m ade it the main ,
business of his life to provide himself wi th a tomb th at should

be an etern al monument o f his gre atness an d glory He

.
g ave to his pyr amid the n ame of U er the grea t the prin

, ,
3
an d though the i n f eriority of its actu al dimensions
5"
c ip al ,
has c aused it in modern times to receive the appell a tion o f

the Second Pyr amid i t is q u ite possible th at he expected
,
to deceive his s u bj ects into the belie f th at it was a v aster edi

c e t h an th at of Khufu by the si d e o f which he pl aced it , .
For the lie of the ground f avors su ch a deception The .
rocky pl atform on which the tree pyramids are built rises to

w ards the centre an d the centr a l position o f the Second Pyr
,
amid gives i t a m arked a dv a nt age over the rst c au si n g its ,
summit to att ain actu ally a higher elev ation above the level of
the pl ain th at is at t ained by the pyr ami d of Khu f u In an .
other respec t also S hafra aimed at o u tdoing his predecessor .
Not content with the co mp a ct lim estone o f the opposite o r

M o kattam r an ge fro m which K hu fu drew the v a st blocks
,
with wh ich he r evett ed hi s enorm ous monu ment S hafra c au s ,

34 H I S T O RY OF A N C I E N T E G Y PT . [ 011 . XIV .
S h afra seems to h ave been m arried to a d aught er o f his pre

60
decessor named Meri ankh s or M eri s ankh
,
Her tomb
- -
,
- -
.
h as b ee n f oun d a t S a c carah an d h as o n it an i n scrip t ion by , ,
which it appe a rs th at she bore the o fce of priestess to T hoth ,
an d also to o n e of the s acre d anim als reg arded as inc ar n ations

She cl a ims associ ation with the lord of di ade ms
o f d ei t y
6
.
,
a n d it is thought to be not i m p ro b ab ale th at even S haf ra

63
reign ed in her right rather th an in his own It does not .
appe ar f rom the monuments th at he was in an y way rel ated

to Kh u f u o r th at he had in his veins an y royal blood ; an d
,
the co n j ect u re is m ade th at at this ancie n t epoch there was

some speci al right of dau ghters to succeed their father eithe r ,
in pre f erence to sons or in c ase of their being the elder chil

,
dre n A right of the kind is kno wn to h ave obt ained in

.
6
L yci a an d other e astern countries ; an d the w ant of an y i n - 1
di c at i on of the succession f rom f ather to son in the mo nu

me n ts o f this time raises the suspicion th at some such practice
prev ailed in Egypt u n de r the e arly Ph araohs B ut however .
this may h ave been Meri s ankh was at an y r ate a personage - -
o f gre at import ance in S hafra s reign She was ex alted to

.
the highest degree of dignity to which it was possible fo r the

wi f e o f an Egypti an mon arc h to att ain Associ a ted with 6
the lord of di ade ms she had the entire control of the royal

,

gyn aeceu m or house of the women enj oyed t wo priesthood
, , ,
a n d was d ee p in the condence an d high in the f a vor o f her
royal consort She bore S hafra at le ast two sons O ne of

. .
these who had the n ame of N eb m akhu t is represe nted as - - -

, ,
He was a s u perior priest of the or

6

his f ather s heir

.

der of Heb a s acred scribe an d clerk of the closet to his
, ,
f ather Five est ates of which he was the o wn er ha d all been

'
.
, ,
presented to hi m by his liber al p arent an d had receive d ,
n ames in which Sh atr a was an element Another son .

67
,
68
S kem ka ra possessed f ourteen such properties
- - -
,
a n d mus t ,
h ave been on e of the we althiest l anded proprietors o f the time .
He enj oyed his we alth f or a long term of ye ars living to a

good o ld age u nder ve successive kings whose escutcheon s
,
he displ ays upo n his monument .
The i mmedi at e succession Of M en cheres (M e n kau ra

m m
,
o m
"
d
70
)to S h af ra a sserted by Herodotus ,

an M a netho ,
u
is i n dic ated on the to mb of S kem k a ra an d conrm ed by - - -
,
72
73
the t able o f Seti 1 a t Abydos Y et here ag ain we are u n
. .
able to tr ace by me a ns o f the monuments an y bloo d rel ation -
s hi n a n d c a n sa nothing o f the co n nection be t ween M e n k a u ra

,
y
an d h is pred e cessors beyond the f act of there h aving been a
CH . xw A C C ESS IO N o r M E N K AU R A . 35
tradition th at he descended not from S hafra but from , ,
Khuf u, the rst an d gre atest of th e pyr ami d kings B orn

74
.
an d bred up duri n g the ye ars w h en the whole t hought an d

atte n tion o f E gypt was given t o the constru ction of these wo n ~
d erf u l edices he would h ave been more th an hu m an i f he

,
had not been c arrie d aw ay by the spirit o f the time an d felt it ,
his d u t y to imi tate in some degree if he could not hope to ,
emul ate his predecessors The pyra mi d in which h e eng aged

,
.
was on a humble sc ale As d esigned an d e xecuted by hims e l f

.
,
it seems to h ave been a s q u are o f no m ore t han o n e h u n dred

an d eighty feet w ith an elev ation of o n e hundred an d f orty
ve feet ,
A sepulchr al ch amber of n o rem ark able preten

.

sion e xc av ated i n the solid rock below the monu ment c o n
, ,
t ai n ed the s arcoph agus an d co f n o f the king The sarCOph

agus w
.
as o f whinstone an d el abor ate in its orn ament a tion

77
, .

T he coffi n which was o f ced ar wo o d
, an d sh aped like a ,
mummy but with a pe dest al o n which it could st and u pright

, ,
was o f gre a t simplicity bei n g adorned with n o p ai nting but , ,
be aring on the f ront t wo column s o f hieroglyphics which 79
are thus re ad by the best sc holars z O O siris king o f Upper

,
an d L ower Egypt M en kau ra living etern ally engen d ered by

, . ,
the He aven born of Nut subst ance o f Seb thy mother Nut
, , ,
stretches herself over thee i n her n ame of the abyss of he a ven .
renders thee d ivine by destroying all thy enemies 0 ki n g ,

M en kau ra living etern ally
8
,
The formu la is on e n o t spe .
c i al to this king but repe ated o n the covers o f other sar c op h

,
h agi an d prob ably belonging to a ritu al though n ot to o n e

, ,
of very ancie n t d ate since the id ea s embodied in it c an sc a rce

,
ly be traced b ack further th an the time of M en c here s himself

.
B efore this d ate the god Anubis is mention ed i n the tombs

as the speci al deity o f the de ad to the excl u sion Of the n a m e
,
o f O siris ;

an d the c o fn lid o f M e nk a u ra marks a new -
82
religious development in the ann als o f Egypt T he ab sorp .
tion of the justied sou l in O siris the c ardi n al doctrine o f

the Ritu al of the D e ad m akes its appe ar ance here fo r the
,
rst ti me ; an d we can sc arcely be wrong in assigning to t h is

mon arch an import ant p art in the doctrin al ch ange whereby ,
the souls of the ju st were no lo n ger regarded as ret aining their

in d ividu ality in the other world but were identied e ach an d ,
all with O siris himself an d were t h ought to be at an y r ate , ,
temporarily absorbed into his d ivine being

, .
Altogether M en c heres left beh i nd him the ch ara cter o f a

,
religious k i ng According to Herodotus he reope n e d the tem

.
,
p les w hich had been kept clo sed by Khu f u ( C heops ) an d

,
S haf ra ( C he p hren : an d allo wed the people to resum e the

36 HI STORY OF AN C I E N T E G Y PT . [ C PL xxv .
p r actice of sacric e .
83
In the R itu al of the D e ad it i s
recorded of him th at o n e of the most import a nt ch apters of
the book was discovered during his reign by his son Hor t e ,
tef who fo u nd it at S esen n u ( Hermopolis ) i n the course of a

,
j ourney which he had u ndert aken f or the purpose of inspect

ing the temples of Egypt There is su ch an amount o f
.
agreement in these two notices both o f which seem to imply ,
th at this mon arch p aid speci al attention to the temples an d ,
interested himsel f in the c au se o f religion th at we sh all ,
sc arcely err in assuming a fou n d ation o f truth for the king s
tr adition al ch aracter though the attitude of the t wo preced

,
ing mon archs to the est ablished worship was cert ainly not
th at imputed to them M en cheres wa s himsel f dedic ated
.
by his n ame to Ra the sun god a n d he g ave hi s son a n ame

,
-
,

which put him under the protection of Horu s We must .
suppose th at he sent his son o n the tour of inspection men

t i on ed in the R itu al

thus showing himself anxious to le arn
,
wh at condition the temples w ere in ; an d we may conclude

th at he had a h and in the c o mpil ation of th at mysterious
tre atise by the fact th at H ortetef s d iscovery bec ame a portion
o f its contents .
Nor was piety the only good qu ality which tradi tion as
signed to this mon arch H e was also s aid to h ave been dis
.
t i n gu i she d for j ustice an d kindness o f h e art

85
The monu .
ment s of his reign are not su fciently abun dant to en able u s

fully to test this st atement ; but i t is c ert ainly in accord ance
with i t th at we nd M en ch eres singling out a youth of n o high
,
.
birth or co n nection for his speci al f avor introducing him as ,
an i n m ate into the p al a ce an d c au sing him to receive his

,
edu c ation together with his o wn children The youth in .

86
question whose n ame was Pt ah ases ret ained a lively rec ol

,
-
,
lection of this ac t of kindness an d in the inscription upon ,
h is tomb took c are to commemorate the gracious favor of his

royal benef actor .
M en cheres was succeeded by a mon arch whose n ame is writ
ten
which is expounded differently by di fferent
writers some c alling it Ases kaf an d some S hep seskaf
,
-
We
.
37
sh all adopt the former re ading Ases k af s immedi ate succes -
sion to M en c heres is indic ated alike by the tomb o f Pt ah ases -

,
an d by th at o f S k em Pt ah ases tells us th at Ases kaf

89
kara .
- -
continu e d tow ards him t he kind tre atme n t commenced by his

predecessor allowe d him stil l to receive e du c ation in the pal
,
a ce with the roy al children a n d when he had come t o ye ars
o f discretion gav e hi mto w ife hi s elde st d au ghter M at sha

, ,
-
, , ,
)H XIV
. .
] R E IG N o r A S E S K AF . 37
referring himas a husb and for her to an y other man This .
.
rst act of sign al f avor was followed up by such a multitu de
o f others th at the modern histori an is driven t o rem ar k o n
90
the antiquity of the system o f pluralities an d the early date ,
a t which eccles iastic a l posts were a ssigned to court f avorites

for the mere purpose o f en abling their holders to dr aw a l arge
revenu e from be n ec es which they must h ave tre ated as sim
ple sinecures Pt ah ses was prophet of Phthah of Sok ari
.
-
, ,
an d o f Athor priest of the temple of S ok ari an d o f th at o f

, ,
Pht hah at Memphis prophet of R a H arm achis Of M a an d o f ,

-
, ,
H oru s as well as overseer of the gran aries roy al secret ary

,

chief of the mines an d chief o f the house o f bronze
He
,
9
,

.
,
s ays th at he was esteemed by the king a bove all his other

an d we m

ay therefore hope th at so S h ameless an
92
servants ;
accumul ation o f ofces upon a f avorite as th at which Pt ah
ases tom b reve als to us was u nu su al

.
Aseskaf like the other mon archs of this period bu ilt him
,
self a pyramid an d gave it the n am e of K eb or refresh ,
, ,
ment
This pyramid has n ot at present b e en identie d
.
93
a mong the e xisting sixty si x; but it is qu ite possible th at -
further rese arch may le ad to its discovery It is prob ably

.

a mong th e group known a s the pyramids o f S ac carah ,
which bec ame the f avorite buri al pl ace when the Ghizeh site -
ce ased to be thought suit able since the enorm ou s c on stru c ,
tions o f Khufu an d S hafra co uld n o t possibly it was felt be , ,
exceeded a n d they dw arfed all ord in ary erections

, .
The successor of Ase skaf was Usk a for U su rkaf

,
who is thought to be th e U serc heres of M anetho the rst ,
king of his fth dy nasty An unusu all y close correspondence .
is tra ced between the monument al n ames of this period an d

those o f M anetho s list indic ative o f the fact th at M anetho ,
at this point o f his history h as f o r once obt a ined toler ably good
inform ation H i s dyn astic list consists of nine kings who
.
,
are m ade to occu y a sp a ce o f 2 4 8 ye ars which however is

p , , ,
prob ably too much The Turin p apyrus reduces the period .
to on e of 1 4 1 ye ars only an d even this num ber is most like ly ,
in excess since as m any as twenty o n e ye ars are assigned to

,
-
mon archs Of whom the contemporary monu ments show no

traces an d who must be reg arded as second ary a ssoci ated
,
96
rinces The li ne seems re ally to h ave been o n e of seven
pings onlyU su rkaf S ahura Nefer ar ka ra Ran u ser Men
.
v - -
, , , ,
k anhor T atkara or Ass a an d Un as ; an d t he tim e which it

, ,
occupied seems a little to h ave exceeded a hu ndred ye ars If .
We assign to the four or ve precedi ng mon arch s a simil ar

"7
38 H I S TO R Y or AN CI E N T EG Y P T . [
on my .
term , we shall m ake a liberal allow a nce an d h ave for the en

tire sp ace fro m the accession of S e neferu to the de ath of
Un as on e of a b out two c e nturies .
It is di fcu lt to conj ecture an y re ason for M anetho s d ivi

sion o f the kings of this period into t wo sep ar ate dyn asties ,
o n e Memphite an d the other Eleph antin e

, Nothi n g is more .
distinctly sho wn by the monu ments th an the fact th at the ,
entire series f rom S en eferu to Un as lived an d reigned at

Memphis ; nor do we possess in all ou r ample m ateri als the
slightest tr ace of an y bre ak or division in the series any ,
ch ange of policy or religio n or art to accou nt f or the ction

, , ,
o f two hou ses It would se e m th at the S eb en n yti c priest had

.
m ade up his mind to h ave thirty dyn as ties down to the close
o f Egypti an indepen d ence an d was not very p artic u l a r how
,
he produced them To swell the number o f ye ars and o b

.
t ain the tot al which he w anted he introd u ced second ary as ,
soc i at ed princes into his lists by the side o f the true m on archs ,
without distinguishing them an d from t i m e to time he seems ,
to h ave eve n gone the length of interpol ating into his lists
wholly ctitio u s kings The B i cheres S ebercheres an d
.
,
T hamp ht hi s wh o close the f ourth dyn asty of M an etho if n ot

,
, ,
a bsolute f abric ations h ave at an y r ate no right to the pl ac e

,
which they occupy They are ctions a t tli a t p oi ri t cert ain

.

98
ly; possibly they are ctions altogether .
The reign of U su rkaf was short an d u ndistinguished H e

bu ilt a s mall pyr amid which he c alld U a b asa the most
, ,
9"
holy of all pl aces an d est ablished the usu al worship of his
,
o wn diety in connection with it which he committed to the ,
ch arge of a priest n amed K hn u mhotep In this worship he .
a ssoci ated with himsel f the goddess Among his

other titles he took th at of H er a ri ma t or
Horus the 1 01
, ,

dispenser o f justice which would appe ar to imply th at like
, ,
S en ef eru
1 02
, he regarded it as on e of his chief duties to have
justice c arefully an d strictly admin i stered throughout the
country u nder his rule O nly a very f ew monu men ts belong
.
i n g to his reign h ave been as yet discove red ; but his p la ce in

t he l ist of kings between Aseskaf an d S ahur a is cert ain
, , .
The succession of S ahura (Fig . 6) o to U su rkaf is
su fciently est ablished by the t mb o f S kemkara an d is o

,
3
further supported by the t ables of S ac carah an d as
well as by M an etho
i f we admit his S eph res to represent
,
this mon arch S ep ahu ra followed in the steps of S en eferu

.
and K hufu by m aking an e xpedition into the Sin aitic pe o

Vo l .
Pla te V .
Fi g 13 TAR L
. . E T 0F M E N T U -H O TEP II .
S ee Pag e 71 .
Fig 14
. .
DREs s ns W ORN U ND E R T H E T W E L F T H DYNAS TY S e e Pa ge 92 .
40 H I S T O RY OF A N C I E NT E G Y PT . [ OIL xrv .
c alled Pa but n o t written w ith the ch aracters by

which it was usu al to express S ahu ra s n ame This town was
.
n e ar Esneh an d is mentioned in the religious c alend ar o f

,
th at city .
The t ab le of Abydos pl aces a king n amed K ak a L 1L 1 ,
in the pl ace immedi ately following th at occupied by S ahura ; 5
an d as tr aces o f this roy al n a me a re found in the tombs of

,
116
the p e riod it is to be s u pposed th at there was such a sov
,
e re ign o r r ather per haps such a prince who was allo wed the
, ,
r ank of kin g about this time The re al successor however .

, ,
o f S ahur a appe ars to h ave been Nef er ar k a ra who follows - - -

,
him in the t able of S ac carah in the list of M an etho an d ,

117
,
118
in the inscriptions on sever al tombs We possess no partie .

119

u lars o f this mon arch s reign which have more th an a very
slight cl aim on the re ader s attentio n He built a pyramid

which he c alled B a o r the soul He r aised to high
, .
12
position th e o fci als U er Khuu an d Pahen u ka whose genius -

,
was liter ary but on whom were accumul ated v arious an d some
,
times most incongruous o fc es B ut other wise we know .

12 1
nothing of him exce pt th at he reigned according to M a

, ,
n e tho ,twenty or according to the Turin p apyrus seven

, , ,
His pyr amid has not been recognized .
Nefer ar k a ra was followed by Ra n user or U ser n ra as

- - - - -
,
o -
,
some re ad the n ame (which is e xpressed as follows in the

Egypti an ,
sp
who bore also the n a e of An m 3
,
He followed the e xample of S ahura by m aking an
expedition against the Mentu o f the Sin aitic peninsul a an d ,
represents himself at Wady M ag har ah in the u su al f orm of a

w arrior armed with a m ac e wherewith he thre atens to destroy ,
124
a shrinking an d almost prostr ate enemy He t akes the

.
ro u d titles of the gre at god lord Of the t wo l ands king of

Egypt king of the upper an d lo wer countries conquering
, ,
, ,
H o rn s an d so n o f the Sun The device upon his ensign is

.
,
a s li et ta ti pl ace of the he art (i e obj ect o f the aec ti on s)

,
. .
,

o f the t wo l ands Ran u ser bu ilt the middle pyr a mid of
.
Ab ou si r which is t he sm allest of the three h aving a b as e of

, ,
no more th an 2 74 feet with an elevation of 1 71 feet 4 ,
His sepulchr al ch amber occupied the usu al position in the ,
centre of the b ase a n d was g u arded with j e alou s c are by gra

,
nite blocks an d a portcullis which however di d n ot prevent , , ,
the pe n etr ation an d plunder of the tomb by the Moh ammed an

con q uerors .

Th ese in sati abl e tr easur e seek ers bro k e thro u gh -
CH . K m] REIG N or R A NU S E R .
4 1
the pyram id from the top an d split u p with iron wedges ,

most of the blocks wh ich seem e d indestructible d isap ,
pointing the hopes o f the builder who had c alled his pyr a

m id men a sa the (most ) st able of pl aces
an d a t the
,
1
, ,
s ame time dis appointing their o wn hopes for they assuredly ,
found not hing therein to rep ay their l ab ors R an u ser s reign .

appe ars to h ave bee n long an d prosperou s The Turin p apy .
rus assigns hi mt wenty ve 12 8 '2

an d M ane t ho forty f our
9
ye ars
-
,
-
.
A l arge number o f m agnicent tombs belong to his tim e ,

1 30
an d reve al to us the n ames titles an d circumst ances o f , ,
numerou s grandees o f his c ourt who b asked in his f avor ,
while li ving an d by inscribing his n am e upon their tombs

, , ,
gloried him when de ad T he nest of all these monu ments

.

is th at which has bee n c alled the m arvel of S accarah ,
3
the tomb of Ti , This m onument furnished to the
Museu mof B ou laq some of the most admirable of the portr ait
an d is decor ated w ith a ser i es o f
1 32
st atues th at it possesses ,
el abor ate p ainted bas reliefs in the best style o f the e arly
-
Egypti an art We gather from the i nscr iptions upon its w alls
.
th at the nobl e who erected it had at the outset of his c areer

no adv ant ages o f birth but rose by m erit an d by the favor of
,
successive sovereigns to the highest position whereto it was pos

si ble fo r a subj ect to att ain The tomb of Ti was commenced .
under K ak a an d nis hed under Ran u ser who must be ,

1 33
credited with the merit of rew arding t alent an d good conduct

wherever he foun d it whether in the r anks of the nobles or,
among the com mon people .
T he immedi ate s u ccessor o f Ran u ser was M enk au h or

,
h m u
(n
Fig who
. mu st h ave come to the t hrone
.
when he was q u ite a youth as appe ars by the subj oined rep ,

resen tat i on o f him which was f ound upon a sl ab built into
,
4
o n e of the w alls o f the Ser apeu m at Me m

1 36
phis

.
O n this monu ment he is c alled the good god lord of the

He we ars the el aborat e proj ecting tunic c om
,
t wo l ands
3
mon ly worn by kings in the l ater times an d a double ch ain

.
o r neckl ace with a bro a d coll ar roun d his n eck

,
There are ,
.
tr aces of a bra celet upon the left wri st O ver hi s he ad hovers .
the protecting h awk of Horus Almost the only other exist .
ing monument of the reign of M en kau hor is his t ablet at

Wa dy M agh ar ah a very unpreten d ing m

,
7
emori al with n o ,
represent ation o f his person u pon it no cl aim of c onqu es t

, ,

a n d n o t itle excepting the simple o n e king o f Egypt
mu st h ave
.
M en kau hor the M en cheres II of M anetho

188
,
.
,
42 H I S T O RY or A N C I E N T E G Y PT . [ OI L XI v .
died while still a young man s i nce his reign did not exten d ,
beyond eight or at the mo st n i n e ye ars He wa s buried in 1 39
a pyr am id c alled m
,
'
eter asa the (most ) divine of pl aces ; 4
but his tomb h as not yet been i d entied .
From M en kau hor the crown p assed to T at ka - -

ra, E
?U or

Ass a the second ki n g with two n ames . L ike his
immedi ate predecessor he visited in person or by his c o m , , ,
missioners the mi n es o f Wady M agh ar ah where there had

, ,
been some fa ilu re in one of the m ateri als on account of which

14 2
they were worked The i n vestig ations undert aken by his
.
orders were n ot without result ; a t ablet was discovered sup ,
posed to h ave been written by the go d Thoth which pointed ,
out the exact loc ality where the precious maf /ea was to be
.
found Ass a further bu ilt a pyr amid which he c alled simply

an d introd u ced the custo m
.
3
r efer the good ,
ary worship
,
of his o wn divi n it y in connection with i t

144
His f avorite .

title was S a R a g
5
son o f the sun
-
,
The tombs of S ac .

c ar ah an d Ghizeh cont a in numerous notices o f him an d
9
,
show th at like the other kings of the period he was fond of

, ,
a ccum u l ating o f ces upon his f avorites witho u t much reg ard
14 7
to their comp atibility .
The most interesting of the e xt ant memori als belon ging to

the tim e of Ass a is a p apyr u s prob ably the most a n cient
m anuscr ip t in the world written by the so n of a f ormer 14 8
ki n g ,
who c alls himself Pt ah h otep The ch ar acter used is
149
-
.
the hier atic an d t he subj ect of the tre atise is the prope r con
,
d u ct of li f e an d the a dv an t ages to be derived from a right b e

,
h avior Pt ah h otep st ates th at he was a hundred an d ten

.
-
ye ars old when he composed the work an d th at he wrote it

under the m aj esty of King Ass a We sh all ma ke f urther
,
re f erence in the l ater p art o f this ch apter to its contents

, , .
The fth M an eth on i an dyn asty closes an d the period o f ,
E gy pti an history commenci n g with S en eferu

with a mon arch c alled Un as who is n o doubt the ,
2
O n n os of M anetho He reigned a ccording to the Turin .
,
1 63
p apyrus thirty accor ding to M an etho thirty three ye ars
,
-
, .
No gre at reli ance c an be pl ace d on these numbers ; an d the

f act th at his pyramid the Ill u s ta ba t eZ P a ra ou a is trunc ated - -
, , ,
or in other words u nnished wo u ld seem to imply th at his ,
li fe c ame to an untimely end

'
This edice is an oblong

bu ildin g c onstruct ed of e n or mou s b loc ks of l i m estone an d
.
, .
cn . xrv .
] A R C H I T E CT U R E OF T HE P E R I O D . 43
was n am ed by its builder reef er a s a

the best pl a ce
It s , .
origin al length from north to south was 309 feet an d its ,
bre adth 2 1 7 The height to which it had been c arried up

.
when the work ce ased was no more th an sixty feet There .

1 56
are no tr aces o f Un as at Wady M ag har a h ; an d his reign

would on the whole seem to h ave be e n S hort an d inglorious
, , .
From the brief an d b ald acco u nt which is all th at c an be

given of these kings unless we s u rrender the reins to the i m ,
agin ati o n an d a llow ourselves to d e pict from f a ncy the scenes

,
o f their life an d their civil o r milit ary employ m

,
ents we may ,
p ass once m ore to the general condit i on of Egypt duri n g the

period an d its progress in arts in religion an d in renement
, , ,
of m anners .
It is the glory of the period th at it c arried its own proper

style of architectu re to absolute an d unsurp ass able perfection .
The we ak an d tent ative e fforts of primi tive t i mes were sud

d e n ly thown aside ; an d the e arly kings of the period adv anced
by an au d acious lea p from buildings of mo d er ate d imen
sions not beyond the constructive powers of architects in

most civilized countries to those gig antic piles which dw arf
all other structures an d f o r size a n d m ass h a ve up to the
, ,
present time no riv als Khufu an d S hafra found bu ilders

,
.
willing an d able to c arry out their desires for tombs th at

s hould S h am e all p ast an d reduce to desp air all future archi
teets They found men who could c arry up solid stone build
.
ings to the height of n e arly 5 00 feet withou t d anger of i n ,

157
s t ability or even an y incre ased risk from pressure o r settle

,
ment These bu ilders were able rst of all to empl ace their
.
, ,
constru ctio ns with astronomic al ex actness ; secondly to ,
employ in them wherever it was needed m asonry of the , ,
most m assive an d enduring kind ; thirdly to sec u re the ch am ,
bers an d p ass ages which were essenti al fe at u res of such ,
structures by contriv ances of gre at ingenu ity perfectly ad apt

ed to their purpose ,
an d fourthly by their choice o f line s

8
,
a n d proportions t o produce wor k s w h ich through their sym

, ,
'
m etry an d the imposing m aj esty of their f orms impress th a ,

a
sp e ct ator even at the present day with f eelings of awe an d ,
a dm i r ation su ch a s are sc arcely excited by an other a rch i tect

y

,

ural constru ctions in the whole world .
9
It is n ot surprising t h at the extraor din ary burst of archi

t ectu ral power u nder Khu f u a nd Sh atra was followed by a
'
re actio n F ashion or religiou s prej udice still req u ired t hat

.
, ,
the body of a king sh ould be entombed in a pyr amid ; an d
from M e n kau ra to Un a s every successive m on arch gav e a p or

tion of his tim e an d attention to the re arin g of such a men
L H I S T O RY OF A N C I E N T E G Y PT . [ 011 . xrv .
u me nt B ut as all felt it hopeless to attemp t to surp ass the

.
,
v ast erections which the builders o f the F irst a n d Second

Pyra mi ds had piled upon the rocky pl atform of Ghizeh they ,
not unn at u r ally gave u p all ide a of even vying with those
gi ant s of old time an d were conten t with co mp ar a tively
,
moderate an d u n preten din g sepulchres M en kau ra set the fash .
ion of constructing f or himself a modest tomb ; an d his ex

ample was f ollowed by the rem a ini n g kings of the period The .
monuments distinctly as sign able to the l ater kings of M a

n etho s fourth a n d to those of his fth dyn a sty are not a n y

,
more rem ark able th an those which may be best referred to

,
the times anterior to Khufu .
B esides their pyramids the k ings of the fourth an d fth ,
dy n asties built temples in a solid an d enduring f as hion ; an d

within the l ast twenty ye ars on e of these has been dug o u t of
the s and so far as to S how wh at were its intern al arrange
ments an d gener al form an d design An account o f this .
building together with its ground pl an has been given in

,
-
,
It possesses the merit of gre at

162
t h e rst volu me of this wor k .
solidity an d stre n gth an d exhibi t s the e mployment of piers

,
for the support of a roof the origin al ou t of which grew the ,
column It is alto get h er without sculpture of an y kind the

.
,
w alls being perfectly pl ai n an d at an d deriving their orn a ,
ment ation entirely f rom the materi al of which t hey are c o m

posed which is yellow al a b aster syenite or ar agon ite S till

.
, , ,
we are told th at the e ffect of the whole is good The p arts .
are ple asingly an d e ff ectively arr anged an d the entire

buil d ing has th at lithic gr a ndeur which is inherent in l arge
63
m asses of precious m ateri als .
The scu lpture o f the pyr amid period is also rem ark able .
S hafra the prob able b u ilder o f the temple just described or

, ,
nam en t ed i t with sever al st atues of himsel f which at a l ater ,
time were thrown into a pit o r well within the building an d ,
for the most p art most un f ortu nately bro k en O ne how

.
, , ,
ever survives per f ect i n all its p arts except the be ard ; an d
1
, ,
16 5
t he upper h alf of another is in t oler able preserv ation ; so
th at the glyptic art of the time c an be pretty fairly esti mat
ed Some st atues belongi n g to the reign of the l ater king
.
,
Ran u ser h ave also been f ur n ished by the tomb o f Ti an d af

, ,
ford the critic f urther m ateri al u pon which to form a judg

ment The opinion of experts seems to be th at all the
.
,
166
specimens h ave considerable merit The gures are well .
proportioned ; the faces c are fu lly el aborated with all the mi ~
nu te n ess o f a portr a it ; the osseous structure an d the muscles

are su fciently indic ated ; t he n ish is hi gh an d the ex re s
p ,
CH . XIV ] S C UL PT U R E o n TH E P E R I O D . 45
sion calm and dignied Th ere is however as u niversally .

,
in Egyptian sculptur e a certain stiffn ess and a n u ndu e for

, ,
mality T he t wo feet are equally advanced ; t he arm s r epose

.
side by side along the thighs ; the head has no i nclination t o

either sid e ; t he face looks dir ectly in front o f the gure ; the
beard is wholly conv entional i f we co mpare the statu es in
'
uestion with e ve n the archaic we shall nd th e m

q
e xc ee dingly inferior in all that co n stitut e s t h e excellence o f
art B ut it may be qu estioned wh ether E gyptian art i n the
matte r o f statuary ever went beyond o r even equalled the
. ,
, , ,
p ro d uctions o f this early period A r t at this tim e as

L en orman t j u stly says
168
attains the most r e markable degre e
,
,
o f perfection It is thorou ghly r e alistic ; it aims above every

.
,
thi n g at re n dering t he bare truth of nature without making

, ,
any sor t of attempt to i d ealiz e it The type of m an which i t .
pres ents is characterized by something m or e of squatness and

o f rudeness than are seen in the works o f the later schools ;
the r elat ive proportions of the di fferent parts of the body are
less accurately observed ; the muscular proj e ctions of the legs
and arms are r epr esent e d with t oo much exaggeration Still .
,
in this rst and absolut ely free development o f E gyp tian art ,
however imp erfect it was there lay the germ s of more than ,
E gypt ev er actually produced ev e n in her most brilliant ,
epochs T he art had lif e a life whi ch at a later date was

.
choke d by the shackles of sac erdotal tyranny If th e P hara .
o n i c artists had preserved this s e cret to t he tim e when they

acquired their un e qu all e d exc e llences of harmony of prop or
tion and of maj esty qualities which they possess e d in a
higher degree than an y other people in t he world they would
have m ad e as much progress as t he Gre eks ; two thousand
years befor e it was reach e d by the Gre eks t h ey would ha v e ,
attained to the absolute p e rfection o f artis tic e xc ellence .
B ut th e ir n atural aptitud es were to a c ertain e xt ent smother

e d i n the cradle ; an d th ey r e main e d imperfect l e aving to ,
others the glory of r eaching a point whic h will never be sur

passed in th e futur e .
T h e principles laid down in this e xtrac t will apply to a ,
certain e xt en t to the bas reli efs o f t he p eriod and n o t m er ely

-

to the sculptu res in the rou nd
,

W hile th es e fall short .
,
consid erabl y of the later E gyptian e ff orts in vari ety in d eli ,
ca cy of touch an d in vigor of compo sition th ey h av e a sim

, ,
li c ity a natu raln e s s and an app e aranc e of life which deserve

E
, ,
igh praise and which disapp ear at a lat e r date w he n the

, ,

i n h e xi b le laws o f the hier a tic canon o f proportions come
into force and the arti sts have to walk in fe tters Not
, .
46 H I S TO R Y O F A N C I E NT E G YP T . [ 011 . xrv .
withsta n ding a coarseness and clumsin ess in some of the

hum a n forms and an occasional uncert a inty i n the delinea
,
tion o f the a nim al on es t he sculptur e s which orname n t the

,
tombs o f Ghi z e h and S ac c arah and which can be assi gned ,
almost with c ertainty to this p eriod are bo th int er estin g an d ,
pleasing Th ey sho w that Egyp tian art is aliv e is pro gre ss

.
,
i ve is aimin g at improv em e nt
,
The forms especia lly the .
,
animal for ms are bett er as we proceed ; th ey sho w gr eat er

,
fr eedom and vari ety o f attit u d e ; an d the n e w attitu des are

b oth grac eful and tru e to nature At the same time there ,
is no strainin g aft er eect ; the modesty of nature is not ou t

rag e d by t he artists ; ther e is still abundance of the simple
and the conven tion al ; the whol e effe ct is quiet tranquil .
,
idyllic ; we s eem to see E gyptian country life r eected as in a

mirror D elicacy may b e som etim es shocked by the result ;
.
but what is lost in renement is gained i n tru t hfulness and

accuracy of r epr esentation .
In religion th ere is also an advance but o n e that is less ,
satisfactory T he P ant he on increas es in its dimensions

. Be .
sides the gods o f t h e primitiv e Ra Set Thoth , , ,
H or or Harmachis O siris Isis Athor Phthah or S okari and

, ,
-
, ,
Anubis we nd distinct trac es of the worship o f Nu t Seb , ,
K h em K n eph Neith Ma Saf and Athor also

m
, , , , ,
is recognized as a substantiv e goddess distinct from Isis ; ,
and Sokari app ears to be dis tinguish ed from Phthah The .

173
e st ee m in which R a is h eld has grown and o n e half o f the ,

1 74
kings have appellations which are compos e d with his name

.

The titl e 3a R a so n of t he Sun b egins to b e used as a
, ,

royal pr e x though not yet r egularly T he divinity of the

.
,
kings is mor e pronounced Th ey t a ke the d esignations of the

.
r eat god th e good god the livin g Horus th e good

,

orus as w ell as those o f conqu erin g Horu s and son of
, ,
, ,

the Sun Th ey add d ivin e titl e s to their original nam es
.
,
as Khu f u did wh en in the middl e of his reign he b e c a me

Nu m Kh u fu
-
Th ey i n stitut e t he worship o f th eir o wn divin
.
ity in their lifetim e appoint th eir sons or other grand ees to

,
th e o fce of th e ir proph et or pri e st and load t he p ersons so ,
appoin t e d with furth er favors At the same time how ev er .

, ,
th ey th ems elve s worship the gods of the country build tem ,
ples to th em and assign la n ds to the t empl es by way o f eu

,
76
dowm ent Pri ests and proph ets are at tach e d to thes e
.
buildin gs and the proph ets incl de p ersons of both sexes

, .
T he doctrine o f the futur e life and of the p assage of the so u l

t hrough t he L ow er W orld acqu ir es consist e nc e O siris take s
his place as the gr eat Ru l er of the D ead
Anubis sin ks 7
,
.
48 H I S TO R Y O F A NC I ENT E GY PT . [ CH XI V .
oxen but goats sheep several kin ds of antelope

, , asses an d
, ,
18 8
,
189
at l east sev e n ki nds o f birds Thes e includ e d g eese ducks .
, ,
1 90
pig eons and cran e s or h er ons
,
toge ther with oth er sp e cies ,
not to b e d istinctly reco gn i z ed The domes tic fowl was ho w .

,
ev er still unknown an d inde ed r e mained a stranger to E gypt

, ,
1 91
thro u ghout th e ent ire period of inde pen dence Th e w ealth .
o f some landowners consist ed to a l arge ex t ent i n th e ir ani

m als we nd on e at a very early dat e who possessed above a
thou sand co ws and ox en b esid es goats 974 she ep a n d , , ,
76 0 ass e s Pet animals w e re also much affe cted and i n c lu

1 92
.
,
d ed besid es dogs the fox the hare t he monkey and the

, , , , ,
1 93
c ynoc ep halous ap e .
An important produce of the farm was wine V ines w ere .
trained and the j uic e was e xpr essed from the

1 96
grapes eith er by o r by means Of a win e pr e ss -
.
Af ter passing throug h the vat i t was dra wn Off and stored in ,
amphor ae Prot was also derived from the wild cre atur es
.
which frequented the marsh es o r the waters included withi n

the proper ty Fish were caught spli t and dried in the s u n )
.
, ,
after which they becam e an article Of commerc e ; wild fowl

were t a ken in clap nets and ei ther killed or subj ected to a
-
,
process of do mesticat ion .
T he ass was the only beast Of bu rd en ; horses were u n

kno wn .
1 98
Th er e were no wheeled vehicles and the burdens
which the asses w ere ma d e to bear appear to have been ex
c essi ve . For h eavy commoditi es how e ve r water carriage
1 99
, ,
was pr ef err e d and the Ni le with its canals form e d the chi e f
m eans for t he transportation Of farming produc e L argo .
bo ats w ere in u se from a very early period some b ei n g mere ,
row boats
-
whil e others wer e provid e d wit h masts and could
,
2 00
,
hoist a big squar e mains a il The number of ro wers was i n .

2 01
the early times f rom e ight or ten to eighteen or twenty but ,
at a l at er date we n d as many as forty six? When the sail

.
-
02
was hoisted the rowers ordinarily rested on their oars or even

S hipp e d th e mand sat at their ease
, ,
bu t som etimes both sail

and oars se em to have been employed together A heavy .
kind of barge with out a sail was u sed for the transport of
2 03
cattle and Of t he mor e weighty merc h andis e and was pro ,
e ll d by si x o r e ight ro wers L ight boats w e re also emplo ed

p e y .
to a large extent for the co nve y anc e of animals for the saving ,
o f cattl e from t he inu ndation and for sporting and other ,

04
purposes .
T he amusements Of the upper class e s seem to have con

sist e d mainly in huntin g fowling and listening to musi c
D ogs were s ti ll of on e k ind only that which has be en called
.
, ,
CH m o
] AM U S E M ENTS OF TH E U PP E R C L AS S ES . 49

the fox dog o r wolf dog -
which has lon g pricked u p -
,
-
2 06
ears a light bod y and a st ily curl e d tail
, , This was ad .
mi tt ed in t o the house and is com monly seen S itting und er ,
the C hair of its master ; but it was also frequ ently employed
i n the chase of wild animals The antelope was n o doubt the .
beast chiey hu nted and the dogs must have been exce e d ,
i n gly e et of root to have run it down but the chas e app ears
to have inclu de d other animals also as hares j erboas porcu , , ,
2"
pines lynxes and even hedgehogs 2
, ,
In some O f the hiera
ti c pap y ri packs o f hounds num bering t wo o r three hundr e d
, , ,
are mentioned but these belong to a later age u nd er th e

fourth and fth dynasties we have no e vid e nce that any indi
vidual hunted with m ore than three or four dogs at a tim e or ,
indeed posse s sed a greater number D ogs had names which .

,
2 09
are Often written over or under their repres entations 6 , .
Abu ,
J! ,
Ken , m ,
Tarm , A k na ,
l
etc as horses had at a later time ; but the ot her do mesti c
.
,
pets woul d se e m n o t to have e nj oyed the distinction .
Fowling was practised in the way already by

entering the ree dy hau nts of the wild fowl in a light sk i ,
provided with d ecoy birds probably taught to utter their ,
note and thus approaching sufciently near them to kill or

,
wound them wit h a t hrow s tick The thro w stick Of the -

.
-
e arlier times is either the cu rv e d weapon common later or a ,
sort f double bludgeon presenting a very peculiar appear

ance q .
Music was an accompanim ent of the banquet It was al .
ways concerted and in t he time of the fourt h and fth dynas

,
ties consisted ordinarily of the harmony Of three instru ments ,
the harp t he ute and the pipe B ands numbered abou t

, .
four or ve persons Of whom t wo were harpers o n e or two

, ,
players on the ute and one a piper Two or thre e o t hers , .
assisted to k eep time and incr eased the volum e Of sound by ,

2 12
the loud clapping of their hands All the music i ans wer e
men Som etimes dancing of a solemn and formal kin d ac
.
companied the mu sical perform ance both sexes taking part ,
in it but separately an d with quite d i eren t gestures

, . .
An amu sement but a very occasional amusemen t of the

, ,
U pper classes at this tim e would seem to have been literature .
The composition Of t he ordi n ary inscriptions u p on tombs and ,
in sepulchral chambers b elonged proba bly to a professio n al ,
class who followed conv entiona l forms an d rep eat ed with

, ,
v ery slight c hanges the sam e stereotyped phras es upon mo n u

50 H I S T O RY OF ANC I E NT E GY PT . [ on xrv
m ent after monu m e nt B ut n ow and then th er e was a pro

.
du ction of som ething which approach e d more n early to a lit

erary charact e r The B ook of t he Pr ec epts of Prince Ptah
.

h ot ep though the only extant work of the kind which can
b e ref e rred to this p eriod is probably a sp eci men o f perform
,
an ces not very u ncomm on wh er ewith t h e richer and m ore

,
highly e ducated classes of th e ti me occupi e d th e ir l e isur e and

, ,
solaced th e ir d e clining years It is stat e d to b e the t each

.
ing of the governor Ptah h otep und e r the maj esty of King
'
-
, ,
A s s a long may he liv e The obj e ct aimed at by the work

was to teach the ignorant the principl e of good words f or ,
the good of those who listen and to shake the con d ence of ,
It lays down pri marily the duties

s u ch as wish to infrin ge .
, ,
o f sons and of subj e cts wh o are alike exhort e d to O bedience

,

and submission The obedience of a docile son says

.
,
Ptah hot ep
-
, is a blessing the obedient walks in his ob e di
ence He is r eady to listen to all which can call forth aff ec
.
tion obedi enc e is the greatest of benets The son who .
acc epts the words of his father will gro w Old in consequence .
F or obedience is of God disob e di e nce is hateful to God .
The obedience of a son to his fath er this is j oy such a ,
o n e is dear to his father and his renown is in the mouth of

all thos e who walk upon the earth The rebellious man who

.
,

Db eys n ot ,
he goes on to say sees knowl edge in ignorance the
, ,
virtues in the vices he comm i ts daily with boldness all man

ner o f crim es and h er ein liv e s as if he were d ead What the
, .
w ise know to b e death is his daily life he go es his way lad en ,

with a heap of impr ecations L et thy h eart . h e adds , ,
wash aw ay the impurity of thy mouth ; full the word of

thy mast er G ood for a man is the disciplin e of his father
.
,
o f him from whom he has deriv e d his b e ing It is a great .
s atisfaction to O bey his words for a good son is the gift of

Go d. And the upshot of all is T he ob e dient will be
happy throu gh his obedienc e he will attain Old age he will ,
acquir e favor I mys elf have in this way become one of the
.
anci e nts of the earth I have pass e d 1 1 0 years o f life by the

gift of t he king and with the approval of the aged f u llling
, ,
my duty to the king in the plac e of his favor

The moral .
i w e i attain e d cannot be regarded as high ; but as a compo

si ti o n t h e work is n o t d e voi d o f m e rit Th e balance o f ideas .
2
and of phrases recalls the main essential of H ebr e w p o etry ;
t he styl e is pointed and t erse th e expr essions n atural the ow
, ,
o f t h e language easy and pl easing If Ptah ho t ep is not a

.
-
gr eat mor al philosoph er he is a fair writer ; there are pas

sages i n his work which res emble the P roverb s of S olo mon or
,
on . xrv .
] TH E A D V A NC E O F LU X U R Y . 51
the Wisdom of the Son of Sirach We can well understan d .

2 14
that in the infancy o f lit erary composition when there wer e ,
n o models to follo w o r standards with which to f ear compari

,
son men o f edu cat ion would nd the m

, i le of author ag reeable ,
and would devo te t o it a portion of th e ir l e isure time with a

feelin g of great satisfaction .
3 The a dvance of lu xu r
y is seen in the number and variety
o f the d is hes s erved at th e sacricial f e asts wh e r e the j oints
m
,
ay be coun t ed b t he d ozen ducks and geese by the half ,
dozen loaves by t e score cakes and rolls by the hundred , ,
am
,
h rmby the dozen and wh er e t he via n d s provid e d com

p o ,
pris e also sh har e s onions eggs and fruit of a vari ety o f

, , , ,

k inds According to t he best E nglish authority the
m
.
,
E gyptian lord o f this ti e no mor e disdained the hyena for

f ood than a modern epicure the sem i carnivorous bear ; but -
he abhorred that universal animal t h e p ig and negl e cted the , ,
sheep veal and beef not pork o r mutton wer e t he principal , ,
meats that app eared at his tabl e Th e d i eren t kinds of .
venison wer e much prized ; cran e s and herons he som eti mes
ate bu t his pri ncipal poultry consisted of d iffer ent k i nds of
,
ducks and gees e the c hen alope x or vulpans er amongst them

, .
T he dov e and t h e pig e on pass ed into his esh pots n o r was -

,
the i nsipid sh of t he Nile unknown to him H is bread was .
made of barl ey but cons erves o f dat e s and variou s kinds of

,
biscuits o r pastry di versi ed h i s diet ; and o f fru its he had

grapes gs dates o f vegetables the papyru s the onion and
, , , ,
me and b eer w ere both dru nk at the p eriod

,
other green ,

in addition to wat er and milk Among the eleganci es of .
the banqu et was the use of owers L otus e s w er e carefully .
gath ered by his servants in t he ponds and canals were ,
wreathed round th e win e jar and the w ater j ar twist e d i n - -

,
ga rlands about the h ead of the host and his gu ests decorated
m
,

many of the dishes and were held in the ha nd as a n o segay

, .
Inst ead o f th e stool which had contented his ancestors he ,
indulge d not u nfrequently in a chair with a low back and a

squar e arm o n which h e rested his hand or elbow
, When .
218
he left the house f or an airing he was sometimes conveyed in ,
a spec ies o f palanqu in which was placed bet wee n t wo pol e s

,
2 19
lik e a sedan chair and borne on the S houlders of his servants
-
, .
He en co raged art and e mployed S culptors o n portrait statu es

u
,
-
o f himself o r h i s wife
220
which w er e either of wood or ston e , ,
and in the latt er cas e w er e occasionall y colossal These last .
were som e tim e s erect so metimes sitting gures an d after , ,
c ompletion were dragged into proper position by a number of
m en
l
52 H I ST O R Y or ANC I ENT E GY PT. ( on . m .
The condition of the lower ord ers was probably n o t v ery

di eren t in t he primitiv e and in t he p yra mid p eriods e xc ept ,
durin g two r eigns W hil e Khufu and S hafra w ere o n the

.
thron e th ere mus t have be en consid erabl e oppression o f the

2 22
poor ,
and suff ering caused th er eby through the f orced labor ,
which th ey must h ave employed t h e u nh ea lthy concentration ,
o f vast masses of men o n particular sit e s and t he accidents ,
inseparabl e from t he e levation into pl ac e of hug e blocks of

stone wh e n hu man rather than mechanical power was the
,
motive forc e appli e d B u t the less er er e ctions of th e other

.
kings may hav e b een reckoned an advantag e by t he laborin g

cl ass as furnishi n g an occupation u n att end e d with muc h
,
dan ger and r aisi n g the rate of w ages by the d emand which it
,
produc e d upon t he labor mark et T he i n cr eas ed w ealth of .
t he nobl e s aL ising as it did chi e y from th e great produ ctive

,
n es s of the soil and from skill in its cul t iv ation togeth er

, ,
with success in t he br e eding and treatm ent of cattle must ,

also have t end ed to rais e t he labor er s position and place
m
,
him above the fear of want or even of real poverty There is .
re son to b eli ev e that u to this er iod of E t i an

there was no lar e e m lo ment of slaves ; wars w ere o f rare
W m not many prisoners
could be made for t he trib es upon the E gyptian borders w ere
,
none of th e m num erous slav e s m i ght occasionally be bought ,
but these passed comm only into domestic service and the
r e sult was that both t he cultivation of t he soil and most of ,
t he other industrial pursuits were in th e hands o f th e native

,
early sculptures ; th ey s eem

the
to accomplish th e ir variou s t asks with alacrity and almost
pl easur e Th ey plou g h and ho e and r eap ; driv e cattle or
.
, ,
ass e s winnow an d store corn gat her grap es and tr ead them ,
sin ging in cho ru s as th ey tr ead cluster round t h e wine press -
o r t h e thr eshin g o or o n which the anim a ls tramp o u t the

-
,
grain ; gath er lotus es ; sav e cattl e f rom the inundation ; en

a
g g e i n fowling or shin g a n d d o all with an appar e nt re a d i
n ess and cheerfu ln e ss which se e ms indicativ e of r eal cont ent .
I t i s tru e t hat the sculptur e s are not photographs they may

give a att erin g pictur e of thin gs a n d not r epr esent them as ,
they w er e but we do not gen er ally nd that oppr essors care

t o co n c eal their oppr essio n or to mak e out th a t the classes
,
which th ey d espis e are happy und er th eir yok e Add to this .

,
that the E gyptian mora l cod e r eq u ir e d kindn ess to b e S hown

towards dependen t s
and the concl u sion would see mto be
2
m xv ]
. .
TH E S I XTH D Y N A S TY . 53
at least probable that the general cont entment and c heerful

,
n ess of the laboring class es which we seem to see in the ,
sculptur es o f the p yramid period was a reality , .
C HA P T E R XV .
TH E S I XTH B EN A ST
Y C UL M I NATI ON A N D D E C L I NE .
M ark ed Di vi si o n b et wee n the Fi f th an d x

S i t h D yn as ti e s S h i t o f P o we r t o th e S o u th f

.
f
F i rst E vi d e n c e o f a u n i t e d Egyp t G r o u p o f o u r M o n arc h s T e t a , P e p i ( M e ri ra),
bl
.
M e re n r a, an d Ne f e rk ara P ro b a e P o s i ti o n o f At i R e i gn o f T e t a R e i gn o f
m
. . .
P e p i Fi rs t g re at W ar R e e c t i o n s t o wh i c h i t g i ve s ri s e P e p i s P yra i d a n d

T i t e s P o s i t i o n o f U n a u n d e r h i F a i y o f P e p i
l m ml
R e i n o f M are n r a R ei n
g
.
l
.
o f Ne f e rk ara T rad i t i o n s re s p e c t i n g Ni t o c ri s S u d d en e o i n e o f E y p t at t 6
x lm
. .
l
C o se o f t h e S i th Dyn as ty C u i n ati o n o f t h e e ar y Egyp t i an Art, an Ad van c e
. l
l
o f Ci vi i z at i o n u n e r i td .
L mi ere c i vi l i sati o n
x m
yp te n i t a ve c la s i i e e d yn asti e E NOR M ANT
L
g
de l
f
a p re .
,

M a nu el ( 1 zs toi r e A nci enn e, v o l i , p 34 7 . . .
B O T H Manetho an d the author o f the Turi n pap yrus re

gard ed the death of Unas as constituting a m a rked di vision in
E gyptian history Maneth o , who made the fth d ynasty

.
E lep han t i n , declared the S ixth to be M emphitic thus afrm

l
,
ing a separation of locality, and so probably of blood , between

t he two T he existing r e mains conrm the fact of su ch a
.

separation but exactly inver t M an etho s local arrang em ent
, ,
conn e cting as they do in the strong e s t way t he mo n archs of

3
the fth dynasty wi t h M e mphis and its vicinit y while they ,

attach those o f the sixth to M iddle and Upper E gypt and ,
exhibit them as at any rate visiting Elep han t i n f if n ot hold

i n g their court ther e T he Turin papyrus is con t ent to draw
.
a strong lin e of d emarcation a t this point without e xpr essing ,
the ground of it O n the whole it would se e m to be certain

.
,
that down to the death of Unas Memphis was the gre at sea t
, ,
o f E gyptian empir e while with the a cc ession o f the sixth dy

nasty th er e was a S hift of po wer to the southward Abydos .
,
o r som e place in its neighborhood became the residence of ,
t he kings ; t he qu arri e s o f E l Ka ab and Ham mam a t were -
work e d inst ea d o f thos e of M o kattam t he vicin ity o f Abydos

became t he great burial pl a ce of t he ti me Th e re was how -
.
,
e ver no disint egration of t he e mpire Memphis continued

,
sub ect t o the k in gs who ruled in Middle E y t ; an d b ot h

j g p .
54 H I S TORY O F A NC I ENT E GY PT . [ on xv
.
the e xtreme north an d t he extreme south own ed their power .
/T hei r monuments are fou nd at Tanis a n d at Assouan as well ,
as at Hammam a t E l Ka a b and Sa n iet cl M ei ti n

,
-
, an d th ey - -
were evid ently mast ers of E gy pt in i t s widest e xtent from ,
the to wer of Sy en e to th e M e diterrane a n .
What was the ext ent of the Egyp t r u led by the great pyra
, . ,
mid kings an d the o the r monarchs of t he fourth and fth

dynasties is mor e doubtful As th ese monarchs work ed the .
mines of Wady Maghara h , we m u st S uppos e th em to have hel d .
u nder th ei r sway t h e entire l o w tract east of t he Nile from

M e mphis to the Syria n D esert and th ey may hav e b een mas
t ers also of the D e lta and of the Nile va ll ey as far as the c at
,
-
a rac t s . B ut it is important to not e th at w e h ave n o proof

that th ey were The mona rchs of w hat we have called th e
.
Pyramid period are only proved t o h av e poss ess e d the tract

about Memphis an d the lin e of country conn ecting that tract
,
wit h t he min es o f W ady Magh a rah there are no memorials of

7
t h em in the D elta non e i n Upp er E gypt n one e ven in Mid
, ,
d l e E gypt and it i s possibl e t hat those tracts were n ot under

their rul e With the sixth dynas ty we have the rst evidence
.
o f a united E gypt o f monarchs who reign over the entire

,
Nile vall ey from E lephantin e to the marsh tr act bordering

upon the Mediterran ean S ea At the same time we come
.
8

upon th e rst eviden ce of a decid e dly martial S pirit of e xp e ,
d i ti o n s on a large scal e of el aborat e military training o f t he

, ,
att ention of th e n ation be ing turned to arms from agriculture .
It is a reasonabl e conj e ctur e that t he kin gs of the S ixth dy

nasty more warlik e than th eir pred e cessors may h av e be e n
, ,
the rst to mak e that u n it ed E gypt which we nd existing in

their day an d tha t their for eign conquests may hav e b een the
,
resul t of a previou s int ern al con solid ation of the E gyptian

power in its own prop er t erritory ~
.
The sixth dy n asty is mainly composed of a group of four

monarchs who bor e th e nam es of T eta P epi or M erira Me
, , ,
re n ra and Ne f erk ara T he last thre e w er e n ear r elations

Jo
, .
Pepi being the fath er of both M eren ra and Neferkara who ,
su cce ed ed in du e ord e r to th e ir fat h er s sov ereignty Whether

.
Teta belonge d to the same f amil y is uncertai n T he E g yptian .
kings of the early p eriod very rare ly no te their relationship

o n e t o another and it is quit e an exc eptional circumstanc e
1
,
that we are able to trac e the family connection of three con

secu ti ve monarchs in this dyn asty .
B esides the four chi ef m onarchs of the time around whom ,
the history clusters we hav e three other monum e ntal nam e s

, ,
appar ently belongin g to t he same peri od t he exact positi on ,

Pl a te V III . Vol . II
.
Fi g 16 .
NEFE R B O TEP R E CEIV E S L IF E FR OM
- ANU KA .
S e e Pa g e 97
.
Fig 17 . .

H
OU S E O N FIL ES IN TH E L AND OF P U NT .
Se e Pa ge 120.
0H . xv ] DO U B TF UL M O NA R CII S O F TH I S PE R I OD . 55
of which i n the list it is difcult to d e t erm ine . Th ese are

Ati , U serk ara, and Imhotp . Ati ,
appears in an in
scription at Ha mmam a t set up in his rst year which shows , ,

12
him to have bu il t a pyramid called B ai u o r that of the -

,

souls In style the inscription so closely resembl e s those of
.
other kings of this time t hat it is supposed to prove him a

monarch of t he dynasty though pro babl y o n e whose r ei gn ,
13
occupied but a short tim e and was n ot o f any importance .
What exact position S hould b e giv e n hi m is Open to qu estion .
Some critics assimilating his name to that o f the M a n et hon

,
ian Otho s are in clined to put him rst and to r egard him
,
O th ers would gi ve hi m
,
as the founder of the sixth dyn asty .

l4

th e second place in t he dynasty directly af te r Teta in which , ,
cas e it would be natural to regard him as identical with User

k ara, U , to whom the table of S eti I . at Abydos as
signs that position . In hotep , might in that case
be rele gated to the period foll owing Neferkara if ind e ed he ,
w er e really a king of E gypt which scarcely appears from his ,

6
inscription .
O mitting from further consideration these insignican t

and doubtful m onarchs we sh a ll rega rd the S ixth dynasty as ,
consisting o f fo u r chi ef kings Teta P epi Mere n ,
ra his so
,
n and Ne erkara M eren ra s brother and of a single
f
, ,

,
queen Nitocri s (Net akert ) who t erminat e d the series

,
-
, .
Teta : ,
1
who succeeded Unas either directly or after
,
a very S hort interval was not a monarch of any distinction 17

,
He bu ilt a pyra mid which he cal le d Ta ta sa

.
the ( most ) ,
las ting of places and he conferre d favors on an Ofcer

named Sa b u or Abeba who m he mad e his companion in his
, ,
voyages and O therwise distinguish e d above all t he r e st of his

,
courtie rs H e also must be allow e d the credit o f h aving

.
"
recognized the promise of more than ordinary talent in a youth

of the Of cial class nam e d Una whom he select e d from the ,
mass of candida tes and attach e d imm ediately to his person .

Una who became the right h and of T eta s su ccessor P epi
, , ,
and of P epi s son M eren ra rec e ived hi s rst promotion from

, ,
Kin g T eta who conf erred upon him the digniti e s of crown
bearer
,
su perint end e nt o f the stor ehouse

,

and
regi s ,

trar or sacr ed scribe of the do ck s
, , .
56 H I S T O R Y O F A N C I E NT E G Y PT . [CH XV
Pepi ( Fig . th e prob abl e succ e ssor of T eta rejoiced in the ,
two names of P epi , I I an d M erira, c u

t by which
he s eems to hav e d es ignated hims elf indifferently In .

we see t wo r epr e s entat i ons of him seated back to
2
o n e tabl e t ,
back and accompani ed by inscriptions e qu ally d escriptive of

,
royalty in o n e of which the nam e of P epi and in t he oth e r

, ,

t he name M eri ra is at tached to t h e ,
im ag e o f his maj esty .
P epi had a prosp erous and a long r eign though certainly n o t ,
the hu ndred y ears assign e d him b y M an etho S ince U n a who ,

22
,
was grown to manhood an d held hi gh o fc e in the r e ign of

hi s pred e c e ssor o u tliv e d him by sev e ral y e ars and was after
, ,

his d eath in the e mploym ent of his son and successor His .
e ight e enth year is the hi ghest m ention ed o n t he monuments

but it is probable that he r eigned long er Pepi i s t he rst .
king of E gypt who exhibits a mark e d warlik e t endency In

.
his s e cond year he mad e an e xp edition aga inst the Ment u

5
,
who had recover e d poss e ssion of t he Sinaitic p eninsula and , ,
havi n g reduced th em set up his t ablet in a so mewhat unusual

,
form on the rocks of the W ady M agharah No t long a fter .

,
he turn e d his arms against the Amu and the H erusha two ,
e oples living in t h e sands of t he des ert to the east o f L ower

p l gyp t .
27
R egardin g th es e e n e mi es as r eally formi d ab le Pepi ,
ex ert e d hims elf to coll ect and drill an army of unu sual S ize ,
28
count ed by t e ns of thousands His rst l evi es were made in .
the north among the n ative E gypti ans bu t looking upon the
forc es thus rais e d as insu fci ent he det er min ed to obt ain the ,
streng th that he deem e d r e q u isit e by calling on t he negro

tribes of the south to f u rnish hi m with a cont ing ent The .
date at which thes e tribes w ere ma d e subj ect to E gypt is n u

cert ain but it was Clearly b efor e the time of P epi and his
, ,
power ov er them was so compl et ely est ablished th at h e had

only to demand troops and th ey w e r e furni shed From Are

.
ret from Z am from Amam fro m U a uat from Kaau and

, ,
9
,
-
, ,
from T att am th e sw arthy bands gathered themselv es to

,
gether and ent e rin g southern E g ypt plac e d themselves at the

,
d isposition of t he Pharaoh Th ey wer e no doubt a wild an d

.
disord erly crew and it was of the rs t n ec essity to set o fc ers

ov er th em and subj ect th e m to a cours e o f drill in or der to
, ,
render their servic es of any valu e The per sons entru st e d

with this dut y w ere a som e what motl ey ass e mblag e They
.
consiste d of the nomarchs the Ch ancellors the clos e friends , ,
o f t he palace t he sup e rint end e nts t he r u lers of the nome s o f

, ,
the North an d of the S ou th t he su perin tenden ts of the gol d , .

] W AR S N.
CH . xv .
O F PE PI . 5
region the superinte n d ents of the priests of the S outh and

,

o f the North t he superintend e n ts of t h e r e gister
, and of ,
vario u s oth er o fli c ers o f the South an d o f the North an d of , ,

3
the cities W h ether the drill which took place u n d er
.
their au spices was effe ctu al o r not it is impossible to say The .
troops however, when regarded as sufciently trained were

, ,
concentrated U n a the ofcial above m ention e d and the

.
, ,
historian of the campaign prep ar e d the commissar i at wear , ,
ing ou t his sandals in his assiduou s perform an ce of the task

allotted him after a march of som e considerable length the ,
coun try of the Herusha was reached and the war b egan , .

T he warriors cam e says Una an d d e stroyed t he l and o f
, ,
the Herush a and returned for tunat ely hom e and they came
.
a gain and took possession of the land o f the H eru s ha and

, ,
r eturned fortunately home ; and they c a me and d emolished

t he fortresses of t he Herus ha and r e turned fortuna tely home ,
and they cut down the vines and the g trees and retu rned -
,
for tu nately hom e ; a n d they set re to the houses and re ,
turned fortunately hom e ; and they killed the chief men by

tens of thousands and ret u rned fort u nately home And the,
warriors brou ght back with them a great nu mber of living

.
captives which p leased the king more than all the rest Five
, .
times did the king s en d m e o u t to set things right in the land

of the H e rusha and to subdu e th e ir revolt by f orce ; each
,

time I act e d so that the king was pleas e d with me E ven .
3
yet however the war was not over The enemy collect e d i n
, ,
.
a tract known as T akheb a t o the nort h of th eir o wn proper ,
country and t ook up a threaten i n g attitu de O nce m ore the

, .
Egyptian army was sent against th e m this time conveyed in ,
boats and ga in e d a complete victory ; the country was su b

,
dued to t he extrem e frontier towar ds the north and ac ,

82
k now ledged the supremacy of Pepi .
T he locality of this campaign is somewh a t doubtful It .
has b ee n regarded as either Syria or som e portion o f Ar abia

"8
Petr aea and Pepi has b ee n sup pos e d t o have s ent his troops
,
to th e ir d estination by s ea ,
B ut the lat e st critic sugges t s a .
d istrict o f the D elt a as t he tru e scen e o f the struggle belie v ,
ing tha t the more northern portion of this t ract the country ,
round L ak e M en zaleh was at this tim e occupied by the an ,
c estors o f the B edouin tribes who now inhabit t he deser t o f

Su ez In this case the boats e mployed would merel y have
.
descended the Nil e or hav e traver sed portions o f the lak e ju st

,
m e ntioned .
The circu ms tances of the expedition give rise to certain re

ecti ons In t he rs t place i t is r em arkable th at we nd
. . .
,
58 H I STOR Y O F A N C I E NT E GY PT .
[C H xv .
the n egro races of the south alr ead y subdued without an y

pr ev ious notic e in any o f t he Egyp t i an r em ains o f t h e ti me
, ,
o r c ircumstanc e s of their subj u gation On e writ er seei n g t he

'
.
,
di fculty boldly s tat s that Pepi reduc e d th es e en emi es to

e
,
3
ob edience but this fact which is not m e ntion e d by an y
authority has b een evolv e d out of his inn er consciousness
, .
We nd the negro es alr eady ob edie n t subj ects of P epi when

th ey are rst m entioned as coming into con tact with him ;
and his enlistm e nt of the m as soldi ers to ght his battles
would s ee m to imply that th eir subj ugation had n ot b een very
r e c ent It is n ec essary to suppos e that som e mon arch of the
.
fourth or fth dyn ast y had m ad e th em E gyptian subj ects ,
without l eaving b ehind him any r e cord of t he fact o r at an y ,
rat e without le aving any r ecord that has escap e d d estructio n .
In the next plac e it may rais e some surpris e that when

th er e is a mention of so many nations as n ear n eighbors to
, , , ,
E gypt upon t he south nothing is said r esp e cting t h e C ushites

,
or E thiopi an s In lat er times C ushit e r a c es bord ered E gypt

.
o n t he south and erc e wars were wa ged betw e e n t he Pharaohs

,
and t he E thiopian mon archs for t he mast ery of t he valley of

t he Nil e . B ut in t he time o f P epi t he C ushites w ere e vi
den tly at a d is tance T he conj ecture is ma de that th ey had
.
n ot yet im migrat e d into Afric a b u t still r e main e d wholly in ,
their original Asiatic seat s and onl y cross ed at a later date

, ,
by way of t he Straits of B ab el Mandeb into the tr act upon - -

,
the middle Nile wh i ch th ey subs equ ently in habited B ut .

37
perhap s thi s is t oo viole n t a supposition T he negro rac es .
m ention e d in th e inscription of Una n eed n ot hav e inhabited

a v ery large tract of country ; and the C u shit es may h av e h eld
all Abyssinia without obtaining m e ntion in t he i n scription of
Una o r e ven attracting the att ention of Pepi .
Thirdly the qu estion may be ask e d W ho w er e t he H erusha ?

, ,

D e R oug e translates the word lords of t he sands an d su g ,
38
g ests that th ey were a Syro Arabian rac e but c a n give no -
,
eo grap hi c o r ot her i llustr ations Of cours e if the word is

glgyptian an d d escriptive not ethnic it i s in vain to look for
.
,
, ,
parall els to it among r eal ethnic app ellatives L at er mentions .
o f the H erusha plac e them towards th e north and give them ,
a productive land such as can sc arce ly b e found in this di

,
39
r e ction n ear er than Pal estin e .
L ik e his pr ed ec essor T eta and lik e most m on archs of the

, ,
fourth and fth dynasti es P epi construct ed a pyramid to re

, ,
c e i ve his r emains wh e n h e should p a ss from earth The .
yr a mids of P epi an d his son M ere n ra h a v e l a t ely b e en

p , .
,
Iden t ied . Th ey belong as mi ght ha v e b ee n e xp ec t ed t o the

, ,
CH . xv .
] TI TL E S A S S U M ED B Y PEPI . 59
S acc arah group , correspond to Nos 1 and 2 o n C olon e l

an d .
Howard V ys e s plan The s epulchral chamb ers which con

.
,
tai n e d t he b odies o f the kings are cover e d with hi e ro glyph i cs

,
of a religi ou s and fu n e r e al charact e r T he n am e which he .
gave to it was M en n e e f r t he good a bod e

,
t h e sam e desig
nation as tha t of the Old capital M emphis whic h had n o w , ,
probably ceased t o b e t he r esidence o f the court T he white .
stone sarcoph agu s w hich he intend e d to occupy the sepu l

,
chral chamber of this edic e and which n o d oubt u ltimately ,
r e ceived t he royal mu mmy was conv eyed by Una at his order

, , ,
from the M okattam q u arries in the gre at boat o f the inner

palace with its cov er a door two j ambs an d a basin o r
,
4"
, .
,
pedestal to the site C hos e n f or the tomb O ther works as

,
.
sign e d to Pepi are r epairs to the temple of Athor at D en

derah and on e o r m ore edices at Tanis in the D elta which
, ,
he ad orned with blocks of pink syenite brough t from the

42
quarri e s of Upper E gypt He also cau s e d scu lptures to b e
.
carved on the rocks of Wady Magharah and Hammam a t 4 " 4
45
an d mad e u se of the q uarries o f El Kaab where n u merou s -
,
inscriptions contain his nam e and record his gr eatn ess It , .
was probably in connection with th e se m a ny works that P epi

received with such extrem e satisfaction the prisoners taken by
his troops in their campaigns against the Herusha he ob
t ain ed th er eby a most welcom e addition t o the body of labor
ers which was engage d cons ta n tly in his bu ildings .
The titles assum e d by Pepi poss ess in som e cases a p eculiar

interest B esides the u sual epith ets of K ing of E gypt and
lord of the doub le diad e m he calls him self lov e r o f t h e
.

,

two lands lover of his race son of At hor mistr ess of

, , ,

D end era h lord of all life and the tripl e conqu ering
,

Horus The t wo lands are no d oubt Upp e r and L ow er
.
E gypt and the , race intend e d may be e i th er hi s o wn fam

ily o r the natio n of the E gyptians ; t he claim to be son of
Athor recalls the si milar claim of K hu fu who like P epi

adorned the temple o f that goddess at D en derah ; lord o f all

,
4
, ,

life though not a u sual title is on e to wh i ch we can quite
, ,
7
u nder stand an Egypti a n king laying claim ; the only title di f

cult to explain is that of the trip le conq u ering Horu s
,
which d oes n ot occur either earlier or later D e R oug e who .

,

notes that m any of t he later k i ngs assume the titl e of doubl e :

conq u ering Horus in con n e ct i on with their sway o ver the
two Egypts
,
suggests tha t t he triple Horus of Pepi con

,
tains an allus i on t o his having e xtend ed his rule over the

n egro territory south of Upp er Egypt but it is perhaps
more probable that a tripl e division of Egypt it self is gl anced
60 H I S TO R Y O F A N C I ENT E GY PT .
[CH xv .
a d that Pepi who held his court in C entral gyp

at , n , E t th e
later Ii ep t a n o mi s m eant to indicat e his sovereignty over the

D elta and the T heb ai d , as w e ll as ov er that r egion .

The glories o f P epi s r eign w ere, it is probable, du e in
s om e degree to his ministers Una who had ow e d his rst .
,

el evation and promotion to Pepi s pr edec essor Teta con , ,
tinn e d in hi gh favor during the whol e of P epi s rei gn an d
h eld und er him a nu mb e r of most important appoin t ments .

H e was prophet of the royal pyramid royal s e cr etary ,

an d keep er of L A B secrets s ol e companion
"
su p eri n , ,

t endent of t he d oc k and sup erin t endent of the land of
,
61
K hen t Aft er b e ing e mplo ye d in the procuring of the
.
royal sarcophagus wit h its appurt en ances he was given a com ,
mission of a military character which associated him closely ,
with the variou s expedit i ons against t he Herusha and gave ,
hi msom e ground for claiming t he nal succ ess as his o wn

62
.
Ankh M eri ra buri e d at S ac carah was gov e rnor of the quar

-
, ,

ries opposite M e mphis and ch i e f dir e ctor of public works,
u n der P epi Pepi Ne kht was chief il eb and governor of

-
3
t he town o f th e pyr a mid .
In his family r elations Pepi was fairly fortunate His rst .
54
wif e Amt es app ears ind eed to ha ve di e d b efore him ; bu t
, ,
he did not pr ov e inconsol abl e H e c on t racted a second mar .
ri age af te r a tim e with An khn es M eri ra a noble lady t hough -

, ,
not of royal birth who bor e hi mat least two sons M eren ra
, ,
and Neferkara and o u tlived him by sev er a l years An khn es

, .
M e ri ra was buri e d in the c e m et ery o f Abydos and her tom b

b ears an inscription in which S he is called royal wife o f
,
M erira great in favor gr e at in gr a c e great in all th i ngs

, , , ,
companion of Horus mother of M eren ra king o f the t wo , ,
E gypts and moth e r o f Neferkara king of t he t wo E gypt s

5"
.
,
H e r f ather Khua was load e d with favors by his son i n law

, ,
- -
and his grandso ns who mad e hi m chi ef Of the tow n of the

com mander of the grea t
,
py ramid lord o f the dia de m

,

,

men bot h of the North and of the Sout h commandant of ,

the chief cities of L ower E gypt an d Chief of every dignity ,

i n thin s divine
5"
.
O n t e death of P epi Mer en ra :3 ; a the elder of

,
- -
, ,
his t wo sons became king M eren ra s disposi tion seems to

.
,
have been altogether p eacef u l Scarc e ly had he mounted the .
t hrone wh e n he gav e d irections to Una whom he had mad e ,
governor of Upper E gypt to employ hi mself in the quarryi ng ,
of blocks of s tone for the pyra m id Sha n ef er which he was ,

-
,
bent on constructing for his own t omb and i n the obtainin g

of a han d som
,
. e sarcophagu s together wit h a grani te d oorway ,

62 H I S T O RY AN C I E NT E GYPT [Oil Xv

OF .
.
The su ccession aft er the d eath of Nef erkara is doubtful .
68
The cont empor ary r ecords fail at this point ; but Manetho ,

Herodotus and the Turin papyr u s agre e in referring to
,
9
,
about this period a que en call ed Nitocris H ,

A .
the only E gyptian female to whom a sol e reign is a ssigned

and mod ern critics are inclin e d t o acc ept the reign as a fact ,
"
and as b elonging to this dynasty T he chief event o f the .
reign if it b e a d mitted as historical is t he completion of the

, ,
thi r d pyrami d b egun by M en c heres M anetho makes Nito

, .
c ris its builder ; Herodotus who assigns it to M en kau ra (M y

"2
c eri n u s ) reports a tradition as pr e v a l e nt

73
, which m ade i t the
, ,
work of a woman T he p eculiar constructi on of the pyramid

.
lends itself to the th eory that in i ts pr esent S h ap e it is the

work of two distinct sover e igns If Ni t o c ri s is to be re .
gard e d as r eally the nish e r of the ed ice she must be con ,
si dere d a gr e at qu e en o n e o f t h e f e w who hav e l e ft their mark

,
upon the worl d by the constru ction o f a r eally great m onu

m e nt The pyr amid of M en cheres as d e si gn ed an d erect e d
.
,
by him was a building of but mod erate pr et e nsions consider

, ,

ably less than man y of thos e at Abou sir and elsewher e which ,
h av e conf erred no f a me o n th eir constru ctors It was the ad .
d ition made to t he pyramid by its e n ! rger which alone eu

titled i t t o tak e rank among t he Thr ee that ev er S ince the ,
t i me of Herodo tus hav e been s eparated off from all other

,
e dices of t h e ki n d and plac ed in a category of their own

, .
It was m oreover the c a sing of the enlar ge d pyra mid which

, , ,
was of a beautiful red granite u p to half the h eight that ,

"
caused this p yramid to be especially admir e d ; an d the casing

was n ecessarily the wor k of the later bu ild er .
T he oth er trad itions at taching to t he n am e o f Nito cris ,
resting as they do o n t he sol e authority of Herodotus can ,
scarcel y b e r egarded as historical She is sai d to have suc .
c ee de d a broth er who had b ee n m urd ered by his subjects

, ,
and to hav e avenged his d eath in the following extraordi n ary

fashion H aving constru cte d a spacio u s undergrou n d
chamb e r u n der pr e t enc e of i n augurati n g it S he invited to a
, ,
banqu et there t hose of the E gyptians whom she knew t o hav e

had the chief S har e in her brother s murder and wh en t hey
, ,
w er e feasting su dd enly let the riv er in upon them by m eans

,
of a s e cret duct of large S iz e

Having SO don e She smoth .
,
ered h erself in a chamber lled with ashes to escap e the ven ,
g e an c e which S he regard e d as awaiting her It is di fcult to .
i magi n e t h at any sov e r e ign would under any circu mstance s

hav e pu rsu ed so ro u ndabout a method of av engi ng a prede

, ,

v
on . xv ] A RT U NDER TH E S I X TH D YNAS T Y . 63
c essor it is certain that the E gyptian s were wholly averse to

suicide su ch a su icide as that related has no parallel in mu n .
dane history and is about as unlikely a deat h for any o n e t o

,
s elect as coul d be imagined .
Still it is thought that ho wever incredible the detail s they

may y et mark an historic fact viz that about this time
, , ,
, .
,

murder and violence pr evailed in the E gyptian kingdom ,

-
there were ma ny competi tors for the throne and th eir ,
rivalry produ ced convulsions amid which the v ess el of the

,
State continually approach e d n e arer and nearer to destru c

t ion ,the mon archy was disintegra ted several small
kingdom s w e re form ed civil war rag ed and monum ent s ,
wholly c e ased it was onl y after a consid er abl e interval an

interval w hich there are no m eans of m e asuring t hat once 78
more a ourishing community aro se in E gypt located in a ,
new place whi ch has left undying traces of itself i n tabl ets
, ,
brick pyramids rock S culptur e s an d s telce o r tom bstones and

, ,
is the n ot u nwor thy su ccessor of the earlier ki n g dom which ,
can be traced almos t without a break from S en eferu to Nito

, ,
cri s .
B efore however the decline set in the early civilization

, , ,
reache d its culm inatin g point u nder the k ings of Manetho s
sixth dynasty Some of the best E gyptian statues as on e o n

.
,
w hich t he g allery of the L ouvre especi ally prides itself are of ,
t his p e riod The subj ects o f the has reliefs the modes of
.
79
-
,
repre sentation and the general drawing of the gures are

,
much the sa me as during the previou s dynasties ; but the

treatment is in some respects better True relief occasio n all y .
ta k e s the plac e o f th e peculiarly E gyp tian ca ve r eli eve of the -
earli er tim e where the whole outline is deeply incise d with a

,
80
,
hardness of e ff ect that is u npleasing Som ething mor e of .
freedom is also observable i n tho an imal forms and som ething ,

8 1
m ore of life and action in the hu man gu res Architecture .
,
however does n ot advance the best pyramid of the perio d

,
that completed by Ni toc ris upon the nu cleus a o rded by t he

S mall constr u ction of M e c e es
n h r is very inferior both i n size ,
an d constru ctive S kill to th e gr e at monum ents of Khufu and

, ,
S hafra Th ere are no temples now remaining which can be

.
referred to the tim e ; n or is th ere any novel ty in the plan or

83
ornamentation of the tombs The forms of the gods are still .

absent from t he eternal hou ses though they appear on the ,
sculptured tabl ets o f the kings .
In th e arts of lif e we obser v e t wo o r three small advance s .
Stools are f o r the most p art superseded by c hairs with a low

back T he u se of sandals Spreads from the grandees to their
.
64 H I S T O RY O E A N C I E NT E GY PT . [CH Xv .
84
upper servants The somewhat dang erous s port of spearin g
.
8"
th e crocodile from a light boat is indulged in ; and the domes
ti c ati o n o f dogs ( Fig 1 1 ) has produc e d a new type
86
. In an .
ot her direct i on we observe a change that is scarc ely a mark of

progress War has b ecome an element in the life of the
.
eop le and the manufactur e of arms has grown into a tra d e

gVe see the fashioning of spears and bows in the sculptures
, .
and me et with occasional instances of g u res where a dagg er

88
is wor n in the b elt Armor ers are notic e d as a distinct
.
89
class and drove no dou bt a brisk trad e The division of
,
.
labor continued to ext end its elf ; and we have mention or ,
representation of at least t hirty di eren t employme nts

, .
90
L it erature gre w in r eput e as a profession ; and the skilful ,
scribe migh t hop e f or adv anc e m ent t o posts o f high impor

tanc e If th e Prais e of L earning is rightly ascribed to the
.
S ixth dynasty we may not e as an adv ance the increas e d

91
,
l e n gth o f lit erary c o mpositions and the employment of a form ,
o f po etr y which did not consist m er ely in t h e balance of sen

te n c e s .W e hav e also to not e as be lon gi n g to this period the
birth of history in the S hap e of a biographical memoir of some
l eng t h compos e d by an o ffi cial of high rank and inscribed
, ,
92
upon his tom b .
A fur ther a dvance of the r eligion in the way of e xpansion

and the multiplication of gods is also discernibl e An altar .
d edic at e d by King P epi which is w in the Turin Museum ,

n e
,
93
s eems to contain som ething lik e a full account of the gods

r ecogni z ed at this p eriod and something approaching to an ,
account of the estimat e which was commonly made o f their

r elativ e importanc e The al tar is de dicated to Phthah unde r
.
9
t he form of Sokari ; and this god with his wif e Sekhet o ccu , ,
pi es naturally the for emost position on the monum ent It .
woul d b e unsafe how ever to conclud e f rom this that Phthah

, , ,
was r eco gniz ed as the chief go d sinc e the divinity to who m ,
an o bj ect was d edicated could not but hold t he rst place on

that obj ect Ne xt to Phthah is plac e d Thoth and next to
.
,
Tho th a rar e d ei t y called Petmu tf who is said to dwell in

, ,
the hous e s of the Thes e thr e e gods are gur ed ,
and not merely nam ed on the monument : they occupy the

rst column o f t h e inscription which may be calle d the col ,
u m

n o f th e de dic ation and th u s stand quit e s eparate from
,
t he remain ing d e iti es with whom they do not ent e r into c om,
p arison Tho t
.h ho w ev e r has his pl a ce among these appear
, , ,
i ng not in the rst column onl y but also in s ev e ral o f t he ,
re ma i ning ones ; and thus his place among the g od s c an be
d etermined .
CH xv
. .
] W OR SH I P OF TH E GO D S . 6c
The gods generally appear to be d ivided into two classes ,
the uni versal and t he local Th e u niv e rsal or those .

,
wors hipped in common by all t he E gyptian s are b esid es

, ,
S atemi

H earing (who s e ems to b e placed rs t b e cau se
,
through he r the gods hea r prayers ) Tu m K hepra an d Shu , , , ,

the Sun Gods Shu b e ing accompani ed by his wife T afn o r
-
, ,
T e fn u t ; th e n the d eiti e s of t he Osi ri d l ege nd Seb Netp

97
, , , ,
O siris himself Isis S e t Nephthys an d Horus ; next Ra , , , ,

98
,

with whom are j oine d three abstractions B enpa the Y ear
Het
an Age and J eta E t ernity ;

aft e r th ese thr ee
, , ,
,

oth e r abstractions Ankh L if e Tat Stabili ty and An t

,

, ,
, , , ,
Triumph then Thoth und er t wo forms ; and nally 99

, ,
an unname d god call e d the Great O ne of the ve in Api ,

Sekh et These deities s e em to admi t of the f ollo win g
.
arrangement
P E R s on s . AB S TRACTIONS .
S ate mi
m
.
1 . Tu .
2 . K h e pra .
3 . S hu .
4 . T af n .
5 . S eb .
6 . Ne t p .
7 . O si ri s .
8 . I si s .
9 . S et .
10 . Nephthys .
11 . Ho ru s .
Y e ar.
12 . Age .
E te rn i ty .
Li fe .
S t a i i tybl
m
.
T ri u p h .
13 . Tho th .
14 . Th e Gre at On e of th e Fi ve .
Among the local gods who are enu merate d after these , ,
many occu r more than once as b e ing obj ects of worship in

mor e than o n e
,
T he most importan t of them are

Pht hah worshipped in M emphis ; Nu m o r Khnum in Ele
, ,
p han t i n Sabak at L etopolis and elsewhere ; Athor at , ,
M ensa and D end erah B ast at B u b ast is ; M entu at Uas , ,
o r Hermonthis Neith at T e na or This ; Anu bis at Sep

Nishem at Au kaf ; and K arte k a form of Ta o u rt
, ,
' 02
, at Patek , , .
T he gods of the rst list also occur in t he second S ince many ,
o f th e m wer e the obj e cts of a s ec i a l local worship Abstrae

p .
tions also occur in this list an d genii such as t he Four of , ,

Amenti Altog eth e r inclu ding manifest abstractio n s
.
, ,
th e re s ee m to be about fty o bj e cts of worship mentioned of ,

w hich some twe nty ve o r thirty are p roper deitie s -
.
,
66 HI S T O RY o n A N C I EN T EG Y PT . [ 011 . K YL
The list is i mportant as w ell for what it o mits as for what ,
it contains I t is ve ry noticeable that still though the court

.
,
has moved to Abydos and has Thebes u nder its sway there , ,
i s no mention of A mmon I t is also very curiou s that Khem .
is o mitted especially as Pepi is seen worshipping him in his

,
grossest for m in a tablet at Ha mmama t O ther omissions .

1 04
,
less surprising but still noticeable are those o f Maut Sati

, , ,
Aten K hon su On u ri s Aemh ept An u ka Ma H e ka and B es

,
, , , , , , , .
R apid as the grow th of the Pantheon has bee n since the date
i t is n o t yet co mplete
o f t h e great pyramid kings Not , .
only have nu merou s local wo rships yet to be absorbed into t he

general Egyptian religion but fresh deities have still to be

,
m
invented or discovered f resh id eas to be d eveloped Ancien , .
p olytheis is a P ro t eus always varying its fo rm an d abhor , ,
re n t of nality The religion of Egypt had to pass through

.
many d i ff erent phases before it reached its nal shape ; a n d

We shall still h ave to note va rious other i mpo rtant mo di ca
tions of it in that portion of the Egyp tian history w i t h whic h
we have to deal in these volu mes .
CHA P TE R X VI .
TH E D Y N AS T I E S BE TW E E N TH E S I XT H A N D TH E T W EL FTH .
No M o m t l ft b y y Dy ty b tw th S i xth d th E
nu en s e an l v th w h ic h w
n as e een e an e e en e re ,
how v e t d by
e r, s I t v l D i i t g t i o of Egyp P ll l K i gd o m
e p a ra e an n er a s n e ra n t a ra
,
e n s
of M mp h i H c l o p o li of th Di t g t o d D
.
e s, d Th b C
e ra e s , an e es au s e s e si n e ra i n an e
c li ; d p o b b l L gt h of th I t v l S i t t i o of T h b It A t i q i ty
.
ne an r a e en e n er a u a n e es s n u
N m d P mi t i v P o i t i o Ri of T h b t I d p d c Dy ty f
. .
a e, an ri e s n se e es o n e en en e n as o
R i g of S E xp d i ti o t P C lo
. .
th A t f
e d M t h t p
n e s an k hk en u o e t s e n an a ra e n o un . se
of t h Dy ty F t of th E ly Th b C i v i li z ti on
.
e n as . e a u re s e ar e an a .
Af ter the s i x th d yn asty mon m t l g

a u en a ap , wh ich

be i
lled u p n or
c an n e t h e r
b ri d ge d o ve r, o cc u rs t ll t h
i l v th d y e e e en n asty .

B 1R CH , A nci en t E g yp t, p 56 . .
OF the ve dynasties which Manetho placed between the

sixth and the twelf th on e only the eleventh has left any ,
monu mental t races I t has been argu ed by so me that this .
dynasty was conte mpo ra ry with the si xth if not even with ,
the fou rth but the latest discoveries see m to render thi s
theory untenable The S i xt h dynasty as was shown in t he.
,
2
preceding chapter bore sway over t he entire Nile valley and , ,
c annot have allowed the e x is t ence of an independent mon

arc hy i n t he Th ebai d which would have cut i t o ff fro mt he ,
on. xvi .
] DISI N T EG RAT I O N or EGY PT .
.
67
South T h ere are moreover signs of development an d a d

.
, ,
;
vance in certain respects under the kings of Dynasty XL , ,
which render it al most certain that an interva l of so me n ot

inconsiderable duration must have separated off the s econd
E gyptian civilization fro m the rst .
3
I t wo u ld seem that at the death of Nit ocris the c en trif

, ,
u gal fo rce which had long held the various p rovinces of

,
E gypt asunder proved stronge r than the centripetal and a

, ,
d isintegration of the e mpire took place M e mphis re estab .

-
lisli ed its independence an d dynasties ruled there to which , ,
Mane t ho assigned in his l ist the seventh an d eigh t p laces .
Another king do m sprang u p in the D elta h aving its capital ,
a t Heracleop lis P ar va in the S e throi t e no me

o Here agai n
, . .
were two su ccessive dynasties Manetho s ninth and tenth ,

.
I n central Egypt a n ew po wer developed itself at Thebes ,
which rapidly acquired a superiority o ver the rival kingdoms ,
a nd ended by absorbing them The eleventh dyna sty has .
left consi derable traces of itself but of the other fou r there
are no conte mporary records and beyond so me na mes of , ,
k ings in the Turin papyrus and in the lists of K arn a c Sac , ,
c arah and Abydos which may be guessed to belong to them

, , ,
we are enti r ely withou t details with respect t o this period of

E gyptian history .
The causes of the sudden decline which accompanied the

close of the sixth dynasty an d o f the suspension of ani mat i on ,
during a term vari ously es ti mated at from 1 66 to 74 0 years ,

6
are obscure and can only be conj ectured M L en o rman t

, . .
7
su ggests an invasi on and conqu est of Egypt by some foreign
people which held the real dominion of the cou ntry during
,
the interval whatever it was but allowed native subj ect mon
, ,
archs to maintain a prec ario u s an d inglorious sway at M em

8
phis and in the E astern D el ta bu t Dr B irch observes with .
reason that it is di f cult to believe i n a conquest of which

, ,
there is n o historical record n o trace u pon the monuments , .
The assertion t hat t he skulls o f mu mmies belo n gi n g to the

eleventh and later dynasties are sensibly d i ff erent fro m those
o f the period terminat i ng with Dynasty V I an d indicate a .
,
decided modi cation of p hys i q u e su ch as would n aturally ,
follo w o n the introdu ction into the population o f a n e w ele

ment with which M L en orman t supports his theory lacks
, .
,
9
corroboration by other writers and is certainly n ot the state ,
ment of a fact generally ad mitted by Egyptologers M L e . .
mor mant hi mself allows the dubiousness o f his theory and ,
winds up his re ma rks u po n the subj ect with an alternative

vi ew : I t w ould be rash h e says to assert that the su d , ,
10
'
68 HI ST O R Y os A N CI EN T EGY PT .
[c m m
den eclipse which shows itself in the civilization of E gypt
immediately after the sixth dynasty had n ot solely for i ts
cause o n e o f t h ose al most inexplicable crises of weakness ,
wherewith the life o f nations like that of i n dvi du als is so me , ,
ti mes crossed
I t wo u ld see m to be best to acquiesc e for
.
,
the present at any rate in this view an d to suppose tha the , n .
eat burst of vigor and energy which co mmencing wit h ,
en efe ru ter mi n ated perhaps seven centuries later

,

, wit h ,
N i tocris was followed by a p eriod of exhaustion and en f eble

,
~
:
ment during which no works of any magnitu d e were con

,
structe d no wars of any i mportance carried on no i n scrip

, ,
tions of any sort or kind set up Suc h a pause in the l if of . e
an ingeniou s and active people like the Egyptians cann o be t
supposed to have been long ; and we sho u ld incline tL ere ,
fore t o the lowest esti mate which has been hitherto mac e of
,
the pro bable duration of the interval .
When E g ypt after this period o f torpor once more are i sed
, ,
-
.
herself an d b egan to sho w new signs of life the renascent civ ,
ili zati o n deve loped itself fro ma new centre In the lon g and .
rich valley o f the lower Nile which e xtends above ve hun ,
dred miles from Sy en e to Me mphis al most any situ ation ,
might furnish a site for a great city since except at S i lsi lis , ,
and at the Gebelei n the valley is never less than t wo m iles ,
wide the soil is always fertile good quarries are al ways at

, ,
hand and lavish Nature is so bounteous with her gifts that

,
abundan t su stenance can at any point be obtained for a larg e

population B ut in this wealth of eligible sites there are
still degrees of eli gibilityspots which Nature has distin
.
, ,
g u i sh e d by special favor and as it were m arked o u t f or great .
ness and celebrity Such a position is that which the traveller.
reaches when passing through the gorge of the Gebele i n he

, , ,
e merges upon the magnicent plain at least ten miles i n ,
width through which the river ows with a course fro msouth
,
west to northeast for a distance of so me forty miles between

E rmen t and Qo b t II ere for the rst ti me since quitting the
.
,
Nu bian desert do es the Nile enter upon a wide and a mple

,
2
S pace .O n either side the hills recede and a b r oad green ,
plain an alluviu m o f the ri c hes t descriptio n sp reads itself

o u t on both banks of the strea m dotted with damand date
, ,
pal ms so meti mes growing single so meti mes collected into

, ,
clu mps or groves Here too ther e open ou t on either side to

.
, , ,
the east and to t he west lines o f route offering great adva n , ,
tages for t rade on the one hand with the L esse r O asis a n d so
,
with the t r ibes o f the Af rican interior o n the other with the ,
west ern c oast of the R ed Sea and the s p ice region of t he op ,

7O H I ST O RY or A N CI E N T EG Y PT . [03 . zv r .
who b ear alternately the names

2"
a rchs of E n an tef or An tef,
W
A A or and Ment hept or Mentu - -

hotep,
01

: 2
4 But it is qu ite possible that the series
: 3 I
i s in c omplete, far fro mcertain that the alternation of name
'
an d
was scrupulously mainta i ned fro m the beginning to the end
o f the dynasty A king na med Sankh k a ra seems to have
.
- -

belonged to it who is n ot proved to have borne besides
, , ,
either of the usual appellations .
The rst king of the dynasty who is k nown to u s was an

An tef whose co ffin was discovered by so me Arabs in the year
,
1 8 2 7 near Q
2 5
u rnah to the west of Thebes He calle d him .
and his mu mmy which was

,
self king of the two Egypts ,
found inside the cofn bore the royal diade mon its head
, .
I t was enveloped in the pasteboard covering which has been

called a cartonnage and the coffi n was of a pri mitive

,
character being scooped o u t of the trunk of a t ree

,
He is .
2 7
supposed to have bee n succeed ed by a Mentu ho tep whose -
name occu rs in the Table of Karnak

but of whom we ,
have no conte mporary monu ment This rst Mentu hotep .

-

was followed by An tefaa o r A n t ef the Grea t who reigned ,
29
at least fty years and was buried in a simple pyramid o f ,
brick work at the foot of the western or L ibyan mountains in

the valley know n as E l
,
Assasif near the ru ins of Thebes , .
M
The to mb of An tefaa ornamented by a sculp ,
t u re d tablet of w h ich the upper portion is lost was recently

, ,
discovered by M Mariette The tablet shows hi mstanding . .

29
among his dogs and waited on by his chief li u i i tsman from

,
which we may conclude that like more than o n e of the ,
ancient Assyrian mon arc hsf he d elighted in the chase and "0
,
regar ded with ae cti o n and pride the faithf u l animals who
were the co mpanions of his amuse ment Each has his na me .
engraved above him acco mpanied by a brief e xplanation , ,
which shows t ha t the dogs were valu ed for their hunting

qualities and u sed in the pursu it of the antelope and other
,
quadrupeds They are four in nu mber and each is of a dif

.
,
f eren t kind .
A second Mentu hotep the fourth k ing of the dynasty -

,
( according to D r who bore also the .na m es o f Neb

kher ra 9 '
-
,
an d Ra neb ta u i o w zL , is thought to - -
, ,
have su cceed ed An t efaa B y an insc ription which he set .
u on the O K S o f K o n osso qu ite close to Ph i lw it is sh own

p T C , ,
Pla te IX

V ol 1 1 . .
.
Fig 19H EAD

. . 0F TH O T H M ES IL S
ee Pa g e 118 .
Fi g . 18 B u s r 0 F AM E N OPHIS
.
'
I Se e
Pa ge 115 .
Fi g 2 0 . .
-
B U sr OF T HO T HM ES I . Fig 21
. .
HEAD OF Q U E ENHATASU
Page 119
u
S OO
S e e Page 116 .
.
Pla t e X . V o l II
. .
S e

Fi g 2 2
. . H EAD OF Q
U EEN MU TE M U A . P a g e 14 1 .
.

23 - H EAD O F S s w I o- n Se e Pa g e
cn . xvr .
] R EI G N or M E NTU -
H OTEP I I . 71
that his dom inion was not conned to the The baid but ex ,
tended over the whole of U pper Egypt and at the same time
it appears by the relief chiselled upon t he stone that he
, ,
clai med to be the conqueror of thirteen foreign nations

,
p robably negro tribes o f the country bordering Eg y pt to the

south He is exhibited in the act o f worshipping Khe m the
.
,
special god of K ebtu o r Oop to s whic h appears by another , ,

83
tablet t o have been at any rate his occasional resi d ence , , .
This place co mmanded the entrance of the valley of Ha mma

m a t the importance of which as a line o f tra fc was n o w fo r
,
the rst ti me f u lly recognized Mentu ho tep II sank wells in .

-
.
the valley to provide water for the caravans which passed to

.
and fro between Ooptos and the R ed Sea and carved a tab 3*
let on the rocks abo ve to com me mora te his operations He .
also procured fro ma qu arry in t his quarter a huge sa rcophagu s ,
destined to serve as his to mb i ts length was eight cu bi ts o r ,
twelve feet its breadth four cubits and its height t wo The . .
services of men were requ ired to transport the e n ormou s

monolith f ro m the spot where it was qu arried to the nearest

m
wh arf upon the great stream Ment u hot ep ( Fig 1 3) N eb .
-
.
kher ra was also a patron o f glyptic art A statuary na ed

-
.
,
Iri tisen who lived u nder hi m has lef t it on record in the i n

, ,
S c ription upon his to m b that he occupied the inmost recess

,
o f the king s heart a n d made his delight all the da y long

3
, .
This artist worked n ot me rely in stone and marb l e but i n ,

gold and silver and ivor y and ebony
, and wa s thu s able
, , ,
3
to provide his royal master n o t only with statues bu t with a ,
vast variety o f 01) b i s ( 26 Zu xe .
Mentu hotep I is thoug h t to hav e been followed by an

-
.
An tef who has left no reco r d of his reign but who appears in ,
88
the Table o f Karnak at this poi nt His su ccesso r .
,
Mentu hotep I II continu ed to work the quarries of the

-
.
,
Hamma ma t valley ; an d co mmissioners of his appoint ment set

up se veral eng rave d tablets and inscriptions in that beauti
39
ful district These show that this monarch claimed t o be
.
the son of the god Khe m whose worship he in com mon w i th , ,
the other kings o f the dynasty specially ae cted No wars , .
are recorded at this time though sol diers were employed to ,
protect the sculptors and qu arrymen e mp loyed i n the Ham

mam a t district whic h wou ld seem to i mply the v icin ity of
so m
,
e enemy .
The last monarch of the d vn astv appears to have borne the

n ame of Sankh ka ra LJ He occupies the
-

f ty
-
,
P

eig the Ne w Ta ble o f An i m
9
h t h p l ace in p or .
72 H I S T O R Y o r A N CI E N T E G Y P T [
.
OI L xvi .
tant inscription belonging to this reign has been recently dis

covered and has received interpretation fro m M C habas
, . .
Sank h ka ra it appears n ot content with the land trade

- -
, ,
-
wh i ch had now for so me ti me enriched the Theban monarchs

,
and brought t hem in abundance the treasures of the African

interio r r esolved to open a n e w traffic by way of the R ed
,
Sea with the fertile and productive r egion k nown to the

Egyptians as P unt A T This tract has generally
, .

been regarded as a portion of Happy Arabia ; but the 4
geogra phical researches of D r B rugsch have convinced hi m .
that P u nt is to be sought not o n the Arabian but on the ,
African side of the gulf that in fact it is identical with the

m odern territory of the S o moau li
Pu n t he observes
,
.
43
, ,
was a distant land washed by the ocean full of valleys and

, ,
hills abounding in ebony and other rich woods in incense

, , ,
balsa m precious metals and costly stones rich also in beasts

, , ,
as ca melopards hunting leopards panthers dog head ed apes

, , ,
-
,
and long tailed monkeys B irds with strange plu mage rocked
-
.
themselves o n the branches o f wonderful trees especially the ,
incense tree and the cocoa pal m

O ther authorities speak of .
i t as producing benzoin cassia kohl or s t ibzu m e meralds

, , , ,
ivory and dogs of a good breed

,
Sankh ka ra entrusted the .
- -
expedition which he sent to bring from Punt its preciou s

,
wares to a certain Hannu ( Hanno ?

wh o gives the following
,
account of his proceedings

I was sent he says to .
, ,
condu ct ships to Punt i n or der to bring back to hi s maj esty ,
the odoriferous gu ms which the p rinces of the red land had

collected under the inuence of the fe ar inspired by hi mi n
all countries B ehold I left Ooptos . His maj esty or
,
dained that the troops which were to ac c oomp an y me should

be drawn fro m the southern parts of the Thebaid I
set forth with an ar my of men I passed through the .
red hamlet an d a cultivated territory I prepared the skins .
and the poles needed for the transport of the water jars to
the nu mber o f twenty Half my men each day carried loads .
the other half placed the loads u pon th em I dug a reservoir .
o f twelve p erches i n a woo d and two reservoirs at a place ,
called Atabet o n e meas u ring a perch an d twenty cubits and

, ,
t h e other a perch and thirty cubits I made another at Ateh .

,
measurin g ten cubits each way to contain water a cubit in ,

depth Then I arrived at Seba and constru cted transp ort s

.
f or the conveyance o f all kinds o f productions I made a . .
g reat offering there o f oxen cows a n d goats W hen I re

turned from Seb a I execu te d the orders of his m
, , .
, aj esty I
cn . xvi .
] E X PE D I I T ON To P U NT . 7%
brought him back every sort of produ ct that I met with i n

the havens o f the holy land I came back by way o f U ak an d .
R ohan and brought with me fro mthose places precio u s stones

,
fo r statu es in te mples Never was su ch a thing d one since

.
there were kings Never was anything o f the kind aeco m

.
p li sh e d by any m e mber o f the royal fa m ily since the reign o f

the S u n Go d R a I acted thus for t he king on account o f
-
, .
the great affection which he entertained f or me

The route .
pu rsued by Hannu as far as Seba appears to have been that

which leads fro m Qe bt o r Qof t by way o f L a Guitta to Oos , ,
seir . Fro m Seba where he bu il t hi s transp orts he mu s t

46
, ,
have procee de d southward along the African coast u ntil he

reached the fertile region wit h which it was his master s ob
j ec t t o establish co mm unications He there probably found .
an en trep cit at which he was able to procure not only t he pro

d u cts of the S o mau li co u ntry itself but also those which na ,
tions of the far East broug ht fro mArabia Persia and perhaps , ,
eve n I ndia t o be exchanged for the com modities of the

,
regions watered by the Nile Y e men and Hadramaut O phir

.
, ,
B ahrein B a bylon per h aps even Taproban e and Ma lac c a

,
7
,
her e fou nd a mart for their valuable wares an d purchased

,
with the m the manufactures of E gypt the hard woods of th e ,
African forests and the swart and stalw art slaves of Nubia
,
and D ongola The line o f traf c thu s established continu ed

.
in use during the whole of t h e Egyptian period an d even into ,
Greek and R o man ti mes I t was the highway which lea d .
ing to the harbor o f L eu c os li men (now Oosse i

,
o n the R ed
-
Sea brought the wonders of I ndia and Arabia to Europe it

,
was the road of the merchants of all countries in the ancient

world the nati ons bridge between Asia and E urope
.
8
A special interest is added to Sankh ka ra s establishmen t - -

o f co m mu nications with the land of P u nt by the circu mstance

that accor d ing to Egyptian tradition Punt was the country
,
fro m which they had derived some at any rate of their prin , ,
c i p al gods Athor especially

. the mother then mistress

, ,

o f heaven was Queen of the H oly L and
, Mistress and ,
R u ler of P u nt
Am mon was so meti mes called t he Hak
9

or King of P unt an d H o rn s was honored as the holy ,

mornin g star which rose to the west o f the land of P u n t .
5
According to B rugsch the hideous dwarf B es misshapen

, , , ,

an d with apish countenance was also originally a den i zei i ,
o f P unt the oldest for m of the go dhead there i mported ,
i n to E gypt at an early date f ro m this dista nt region and

,
t henceforward a favorite obj ect o f do mestic worship reco g i

the god of joy o f music and of p leasure the di
,
ni zed as , , , a
74 H I S T O R Y O F A N CI E N T E G Y P T . fen . XVI .

vinity who chases away evil an d the r efore as suited to presid e ,
over the toilet tables of great d ames and the arts by which ,
51
beau ty is p reserved and e n hanced .
The eleventh or rst Theban dynasty see ms to have ended

,
-
in bloodshed and confusio n The rst king of the twelf t h .
dynasty tells u s that befo re h e establi shed hi mself upon the

,
throne Egypt had forgotte n all her traditions had be

,
52
co me like a bull which had los t all me mory o f the past 3
that during a long ter m o f civil war and disturbance the

copl e o f the land had su ff e red afiction and the re had ,
een stability of fortune neither f o r th e ignorant nor for the

learned man 5
The details of the troubles are wanting ;
.
but we can scarcely be mistaken in re garding p rivate a mb i tion

as the disturbing force at work and rival pretenders to the ,
crown as responsible for the cala mities of the period The .
An tefs had not the pre stige o f long he r editary royalty ; and
their establish ment of the mselves in the kingly position migh t
natu rally create hopes and arouse j ealousies which so me ,
favorabl e occasion sti mu lated into action Perhaps the An t ef .
family died o u t perhaps Sankh ka ra had no male issue and - -

,
the husbands of his daughte rs d isputed the s u ccessio n a mong

the m O pportu nity would then a rise for othe r clai mants to
.
come forward the qu arrel would beco me mo re co mplicated ,
and civil war rage throughout the length and brea dth o f the
land I t is certain that the A men e m hats and U su rtasen s
.
- -
clai m no connection wi t h the An t ef s and Mentu hoteps and -

,
all but ce rtain that they were a n e w race ii n c o n n e c t e d with ,
their predecessors

.

The second Egyptian civilization as it has been calle d ,
di ffered in many respects fro mthe rst The rst was egoist
,
.
,
self seeking stately cold c ru el The second was utilitarian

-
, , , .
,
b e n e c en t appealing less to the eye than to the mind but

,
judicious far sighte d in its ai ms and most successful in the

,
-
, ,
results which it e ff ected The encourage ment o f trade a n d

.
co mmerce the establish ment and i mp rove ment of co mmercial

,
routes the digging o f wells the for mation of reser voirs the
, , ,
protection of the r oads by troops t he building of ships the , ,
exploration o f hithe rto unknown seas su ch were the special

obj ects which the monarchs o f th e eleventh dynasty set befo re
the m such the lines of activity into which they threw their
,
own energies and the practical abilit y of their people No .
longer ai ming like the o ld Me mphitic ki n gs at lea v ing n u

, ,
dying memorials o f the mselves in the shape of m onu ments

that reached to heaven but content with rude cofns and

h u mbl e sep u lchres o ft en not even of sto ne t h ey w ere en
,
, ,
6 H I S T O RY O E AN C IE NT EG Y PT . [ 011 . xvr .
A greater variation fro m the usages of primitive times a ,
mo re distinct t race of local coloring is to be seen in the relig ,
ion of the pe riod Fro m a deep and thick obscurity the god
.
A mmon at last begins to e merge not yet with any distinct

,
ness much less with that transcendent glory which made him
in the best ti mes of Thebes most decidedly the leading god
,
o f the entire E gpyt i an P a n theon but j ust making hi mself ,
apparent as a god to who m parents think it worth while to

dedicate a child P e rhaps he was now for the rst ti me i n
.
t ro du c ed fro m Punt which was always regarded as the local ,
ity whereto he specially b elon g ed and fro m which he made ,
e xcursions fro m ti me t o ti me like those o f the Greek Z eu s ,

66
fro mO ly mpus Another peculiarity of the period is the pro m

n d Khe m who have h therto been
.
7
i n en c e given to Mentu a i ,
very subordinate and insignicant deities Mentu the god .

,
o f Her m onthis a sort of suburb o f Thebes may be c alled the

, .
tutelary divinity o f the whole d yn asty half t he kings placing ,
their sons u nde r his protection and the other half bearing his ,
na me Khe m hit herto kept for the most part in obsc u rity
.
, ,
though the special go d of C optos takes sudd enly a leading

position rears his gure upon the r ocks in various quarters ,
, ,
and shows hi mself in the gross and coarse form which no

a u thor o f the pre sent day could reprodu ce withou t incurring
gener al reprobation O ther dei ties worshipped at the t i me
.
,
but with o rdinary an d n o t peculiar honors were O siris Anu , ,
bis K n eph Ho rus Phthah Sokari Thoth and Neith The

, , ,
-
, , .
Sothiac festival is n o w also f or the rst ti me noted as in use

and feast s are also held at stated periods to Khe m Phthah
Sokari and Th oth , , ,
, .
The monu ments distinctly referable to the eleven t h dy

nasty are n o t su fciently nu merous to fu rnish u s with much
infor ma t ion as to the progress of civilization and the arts of

life There is so me indication that shoes now began to take

.
the place o f san dals that glass and potte ry increased in ele
,
"0
gance an d that the fa cades of houses were orna mented with

,
7 1
patterns
Spe c ial attention seems to have been paid to the
.
breeding o f dogs which occur o f at least four di fferent kinds

, ,
co rrespondi n g to o u r greyhound masti ff wolf dog and ordin , ,

-
,
ary hou n d The rst na med was u sed i n the c hase o f the
.
73
gazelle o r antelope t he second is a house dog and s i ts at the -

,
foot of his master h e is of a black colo r and is called M a ll e ts , ,
which is explained as meaning blacky

The o t her two
are e mployed to hu nt ga me of variou s kinds A special do
.
mest i c is appointed to attend to the kennel who seems to be

.
regar ded as an upper servant since h e wears an elegan t collar ,

.
on . XVII ] R EI GN O F AM E N -
E M -H AT I . 77
C HA P TE R XV II .
TH E T W EL FT H D Y N AS T Y .
Pe r i o d of D i t b c Acc i o of Am mht Hi M i li t y E x p d i ti o Hi
s ur an e ess n e n -e -
a s ar e ns s
o k Hi Ad d ic t i o t F i ld S p o t o ci
. .
g t
re a W r s sH t hi S Un t o e r s e as s a es s on s u r as e n .
an d l v hi m w i tt
ea

es I t c o R ig of U t
r en I H i O b li k
n s ru ti ns

e n s u r ase n s e s s
H i T mp l H i C h i t W Hi Ch i f O fc Am i t h t pHi
. .
d M
of Am mh t II R i g of Am mh t II R i g of U
s e es s us e ar s e e rs , en an en u -
o e s
A o ci t i o
ss a n en e -
a e n e n -e -
a . e ns su r
II d U t III C o q t of Eth i o p i d c o n t ct o of F o t
.
t
ase n an s u r as e n n u es a, an s ru i n r s
t S m h mm h U III th O i g i l of t h myt h ic S o t i
. .
d K t
an oo e s u r ase n e r na e es s r s
h t IIl
a e u e
E ti m of Am N m Hi
.
of hi C h c t H i Th o
.
s at e R i s a ra er e n en- e i n - a s r ne a e s
S c h m Hi il m t d P y mi d Hi o t h
.
t I i ti o P l c
.
re a rr a nH e e s o e er is a a e an ra s er
ok r ig s of Am mh t 1 V d S b k f
e ns C i v i li z t i o
en -e of th
-
a an a a -
n e ru - ra a n e
P i o d A t
. .
of L i f A c h i t c t d Glyp t i c A t C h th R li g i o
.
er r s e .
g r e u re a n r an es i n e e n .
L ep o

d e la d u o z i em dy n as ti c fu t p oq
d ep ro s p ri t , d e p a i n t r e u re ix i
o
ue e u ne ue
et d e g ra n eu r au d e h
L
rs . E NO R M ANT , M a n/wet d H zeto e A nczen n e, vo l , p 34 9

m . i . .
IT has been Observed in the last chapter that the eleventh , ,
o r rst Theban dynasty expired in bloods hed and confusion .
A time o f general disturbance followed upon the death of

Sankh ka ra ; an d it was probably n o t till so me years had
- -
elapsed that Thebes was Once more able to establish her su

re m c over Egypt an d to give the a fict ed land the bless
p a y
ing of a settled ru le We do not know the circu mstances of .
the outbreak or the causes which led to revolution ; bu t there

,
i s so me reason to suspect a general d i sae c t i o n of the lower

orders termi n ating in op en rebellion and civil war Amen
, .
em hat -
,
the individual who succeeded ulti
mately in estab lishing tranquill i ty warns his son against

re - ,
seeking to win the aecti on s of the lan ded lor ds and noble men
only and bids hi m associate hi mself with the mass o f his
,

subj ec ts and essay to Obtain their good w ill I t is at least .
probable that he had seen t he evils of a contrary course and ,
had been induced to make hi mself the pa tron a n d p ro

tector o f the weak and hu mble by e xperience gained in the 2
school of adversity befor he attained to sove reign p ower , e .
There is no indication o f any relatio n ship b et ween the

kings o f the twelfth and those o f t he elevent h dynasty ; and
it is a conj ecture n ot altoge ther i mprobable that the A men 3
.
e m b at who was the fou nder of t he t welfth was descen d ed

~
fro m the f u nc t ionary of the sa me n a me who u nder M e n t u ,
hotep II executed co mmissions o f i mportance At any

. .
'
78 HI S T O RY O F A N I EN C T EG Y PT . [ CH . X VII .
rate he makes no pretension to a royal origin and the p rob

, ,
ability would see m t o be that he attai n ed the th r one not

through an y clai m o f right but by his own personal me rits , .
A mid a multitu de of pretenders he fought his way to the ,
crown and was accepted as king because he had triu mphed

, ,
over his riv als O n o n e occasion he tells us hi s life was in

.
, ,
extre me danger He had taken his evening meal and had

.
,
retired to rest stretched upon a carpet in the inner chamber

of his house he was cou rt i ng sleep whe n lo ! a clash of ar ms ,
resounded ; foes approac h e d hoping to assassinate h i m as he

,

slu mbered ; he roused hi mself ; he woke u p to gh t
and
,
t h e conspirators ed in haste without waiting to exchange

blows I t is not quite c lear whether this even t occurred b e
.
fo re o r after his accession to the th rone : but it reveals th e

stu ff whe reof he was mad e and sufciently explains his easy ,
triu mph ove r hi s co mpetitors .
O nce established in power A men em hat Sh owed activity ,

- -
and energy He carried on wars o n e very S ide with the

.
Petti or bow men of the L i byan interior the Sakti o r Asi

, ,
6
at i cs f the M a xye s o f M a zyes of the n ort hwest and the U a a

,

uat and other negro tribes o f the so u th Eage rly seconded .
by his young so n U su rt asen who f ro m his ea rliest youth, ,
S howed an un m istakable talent for war and a positi ve love o f

ghti n g
'
he ini c t ed blo w after blow upon these ene mies
,
0
,
and forced the m to acts of sub mission Still his military e x .
e di t i o n s do not see m t o have resulted in conquests and their

p ,
aim was perhaps rathe r t o p rotect Egypt fro m p re datory i n

c u rsi o n s by st riking terror into t h e tribes upon t he frontier ,
th an to e xt end the bounds of the Egyptian do minion A men

.
em hat was content to

-
stand on t he (o ld ) boundaries of t h e

land and keep watch on its borders ; t o rule all Egypt
fro m Abu Elephantin e to the Athu the marsh region of
,
( ) (
the Del ta ) was enough for hi m; we do n ot nd hi m estab 12
li shi n g any military posts in the countries which he invaded ;

o n t he contra ry we nd that in one quarter at any rate he
, , ,
followed up his victo ries by bu ild ing a wall or defensive

wo rk upon his own f rontiers for the purpose o f keeping o ff ,
, ,

the Sak ti or in other words
, o f checking and repel ling
, ,
thei r inc u rsions This post was probable a little to th e eas t

.
of Pe lu s i u m nea r the western , e xtre mi ty of the L ake Ser

bo nis .
A mong e xtant monu ments none of any great i mportance can

be assigned to A men em hat tho u gh his ac t ivi t y was shown - -
,
in buildings no less th an in warlike e xpedi t ions The re are .
indications tha t he com menced the te mple of Ammon at Kar

80 H I STO RY OF AN C IE NT E GY PT . [on m
of act ion he i n ight reconcile the de mands o f the discontented
with his own personal inclinations Accordingly without .
descending fro m the throne he allowed U su rtasen to assu me

,
the royal dignity ; and henceforth for the S pace o f ten ,

29
years the fa t he r and son r eigned conj ointly
, .
Finally befo re descend i n g into the to mb A men em hat

, ,
- -
resolved to leave to his so n a legacy o f poli t ical wisdo m in the

shape o f I nstructions
by the observa nce of which he 3
,
m ight reign p rosperously and guide his life to a happy ter ,
mination R epresenting hi mself as speaking fro mthe L ower

.
World he enj oined u pon U su rtasen t he p ractice of j u stice

,
and virtue the ad mission of all classes of his subj ects to his
,
presence and hi s aff ections the avoidance of p ride and exclu ,
s i ve n e ss together with care in t he selection of his inti m

,
ate
friends and cou nsellors B riey recapitulating the chief .
events of his own life and the principles which had actuated ,
hi m he reco mmende d to his successor pe rsistence in the sa me

,
cours e the protection Of the weak and hu mble the relief of ,
the a ficted the punish ment of the r ebe llious the exercise of
, ,
continual watchfulness and care against possible calamities ,
the defence o f the frontier the encourage ment o f agriculture ,
and t he chastise ment of foreign ene mies ; urging hi m to act

,
even better than any of his predecessors and re minding hi m

that he too would have ere long t o enter the boat of R a
,

and make the dread passage ac r oss the Great Pool into the
,
presence of O siris Perhaps we may at t ribute in so me meas

.
31
ure to this d ocu ment the satisfactory and in ce rtain respec ts

brilliant reign which followed and of which we have n o w to ,
give an acco u nt .
U su rtasen who assumed the pr aeno men Of

,
A M
gt1
32
K hep r k a - -
upon
ra, hi s association
o after reigning
, ,
ten years conj ointly with his father in perfect a mity and agree
ment ente red upon his sole reign when A men em hat died
,
- -
,
an d continue d to e xe r cise the roy al autho r ity f r o m that date

for thirty ve years He is re markable at once for his con
-
.
e
stru c t i o n s a n d for his conquests Thebes Abydos Heliopolis .

, ,
o r O n the Fayou m a n d the D elta were equally the scenes

, , ,
o f his cons tructive activity ; and traces have been fou n d at all
these var ious sites indicative of his religious zeal and archi
,
t ec tu ral e minence O f these various wo rks the best known

.
,
t h o u gh by no means th e most inte r esti n g is the obelisk o f

.
,
pink granite which still stan ds upon the site of Heliopolis

r dure of t he c orn elds i nto
( Fig. lifting itse lf above th e ve
CH . xvn , ] G R E AT WORK S 0 F U S U RTA S E N I . 81
the soft sleepy air and pointing with silent nger to heaven
, .
O belisks were not previously qu ite u nknown We meet w ith .
the hieroglyphic form as early as the tim es of the fth

dynasty ; and a s mall obelisk erected by o n e o f the An t efs
33
,
o f the eleventh has been discovered by M Mariette at D rah

, .
34
ab o u l neg gah

- B ut the e rection of U su rtasen I is th e
-
. .
earliest monu ment o f the kind possessing any considerab le

grandeur which is kn own to u s and it has the rare a dvan
,
tage of still remaining on the s pot where it originally set

up and W here it has witnessed the events of at least thirty
,
36
seven cent u ries I t rises to a height of si xty S i x feet above
.
-
the su rro u n d n g plain is for med of the har dest and most ,
beautiful rose colored granite and contains a deeply cut h i er

-
,
-
o glyphi c al legend ex a ctly repea ted on each of its fou r faces

, .
The inscription ru ns as follows : The H o rus Sun the life o f -

,
those who are born the ki n g of the U pper and the L ower
,
lan ds K h epr ka ra ; the lord of the dou ble c rown the life o f
,
- -
,
those who are born the son of the S u n Go d R a U su r tasen ;

,
-
,
the friend of the spirits in O n ever living golden Hor u s the ,

-
,
life o f those who are bor n the good go d K hepr k a ra has , ,

- -
,

executed this wo rk in the beginning of the thir t y years cycle ,
he the dispenser o f life f or ever more

O riginally it was -
.
3"
,
38
beyon d all doubt o n e o f a pair placed in front of the great

ent ran ce to the Te mple of the Sun the Jachin an d B oaz 3
,
o f the Egyptian sanctuary .
A far more interesting me morial o f U su rtasen than his

H eliop olit an obelisk with its tautological epigraph i s the
, ,
work of the sa me kind which n o w lies broken and prostrate , , ,
on the soil o f the Fayou m C onsiderably inferior in size .

,
since its complete height did not mu ch exceed forty feet

,
this monu me n t excels the other alike in t h e variety and in th e

artistic value o f the sculpt u res which are engraved u pon it .
U su rtasen is represented o n the upp er portion of t he o n ly ,
broad face which is visible in the act of worshipping twenty ,
o f the principal d eiti es A mong these the most honorable .
positions are assigned to A mmon and Phth ah while Mentu , ,
R a Har machis I sis Nephthys Sabak Thoth K n eph Shu

-
, , , , , , ,
Khe m Athor an d S ef kh are a mong the other obj ects Of the

, ,

monarch s adora tion The narrow S ides have inscriptions .
,
which rese mble each othe r to a certain e xtent but are far ,
fro m being duplicates I n these the gods Mentu an d Pht hah .
are alone co mme morated .
At Thebe s U su rt asen continued the co n stru ction of the

82 H I S T O RY O F A N I E NT C EG Y PT . [011 . xv n .
g reat temple o f Am m on which his father had begun and

is tho u g ht to have co mpleted the re markable cell which ,

formed the inner sanctuary or Holy of Holies in the tem
,
, ,
le as it existed at a later date T he origi n al building o f .
su r tasen which was probably o f sandstone appears to have

, ,
b een re moved by Tho th mes III wh o however reproduced it

in granite and co mme mo rated the original founder by i n scrib
.
, , ,
ing his na me upon the walls The edice is re markable for

,
the extreme si mplicity of its plan and the absence of all ,
architectural e mbellish ment U su rtasen also built chambers .
for the priests attached to the edice and especiall y on e for

the chief seer o f the te mple which continued t o the time

,
of R a m eses IX when it had to be restored having fallen

.
, ,
42
into decay

.
43 4 4 6
At Tanis in the D elta at Abydos and at Eileithyia ,
, ,
U su rtasen appea r s to have constructed temples which w ere ,
adorned with sculptures inscriptions and colossal , ,
H e also i n pe son o by his agents e rected memorials in

r r
the Wady M agli arah and at Wady Halfa o n the Nile a
,
4 7
,
48
little above the Second C ataract This last named monu ment .
-
co mme morated his principal conquest and will conveniently ,
int roduce an account o f his chief military e xpedition .
We have seen that under the S i xth dynasty Egypt began

, ,
to stretch out her arm towards the south and that the negro ,
49
trib e s of Northern Nubia were already subj ect to her au thori

ty B ut at this ti me the monu ments made no mention of the
.
C ushi t e or Ethiopian race which in the later period of the ,
independent monarchy played so i mportant a part so metimes ,
even ruling Egypt and co ming into contact with Assyria So .
late as the reign preceding U su rtasen s when Egyp t warre d
in this quarter the U a uat we r e still the p rincip a l tribe and

,
-
,
A men em ha t I clai med it as his gr eatest milita ry glory that

- -
he had fought with th emf

.
B ut under U su rtasen we nd a 0
different condition o f things The U a uat and their i mme .

-
d iate neighbors have we must suppose been subjected ; and

, , ,
the Egyptians passing further south co me into contact with

, ,
the veri t able C ushite race the dark skinned nation which -
had early peopled the whole northern S hore o f the I ndia n

O cean fro m the mouth of the I ndus to the v icinity Of C ape
,
Guardafui . U su rt asen coveted the possession of the gold

region fro m which Nubia derived its na me and proceed
, ,
51
,
ing southward along the cou rse of the Nile fro m the twenty
fou rth to the twenty second parallel came into hostile colli
-
,
s ion with t he Kashi , or C ushites who n ow ,

~
84 H I S T O RY O F A N IE NC T EG Y PT . [ CH X VI I
After a sole reign o f thirty two years U su rtasen associated -

,
on the th r one his son A m en e m ha t conj ointly with whom - -

,
he contin u ed to r eign f o r either th ree o r four years longer .

9
He must have died at a tole rably advanced age S ince fro m ,
the ti me of his o wn association by h is father he had held the

,
royal dignity for for ty ve years and it is not likely that he

-
,
would be associated befo re the age of twenty or twenty ve -

.
A men e m hat II who took the o f cial title of Nub kau ra

- -
.
, ,
- -
,
o m
I?
was co mparativel
,
y speaking an u n di st in u i sh
g ,
v
e d prince ; and bu t little is known o f Egypt under hi s reign

,
thou gh it extended over (at least ) thi rty eight years He -

.
0
appears to have continu ed the war against the black races of

the south while at the sa me ti me he extended the S phere
,
61
o f the Egyptian operations in the no rt h e ast I n this quarter .
he not only wo rked the o ld mines of the Wa dy Magharah ,
but establ i shed a n ew mining station at S arabit el Kha d i m - -

,
62
w here t h ere is a tablet which he set up in his twenty fourth -
year H e repaired the to mb of on e of his predecesso rs called

.
,
A menu erec t ed a statu e in black basalt to his queen

63

, ,
Nefert
6
,
the vi rtu o u s and e xecuted repai rs o f public ,
buildings in several cities of the D elta T he chief ofcial of .
his ti me was Khnu m hot ep whose rock to mb at B eni Hassan

-
,
- -
is on e o f the most re markabl e a n d most r i chly adorned of

those e xtensive e xcavations A men em hat II appears to .
- -
.
have ad mitted the he reditary rank of this great noble on ,
w ho m he confer red a govern ment which had been held by his

mate rnal grandfather u nder A men e m hat I 6
Following - -
.
the e xa mple o f hi s p redecesso rs A men em hat II elevated ,

- -
.
his son U s u rtasen to the royal dignity and reigned conj oint

ly with h i m for six years before he entered the eternal
,
,

abodes .
U su rtasen II who was distinguished by the p raenom en o f

.
,
Sha khepr ra ; o 1 8 had a sole reign of thirteen years

- -
e7
,
only du ring which ti me it does not see m that there occurred

,
any events of much i mportance Egypt was ou rishing and .

,
was sought by e mig rants who quitt ed thei r o wn less favored

count ries to x their abode in the fe rtile valley o f the Nile .
A mong those whose co ming is recorded was a fa mi ly o f Amu

'
Se mitic by all appea rance pe rhaps fro m Midian who to the , , ,
nu mber of thi rty seven ente red Egypt in a body car rying
-

thei r little ones upon asses and sought the protection Of
, ,
the reigning Pharaoh throu gh his minister Va rious cir .

69
cu m st an c es of the scene illustrate the a rrival in Egypt o f the

CH . xvn .
] R E I GN O F U S U RTA S E N III . 85
sons of Jacob ; bu t it is not n ow supposed by any on e to rep

resent that occurrence Khnu m h o tep re mained in favor .
7"
-
u nder the second U su rtasen who appoin ted his son Ne kht ,
t o the governo rship of the Cyn op o li t a n canton

A third U su rtasen distingu ishe d by the a d d i t ional name of
.
m
,
Sha kau ra
- 9 1
m n o w mounted the throne
-
, , W e do n o t .
kno w his relationshi p to his pre decessor but it may be as ,
su med as probable tha t he was either his son or hi s nephew

.
He reigned according to B rugsch twenty si x accor d ing to

, ,
-
,
B irch thirty eight years and was o n e of the most distin

,
72
-
,
u i s hed m
73
g ona rchs Of the twelfth d ynasty Manetho says .

,
that he was r e ar ded by the Egyptians as the greatest of their

g
( early ? ki ngs af ter O siris

) ; and it is certain that he was i n
s u ch high repute wi th t he monarchs o f t he eighteenth dynas
ty that they worshipped h i m as a god and built te mples in
I t would see m that these exceptional d isti n c
,

his honor .
tions were assigned to hi mmainly for one reason He was .
rega rded as the conqu eror of Ethiopia Whatever success .
had previously att ended the e fforts of his predecessors in

this direction U su rtase n II I was the king who broke the

.
,
Ethiopic power at any rate fo r a ti me inicted on the mis

, ,
c rable Ku sh

a series of defeats and per manently at tached ,
to Egypt t he tract known as Northern Nu bia or t he entire ,
valley of the Nile between the First and the Second C ataract .
U su rtasen began his military operations in his eight h year and ,
star t ing fro m Elephan t in e i i i the month E p iphi ( May ) moved

southwa rd with a xed inte nt ion which he exp ressed in an

,
inscription set up upo n t he E lephantin e islan d o f redu e

,
ing to subj ection the mise rable land o f Kashi

H is e xpe .
d ition was so far successful that in t he sa me year he established

two forts j us t below the Second C ataract o n e on eit her side
, ,
o f the Nile and set up two pillars with inscrip t ions warning
,
the black races that they wer e not t o procee d further north
ward except with the obj ec t o f i mporting into E gyp t cattle
, ,

oxen goats or asses
,
A S however the tribes upon the eas t
, .
, ,
a n d south were still u nsubdued fu rthe r e ff o rt s were neede d , .
B etween his eigh t h and his sixteenth yea r U su rt asen III , .
continu ed the war with perseverance and feroc ity i n the trac t
between the Nil e a n d the R e 1 Sea ki lling the me n carrying , ,
O ff the wo m en and t he cattle setting re to the s t anding ,
c rops and ot herwise cond u cting the st ruggle i n a way t hat
reminds us of t he l l OS iS i n fa mou s razzias in t he recent his

Far f ro m being asha med o f these

tory of African warfare .
severities he glori ed i n them and pictured t he mo n t he st o n e

, ,
86 H IS TOR Y OE AN C I E NT EG Y PT . [ OIL xvn .
columns of victory which in his S ixteenth year he set up to

co mme morate his successes F inally in his nineteenth year .
,
he again mad e an e xpedition southwards chastised the miser

,

,

able Kush o n ce more and left a record o f his victory at ,
Abydos .
The forts built by U su rt as en to protect his conquests are

still visible on either bank of the Nile a little below the ,
Second C ataract and bear the na mes Of K oo mmeh and S e m

,
neh . They are massive constructions built o f nu merous ,
squ are blocks of gr anite and sandstone and placed upon ,

77
two steep rocks which rise up perpen d icularly fro m the river
The colu mns o n which he co mme morated his conqu ests are
.

also visible an d are covered with insc riptions deeply cut into
,
the stone O ne of the inscriptions tells u s that the king had

.
permitted the erection of his statue at Se mueh or th e neigh

b o rhoo d ; but up to the present ti me no traces of this inter
7"
esting monu ment have been found U su rtasen worked the .
inexha u stible quarries of Hamma ma t and set up me morials ,
there in which he professed hi mself a wo rshippe r o f the go d

,
Min or Khem
,
I n the island of S ehel he e xhibited hi m
.
80
self as a devotee o f Anka or An u ka

His na me appears al so .
5
at Assou an ( Sy en e) and elsewhere .
I t is not necessary to suppose that U su rtasen l II though

regarde d by the Egyptians the mselves as o n e o f their g reatest
.
,
kings and consequ ently deied was in reality a man of e xtra

, ,
ordinary ability His actions may have contributed to form

.
the character of that ideal Sesostris who m the Egyptians 83
paraded before the eyes o f the Greeks and R o mans as their

great heroic monarch ; but t here was nothing really astonish
ing in t he m nothi n g really ad mi rable At the head of disci
,
.
li n d troops he gained repeated victo ries over the half ar m ed

p e -
and u ntrained races in part neg ro in part Ethiopic o f the

south B y a continued merciless persecution
.
,

he so far
,
8"
,
inti mi dated the m that they were i nduce d t o sub mit to E gyp
,
o
tian s u pre macy and to endure the loss of freedo m and in de

,
p e n de n c e A n.d he u nderstood the value o f fortresses as a

means of establishing a do minion of rivetting a det ested yo k e .
o n a p ro u d nation s neck and o f m

aking revolt hope less if n ot
, ,
i mpossible He was also so fa r a mb itious SO f ar desiro u s of

.
,
posthu mous fame that he took care to have his deeds de

c lare d i n words and
,
graven with an iron pen in the rock for

ever .
,
B ut in this respect he merely followed t he previou s

traditiona l practice of the Egyptian kings while in his con ,
u est s h e only a little e xceeded the li m its reache d by mor

q e
t han o n e of h is p r ed ecessors Wh at gave himhi s fame was .
Pla t e X II .
II .
Fi g 2 6 . .
B U S T O F HO R E M H EB .
S ee Page 152 .
R CA

E MAR E AR L E P IT AL .
S ee Pag e 192 .
Fig . 27 .
B U S T 0F THO THM E S III .
-
S ee P ag e 188
CH . xyi L I TH E S E S O ST R I S L E GE N D . 87
the fact that hav ing nally settled E thi opia he was the k ing
, ,
to who m its conqu est was attributed ; and as this was the 36
only considerable tract which t he monarchs o f the O ld empire

subjugated those o f the new bent u pon conqu est themselves
, , ,
singled hi m o u t for approval and a d mi ratio n When temples .
had been built in his honor an d h e had been put on a

par with the gods T o t u n and K n ep h mythic d etails natur
,
ally clustered about his n a me ; the Sesostris legend grew u p :

U su rtasen beca me a g i ant more tha n seve n feet high and ,
the con qu eror of Ethiopia Europe and Asia ; his s telae were , ,
said to be found in Palesti n e Asia M inor Scythia an d , , ,

9
Thrace ; he left a colony at C olchis ; d u g all the canals by
8"
which Eygp t was in its most ourishing period intersected ;

invented geo metry ; and L et up colossi above fty feet in

hei ght ! 9
According to M L en orman t U su rtasen III was buried

.
,
92
.
in o n e Of the brick pyra mids at D ash o or ; but this is not gen

erally admitted by Egyptologists The frag ment of a car .
touche fou n d by P er ring in the debr i s of the north pyramid

is quite insu fcient to prove the supposed interment S ince ,
the terminal ele ment of a royal na me which was all that the
cartouche contained was o n e co mmon to many monarchs ,
.
,
The su ccessor o f U su rtasen III was another Amen em .

-
hat the t hird of the nam e There is monu mental evidenc e

,
.
that he held the throne for forty two years and as this i s -
,
94
,
the exact nu mber of years assigne d to hi m by th e Turin p ap

y r u s we m a
,y conclude that such was the full length of hi s
reign The ofcial name whi ch he assu med o n ascending

.
the throne was R a n m a t 3 This title

-
is one-
of , N
greater S ignicance tha n u su al sin ce it may be trans lated

t he sun o f j ustice o r of righteousness and would natur ,
ally i mply a specia l desire o n the par t o f the monarch who ,
he re i t to rule j ustly and equ itably over all hi s su bj ects

, .
A men em hat s reign corresponded to this taking announce

- -
ment I nstead o f follo wing in his pred ecessor s f ootsteps

.

,
and d i recting t he forces o f Egypt to the occupation Of n e w

territory he after one war with the n egroes which was per
, , ,
9e
h aps provoked by an i ncursion threw the whole energy o f ,
himself and peop le into the acco mplishmen t o f an enterpris e

,
fro m whic h no glory was to be derived beyond th at which is

j u stly du e to the conception and prosecution o f wise meas
ures tendi n g to incre a se greatly the p rospe ri ty of a numerou s
c ople Egyp t depends f o r its produ c ti ve i i ess wholly u pon the
.
116 w h ich e ach ye ar at t he ti me of t he i nu n da t ion s p read s a

,
88 H ISTO R Y OF A N CI EN T EG Y PT . [ OIL Xvn .
fresh deposit of the richest allu viu m over the entir e region to
which the waters extend at their highest The u niformity .
o f nature even in those operations which see m m

, os t i rregu +
lar is surprising ; and the inundation not only occu rs without

,
fail year after year but begins and ends at the sa me ti me o f

,
year al most to a day and for the most part obse rves a re ma rk
,
able reg u larity i n the heigh t to which it reaches and the

li mits whereto it extends Still there are occasions when9
,
,
.
this unifor mity is broken i n upon Now and then the rains in .
Abyssinia which are the true ca u s e of the annual overow

, ,
fall less plentifully than usual and the rise of the river is so me ,
what or even con siderably below the average The hearts

, , .
o f the E ygpt i an s under these ci r c u m stances g ro w faint O nly .
the lands C lose to the ri ver bank are inundated ; those at a

greater distance lie parched and arid throughout the entire
su mmer and fai l to produce a blade of grass or a spike of
,
corn Fa mine stares the people in the face ; and unless larg e
.
supplies of grain have been laid u p i n sto re previo u sly or can ,
be readily i mported the actual starvation o f thousands is the

necessary conseq u ence ,
O n the other han d so me ti mes

.
, ,
though rarely the fountains of the heavens are Opene d and

, , ,
the A byssinian rainfall being excessive the river rises beyond ,
the expected height C ala mi t ous results at once ensue T he

. .
mounds erected to protect the Cit ies t he villages and the , ,
pasture lands are s u r mounted or washed away ; the houses

, ,
built often o f mu d collapse ; cattle are drowned ; hu man life

,
itself is i mperilled an d the evi ls su ffered are al most worse

,

t han those which follow upon a decient oo r To save .
Egypt fro m the t wo Opposite dangers arising fro m an exce s

sive an d a defective Nile hydraulic works are required on the
,
largest scale ; reservoirs have to be provided of vast extent ,
wherein the superuou s wate r o f an overabu n dant inunda

tion may be hoarded and detai n ed t he press u re upon em ,
b an kmen t s being thus relieved ; and fro m which again the

ec i o u s uid m ay be dispensed in t he case of a de c ien t
py ile and the niggardl i ness of nature com p en sat ed b the
,
providence and care of man It is doubtfu l wheth er has

.
ever been don e in this matt er tha t mi ht be don e ; bu t at

any rate i t i s cle ar t h at Amen e mhat II mad e on e great - -
.
effor t in the ri ght d ire ction accompl i shed on e most i mpor ,
t ant work o f the kind and tha t wi th an engineering skil l

,
and ability that are above all praise Ta ki n g ad antage of .

v
the e xistence o f a natural depression in the des ert to t he w e st

o f Egypt e xtend in g over an area of nearly 4 01 square mi les h e
,
"9
,
formed in t he so u th east ern p ar t of this sp ace a v ast arti cial

90 H I ST O RY OF AN C IE NT EG Y PT .
[ 011 . XVII .
th e regnal year of the monarch

I t is a re arkable fact .
05
m
that the average a n nual rise u nder A men em hat at Se mu eh - -
in Nu bia e xceeded t hat of the present day by more than

,
twenty three feet

-

As the rise in Egypt i tself see ms to be
.
9
nearly the sa me now as under the twelf t h dyn asty

we mu st ,
lo
accou nt for the di fference at Se mu eh by local causes ; the

course of the Nile mu s t have been anciently blocked by rocks
which have given way and the wate r must thus have been ,
held back in Nubia and p revented fro m owi n g off rapidly

, .
No great di ff erence would have bee n produced in E gypt by

the re moval o f the obs tacles except perhaps that the inu nda ,
ti o n would have co me o n so mewhat more rapidly and its

d u rzti o n have bee n a little di minishe d .
While engaged in the co mpletion o f his great wor k of utili

t y in th e region o f the Fayoum Ani en em hat also undertoo k ,
- -
some constru ctions in its neighborhood of an ornamental

, ,
an d artisti c character At a point on the eastern S ide of this

.
reservoir proj ecting into it towar ds the west he bui lt wha t

, ,
see ms really to have been a palace but what the Greeks and

R o mans called a L abyrinth
and believed to be an
,
m
,
archi t ectural pu zzle I t was constructed o f white silicio u s

.
li mestone and red granite and co mprised we are ,

3
,
chambers half above groun d and half below it B e

, , .
sides cha mbers i t possessed nu me rou s colonnades and courts

, ,

covered with sculptures an d roofed He ro dotus says wit h
, , ,
stone At on e corner was a pyra mid 2 4 0 feet high accord

.
, ,
ing to ou r authority and accord ing to modern measure ments

,
,
6
300 feet square at the base .
T o supply the materials for hi s constru ctio n s Amen em -
hat had recourse to the q u arries at H ammamttt whe r e in sc rip

,

tions belonging to his reign record the instru ctions w hich

he gave to his o fcers on various occasio n s and in o n e i h ,
stance hi s own personal presence in connection with orna

mental work for the Fayou m i ncluding a colossal statue of ,

himself to be set up at the provincial capital .
He also worked the mines of the Sinaitic region both tho se ,
of Wady M agha rah and the more recently establishe d ones of

the S arab i t e l Khadi m At both places there are tablets ex
- -
.
e cu t e d during his reign ; and at the former they are nu mer

o u s and cover the period extending fro m his second to his

,
forty second year

-
At t he S arabit el Khadi m they include
.
9
- -
,
a no t ice of the erection o f a te mple to Atho r the reputed " 0
mist ress of the country who at once presided over the ,
copper mines and was t he la dy of turquoises ' '2
Ame n em hat III was succ eeded by anot h er mo narc h of

.
- -
.
CH XVII
. .
] AM E N - EM - H AT I v .
S ARAx NE ER U - -
RA . 91
the same name who Manetho calls Ammen emes , and t o ,

2 2
who m he assigns a reign of eight years The Turin papy .
ru s gives hi m nine years three months and seventeen d a ys

, ,
which is probably the tr u e d u ration of his reign His S ister .

,
Saba k -
n efru - ra, o whom he seems to have asso ~
ated reigned conj ointly with himduring the last four years of
,
this period B oth appear to have interested the mselves i n

.
123
the works of the Fayo u m where their n am es are found , ,
and where they are thought by so me to have been i n terred .

I2 4
The two pyra mi d s crowned with colossal sta tu es seen by ,
H erodotus to rise ou t o f t he waters of the L ake are

identied with the stone bases n ow existing at B ia mo at ,
2 6
the northwestern angle of the lake and are thought to have ,
borne the efgies of t hese monarchs whose names have been ,
found on various blocks of stone in this region Amen em .

-
hat I V seem s also to have worked t he mines o f the Wady

.
12 7
Magharah an d the S arab it el Khadim where the labors of
- -
,
the workmen were still rewarded by rich yields of copper and

maf /ca .
128
B ut the perio d is on the whole on e upon which , ,
the monu ments thro w little light As so Often happens a .

,
dynasty o f unusual vigor and e n ergy expires am i d clouds and

darkness ; abnor mal e ffort is su cceeded by d u lness and inac
tion life and move ment by exhaustion ; n o r is it u ntil a con
,
s i d erable space has passed that the roll of history once more
u nfolds to u s events of i nterest an d personages o f i mportance .
I t has been said that Egypt u nder t his dynasty enj oyed its
apogee and that its civilization attained n o w the fullest e x
,
p a n s i o n which it ever reached u n d er the There

is considerable di fcul ty in balancing one period against an
o ther in the history o f a civilized state an d in deciding ,
when on the W hole the highe st perfection was arrived at I n

, , .
o u r own country the E i zab ethan age has its admirers ; the
reign of Queen Anne is by so me regarded as the tru e Au gus
t ian period ; while there is a class which maintains that n o
for mer period eq uals the glories o f the present day There .
are various grounds on which the ti mes of the eighteenth an d

nineteenth dynasties may be upheld as t he c u lminating period
o f Egyptian greatness a like in arms and i n arts ; b u t the eulogy
,
which has been passed upon the period o f the twelfth even if ,
it be undu e has beyond a do u bt some i mportant grou nds o n

,
which it may su pport itself .
1 30
C ivilizatio n as Observed in the prece d ing c ha pter took
fromthe t ime Of t h e eleven t h dynasty an d under the p r esi
, ,
,
92 H I S T O R Y o r ANC IE NT E GY PT . [on x vi i
den cy o f Thebes , a practical and utilitar ian turn The great .
s o rt s o f the principal monarchs o f both the eleventh and

twelfth dynasties had ve ry markedly this characte r New .
openings were made for t rade n e w routes established and pro ,
vided with wells and gua r ds fo rts built to check invasion ,
mines worked the Nile carefully watched and measu red an d

,
nally a huge reservoir made and a gigantic syste m of i rri

,
at i on established in t h e Fayou m and along t h e whole o f the

g
western bank of the rive r fro m B eni S oeu f to the shores of -
the Mediterranean C o mmercial intercourse was at the sa me

.
ti me es tablished with the Nubians who furnis h ed cattle , ,
gold and s laves ; with the East African tribes (and through
,
the m wi th Arabia and perhaps I ndia ) for spices gu ms rare , ,
woods precious stones and wonderful ani mals ; and with the
, ,
Syrians for ice/L l or stibiu m ladanu m and balsa m ,

1 31
, .
1 32
Foreign e mi grants were readily received into the count ry ,
and brought with the m novelties in dress and custo ms per ,
haps so metimes new inventions or even n ew arts L u xury .

1 33
increased Palaces were painted and adorned with gold ;

.
carpets were spread upon their and the nu mber of

courts and cha m bers was multiplie d beyond for me r prece
dent .
6
Varieties in dress were introduced W hi le the .
si mple linen tunic still contented the great mass of men ,
there we r e so me who affected a more elaborate style of cos

tu me ( F ig a nd wore besides the tu nic a cape over their
.
, ,
shoulders and a second tunic of a thinner mate rial ove r the

, , ,

rst o r even a long robe r eaching nearly to the ankles
, , .
B racelets and anklets were inlaid with precious stones and ,
th e former worn by both men and wo men but the latter by ,
wo men only Men had so meti mes articial beards which

.
1 38
,
see m to have been attac h ed to the wig The low backed .

1 39
-
chair without arms was still in co mmon u se but another is ,
seen which has a high back an d also

,
Houses b e ,
gan to be ad rned wi t h colonna des the pillars of which i mi

o ,
t at ed the lotus blosso m Field sports were pursu ed with i n

.
creased ardor G entle men of the highest rank n ot only

.
indulged in fowling as forme rly but speared sh with t h eir

, ,
o wn hand and hun t ed the lion

,
and the antelope Great .
attention was paid to the breed o f dogs ( Fig and several .
new types we r e produced more especially one with short legs , ,
rese mbling the modern turnspit I n moving about thei r .

14 2
estates the grandees had the mselves carried in hig hly orna
men t ed litters which were slung on t wo poles and borne on
,
the shoulders o f four me n ?

T o amuse their leisure hours
in th eir homes t h ey ad m itted int o t h eir ap artm
, ent s profes
94 H I STO R Y OE AN C I ENT E GY PT . [on m
s ec on dly the advance of Sabak f ro m a local and subordinat e
position to one of high rank a mong the universal di vinities
,
o f the country ; and thirdly t he more positive and general ,
recognition o f the absolute divinity o f the ki n gs S abak s .

a dvanc e is the nat u ral consequence of the p rominence given

to the canton of the Fayou m by the later monarchs of the
dynasty since the crocodile headed god had been fro ma very
,
-
ancient date t he special local deity of that district and the ,
crocodile itself was always vie we d as sacred there A mmon s .

ele vation is mo re d i fcult to account f or since h e does not ,
appe ar to have been a n ci en tly of much account in

if he was even kno wn there which is doubtful His position , .
seems the result Of the accident that a private individual i n ,
whose nam e hi s was the chief ele ment happened to raise ,
himself to the throne A men em hat I at once began the .

- -
.
te mple whic h gradually beca me the greatest in Egyp t ; his

,
son U su rtasen I continue d this work and assigned to

,
.
, ,
A mmon the rst and highest place on his Fayo u mobelisk ; he

a lso gave to his eldest son the na m e of A men i l
an d to an -
,
o ther apparently that of A men e m hat Henceforth Am

, ,
- -
.

mon s place at the head of the Theban gods was well ase en
t ai n ed and the p redo minance of Thebes in the later history
re em
,
g ave hi m ulti mately a p i n e n c e over all the other de i ti es

s
t hroughout Egypt .
T he q u a s i divinity of the ki n gs had al ways been asserted

-
b y the mselves and no doubt in the language of adulation

,
fa miliar to courtiers it had occasionally been ad mitted even ,
from an early date B ut it is not till the ti me of the twelfth .
dynasty that acknowledg ments made in the most n a tf and

'
innocent fashion be co me co mmon and see m to be a matter

o f course
,
When I was brought to Egypt says S an eha

it was as though a god was in i t a land such as o n e which

.
, ,
a b en ec en t god p resides over he spake to me and I answer ,
e d hi m saying

Save u s ! His son co mes ho me
, ,

he also is a god And again he add resses the Pharaoh

.
,
as follows Thy maj esty is the good god

,

the great god the equal of the Su n God ,
And when at -
.
,
the invitation of the monarch he retu rns to Egypt from

E do m he re marks When I came near hi m I fell upon my
,
, , ,
my belly a mazed before hi m The god addressed me mi ld

.
ly 1
Si milarly Khnu m h otep declares of U su rtasen I -
The god T u m he is hi mself

. .
, ,
How far these ac kn o wl .

6"
e dgm en t s were m ere attery how far they represente d the ,
sincere belief o f the Egyptians it is i mpossible to de ter mine ; ,
bu t in eit h er c ase they mu st have e xert e d an i n ju ri ou s i a

\ND orH ER D Y NA STIL S ' 95
CR XV II L ] T H I R T EE NT H AN .
monarchs themselves who

u en c e upon the mmds Of t h
9
*
o n the m and be
,

were pu ffed up by the h igh titles f

,
c am e i mpressed with an undu e sense 9

g
g a
v
g g g
nf o a
t r rig l gg :
The I ride which made e e
a n d di nit y
E xo du ti me af ter t i me
harden h is lf ar t and Oppose
,
hi mself to the d eclared will of J e hovah was :fl e n tu rai CO D

,
\
b e?

l eve m he
.
,
sequence o f a syste m which ca u sed weak m en t o il t zi
reality of their own divinity and strong minded ktt n e t O 1 991 -

,
an extreme contemp t f or others .
C HA P T E R XV III .
TH E D Y N AS T I E S BET W E E N T H E T W EL FT H A ND TH E
S EV E N T E E N T H .
i T
The T h rte enth ( h e b an ) Dyn asty i n p a rt n te p rary co mo
th th e F u rtee n th ( Xo i t e) wi o '
if
an d t h e F tee n th an d S ix
te e n t h ( S he p h e rd s ) De l n e E gyp t at t h s p e r d ci of i io
N m mo i of P e rma n e n t S e i t m ic
.
c i
.
a e s a n d s a n ty M e r a ls t h e K n gs P re s s u re o n t h e
.
o
N rth e aste rn Fr n t er o i
n as I v io
n b r u g h t a b u t b y p re
. o
u s d st u rb a n e an d o vio i c
i
d i s ntegrat n io .
V an a ve rs are in o mn o p i n i o n
es es l ic et .
L i v i v . . 20 .
TH E four dynasties where with Manetho lled this interval

,
a re regarded by most Egyptologists as ruling c o n t e m p o ra n e

1
o u sly in either t hree or four places The thirteenth dy .
nasty bore sway in Thebes and held possession of Middle and ,
U pper Egypt while th e fourteenth mai ntained itself at X o i s

'
,
2
in the centre of the D elta and the fteenth an d sixteenth ,
ruled either consecutively or conte mporaneously over some

.
, ,
portion o f the more eastern districts Manetho s n umbers .

f o r thi s period are u ntrustworthy and where not f alse are , , ,
m isleading The thirteenth dynasty may for instance have

.
, ,
inclu ded sixty royal personages ; but we gather fro m the 3
Turin Papyru s that they were pret enders to the throne ra ,
ther than real kings and that the average ti me during which
,
each on e of them bore the royal title was about t hree o r three

and a half years I t is not u nlik e ly that in many i nstanc es
.
they contended o n e ag ainst another ; and some o f the m cer
tai n ly man y o f the m possibly reigned n o more than a f e w

, ,
months or a few days O n the other hand there s eem to

.
,
have been in the earliest part o f the thirteent h dynasty so me

monarch s of note ; and it is thought that for a certain nu m
, ,
96 H I S T O RY OF A N C IENT E GY PT . [on xvn i .
b er of years the dynasty bore sway ove r the whole countr y ,

,
disruption not having set in until th ey had held the th rone

for two centu ries or t wo centu ries a n d a half Such calcula 5
tions of ti me are howe ver e xcee dingly unce rtain The kings
.
, , .
o f the pe riod a s a gene ra l rule left no monu m

,
,
ents ; and ,
u ntil forced hy the cu r i osity o f the G reeks to make ch ron o

,
logical conj e ctures the Egyptian s the mselv es had no esti mat e
,
o f the du rat ion o f any dynasty m u ch less of these undis ,
ti n gu i hed o n es
s .
I t i s di fcult to conj ecture the cau ses which after so glori ,
Oas a dynasty as the twelf t h suddenly r educed Egypt unde r ,
the thirteenth to i mpote n ce an d d u mbness The re is no i n
di cati o n o f foreign invasion at a ny rate f or a cent u ry o r two ,
afte r A men e m hat - -

Sabak nefra ra set up their - -
monu ments at the edg e of the L ake M oeris but fro m so me ,
cause or other a gap occu r s in the Egyptian r ecords and if it ,
were n ot for a single fragile docu ment the papyrus of

Turin the very names of the kings would have been blotted
ou t . I nte rn al troubl es are s u ggested as the most probable
cause of the long silence ; and t h e latest writer on the su b j ect

ven tures to lay it down as al most certain that the history
,
o f Egypt at this epoch m ust ha ve been ma de up of ti mes of

revol t an d inte rio r troubles and murders and assassinations , ,
by which the life and length o f reign of the princes was n ot

subj ec t ed to the o rdina ry con d itions of hu man e xistence
.
6
The kings appear to have maintained the p ractice of ruling

u nder two n ames a r eal p e rsonal appellative and a throne ,
na me or title of hono r assu med at thei r accession ; though it

,
is not often that both designations have co me down to u s

They must ha ve maintain ed pe rsistently the wors hip of S a
bak th e c rocodile hea d ed god affected by the preceding d y
,
-
,
nasty sin ce at least seven o f the m bore the na me o f Sabak

,
h otep which is t ranslated

servant of Sabak by D r .
,
B rugsch ; and they must also h ave been devoted adherents

7
o f R a the ,
Sun God whose na m e is found to have fo rmed
an ele me n t in at least two thirds of the royal appellatio n s o f
,
the pe riod A mmon on t he othe r hand u nless identied

.
, ,
with R a of which the re is no evidence must have been in

, ,
co mparative disfavo r since his name occu rs but once in the

,
entire list and th en nearly at the c o mmence ment where we

, ,
co me upon a R a A men em h at Nut and Nef er T u m see m

- - -
.
-
also to have received reco g nition f ro m the dynasty who so , ,
far as the evidence of their na mes go es a dmitted but a nar ,
row P anth eon .

98 H I ST O R Y or A N C I EN T E GY P T . [ cmxvm .
W
Upper Egypt
,
and has le f t v ari o us m o numents principally in
O ne of these is a tabl et t o Khe mand K n eph
,
.
,
bearing th e gur e s of those g o ds which he set up in the ,
islan d o f K o n o ss o A n o th er f ro m the sa me l o cality repre

.
13
, ,

sents Kh e m M entu and S a ti ; while a third in the island
, ,
4
,
o f S eh el near P hil ae repres e nts the m o narch hi ms e l f rec ei v

ing life as a gift fro m the g o d dess A nka or An u ka

,
He .
also set up an insc ription at A ss o uan o n which he c o m ,

16
me morated the m e mb ers of his fa mily .
S abak h otep V who succeeded his br o ther S a hath o r and

-
.
,
-
,

t oo k the thr o ne name -
of Sh a n ef er -
ra, 0 x
I , left an i n scrip
ti o n in the island of A rg o near D o ng o la and set up his statue ,
at B u b ast is in the D e l ta thu s showing that he held posses ,

17
si o n of the whole valley of the Nile f r o m the b o rders o f E thi o

pia t o the Mediterranean H e was followed after a sh o rt inter .
val by S abak h otep VL who reigned as S ha ankh ra and ,

- -
,
dedicate d a me mo rial to the g o d Khem at A byd o s which is ,

18
now in the muse u m of L eydc n .
The i mmediat e s u ccess o r o f S abak h otep V I was another -

.
king of the same na me distinguished by the a dditio n al de ,
sign ation of S ha -
hotep -
ra, o n
. This is the last m o n arch
of th edynasty who b o re the favori t e des i gnati o n H e reigned .
,
acc o rding t o the Turin papyrus so mewhat less than v e ,
years ; and a f ter his decease the crown seems to have pass ed
t o a d i fferent fa mily .
I t may have been ab o ut this time when the dynasty had ,
held the t hr o ne for on e o r two centuries that pressure began ,
up o n the eastern f r o ntier A n o madic race whose pr o per .

,
habitat was Syria or No rthweste rn A rabia increased rapidly ,
in power and p o pula ti o n o n this si d e of Egyp t and assuming , ,
an aggressi v e attitude threatened to e ffe ct a l o d gment in the ,
m o re e astern portion of the D elta A lready for a c o n sider .

,
able peri o d there had b e en ou this side an inu x of Asiatic

,
immigrants chiey o f Se mitic o rigin Egypt o ffering a ready ,

'
asylum t o disc o ntented o r needy f ugiti v es who sa w i n the

,
great m o narchy o f the S o u th a s o rt of fairyland of wealth ,
culture and wisdo m T he i mmig ration of Jac o b s s o n s

9
.
,
2"
with their e xtensive h o us e h o lds is bu t a single instance of
what was perpetually o cc u rring in this quart er We have al .

ready n o ticed an o th er exampl e in the arrival of t he thirty
2
sev en A mu w el c o m ed b y K h n u mhotep i n t h e sixth year of

-
on . m]
xv . E G Y PT I NVA D E D F R O M TH E E A ST . 99
U su rtasen So numer o u s were the i n c o mers that Semitic

II
names obtai ned a p lace i n the geographic no mencl atu r e of
.
th is part of the c o untry and a c ertai n number of Se mitic 22
w o rds e v en crept int o the Egyptian language ,
T h e Se mi te .
de ities also secured a ce rtain a mount o f recognition fro m the

Egyptian hierarchy who were ne v er a v erse to an increase in
,
"4
the number of obj ects of w o rship and gave as h o spit a ble a ,
recepti o n to B aal A sht o re th An ai tis R eseph and Kiun

, , , , ,
when the y kn o cked at the d oo rs of the P anthe o n as the civil ,
rulers did t o the kinsmen of Joseph or to the A mu u n d er

Ab u sha f
"
The s tate of things thu s existing was well calculated t o

facil itate a hostile o ccupati o n o f the m o re eastern p o rti o n of
the D elta A lready the popula tion was hal f A siatic an d
.
-
,
rep are d to submit itself readil y to A siat i c rule S o l o ng

ho we v er as peace reigned at T hebes and mo narchs ao
.
,
, , ,
kn o wledged as su ch by the w h o le o f Egypt had it in their ,
power to direct the entire fo rce of the c o untry against an in

v ader in v asi o n was n ot likely to take place
,
T he A mu of .
th e Eas t wheth er Mentu Kharu Khita o r S hasu would have

, , , , ,
been p o w e rless against a u n ited Egypt and their u n di sc i ,
li n ed fo rces w o uld have dashed the mselves in v ain against

p
the serried phala n x of the trained Egyptian tr oo ps B ut .
when at T hebes pretender r o se up against pretenders when ,
dis turbance fo ll o wed disturbance and scarcely any prince ,
succee ded in maintaining e v en the se mblance of auth o rity

26
for m o re than two o r three years then th e f ailure of v ital ,
o wer at the heart o f the nati o n was n ot slow in comm u n i c at

p
ing i tsel f to the extremities W hether the rst re sult was .
the re v o lt of t he W estern D elta and the second the conqu est ,
by fo reigners of the mo re eastern tract o r whether the o r d e r ,
o f thes e t wo move ments was in v erted and fo reign invasion ,
pr o duced a d o mestic re v o lt there are n o su ffi cient data to ,
determine ; but it would see m that long be fo re the f eeble ,
and multitudinous pri n ces of th e thirteenth dynast y had

ceased t o reign in T hebes the Western D elta had bec o me ,
indepen dent under a line o f nati v e princes who held their

'
c o urt at X o i s and the Eastern D el ta had been o ccupied by

,
27
i n v aders of n o madi c habits and pr o bably of Semitic race

'
.
A t X o i s we are t o ld that there were se v enty si x kings in a -
h u ndred and eighty fo ur years which w o uld i mp ly a state

-
,
2 8
o f continua l di s t urbance in that locality Towards the East .

two S hepherd dynasties b o re rule Maneth o s f tee n th and ,
sixteenth e ither c o ntemp o ra n e o usly in t wo ad j ac e nt king

,
d oms, or c o ns ec ut i v el y ov e r the w h ole E ast er n D elta B u t .

100 H I ST O R Y O F A N C I E N T E G Y PT . [ OH . xxx .
the main seat of empire was still supposed to be Thebes I .
was n o t till a f resh m o v ement t oo k place a mong the tribes

u po n the eastern f r o ntier and a f resh in v asi o n was made in ,
fo rce that the O ld Empire was regarded as destr o yed and a

, ,
fo reign pe o ple as established in p o ssessi o n of the entire

c o un t ry .
C H AP T E R XIX .
TH E M I DDL E E M P I R E C O N QU E ST O F E GY P T B Y TH E HY K S O S .
C rt i n tyof th H y
e a k s o s C o n q u st G r o wi n g P o w r of th T ri b s t th E s t of th
e e e e e o e a e
D l t th S k t i th K h r th S h su T mp t t i o ns o ff r d b y E ypt t I
.
a e a e a u e a e a e e
v d r s F i t L d m t ff c t d i h T r t o r y C o s q u n t Eci t m n t
e .
o n
a e rs o o en s e e e n er er i n e e x e e
mo n g th E s t r n Tri b s Qu s ti o n of t h N t i o l i t y of th H y k s o s C rc m
. .
a e a e e . e e a na e i u
s t n c s of t h C o n q u st C h r c t r of th H y k s o s R u l A d v n t g s w h ic
.

a e e e h it a a e e e a a e
c o n f rr d Egy pt R i g ns of th Hy k s o s K i g A p pi s Qu rr l wi t h R S
. .

e e on e e n s e a e a e
k n n W su s d n d s i n th E xp l i o of th H y k s o s S p p o S yn c h r o n
. .
e e ar e n e an e e u s n e u se
i mof J o s p h wi t h A p p i
. .
s e e .
mk '
'
E vo c B fg , i i M u d
iw l v, K ai v Ee epo cr y vo u qi
6M ! K r t a a v , ddf ; '
m vr o MA NE TH O
a e o Ka . e . 17
S pirai p e vm Ayn n S Y NCE L Chr on o gr ap h V 01 1, p 6 1,

xe cpu

'
o vs a o ap . L . . . .
B .
TH E c o nquest of Egypt by an alien pe o ple wh o c o ntin u ed t o ,
be the d o minant p o wer i n the country fo r ab o v e two centuries ,
was asserted by Manetho in the m os t p o siti v e terms and ,

1
,
thou gh long misdoubted by m o dern critics h as beco me ,

2
thr o ugh recent disc o v ery a n ackn o wledged fact The Middle .
Empire of Maneth o a time of hu miliation fo r the Egyptians ,
a ti me of stagnation barren of art barren of literature bar , , ,
ren of m o numents is at the present day admitted on all

hands and c o ntr o v ersy is shi f ted t o the questi o ns o f the nation
,
3
ality of the c o nquer o rs the true character of their domination , ,
and the real lengt h of the time that it lasted Two nati v e .
d o cuments on e o n st o ne the other on papyr u s ha v e proved

, , ,
4
bey o nd a question the fact of the fo reign rule t wo names o f

t h e alien rulers ha v e been rec o v e red f r o m the inscriptions o f .
the country and th o ugh a deep o bscurity still rests up o n the

peri o d up o n the pers o ns of the c o nquer o rs and the circum
,
stances of th e c o nquest an obscu rity which we can scarcely

h o pe to see dispelled yet the Middle Empire has at an y
rate n o w taken its place in hist o ry as a denite reality re

quiring c o nsiderati o n in q uir y and so f ar as is p o ssible de , , , ,

scri pt i o n .
1 02 H I S T O RY O F A N C I E N T E G Y PT . [GEL xxx .
ally to pr o v o ke the cupidity of their less fortunate n eighb o rs .
The S hasu and the o th e r A siatic tribes wh o w e re in cl o se

, ,
contact with the Kharu and pr o bably allied to the min bl oo d

, ,
though d i erin g in manne r of li f e w o uld learn f ro m these ,
last what a v ariety of te mpting treasures was st o red up in th e

Egyptian palac e s and te mples what c o untless o cks and herds ,
cr o pped the rich pastures of the D elta and of the valley o f the
N i le what delicate f ar e constitu ted the o rdinary diet o f the
inhabitants what magnice n ce o f apparel and f urniture was
,
to be seen in their dwellings Egypt had f or centuri e s ex .
erc i se d a f ascinati o n upon the A siatic mi n d and as we have , ,
seen had attracted to hersel f a c o n t in u al o w of i mmigrants

,
12
,
wh o hoped by ad o pting the Egyptian m o d e of li f e to par

, ,
t i c ip ate in the wealth and the luxury o f t he o ld inhabitants .
The f eeling which led indi v iduals and households to quit

their h o mes ren o unce their c o untries an d thr o w in their l o t
, ,
with the sons of Mi zraim must ha v e been shared in so me de

,
gree by wh o le tribes and nati o ns who could not expect to be ,
welc o med if they presented themsel v es en ma ss e at the f r o n

-
tier t o wns o r to Obtain a l o dgment within Egyptian territ o ry

,
o therwise than by fo rce of arms T wo su ch l o dgments as .

,

O bser v ed in the last chapter seem to ha v e been e ff ected
,
whil e the thirteenth dynasty still occupied the Theban throne

at least this appears to u s the m o st pr o bable acc o unt that

can be gi v en of Maneth o s rst and second S hepherd dynas
ties but the great invasion did not arri v e till later The .
great in v asi o n which resulted in a conquest of the entir e coun

,
try i s connected with a certain S ai tes or Set wh o bel o ngs to

, , ,
a dynasty the last king of which was A p o phis a m o narch ,
whose reign alm o st i mmediately preceded that o f Aahmes ,
the rst king O f the N ew E mpire I t is imp o ssible that tw o .
dynasties of shepherds can have fo ll o wed a f ter A p o phis W e .
must there fo re either place these dynasties in the tr o ubled

time which preceded the great in v asi o n or l oo k up o n them as ,
W h o ll y ctitiou s .
I f s o me small no madic tribes had su cceeded in establishing

themselves in i ndependence within the limits O f Egypt P r o per
'
,
either in the S ethroi t e n o me o r f urt h er to the s o uth in the

,
v icinity of t he B itter L akes or of L ake Ti msah a great en c ou r

,
agem en t w o uld ha v e been gi v en to the o ther races o f the neigh

b orhoo d wh o had hitherto l oo ked u p o n Egypt as i n vu ln er
,
able and however their cupidity may ha v e urged t hem had

, , ,
been pre v ented by their f ears f r o m v enturing u p o n an attack .
D esires l o ng r e pr e ss e d w o uld ha v e had the rein gi v en them

and w o u ld have bl o ss om
,
ed int o ho p e a vague f eelin g of ex '

vo i 11
. . PlateXIII
.
6
1
1
1
8
s
a
e
Plat e XIV .
V ol II
. .
m
o
e
n
c
o
w
l
z
a
z
d
g
o
w
m
w
m
.
w
m
m s
a
m
e
o
h
o
3
m a
1 04 H I S T O RY O F A N CI E N T E G Y P T . [0H , x
xx .
al i ty A nd the term itsel f is not found upon the m o numents

. .
P h oenicians in the strict sen se of the w o rd are scarcely t o

, ,

be th o ught of since they were at n o ti me s hepherds
,
and ,
it is scarcely pr o bable that they had as yet effected their mi

rati on f r o m the P ersian G ul f to th e shores o f the M e dit e r
g
ran ean The in v aders may well ha v e been S yrian s in a
22
large sense of that w o rd and may have c o me f r o m P alestine

.
, ,
o r e v en f r o m the region n o rth of it They may ha v e b e .
lo n ged to the C anaanite p o rti o n of the S yrian p o pula ti o n ,
and to ha v e been called P h oenicians by Manetho f r o m that

c o n f usi o n between th e tw o w o rds which naturally fo ll o wed
f r o m the P h oenician p o wer succeeding the C anaanite in the

2 3
same tract o f c o untry A m o ng the C an aanit e n ations the
.
m o st p o wer f ul was that o f the Khita or Hittites ; and o n ,
the wh o le there seem to be better gr o unds fo r regarding the

,
in v aders of Egypt at this time as pr e d o minantly H ittite than

fo r identi fying them with an y o ther special tribe or people .
Set the leader Of the in v asi o n b o re a nam e identical with

, ,
that Of the g o d chiey w o rshipped by the Hittites and the 24
exclu si ve worship of this g o d is n o ted in the Sallie r papyru s

as o ne of the pri n cipal r e sults Of the Shepherd rule The .
H ittites were a really p o wer f ul pe o ple as appears by their ,
a f ter struggles both with the Egyptians and the A ssyr i ans
, ,
and w o uld so be m o re capable Of measuring their strength

again st that of the Egyptians and fo r a time obtaining ,
the upper hand than any o ther of Egypt s n ei g hb o rs A ,

.
B abylonian conqu est is scarcely c o ncei v able at this early date ,
a n d i s preclu ded alike by the na me o f the S hepherd king s
an d the peculiarities of their wo rship .

26
O n the whole there fo re we lean to the belie f that the so

called Hyksos or S hepherd s were Hittites who pressed
, ,
fo r r oo m in Syria o r perhaps merely exc i ted by a desire of

,
conquest moved s o uthward an d O btaining allies f r o m the

,
, ,
c o u ntri e s al o ng th e ir line o f route burst like an a v alanche ,
The reduction of the country was acc o rding

'
u pon Egypt

.
,
t o Maneth o eected with the greatest ease

, Men of ig .

noble race he says ,coming f r o m the eastern regi o ns u n
,
expectedly had the c o urage to invad e Egypt and c o nquered

, ,
27
it easily with out a battle They t oo k Memphis built .
,
the mselves a city in the S ethroi te n o me and established a

'
great fortied ca mp on the eastern frontier which they called ,
A uaris o r A v aris and occupied with a permanent garris o n of

,
28
men I t is not t o be supp o sed that really no resist
.
'
ance was o ff ered t o the in v aders by the Theban and K o i t o

kings of t h e t im e ; bu t it was read i l y o ve rcom e ; n o great .
on . X Ix .
] C H A R A CT E R O F TH E HY K S O S R U L E .
b attle w as fo ught and i n a c o mparati v ely sh o rt space of ti me

the country was sub j ugated and accepted the fo reign yoke , .
W here v er the Hyksos penetrate d they S pread ru in an d des o ,
lati o n a ro und massacred the adult male p o pulati o n re duced

, ,
the w o men and children t o sla v ery burnt the cities and de ,
molished the temples

B ut they do n o t appear to ha v e cared
.
9
permanently to occupy the Nile valley much beyond Memph s i

.
Af ter su bj ecting the W h o le o f Egypt they all o wed the T he ,
ban kings t o exercise a qualied s o v ereignty o v er the upper

part of the Nilotic regi o n establishi ng their o wn c o u rt at ,
Memph is and f r o m thence rul i ng M i ddle and L o wer Egypt

,
at their discretion .
The character of their rule was at the rst barbar i c and

cruel P r of ess o rs of a religi o n which was m o n o theistic or
.
,
nearly so the c o nquer o rs t oo k an extreme a v ersi o n to the

,
E gyptian polythe is m and v ented their hatred by an indis

,
c riminate destructi o n o f all the Egyptian temples which , ,
a ccording to Man eth o they abs o lutely razed to the

,

ground C o nsidering h o w closely c o nnected were the
.
3"
priests w i th the h i st o rical literature o f Egypt which had ,
fro m the rst been chiey in their hands we must conclu de ,
that this general dem o liti o n O f edices was acc o mpanied by

an al m o st c o mplete destr u cti o n of the rec o r d s of the country ,
which except in the inscriptions of un o pened to mbs an d in

, ,
papyruses buried in t o mbs su ff ere d at the hands Of the E yk ,
sos s o mething like o bliterati o n

31
T hebes it may be retai n ed .
, ,
its monuments ; but these dated only from the time o f the

ele v enth dynasty Elsewhere the ood of conqu est en gu lfed
.
the early literat ure of the c o untry ; the O ld ci v ilizati o n was ,

39
as it were annihilated
,
and a blank was pr o duced which
the clever li ttmteu rs of the eighteenth and n ineteenth dy
nasties fo un d it imp o ssible excepting by the f ree empl o yment
,
o f c o n j ecture and in v enti o n to ll ,

.
B ut this purely destructive time was followed by on e o f re

action and to s o me extent of rec o nstructi o n The Tartars
,
.

Of the S o uth af ter a certain term of years during wh ich
, ,
they de v astated Egypt fro m the M e dti erran ean t o Thebes or ,
p erhaps to El ephantin e su ff ered themselves by degrees to be

,
subj ected by the superi o r c i vilization Of those whom they had

34
c o nquered and ad o pted their art their o fcial language
, , ,
their titles and the general arrangem ent o f their c o u rt cere

,
m o nial I n T anis especially temples were b u ilt and sculp

.
,
tures set up u n der t he S heph e rd kings diffe ring little i n their

e n eral character f r o m those o f the purely Egyptian peri o d .
he forei gn kings ere c ted t heir o wn efgies at this sit e w h ich ,

1 06 H I S T O RY O F AN C I E N T EG Y PT : [011 . XIX .
were sculptured by nati v e artists acc o rding to the cust o mary

rules of Egyptian glyptic art and only dier fro m those of
the earli e r nati v e monarc h s in the headdress the expressi o n ,

o f the countenance and a peculiar arrangement o f the bear d
, .
T hey built st o ne temples on the Egyptian m o del at Tanis and

Av aris wherei n they w o rshipped Set Nu b ti o r
, S et t h e -
,

Gol den in the place of A mm o n o r Pht hah bri n ging the
, ,
mat erials fo r their c o ns tr u cti o ns f r o m A ss o uan or S y n ,

37
and only slightl y m o di fying established Egyptian fo rms as ,
by adding wings t o t he Sphinx They li v ed o n amicable

.
terms with t h e c o ntemp o rary Theban dynasty of sub o rdinate

38
kings all o wed their w o rship of A mm o n R a and held inter
,
-
,
course with the m by f requent embassies .
There are e ven ce rtain resp ects in which the S hepherd

monarchs appear t o ha v e bee n i n advance of the p e o ple whom

they c o n qu er e d so that the Egyptians were indebted t o the
,
stay of the fo reigners in their country and t o their social ,
interc o urse with them fo r much useful knowle dge

,

The .
39
Shepherds had the con c eption of an era and intr o duced int o ,
E gypt the practice of dating e v ents fro m a certain xed

p o int apparently the rst r egnal year of the rst king S et

, ,
or S a i t e s a practice which had it been generally adopte d

0
, , ,
w o uld hav e cleared Egyptian chronology f r o m that u n c er

tainty and c o n f usi o n which are n o w its acknowledged char
act eri st i cs They en larged the h o riz o n o f the Egyptian
.
4
artis t i c views by the intr o ducti o n of new fo rms and of
greater realism int o glyptic art and they are e v en th o ught t o
ha v e ae c te d fo r g oo d the language and lite rature of the
c o untry The language was to a co nsiderable e xtent S emit
.
42
i ci ze d and an impulse was gi v en t o literature which resulted

,
in a v astly i n creased acti v ity and prolic ness A gain the .

,
S hepherds see m to have p o ssessed a p o wer Of g o v ernmenta l

o rganizati o n n o t unco mmonly displayed by barbaric c o nquer
o rs as by the M o ng o ls i n I ndia and the Tu rks in Eur o p e
, .
They established thr o ugh o ut the terri t o ry a un i fo rm system

fo r military an d re v enue purp o ses and did much to crush ,
o ut that spirit of isolation and pr o v incialism which had hi th

ert o be en the bane of Egypt and had pre v ented its c oales
,
43
cing rmly int o a settled h o m o gen o us monarchy The mo n .
archs of the eighteenth dynasty inherit e d f r o m the m a united

and centrali zed Egypt accust o m e d t o b e directed by a single
head f ro m a singl e xed c entre ,
Thus the bl o w by which

.
the p o wer o f Egypt had s e emed to be shatter e d and r o s e
trated worked ultimately fo r its ad v ancement and the y k ,

1 08 H I S T OR Y O F A N C I E N T EG Y P T .
Xxx .

h erea f ter t o be n o ticed it w o uld seem best to f ollow Afri

c an u s rather than J o sephus at this point

,
Af ricanus re ,
.
p o rted Maneth o as placing between Apachn as and A p o phis

t wo kings Staan and A rchles the fo rmer of who m reig n ed
,
fty and the latter fo rty nine years Josephus calls these -
,
.
5
kings J annas an d A ssis and places them a f ter A p o phis , .
C o nsequently both their names an d their p o siti o n are to s o me

,
ex t ent doubtful th o ugh o n the wh o le the representations of ,
A f ricanu s wh o had no purp o se t o ser v e mu st be regar ded as

, ,
mo re w o rthy of credit than th o se of the Jewish hist o rians .
I t results fro m Manetho s nu mbers as rep o rted by Af ri

,
canns that the dynas ty occupied the Egyptian thr ne for

, o
y ears ,
which
57
gi v es the e xtra o rdinary a v erage o f fo rty se v en -
years to a reign o r o mitting the rs t king the still m o re ex

, , ,
t ra o rd i n ary o n e of fty t h r ee years I f we regard the n u m

-
be rs as in any sense hist o rical it seems necessary to supp o se ,
that each king s oo n a f ter he ca me to the th rone ass o ciated a

, ,
success o r and that th e reign s are counted in each case f r o m

,
the d ate of the S upp o sing this t o have been

the case the real a v erage of the s ole reigns needs n o t have
,
been mo re than ab o ut twenty se v en years n or need the real -
durati o n of the entire dynasty ha v e much exceeded a hu n dred

and sixty years .
59
A pepi the last monarch of the line ha v ing (it is pr o bable )

, ,
reigned in c o nj uncti o n with A rchles fo r s o me thirty or thirty

tw o years became sole k i ng at a mature age Unlike Set
,
.
,
who had made Memphis hi s capital an d only v isited A v aris

o ccasi o nally A pep i held his court permanently at the last
60
na med city
,
and there recei v ed the h o mage and tribute

,
61
which we re off ere d to him by all the v ari o u s districts b o th of

the Upper an d L o wer country I n Upper Egypt was e stab .
li sh ed with his c o nsent an d concurrence a dynasty of nati v e

, ,
princes wh o a ff ected the f amily name of Taa an d the throne

, ,
t
name Of
R a S e ke n e n ,
p
pri nces thus de
o i e T wo
a
.
si gn at e d Ra S ek en en R a S ek en en II
-
I and
had already .
-
.
,
reigned at Thebes and be e n buried there in to mbs which

,
m o dern expl o rati o n has disc o v ered s o me what recently A .

62
third B a S ek en en had succeeded whether i mmediately o r

-
,
a f ter an inter v al is uncertain and n o w occupied the position ,

63
o f tributary dynast at t he southern capital A pepi seems .
,
for s o me cause o r o ther to ha v e taken a dislike to his princely

,
v assal and t o have res o l v ed t o pick a quarrel with h i m by

,
pre f erring unreas o nable demands F irst of all he sent an .
e mbassy fro m his o w n court to that of the southern k ing re~ ,

EX P U L S I O N O F T HE H Y K sos ; 1 09
quirin g him to relinquis h the Wo rsh ip o f all the Egyp tian

R a wh o m he pr o bably identied w ith his
g ods except
,
A men

-
,
o wn s o l e di v i nity Set or S u t ech ,This pr o p o siti o n was de

, .
c l in ed as on e with w h i c h it w as i mp o ssi ble t o c o mply ; but

,
the re f usal was cou ched in su c h terms that u mbrag e c o u l d

scarcely be taken at it H ereup o n Apepi consulte d with the .
m os t experienced of his ad v isers and with the ir help c o n ,
c oc te d a second message the exact purp o rt of which i s not

,
quite clear A c c o rding t o o n e t ranslator it had reference

.
,
86
to a well fo r catt le according to an o ther it was a de ,
mand fo r th e st o ppa e of a c anal The messenge r wh o car .
ried the missi v e ha o rders to jo urney at his utm o st speed ,
an d b o asts that he d i d n o t rest by day o r by night till he had

deli v ered it W hate v er the exact requirement was it thre w ,
He c ommu
.
Ra S ek en en into a state o f extre me perplexity

-
.
n i cat ed the pr o p o sal to the principal m e n of his court his

mighty chiefs hi s captains and expert guides
,
but they ,
had no advice t o off er They were all silent at once in

.
great dismay and knew n o t h o w t o answer him good or ill

, .
7
Then A pepi sent it w o uld see m a third message but of the

, , ,
purp o rt of this n o thing can be said fo r the manuscript con

taining the narrati v e here m o st pr o v o ki ngly breaks OH in the
middle of a sentence and we are le f t to c o n j ecture the sequel
, .
The sequel seems to ha v e been war Ra S eken en was n o t .

-
prepared to submit to whate v er de mands might be made upon

hi m and when he pr o v ed intract abl e co mpulsion was resorted
,

t o The title of Khen wh i ch he assumed signies vic ,
.
, ,

tori ou s
63
and it is th o ught t o indicate that he mainta i ned
,
the struggle which A pepi had fo rced upon him with t o lerable
u ccess T he warli k e e nergy which had characterized the i n
s .
v aders at the tim e when they made their o riginal inr o ad a ,
century and a hal f or tw o centuries earlier had declined , .
Egypt had proved their C apua and n o w that a seri o us con ,
ic t had arisen between them and their sub j ects it was foun d ,
that they were n o l o nger the terrible fe e that co mmon f ame

had represented the m I t mu st ha v e b een during the reigns .
o f Ra S ek e n e n III and his su c c ess o r Kames wh o se rule was

-
.
, ,
exceedingly brie f that t h e grasp of the Shep herds upon

,
69
Egypt was shaken off and they were forced to quit their h o ld ,
and withdraw t o ward s the east c o ncentrating themsel v es in ,
that fo rti ed ca mp o n the borders of the Syrian desert which ,
the pr o v i dence O f their rst king Sa i tes had created for , ,
the m D riven ou t of Egypt P r o per by a general upris i ng o f

.
the native inha bitants at A v aris they tur n ed to bay They , .
still num bered

"
men T he E gy ptians b esi eged them .
11 0 H I S T O RY OP A N CI ENT E G Y PT . [OIL xxx
7
in A v aris with an army t wi ce as numer o u s as the i rs and
a f ter a time their eort s were cr o wned w i th su ccess A v aris .
was assaulted both by land and water Ships o f war were .
launched up o n the canals w hich conveyed t he N ile water to

i ts i mmediate nei ghborhood and all its gates were blockaded ,
and watched Af ter numer o us assaults the place f ell The

captain Aahmes who was present at the capture tells u s
. .
, ,
the part that he t oo k in the S iege h o w h e f ollowed the king

"

o n f e e t when he (the king ) went ou t o n his chariot ho w

when S iege was laid to the city he had t o ght in the pres
,
ence of his Ma j esty

h o w at on e time he fought upon the
,
canal o f Pat etku Of A v aris and carried OE a hand , kil led

an enemy and cut o hi s hand and carried it t o camp as pr oof
,
o f hi s expl o it ho w a second ti me he did the same ho w in a

third engagement he made a pris o ner an d br o ught hi m off
, ,

thr o ugh the wate r and h o w nally at the actual taking o f ,
the town he made pris o ners of on e man and three w o m en

, ,
wh o were all gi v en t o hi m fo r sla v es The narrat o r is so o c .

73
cu p i e d with hi msel f and his o wn adventures that h e had no

w o rds to S pare fo r any general acc o unt o f the siege operations ,
o r any connected narrati v e of the war W e gather inciden .
tally f r o m his aut o bi o graphical sketch that there was n o cap

i tu lat i on such as Maneth o sp o ke of n o v o luntary e v acua
7"
,
m
ti o n of the city by the Hyksos ar y but t hat the place was
taken by st o rm ; and we can percei v e that the beaten enemy
drew off in the direction of P alestine whither the Egyptians ,
purs u ed the m and where a fter a ti me they captured a Hyks o s

,

city called S harhan a probably the S haruhen of the H e
,
76
brews . W ith this event the Hyksos war ap pears to ha v e
terminated and Egypt relie v ed for e v er f r o m this hated
, ,
ene my entered upon a career O f pr o gress conquest and gl o ry

, , ,
.
I t is stated by G e o rge the Syncellus a writer wh o se exten ,
si v e learning and entire h o nesty are unquesti o nable that the ,
synchr o nism o f J o seph with A pepi the last king of the only ,

kn o wn Hyks o s dynasty was ackn o wledged by all , The .
7"
best m o dern auth o rity accept this view if not as clearly es ,

76
tab li shed at any rate as in the highest degree pr o bable
,
and ,
belie v e that it was Apepi wh o made the gi f ted He brew his

prime minister who invited his father and his brethren to
,
settle in Egypt with their ho u seholds an d assigned to them ,
the land Of Goshen fo r their residence The ele v ati on o f a .
foreigner and a S emite to s o exalt e d an O fce i s th o ught to

, ,
be f ar more likely u nder Hyks o s than under nati v e Egyptian

ru le, t he marriage with the daught er o f the hig h priest o f -
Heli o po l i s to be less surpr i sing and the E gyp tian words and ,
1 12 H I S T O R Y O F AN C I EN T E G Y PT . ion . xi i
C H AP T E R X X .
TH E NE W E M P I R E E G Y P T U N DE R T H E E I GHT E E N T H
D Y NA ST Y ( A B O U T B C 1 6 00 . .
Rei n of Aah me sh i s W a wi th th e H y k s o s h i s Ex ed i t i o n ag ai nst t he So u th h i s

r
Tuildi ngshi s W i f Nef e t a i Aah mes R eign Ame n h o t ep I Re i
e, r g n o f T h o th
-
r -
o -
mes I h i s Nu b i an C o n q e st s hi s Sy ri a n an d M e s o p o t ami a n W ar h i s M o n
. .
u u
me n t s S h o rt R i g n of T h o t hmes II A cc e ss i o n of H at asuh e B u i ld i n g s an d
w
.
e r
o t h e r M o nu m n t sh F lee t s ail s t o P un th e A ss o ci at i o n of T h o t hme s
. .
e er r
a n d D at h G l o ri o us R i g n O f Th o t h mes 111
e H i s I n v as i o n of A s i a
e E n em i es
wi t h w h o mh e c am i n t o c o n tac tth e K h a t h Z ah i t h K h i ta th e R u ten the
. . .
e ru e e
Na h iri R ed u c t i o n of Sy ri a S u cc ss i n M e s o p o t ami a El p h an t Hun t s B oo ty
, , , ,
e e
c arri d ff Ins cript i o ns set U p b y T h thm s II I H i s B i ld i n s S t atu e s an d
. . .
e O o e u
O b e l i sk s H i s E mp l oy m n t of fo rc e d L ab o r C o n d i t i o n of th e s ae li t s un d e r
. .
, ,
e r e
h i m H i s So u t h e r n W a r s H i s su p o s d M ari ti me E mpir e S ummar y of h i s
. .
C h ar ac te r R i g n of Ame n h t p Ip H i s W a r s an d B u i ld i n g s R ei g n of Th o t h
. . e .
e -
o e
me s I V H i s T e mp l e t t h e S p h i n x H i s W a r s H i s L i o n Hun t s R e i g n of
. .
o
Ame n h t p III H i s W i f e T i a C o mme n c m n t of the Di s k Wo r s h ip H i s
. . . .
-
o e a e e
W ar s H i s B u i ld i n g s an d S tat u e s H i s L o ve of F i e ld S p o rt sPe r s o n a l A pp e ar
. . .
R ei g n of A m nh te p IV
.
an c e a n d C h ar a c t e r H i s str a n g e
. .
K h e at e n e o or u n
P h y s i og n o my H i s Est ab l i s h me n t of t h Di s k Wo r s h ip H i s n e w C api tal H i s
. . .
,
e
W ar s R ei s of S a an k ht A i an d T t an k h ame n R e s to r at i o n of the Old
. . .

u e u -
R el i g i o n ei gn O f H o r mh b C l o s e of th e Dy n ast y
. .
, ,
.
-
e -
e . .
'
EK

o xo r o v g 7 68
'
do g . E S CHY L . z Etn Fr 1 . . .
T H E native Egyptian m o narch wh o dr o v e out the Hyks o s and ,
became the fo under of the eighteenth dynasty b o re the name ,
Aah mes,
which signies child of the m oo n
.
He is th o ught to hav e been the s o n Kam es (U ot khepr ra j of

- -
E wh o se co fn and mu m

and of his wife A ah ho tep / - O K
,
my are am o ng the treasures of the museum o f B ou laq .

2
A ahmes too k the throne na me of N eb p ehti ra o I n and - -

,
r
reigned twenty ve years more gl o ri o us than any Egyptian -
monarch since U su rtasen III He pr o bably inherited the great

,
war which he br o ught to a happy c o nclusi o n mainly by his

,
o wn in d ividual energy but in part by the c o urag e and con ,

3
du ct of his generals I t i s especially to b e noted of this war .
,
that it was carried o n as much by water as by land the rst ,
step t o wards success being the creati o n o f a o tilla upon the
Nile which held the co mmand o f t he ri v er and was used in

, ,
the rapid and sa fe transp o rt of tr oo ps to an y part of the N ile

v alle y where the y were nee ded Aa hmes the king s name
1

.
,
sake and f a v o rite g eneral relates h o w he ser v ed on board on e ,

CH . xx ] . R E IG N 0 F A AH M E S . 1 13
of these Nile v essels and d escending the stream f r o m T hebes

, , ,
carried his master s arm s into the Eastern D elta and in

,
a short time won back to hi s auth o rity the entire regi o n A s .
the v essels descended the ri v er t he land fo rce n o w no m o re a , ,
mere in f antry but c o mprisin g certainly a body o f trained

,
chariots an d perhaps a certain a mount o f ca v alry occupied ,

6
the ri v er ban k ; and Aahmes fro m ti me to ti me had t o quit

,
his v essel an d to march o n foo t beside the chari o t of his

s o v ere i gn Memphis must have been captured be fo re any 6
attac k could ha v e been mad e upon the city Of the S hepherds

.
the str o ng and v a st fo rtress of A v aris situated at the fur ,
thest p o int t o which the N ile waters reached well fo rti ed ,
b o th by walls and moats and de f en ded by a garris o n of ne a r ,
ly a quarter o f a million of men A lake protected the cit y 7

.
on on e side ; canals fr o m the Nil e g u arded it i n o ther quai

ters ; while a s o lid rampart of baked o r perhaps merely o f sun ,
dried brick surr o und ed the wh o le and rend ered the p o siti o n
, , .
o n e of rst rate strength and security

-
H o we v er a f ter a .
,
siege of s o me c o n siderable length in the c o urse of w h ich ,

8
there were several engagements the nal assault appears to ,
h a v e been delivere d wit h such su ccess that a panic seized the ,
garr i s o n and they ha stily ed f r o m the place T he maj o rity .
made their escape an d withdrew to Syria but many w ere

,
, ,
slain and a c o nsiderable num b er taken pris oners A ll cap

,
.
t i ve s appear to have been regarde d as the pr o perty o f the

k i ng ; bu t it was a co mmon practice t o assign pris o ners t o
th o se wh o captured the m; an d v ast numbers O f the S hep

herd race became in t his way permanentl y xed in Egypt
where they intermixed with the nati v e inhabitants and m o di
9
ed to s o me exte n t th eir physxc al type .
The war of Aahmes with the S hepherds lasted v e years .

10
I t was n o s oo ner conclu ded than he hasten ed to lead an ex

p e d i t i o n against t h e south w here the negr o races had taken
,
the off ensi v e during the str u ggle between the Egyptian s and
their foreign c o nquer o rs and apparently had re established ,
-
the independence whereof they had been d epri v ed by the me n

archs o f the twel f th dynasty A t rst th e Egyptian king car .
ried all be fo re h im and regarding the country as reconquered

, , ,
returne d d o wn the Nile to his capita l ; but ere long t he tide o f

'
victory turned A N ubian chi e f called Teta an c o llec te d

.
,
-
,
the dusky h o rdes un der his bann e r and retook the wh o le ,
region o f th e south carrying d evastation alo n g the Nile banks

, ,
d es tr o ying th e temples of the E gyptian garris o ns an d anni ,
hilat in g the Egyptian p o wer Aahmes was fo rced to ret race

his steps , and m easu re his st rengt h a ga i nst t h is ne w enem
.
y .
1 14 H I S T O RY O F A N C I E N T E G Y P T . [ OIL xx .
He engaged Teta an twice t h e N ubian being apparently

-
,
each tim e the assailant O n the rst o ccasion neither an tag .
o n i st c o ul d clai m a decisi v e su ccess ; but o n th e sec o nd , ,
Aahmes was m o re fo rtunate The negr o army was defeated .
with great l o ss Teta an made pris o ner and Egyptian auth o r

,
-
,
ity o nce more established over the tract between the F irst an d
12
t he Seco n d C ataract .
I t w o uld appear that the struggle with Teta an mu st ha v e -
o ccupied a c o n si derable ti me A t any rate it was not u ntil .

,
his twenty sec o n d year that the E gypti an m o narch vi cto ri

-
,
o u s on e v ery side and no l o nger apprehensi v e o f attack was

, ,
able to turn his attention to do mestic a ffairs and c o mmence ,
the rest o rati o n of those public edices which had su ff ered

either fro m natural decay o r f r o m h o stile attack duri n g the ,
last tw o or three centuries Ro ck tab lets in the quarries of .

-
T oo ra an d Maasara of tha t year rec o rd the fact that Aahmes

3

at this time opened anew the rock chambers and e mplo yed

men t o cut o u t the best wh ite stone of the hill c o untry f or
,

the repairs of the t emple Of milli o ns Of years the an
,
cient edice dedicated to the god Phth ah at Me mphis fo r ,
that o f A mm o n at Thebes an d fo r ot her sacred buildings , .
P h oenician s are thought to have been e mployed up o n the

great wo rks thus initiated as th ey were so me centuries later

,
o n the c o nstructi o n of the T e mple o f S o lo m o n

15
.
Aah mes i s said t o have reigned alt o gether twenty ve -
16
years or as J o sephu s expresse s it m o re exactly twenty ve -
m
, , ,

years and fo ur m o nth s He married a princes s wh o took .
17
,
M n o
Nefert ari Aahmes
iq
the name of - -
, or the beauti f ul
co mpanion o f Aahmes and who is represented on the ,

9
m o numents with ple asing f eatures but a c o mple xi o n Of ebon

,

blackn ess I t is certainly wr o ng to call her a negress ;
.
0
she was an Ethi o pian o f t he best physical type ; and her

marriage with Aahmes may have been based u pon a p o litical
m o ti v e
The E gyptian P hara o h s f r o m ti me to ti me allied
.
themsel v es with the m o narchs of the s o uth partly to Obtain ,
the aid of Ethi o pian tr oo ps in their wars partly with a v ie w ,
o f claiming in right Of their wi v es do m

, inion over the Upper ,
Nile regi o n Aahmes ( Fig 35 ) may have been the rst to

. .
d o this ; or he may simply ha v e fo ll o wed the e xample of his

predecess o rs wh o fo rc e d by the H y ks o s to the south had con
, , ,

tracted marriages with the f amili e s of E t hi o pian rulers .
H is q ueen was certainly r e garded as a pers o nage of imp o r
h
tance S he was called t e wif e o f the god A mm o n
. and ,
"3
1 16 H I S T O RY O F A N C I E N T E G Y PT .
t h e tr i b e O f S i me o n by J o shua I n v aders f r o m t h e l o wer

.
3
Mes o p o tamian region had f r o m time to time made their ap e
aran ce in the broad S yrian valleys and plains ha d drunk

p e ,
the waters of the O rontes and the J o rdan rav aged the o pe n ,
country and even perh aps destroyed the t o wns B ut S yria

, .
was hithert o almost an undisc o v ered regi o n t o the p o wer f ul

pe o ple which nurturing its stren gt h in the N ile valley had
, ,
remained c o ntent with its own natural limits and scarcely

grasped at any c o nquests A time was n o w co me w hen this .
c o mparati v e quietude an d absence Of ambition were ab o ut t o

c eas e P r o v o ked by the attack made upon her f r o m the side
.
o f Asia and s marting f r o m the w o un d s inicted u pon her

,
pride and her pr o sperity by the Hyks o s during the peri o d of

their rule Egyp t now set hersel f t o retaliate and for three
, ,
centuries c o ntinued at inter v als t o p o ur her ar mies into the

E astern c o ntinent an d to carry re and s wo rd o v er the ex
,
tensi v e and p o p u l o us regi o ns which lay between the M editer

ran ean and the Z agro s m o untain range There is s o me u h .
certainty as to the extent o f her c o nquests ; but no reas o n able

doubt can be entertained that for a space of three hundre d
years Egypt was the m o st p o wer f ul and the mo st aggressi ve
state that the w o rld c o ntained and held a d ominion that has

as much right to be called an E mpire as the A ssyrian the

,
B abylo nian or the P ersian W hile B abylonia ruled by Arab

, .
,

c o nquer o rs declined in strength and A ssyria pr o per was
, ,
m erely strugglin g int o independence Egypt put fo rth her ,
ar ms an d grasped the f airest regi o ns O f the earth s s u r f ace

,

.
Thu s co mmenced that struggle f or pred o minance between

n o rtheastern Africa and s o uthwester n A sia which lasted f or ,
ab o v e a th o usand years and was scarcely terminated until ,
Ro me appeared upon the scene and reduced both the rivals ,
u nder her world wide sway -

.
The peri o d of aggressi o n upon Asi a co mmenced w ith

Thoth mes I ( Fig but his A siatic expedition was n ot
. .
his rst enterprise H e began his military career by an i n

.
vasio n of the c o untries upon the Upper N ile

36
and contended ,
in this reg i o n with the Ethi o pians and N ubians ascending ,
the course of the ri v er with a otilla of ships while his tr oo p s ,
als o it is pro bable marched al o ng the banks and n ot on ly

, , ,
directing the m o v ements of hi s fo rces but taking a pers o nal

art in the encounters O n o ccasi o n we are told his
,
p o n e

.
,
maj esty bec ame more f uri o us than a panther and placing ,
an arr o w on t he str i ng directed it against the N ubian chief

w ith s o sure an aim that i t struck h im and remained xed in
,
h i s k n ee Wh ere u p o n the ch ief fell fainting down befo re the

,
CH . xx .
] HIS I NVA S I O N O F A S IA . 11 7
9"
r o yal diadem H e was at o nce sei zed and mad e a pris o ner ;
.
his fo ll o wers were disperse d ; and he himsel f was carried o ff

o n b o ard the royal ship t o the Egyptian capi t al This v ic

.
t o ry was the precu rs o r of o thers : e v erywhere the A n o f

N ub i a were hewed in pieces and scattered all o v er their

,
3"
land s till their stench lled the v alleys A t last a gen .
eral submiss i o n was made and a large tract of territ o ry was ,
ceded T he Eygptian f r o ntier was pu she d on fro m S emn eh

.
o T o mb o s ( lat and a mem o rial was set up

( lat 2 1
. t .
40
at this latter place to mark the existing extent of the em
,
pire s o uthward A new o fcer was app o inted t o g o v ern the

.

n ewly ann exed c o untry wh o was called the ruler of Kush
and appears to have resided at S emn e h ,
.
1
,
T he expedition against the South was fo ll o wed a f ter n o ,
long i nter v al by an in v asi o n O f A sia T o exact satis f acti o n

,
.
from the races which had attacked Egypt and for many years ,
o ppressed her Thothmes marched an ar my thr o ugh P ales

,
tine and Syria int o Mes o p o tamia engaged the nati v es Of th o se ,
regi o ns in a long series of battles and de f ea ted the m m o re ,
than o n c e with great slaughter A single ca pt ain b o asts that

.

i n the c o urse O f the expedition he t oo k twenty one hands -
,
or in other w o rds killed twenty on e men besides capturing

, ,
-
,
a h o rse an d a chariot I f on e man could do so mu ch what .

,
must ha v e been the am o unt of in j ury inicted by the entire

48
host Egyptian armies according to Maneth o were c o unt
ed by hundreds of th o u san ds ; an d e v en i f f or hundreds ,

,
w e substitute tens
the result must h a e been a carnage v
and a des o lati o n su fciently distressing The use of the .
h o rse in war which they had learned f r o m their late c on

rs
added
,
greatly to their military efciency an d to

q u e ro ,
their p o wer of making distant campaigns Th o ugh u n skil .
f ul riders and there fo re a v erse t o the e mploy ment of ca v alry

on any extensi v e scale
t h ey rapidly o rgani zed a str o ng fo rce
,
o f chariots which engaged with success the similar o rgan

,
i zat ion s of the Eastern nati o ns and manifested a decided ,
superi o rity o v er the m W e must supp o se that the Egyptian .
mechanical skill carried t o per f ecti o n in a sh o rt time the

art o f chari o t making and that they c o mbi ned lightness
-
,
with strength in their v ehicles to a re markable degree The .
clim ate of Egypt seems als o to ha v e suited the horse in these

early days ; and so j u dic i o u s were the Egyptian breeders that
the nati v es of Jud aea and S yria nay e v en t he redoubted , ,
H ittites themsel v es i mp o rted their h o rses and chariots f r o m

,
the v alley of the Nile and paid a price f or them which i m

,
p l i es h i gh e xc ellen c e I t i s c red i tab le to t h e sp i ri t and ad

.
118 H I S T O RY O F AN C I E N T E G Y P T . [011 XX .
aptab i lity of the Egyptian pe o ple that they sh o uld so imme ,
diat ely ha v e surpassed their teachers and ha v e been able a t ,
on ce to carry to per f ecti o n a m o de of war f are which was

wh o lly n ew to them while it had long been f amiliar to their ,
antag o nists .
When the king returned triumphant fro m his Asiatic cam

with abu ndant booty and capti v es he set up a tablet
7
a
p g i n , ,
48
c o mmem o rati v e o f his expl o its and t o S h o w his gratitu de , ,
to the di v ine power which had pr o tected him and gi v en him

the victory pr o ceeded f urther to enlarge and embellish the
te mple of A mmon at Thebes co mmenced by A men em hat
,
- -
,
I and ad v anced by his so n U su rt asen

. . The temple at this , .
ti me consisted merely of the central cell and a certain num ,

ber Of chambers built at the si des fo r the priests u se , , .
Aah mes constru cted the cloistered court in f r o nt o f the cen

tral cell a bui lding 2 4 0 feet long by sixty tw o br o ad su r
,
49
-
,
rounding it by a colon n ad of which the supp o rts were Osiri d

pillars or square piers with a co lossal g u re of O siris in
,
f r o nt At either side of the grand p o rtal which ga v e entrance

.
,
to this building he reared a granite Obelisk se v enty ve f eet

, ,
-
high on which he co mme morated his piety and hi s worship

,
"0
Of the g o ds of hea v en
m
.
T he reign O f Thoth mes I appears to ha v e b een sh o rt .
though Maneth o assigned hi m a peri o d of t wenty o ne years

,
52
-
H e was married to a wi f e Aah mes wh o is th o u ght to ha v e

.
, ,
53
been als o his sister and had by her a daughter called ,
Hashep s
54
or Hatasu ,
J -
m and two s o ns , , both of
whom b o re the same nam e as their f ath er A t his death the .
elder of the t wo s o ns ascended the throne and ruled as ,
T hoth mes n ef er shau ; taking also the additi o nal epithet

- -
of Aa -
khepr -
en or e . , H e is known to
moderns as Thothmes II (F ig and had a reign which . .
was brie f and undistinguished Af ter o ne expediti o n against .
the Arabs of the m o re n o rthern parts of the Sinaitic p en in su

la undertaken fo r the purp o se of striki n g terr o r into those
,

inc o rrigible marauders he seems to ha v e gi v e n hi mself up ,
t o a life of alm o st c o mplete inactivity His sis ter Hatasu .

, ,
appears to have acquired great inu ence o v er him and to ,
have been all o wed to assume the r o yal title and take the lead
ing par t in the g o v ernm ent C o nj o intly the brother and .
,
sister made v ari o us additi o ns t o the great temple Of A mm o n

at Thebes while at the same time they bus i ed th em
,
sel ves
120 S
H I T O R Y or A N I E N T E G C Y PT .
[on xx
erected Obelisks at Thebes in the gre at temple of Ammon ,
which equ al alike in size an d in delic acy of workm anship

, ,
67
the constructio n s of an y other m on arch She connected .
her temple at o n ce with the ol der erection of U su rt asen an d ,
with the s acred stre am of the Nile by long avenues of c ri o a
sp h inxes in a post u re of repose She set up st atues of her

,
69
self ln v arious pl aces an d inscribed her n ame upon the ,
rocks of Assou an Her f avorite architect was an Egypti a n

.
70
n amed S emn u t the son of K ames an d H a n efer to whose

,
-
,
mem ory she erected a monument which is now in the B erlin

M u seum .
B u t the most extr aordin ary of all the achievements of

Qu een H at asu an d the one of which she seems t o h ave been
,
most prou d was the est a blishment of a species of sovereignty

,
over the dist ant l and of P u nt by me ans of a na v al expedi

72
tion o n a sc ale of which we h ave no tr ace in the e arlier
3
m o numents Five ships at le ast m anned by thirty rowers
.
,
e ach an d h aving on bo ard besides a crew of some ten or

,

twelve together with a det achment o f Egypti an troops pro
, ,
c eede d from some port on the western co ast o f the R ed S e a
to the southern extremity o f the gulf an d l anded on the

,

shores o f Punt the Ta n eter or Holy L and,
the origi
~
n al se at o f Athor an d perh aps o f Am m on where a most

friendly reception was accorded them The expeditio n was .
not of a h ostile but of a purely p acic ch ar ac ter

,
A high .
76
o fci al of the cou rt accomp anied the eet as royal amb ass ador ,
an d a pro f usion o f presents f or the chiefs of P u nt were pl ac ed

on bo ard The gre at obj ect was to est ablish friendly rel ations
.
,
an d secure both an immedi ate an d also a conti n u ou s supply

o f the precious fr a nkincense whic h was cons u med l argely by ,
the Egypti ans in the worship of the gods an d was especi ally ,
required at this t i me for the due honor o f the gre at Am

mon . The inh abit ants were quite willin g to b arter their
77
highly v alued product for the m anufactures an d for the corn

of Egypt They were simple folk livi ng on st ages built u p
.
,
on piles ( Fig in sm all c abins which could be entered

.
,
only by me ans o f a l adder generally built under the sh adow ,
of a grove o f coco anut p alms an d in the immedi ate vicinity ,
It was among the ob j ects o f the ex

78
o f the incense trees -
.
p e di ti o n to procure n o t only i n cense b u t a cert ain n umber ,
o f the incense be aring trees which the Egypti ans hoped t o

-
,
n at u r ali z e i n t h eir o wn country At their request the n atives .
set to work an d dug up as m any as thirty one of the trees -

,
which t hey p acked wi th e arth about their roots in b askets ,
an d h aving slung th em on p ole s so conveyed them to the

, ,
on . xx .
] R EI GN o r TH OTH M ES I I I . 12 1
ships w here they were pl aced upon the d ec k under an awn

ing .
,
L arge qu antities of the incense itself were also col

lec te d an d p ac k ed in s acks tied at the mouth which were
, ,
piled on the decks in v a rio u s pl aces At t he s ame time other .
v alu able prod u cts of the Holy L a nd were put o n bo ard es ,
c i ally gold silver ivory ebony c assi a kohl o r stibium

p e , , , , ,
80
,
a pes b aboons dogs sl aves a n d leop a rd skins

, , ,A sin gle ,
-
.
t amed leop ard or t igress seems to h ave been also emb arked .
H om age was done to the Queen of Egypt by Parihu the lord ,
who thu s admitted

81
o f the country an d his m issh apen wi f e , ,
the su zerainty of the Ph araohs ; bu t at the s ame time it was

dis t inctly stipul ated th at the pe a ce an d freedom of the l and
82
o f P u nt should be respected .
The return of the emb assy with its wonderful an d varied

tre asures was m ad e a day of rejoicing at Thebes Twelve .
Nile bo ats of the l argest dimensions conveyed the w anderers in

83
a gr and procession to the c apit a l The whole popul ation .
c ame ou t to meet them A p ar ade was m ad e of the troops .
which had accomp anied the expediti on ; the incense trees -

,
the str ange a n im als the m any products o f the dist ant cou ntry
, ,
were e xh ibited ; the t ame leop ard with his negro keeper fol , ,
lowed the sol diers ; n atives o f the remote region c alled

T am ahu who had volunt arily accomp anied the expe dition on
,
its return performed their war d ance,

A hu ll was s acri -
.
84
c ed to Ammon an d a n ew fe ast instituted ? Fin ally to per

"
, ,
t t the gre t occ asion an d prev e nt its f ad ing a wa y from

p e u a e a ,
hum an remembrance the entire expedition was represented ,
in an el abor ate series o f reliefs on the w alls of H at asu s new
temple o n the w e s tern side of Thebes where they may still ,
be seen not very mu ch inj ured by time by the curiou s

, ,
traveller at the present day .
After e xercising the complete roy al authority for the sp ace

o f f teen ye ars H at asu fou nd herself under the necessity o f
,
a dmitting her younger brother to a sh are in the ki n g d om ,
a n d a l lo wed his n ame to appe ar o n pu b l ic monuments in a
second ary an d subord in ate position He had n o w prob ably .

86
re ached the age of eighteen er twenty ye ars ; an d his f urt her

exclusion from th e throne wou ld h ave been contrary to
Eygpti an i de as H e was t h ere f ore accepted into p artner
.
ship ; but this t ardy recogni tion o f his rights appe ars not to
h ave contented him an d his s u bsequent Co n duc t sho ws th a t
,
he bore a deep grudge ag ainst hi s too j e alous gu ardi an Act .
u at ed by a s trong a n d se t t led animosity h e era sed her n ame ,
f rom her m on u m e n ts ; a n d i t is si mply f rom the circum 87
st ance of his agents n o t h avi n g c u t deep enough th at we are

122 H I TO R Y or A N C I E N T E GY PT
S .
[03 . xx .

en abled to trace his sister s c areer without much di fcult y .
Whe ther he proceeded to gre ater lengths an d directed against ,
her person the venge an ce which it is cle ar th at he wre aked

upon her inscriptio n s is uncert ain The j oint rule of the
, .
brot her an d the sister appe ars not to h ave continued f or above

seven ye ars ; but W hether T hothmes after re a ching man
88
,
hood drove his sister by force from the throne or whether

, ,

she slep t in O siris in the ordin ary course of n ature we ,

c annot tell bec ause the monuments are silent
, She was .
89
prob ably not more th an about f orty ye ars o f age at her de

ce ase.
The n ew king T hothmes III crowned at length after so

, .
,
long a minority took the a ddition al title of N ef er K hep ru -
the best of beetles ,
90
to disti n g uish him from his f at her
an d brother while at the s ame time he g ave himself the
,
throne n ame of Men kh ep r ra g am in

g as a f u rth er dis
- -
, ,
ti n ct i ve appell ation .

Thothmes has been c alled the Alex
9
a nder of Egypti an history ; a n d though the a ssoci ations
th at this epithet aw akens tr anscend the facts of the c ase ,
an d m ake the expression in the j udgment o f sober criticism ,

,
seem ex agger ated yet still it pl aces a striking fact in a strik

,
ing light T hothmes III was beyo n d a doubt the gre atest of
.
E gypti an co n querors D evoid so far as appe ars of an y t alent

.
, ,
for org aniz ation as far as possible removed from the r ank
,
an d position o f an Alex ander among persons gifted with r are

a dministr ative c ap acity he h a d at a n y r ate this in common
,
with the gre at M acedo n i an th at he c arried the arms o f on e ,
continent into the very centre of another overc ame all hostile ,
opposition an d brought one o f the gre at kingdoms of West

,
ern Asi a into at le ast a n omi n al submission C onsidering .
the circ u mst an ces o f the t ime there is no doubt th at his ex ,
e d it i o n s a n d the success which attended them imply high

p ,
milit ary t alent ; an d tho u gh the gene al histori an must de r
cli n e to r ank him w ith the re ally gre a t conquerors th a t the

world has produced the Alex an ders the C aes ars the C h arle
magnes yet it m u st be re adily allowed an d asserted th at
, ,
-
, ,
a mo n g Egypti an conqu eri n g kings he holds t h e rst l c

p a e .
No l ater m on arch ever exceeded his glories ; T hothmes III .
is the ne ares t historic al appro ach to the ide al Sesostris the ,

92
only Ph ar aoh who re ally penetrated wi th a hostile f orce deep

93
into the heart of Assyri a an d f orced the gre at st ates o f
'
Western Asi a to pay him tribute if not even to acknowledge ,
his su z erainty
The i n dependent p ubl ic l ife of Thothmes ( M en khepr ra)
.
- -
12 4 H I STO R Y or A N C IENT EG Y PT .
{ 011 . xx
herds , was c arried off Th othmes return ed to Egypt in tri .
umph an d held a prol o n ged f estiv al to Ammon B a in Thebes -

, ,
wh ich he describes at gre at le n gth i n o n e of his i n scriptio n s .
The su ccess of T ho t hmes i n this his rst c amp aign whett e d , ,
h i s appe ti t e f o r f resh co n q u ests B etween his t wenty third an d .

-
his twenty ni n t h ye ars f or which his own an n als are l acki n g

-
, ,
he must h ave bee n e ngaged in three distinct expeditions since ,
he styles the c amp aign of the twenty ninth ye ar his f th -

.
1 00
It appe ars f rom the t omb i n scription o f his c apt ai n Amen -

,
em heb
-
th at one of these was in So u thern J u d ae a or the
1 01
Negeb while in anot her T hot hmes c arried the E ygpti an

, ,
a rms into Northern Syri a r av aged the country about ,
Aleppo thre atene d C archemish an d even crossed the

, ,
E u phr ates i n to Upper Mesopot ami a whence he c arried off a ,
number of priso n e rs It was prob abl y at t h is time th at h e .
rst c ame in co n tr act with the Assyri ans who had recently ,
m ade themselves independent of B a bylo n an d cla i med at ,
an y r ate the su zer ainty over all Mesopot a mi a as f ar as the

E u phr ates No a ctu al collision bet ween the tr 00ps of Egypt
.
an d Assyr i a either at this time or at an y later period o f his

,
reign is recorded ; but his adv ance to C archemish an d pre

,
te n sions to conquests beyond the Euphrates mu st h ave pro

vo ke d the j e alousy o f the Assyri an mon archs an d c au sed
a l arm to be f elt at the Assyr i a n c apit al Thi s was not now .
as sometimes s u ppos e d Nineveh but Asshur ( Kileh ,
Shergh at ) The Assyri an mon archs till recently subj ect to

.
,
B abylon were not as yet very mighty princes ; the gre at

,
p al aces of N imru d K oyu n jik an d Kh e rs ab ad which h ave

, , ,
a t tr a cted so much atte n tion in these l ater times were not ,
built ; Ni n eveh if it exis ted was a provi n ci al tow n of sm all

, ,
rep u te ; the ki n gs eng aged in co n st an t wars wi th the gre at

,
power of the So u th f o u n d the m ai n ten ance of their i n de,
p e n d en c e a t a sk whi ch t a xed their strength to the uttermost ,
an d had e ff ected as yet no very import ant co n quests The .
Egypti an m on arch i n extendi n g his a tt acks i n to the M eS Op o

,
t ami an region e ncountered no very gre at d anger me asured

, ,
his strength ag ai n st th at of no very po werfu l ki n gdom .
Still in adv anci n g beyond the E u phr ates he was c arrying

, ,
his arms into unk n own r e gions at the dist ance o f si x or ,
seven hundr ed m iles f rom his reso u rces an d riski n g an eu ,
counter with the f orces o f an org ani z ed st ate su ch as did not

exist in the l o ng stretch of t e rritory which lay between Egypt
an d the Gre at R iver .
It is a dvis able be f ore proceeding f u rt h er with the w arlike

,
exp editions of Th othm es III to gl ance briey at the general .

,
on . xx ] NA T I ON S or W E STER N A S IA . 1 25
condition of the countries lying intermedi ate between E ygpt

an d the gre at Asi a tic powers o f t h e time Assyri a an d B aby ,
loni a .
The strip of territory intervening between Egypt an d

Mounts T aurus an d Am anns bou nded by the M editerr an e an ,
o n the one h a nd an d the Euphr ates a n d the Syro Ar abi an

,
-
desert o n the other was in the time o f Tho thmes possessed ,

1 02
by fo u r princip al n ations These were in the south the .
, ,
K h alu or Kh aru identied by D r B rugsch with the Phoen i

,
.
1 03
c i an s but more prob ably a Syri an people ; in the centr al
,
p ar ts the R uten o r L uten

,
above them tow ards ,
the west the T ah ai or Z ahi ; tow ards the Euphr ates the
, ,
Khit a or Hittites The country o f the Kh aru e xten ded along

,
.
the co ast from the bou nd ary o f Egypt to a pl ace c alled Au p

1 04
o r A u p a which seems to h ave been in Northern P alestine
, ,
bu t which c annot be identied with an y known site It i n .
cluded withi n i t s borders the cities of Gazatu n o r G az a ,
Ashkalu n a or Asc alon Aalu n a S harhan a or ,
Sh aruhen M aketa or Megiddo T aan ach an d J ah am (perh aps

, , ,
J am ni a) Its inh abit ants were addicted to merc antile pur

.
suits an d c arried o n a bris k tr ade with the Egypti ans in

,
times of pe ace being reg arded by them as a respect able an d

,
civilized people Their northern neighbors the Ruten or

.
,
L uten held the v alley o f the O rontes a n d th e co a st tr act as

,
f ar as Aradu s ; among their towns were K adesh which seems ,
to h ave been the c apit al Aradu s S imyra Arg atu , ,
An au gas In u n am an d H erin o kol

,
,
They are represented a s
,
.
of a y ellowish complexion with Jewish fe atures an d bl ack ,
be ards an d h air It does n ot appe ar th at they were a very

.
numerous people ; but they possessed a civiliz ation of a tol

erab ly high type fought in ch ariots th at were either p ainted
,
o r covered with pl ates of gold used iron armor had f u rn i , ,
ture of ced ar wood inl aid with ivory an d m anufa ctured gold
-
an d silver vessel s of eleg an t forms an d d elic ately ch ased

,
The cou ntry o f the T ah ai which re ached from a little north ,
o f Aradu s to the T a u rus mount a in r ange furnished corn an d -

,
wine in v ast as well as incense b als am honey , , ,
iron l e ad an d v ariou s kinds of precious stones

,
C omp a r .
1 07
ed wi t h the Kh aru R ute n an d Khit a the people were u n , , ,
import ant E ast o f the T ah ai an d n orthe ast o f the R uten

.
,
re aching from the An t iliban u s to the Eup h rates was the ,
gre at n ation of the H ittites with their c apit al at K arikai

mas ha or C archem ish on the right b ank o f the gre at river
,

, , .
Their country is c alled in the inscriptions the gre at l and of

the K hit a Its chief c ities besides C archemish w ere
. , ,
12 6 H I S TO R Y O E A N C I EN T EG Y PT . [ 011 . XX .
rik a K h i sasa
K hirabu ( Aleppo ) T aa ran ta Pa i , p a n d S ar a , , ,
The inh abit ants were f ully as civili z ed as their

neighbors an d at the s ame time more warlike They had
,
.
possessed from a remote antiqu ity a form of pict u re writing -

,
which is found n ot only in their own pr e per country but

,
in v arious p arts of Western Asi a from C app adoci a to the ,

0
shores of the n e an In war the arm whe reto the Khit a .
m ainly trusted was the ch ariot force Their ch ariots c arried -

.
three e ach two w arriors an d the ch arioteer where as the

1 1
Egypti an c hariots c arried two onl y ; an d they could bring

into the eld as m any as O f all the Syri an n ations ,
the Khit a were the most powerful ; an d they maint ai n ed a

sep ar ate n ation al e xiste nce do wn to the time of the S ar
n i ds
go .
Across the E uphr ates the rolling pl ain at the foot of the ,
high mou n t ai n s the P ad an Ar am of Scripture see ms to

w

h ave been know n as Nah arai n or the l and o f t he two ,

rivers ; but the people appe ar to h ave been regarded by the
Egypti ans as Assyri ans There is no re ason to believe that .
they were Assyri ans in r ace ; but it is n o t unlikel y th at even ,
at this e arly time the Assyri an mon arc h s who had thrown
, ,
o ff the yoke of B abylon c laimed a su z e r ainty over the upper

,
Mesopot ami an tribes as B abylon di d over those of the lo wer

region In re ality the tribes were Scythic
,
113
.
, an d belonged ,
chiey to the two r aces of the N ahiri an d Oo mu kha ; they

p ossessed little inter n al organiz ation an d were un able to ,
O ffer an y serious or prolonged resist ance to the f orces of eit her

Egypt or Assyri a Fluctu at ing betwee n the two gre at pow
.
ers for centuries the y were a t length sw allowed up by the

,
ne arer an d stronger of the two the Assyri ans who absorbed , ,
an d a ssimil ated the m tow ards t h e middle of the nin th cen

1 4
tury before ou r era .
In his f th c amp aign which fell into his twe n t y n inth ,

-
y e ar ,
T h o t h me s directed his att ack ag ainst the cities o f th e
Syri an co ast took an d spoiled T u n ep r av aged the l and of

, ,
Z ahi cut down the fru it trees c arried Off the cr ops an d
,
-
, , ,
having l ad en his eet with a v ariety of preciou s obj ects s ail

The next ye ar he t u rned hi s arm
,
ed b ack to Egypt .
115
ag ainst the more norther n R u ten took an d plun de r ed K adesh , ,
S i myra an d Aradu s emptied the m aga zines of their gr ain

, , ,
an d to secure t he perm anent submissio n o f th e cou ntry c arried

, ,
off as host ages a nu mber Of the youn g princes whom he ,
thence f orth ret ai n ed in Egypt req u iring their rel ations to re ,
pl ace an y who died by some other member of their family

.
A p l ac e c alled Hansatu on t he shor es of the l ak e Nesran a

12 8 H I S TOR Y OE A N C I EN T EG Y PT. [ex xx
.
a ppe ars t hat in the time of T hothmes III the eleph ant .
h aunted the woods an d j u ngles of the Mesopot ami an region ,
as he does now those of the peninsul a o f Hi n d u st an In t h e .
neighborhood of Ni or Ni n i l arge h erds o f the uncouth an i ,
mal were to be met wi th ; an d Tho th mes f ound leisure in ,
t he i n terv als o f h i s milit ary oper ations to hunt an d kill no ,
fe wer th an 1 2 0 eleph ants an d Obt ained their t u sks O n on e

, .
occ asion however he was exposed to gre at d an ger The

rogu e or le ading eleph an t of a herd made a rush upon the
, , .
roy al sp ortman an d would prob ably h ave ki ll ed him had

m

, ,
not Amen e heb drawn its rage upon himself by inicting a

wound u pon its trunk an d so s aved his m aster , .
The Mesopot ami an c amp aign of Thothmes thirty third

-
ye ar was followed by o n e o r t wo more in the s ame country ,
which rivete d the E gypti an yoke upon the more western por
tio n of the district b u t do not appe ar to h ave much aected
,
the more e astern p arts of the territory Nothi n g further i s .
he ard of Ni or Nini ; no more eleph ants are h u nted ; no more

trib u te arrives from Se n k ar a ; the Na harai n over which ,
T hoth mes perm anently reigned appe ars to h ave been limited ,
to the tr act between the Euphrates an d the K hab ou r e ast of ,
which hi s rem ains ce ase to be f ound It was not a p art of .
his policy to me asure his strength agains t th at of either of

the gre at Mesopot ami an kingdoms mu ch less to attempt the ,
conquest of the entire territory between the Mons M asi u s

a n d the Persi an Gulf
. H e was re ally conte n t a little to o u t
.
do the w arlike exploit s of his f ather Tho thmes I an d aimed , .

,
simply at m aking the K hab ou r inste ad of the Euphr ates the , ,
e astern limit of the empire .
The l ater c amp aigns o f the gre at T hothmes were almost

entirely in regions which he had previously overrun an d ,
were undert aken to subdue revolt to compel the p ay me n t of ,
tribute or to ch astise m arau ders E xpeditions of this kind

,
.
occupied the mon arch al mos t conti n u o u sly until his f ortieth
129
ye ar ,
when he appe ars to h a ve allowed himsel f a rest f rom
his milit ary l abors an d to h ave turned his attention t o i n
,
sc ri pt i on s Obelisks an d buildings
, ,With an el aboration .
worthy of all pr aise though somewh at we arisome to the stu

,
dent of his times he pl aced o n record at K arn ak an d else

, ,
where all the det ails Of his several c amp aigns all the par
, ,
t i c u lars of the booties which he bore aw ay an d of the tribute s ,
which he ex acted from the v ariou s n ations under his

It appe ars th at in the way of tribute o r booty he c arried off
, ,
f rom the subj ect countries above c aptives ch ar

of the l arge r c attle , m
,
iots ,
horse s , ore th an
on . xx ] G R EAT T A B L ET OF K AR N A K . 129
go ats silver t o the amount of

, pou nds an d gol d ,
t o the amou nt o f pounds H e also brought into .
E gypt from the conqu ered l ands enormous q u an i ti es O f corn ,
an d wine together with license b elsam honey ivory ebony

, , , , , ,
a n d other r are woods l apis l a z u li an d other precious stones

,
-
, ,
f u rniture st atu es v ases dishes b asins tent poles bows

, , , , ,
-
, ,
h abergeons fruit trees live birds an d monkeys ! With a

,
-
, ,
curiosity th at was ins ati able he noted all th at was str ange or
unus u al in the l ands which he v isited an d sought to intro ,
du ce e ach no velty into his own proper country T wo u n .
known kinds of birds an d a v ariety o f the goose which he , ,
fou nd in Mesopot a mi a an d tr ansported the n ce to the v alley

of the Nile are s a id to h ave been
de arer to the king th an
,

a nything else His artists had ordered to m ake c are f u l
.
3
stu dies of the v ariou s obj ects an d to represent them faith

fully u pon his monu ments We see on these water lilies .
,
as high a s trees pl ants o f a growth like c a ctuses all sorts of

, ,
tree s an d shrubs le aves owers an d fru its including

, , , , ,
melons an d pomegr an ates ; oxen an d c alves also gure an d ,
a mong them a wonder ful ani m al with three horns There are .
likewise hero ns sp arrow h awks geese an d doves All th ese

,
-
, , .
Obj ects appe ar gayly intermixed in the pictures as su ited th e ,

simple childlike conception of the primitive artist

.
An ins cription tells the intention Of the mon arch Here .
a re all sorts o f p lants a n d all sorts of owers o f the Holy

L and which the king discovered when he went to the l and
,

of R uten to conquer it Thus s ays the king : I swe ar by the .
sun an d I c all to witness my fat her Ammon th at all is pl ain

, ,
truth ; t h ere is no tr ace of deception i n th at which I rel ate .
Wh at the Splendid soil brings forth i n the way o f produc

tions I h ave had portrayed in these pictures with the i n ten
, ,
tion of Offering them to my f at her A mmon as a memori al for

all times

.
Among the numerous inscriptions of this gre at king none ,
is more rem ark able th an th at which adorns o n e of the ch am

bers added by him to the gr an d temple of Am mo n at Thebes ,
whereby he set fort h his supposed connection with those

m on archs of the O ld E mpire whom he acknowledged as
legitim ate occup ants of the E gypti an throne T o T hothmes .
III belongs the credit of being the rst so far as we know

.
, ,
to att empt the t as k of arr angi n g the Old k ings in something

like chronologic al order Wh at m ateri als he possessed for the .
work wh at amou nt of l abor he expended upon it ho w far it

, ,
was an historic al ho w far an arbitr ary arran ge ment are

, ,
p oints u p on which v ariou s O p inions may be h eld ; but it is

1 30 H I S TO R Y o r A N C I E NT E GY PT . [ex xx .
incontest able th at ou t of the ch aos of the p ast he educed a

cert a i n method an d order which i n its m a in f e atures c ame to ,
be reco gn ized by th e Egypti ans themselves as authentic an d

authori t ative Sixty kings com menci n g wi t h S en eferu an d
.
, ,
comprising Ass a Pepi several An t ef s Me n tu hoteps an d

, , ,
-
,
U su rt asen s were exhibited in a co n secutive series as an ces

,
tors of the reigning Ph araoh who represented hims e lf as ,
m aking O fferings to them an d thus acknowle dged at once ,
their ancestral rel ation to himsel f an d their divinity The 1 33
Gre at T ablet of K arn ak a s it is c alled must alw ays re

.
,
,
m a in among the most import ant of those documents upon

which the arrangement of t he e arl y history of Egypt d epends ;
a n d though by m any its v alu e is thought to be s u rp assed b
y
l ater an d f u ller lists there will alw ays be som e to whom on
, ,
a ccount of its a nt iq u ity it will approve i t self as the most

,
import ant an d most trustworthy of all the e arly c at alogu es o f

kin gs .
B esi d es distinguishing himself as a w arrior as a rec ord ,
writer as a n atu r al histori an an d as a gene alogist Thoth

, , ,
mes III was on e Of the gre atest of Egypti an builders an d

.
p atrons of art The gre at temple of Ammon at Thebes was

.
the speci al obj ect of his fostering c are ; an d he began his

c areer of bu ilder an d restorer by rep airi n g the d amages which
his sister H at asu had inicted on th at gloriou s edice to
, ,
gr ati fy her dislike of her brother T hothmes IL an d her , ,
f ather Thot hmes I St atues Of T hothmes I an d his father

,
. .
, ,
Amen o phis which H at asu had thrown down were re erected

, ,
-
by Tho thmes before the southern propyl aea of the temple

in the rst ye ar of his independent The centr al
s anctu ary which U su rtase n I had b u ilt in common
,
.
was next repl aced by the present gr anite edice under the
d irections of the young prince who the n proceeded to build ,
in re ar of the Old temple a m agnicent h all or pill ared ,
ch amber of dimensions previo u sly unknown in Egyp t This

, .
edice was an oblo n g squ are 1 4 3 f eet long by fty ve f eet ,

-
wide or ne arly h al f as l arge ag ain as the n ave of C anterbury

,
C athedral The whole of this ap artment was roofed in

.
1 36
w ith sl abs of soli d stone ; two rows of circul ar pill ars thirty
feet in height supported the central p ar t dividing it into ,
three avenues while on e ach side of the pill ars was a ro w o f

,
squ are pi ers still f u rther extendi n g the w idth of the cha m
m
,
ber an d bre aking it up into ve long vist as

. In connec .
tion with th is nobl e h all on three si des of it north e ast , ,
T hoth mes erected f u rther ch ambers an d corridors

, ,
a n d south , ,
on e o f t he form er, s i tu at ed t owards t he south c ont aining ,

1 32 H I S TO R Y OF AN C I E N T E GY PT . [ ox xx
.
which his active mind was continu ally engaged in devising .
W e nd among the mon u ments o f his time a represen tation 5"
o f the mode in which the services o f these foreign bondsmen

were m ade to subserve the glory of the P h ar aoh who had c ar
ried them aw ay c aptive Some are seen kne ading an d cutting
.
up the cl ay ; others be ar them w ater from a neighboring pool ;

others ag ai n with the assist ance of a wooden mould S h ape
, ,
the cl ay into bricks which are the n t aken an d pl aced in long

,
rows to dry ; n ally when the bricks are su f ciently h ard

, ,
the highest cl ass of l aborers proceed to build them into w all s .
All the works p erf ormed under the eyes of t askm asters armed
with sticks who address the l aborers with the words : The
,

stick is in my hand B e n ot idle O ver the whole is an

. .
i n scription which s ays : Here are to be seen the prisoners ,
which h ave been c arried aw ay as living c aptives in very gre at

nu mbers ; they work at the b u il d ing with active ngers ; their
overseers are in sight ; they insist with vehemence (on the
others l aboring ) obeying the orders o f the gre at skilled lord
,
the he ad architect ) who prescribes t o them the works

-
, ,
an d gives directions to the m a sters ; they are re warded with

wine an d all kinds of good dishes ; t h ey perf arm their service
wi th a mind full of love f or the king ; they build for Thoth
m es Ra men khepr a Holy of Holies for the gods M ay it
- -
.

b e rew arded to him through a r ange of m any ye ars !
'
The scene is so gr aphic the words are so f orcible an d suit

a ble th at m any h ave recogni z ed in this rem ark able picture an
actu al represe n t ation o f the oppressed Hebrews working

u nder the tyr ants who m a de their lives bitter with h ard

bond age in mort ar an d in brick be ating them an d ill using -

th em so th at all the service wherein they m ade them serve
,
, , ,

was with rigor ;
53 5
but the best critics of the present day
are of opi n ion th at though the work is an excellent illus
,
trat i on of the sort of li f e led by the Isr aelites under the

Ph ar aohs who Oppressed them yet in point of fact it depicts , , ,
not their sufferi n gs but those of quite a d ifferent people

,
.
The l aborers were persons whom T hot hmes had c arrie d off

in his w ars the c aptives of his b ow an d of his spe ar not
members of a despised r ace which he had inherited with hi s ,
other subj ects from his f ore fathers ; their counten ances h ave a
S emitic c ast bu t are cert a inly n o t m arkedly Jewish ; an d the
,
general ch aracter of their physiognomy i S very different from '
th at of the Jews They h a ve light h air an d in sever al in

.
,

st ances blue eyes ; they are as slight in frame as the E gyp
5"
ti ans the mselves an d in few i n st an ce ; do they we ar a be ard

,
.
While, therefore, we must look with Sp eci al interest on a

cu xx ] C O N DI T I O N O E TH E I sR AEL ITEs . 1 33
wor k which brings before u s the sort of su ff ering th at befell

the Isr aelites in their h ard bond age in Egypt w e are boun d ,
to regard it as be aring Only indirectly o n this su bj ect an d as ,
prim arily illustrative only of the mode in which prisoners o f

war were tre ated by the Egypti ans in the p almiest d ays o f the
E mpire .
It may be asked however with some excuse for the ques

, ,
ti on wh at wa s the condition o f the Isra el ites at this time ?

,
W ere they still in Egypt or h a d t h ey alre ady gon

, e forth ?
D id or did n o t T ho thmes III st and in an y peculi ar rel a tion .
to them ? An undying interest att aches to the H ebrew race ,
an d E gypt hersel f derives from her connection with the

peculi a r people more th an h alf the attr activeness which
she possesses f or the gener al p u b lic Without this she might .
,
still thro ugh her antiquity an d her mysteriousness dr aw to

, ,
herself the reg ards o f the reclu se stude n t Of the philologist , ,
an d the a ntiqu ari an ; but t o the m a sses she would be simply

an empire de a d an d gone a closed p a ge o f o ld world history -

, ,

the S h ado w of a gre at n ame a n d nothing more It is

, .
bec ause Israel soj ourned in Egyp an d the hou se of

J acob among a people of str a nge l angu age i t is bec ause
the life an d ch ar acter of the Jewish r ace were indelibly i m
presse d an d colored by their lo n g residence in th at won derful
l and an d their lon g cont act with the won derfu l E gypti an
,
n ation it is bec au se for ne arly eighteen centuries the his

,
tories of E gypt an d P alestine were i ntermixed an d the ,
H ebrew an d Eygpti an r aces a cted an d re ac ted on e u pOn the -
other th at the world at l arge does n o t regard Egyptology

,
w ith indi ff erence or turn a de af ear to those who seek to i n

,
s truct it upon Egypti a n m atters N atur ally it is at the .

,
points of con ta ct bet wee n E gyp ti an a n d Hebrew history

th at the interest of the former culmin ates ; an d the histori an
o f Egypt w h en he re aches the prob able period Of the servi
,
tu de an d th e E xodu s is bound to thro w as mu ch light as he

,
possibly c an on the time an d circumst ances of their occur

rence .
We h ave e xpressed ou r Opinion th at Joseph was prob

ably the m inister of Apepi the l a st Shepherd king and , ,
th at the sons of J acob entered Egypt from Palestine u n der

this mon arch Hospit ably recei ved by a people of the s ame
.
1 58
astoral h abits with themselves th e Isra elites occupied the ,
an d o f Goshen a portion o f the T anitic nome lyin g b e

1 69
, ,
t ween the S eb en n yti c an d Pelu si ac b r anches of the Nile ,
where th ey fed their own ocks a n d at the s a me tim e super ,

int ended the herds b elon gin g to the Egyp t ian k in g If
0
.
1 34 H I S T OR Y O E A N CI ENT E GY PT . [c x xx
Joseph lived as is commonly supposed about seventy ye ars

, ,
af ter this event he mu st h ave lo n g o u tlived Apepi

,
whose ,
161
entire reign i s estim ated at sixt y o n e ye ars Prob ably he -
.
d ied under Aahmes abou t B C 1 6 00 h aving of course lost

. .
, ,

his position of lord over the whole l an d when the Shep ,
I
herd dominion fell but h aving le ft an undying n ame which

, ,
long protected his kinsmen For m any ye ars they liv e d .
pe ace ably an d undisturbed in the region assigned them where

they were fru itful an d incre ased abund an tly an d m u lti
,

, ,

plied an d w a xed excee d i n g mighty
, u ntil the l and was ,

At length a
63
lled wi t h them . new king arose up over

Egypt which knew not Joseph T he only question which
c a n properly be r aised at this period of the hi story is Who
.
,
was this ? Was Thothmes III or was an y one o f his pre

.
,

d ec essors o f the eighteenth dyn a sty the n e w king an d , ,
had the oppression of the Isr aelites now beg u n o r were they ,
still living in the qu iet an d retired position which they o c c u

pied from the rst serving the Egypti ans bu t not ill
6 5
, ,
tre ated by them ? C hro n ologic al consider atio n s lea d to the

conclusion th at the severe oppression had not yet beg u n It .
-
was c on se u en t on the very gre at multiplic ation of the Isr a el

ites whi c rendered them formid able to Egypt ; an d this
,
multiplic ation required time f or its developmen t a n d c annot ,
re ason ably be thought to h ave att ained su ch proportions as to

call for severe me asures of repression in the ce ntury or cen ,
tu ry an d a qu arter which ha d intervened between the reign

o f Apepi an d th at of T ho th m
,
e s III

The n ew king
.
166
must be looked for at a d ate consider ably l ater th an th at of

this mo n arch an d we mu st regard Thothmes an d all the
,
e arl ier kings o f this dyn asty a s Ph ar aohs under whose sw ay

the n as cen t people rem ained quietly in Goshen r apidly mul ,
t iplyi n g an d incre asing but not to su ch an extent as to dr a w

,
upon them as yet the j e alo u s f e ar of their sovereign

Among the inscrip tions of T hothmes are some which seem
.
, ,
to ascribe to him a series of victories over the n ation s of t he

s outh as well as ove r those of the north an d the northe ast ;
7
,
but his own ann als are so ne arly complet e an d his own co n ,
s tan t presen c e with the forces e n g aged in Syri a an d Mesopo

t ami a IS S O distinctly m arked th at i t seems impossible to ,
vi ew these southern victories a s g ained by t he mon arch in

68
person They were the fruit it is prob able of c amp aigns
.
, ,
c arried on by his gener als in the opposite qu arter to t h at against

which his o wn e ort s were directed c amp aigns which res u lt
ed in the c ap tur e o f nu m erou s p risoners an d the c arryin g O ff
vol .
34
Fig . . H EAD DRE SS ES OF THOTHMES 111 . AND N
AME OPHIS 1V .
S ee Page 191 .

b is. HrAD or Nw w rm W
.
-
.
S ee Page 114 .
CH . xx .
] M A R I T I M E PO WER OF TH OTH M E S III . 1 35
of much booty but which did n ot add any new p rovince to

,
the E mpire .
According to on e writer the m aritime su ccesses of Thoth ,
mes were almost more rem ark able th an those which he g ained
by l and O ne perc eives s ays M L en orman t
.
by the .
169
, ,
inscrip tion upon the st e l e O f Thebes th at the eets o f the

gre at Ph araoh af ter h aving rst conqu ered C yprus an d
,
C rete had f u rther subj ect e d to his sceptre the isl ands of the
,
southern Archipel ago a considerable portion of the se abo ard

,
Of Greece an d of Asi a an d even perh aps the lo wer extremity

,
Of It aly It appe ars to me th at on e ought to co n clude f ro m

.
the s a m e monument th at the war vessels of T hothme s III -

.
penetrated pretty frequently into the w aters of the B l a ck S ea ,
where Herodotus pretends th at the Egyp ti ans had be f ore this

founded a colony in C olchis for the working of the
I am in f a ct d isposed to recognize the a ncestors o f the
, ,
Germ anic Ases the descend ants o f the Ashken a z of Genesis

x. at this time dwellers o n the P alus M aeo t i s i n o n e o f the
-
tribes enu mer ated a mo n g the northern peoples who p aid tri
bute to the eet o f T ho thmes In another direction the s ame .
force had m a de the authority of Egypt t o be acknowledged

along the entire se abo ard of L iby a Memori als of the reign .
o f T hot hm es III h ave been fo u nd at C herchell in Algeri a ;

.
an d it is n o t at all impossible th at they re ally m ark the limit
whereto the po wer of this prince e xtended o n the north co ast

o f Afric a .
Now it is cert ain th at T hothmes was accomp anied an d

,
su pport ed by a consider able eet in sever a l of hi s expeditions

i nto Syri a ; an d it is n ot at all improb able th at he extended
his dom inion over th e isl and Of C ypru s which at a mu ch less ,
ourishi n g period was conquered an d held by Amasi s B ut 1 72
the extended maritime dominion a ssigned to him in this

.
p assage sc arcely rests on an y secure o r st able fou n dation It .
i s n ot a ccepted by the m ore sober of modern Egyptologists

173
,
nor c an it be s aid to h ave prob ability in its f avor The .
spirit o f m aritime enterprise which anim ated the Greeks the ,
Ph oenici ans an d the C a rth agini ans was at no time ri f e in

, ,
Egypt ; an d Egypti an s ailors would sc arcely h ave co n fronted

the perils of the inhospit able Euxine or even o f the Open ,
M editerrane an without a mu ch stronger indu cement th an

,
a n y which the Europe a n co asts h a d a t this tim e to o er
the m It is s aid th a t they may h ave employed the serv ices

o f Tyri an m

.
ariners ; but there is no evidence th at Tyre was

4
at thi s e a rly d a te ( circ B C 1 5 00) a gre at m aritime st a te o r

. . .
,
indeed th at the P hoenici ans proper had as yet p assed from

1 36 H I S TO R Y O F A N C I E NT E GY PT . [011 . XX .
175
the Persi an Gulf to the Mediterr ane an The sole foun .
d ation on which M L en orman t s theory rests is th at of the

.

ethnic n ames occurring in the hymn or song Of v ictory i n

scribe d by Tho thmes o n the w all of the temple of Ammon at
Thebes ; but these n ames are of exceedingly doubtf u l import ,
an d a ccording to Dr B rugsch
,
design ate none but Asi atic
.
,
o r Afric an n a tions The p ass age o n which M L en orman t

. .
rests his theory is thus tr ansl ated by his Germ an fellow la -
1 76
b orer :
(AM M O N
I c ame an d th o u s motes t th e p ri n ces o f Z ah i
I scattere d the mu n de r th v f ee t all o ver th ei r lan ds
,
I made t h em regard thy H o li n ess as th e b la i ng su n z

T h ou shi n est i n sigh t o f th emi n my f orm .
I c ame an d th ou s motest th o se t hat d well i n Asi a

,
T h ou t o o kest c a p ti v e th e g o at h e rd s o f R u t e n
-
I ma de th e m b eh o ld th y H oli n ess i n th y r oyal ad orn me nts ,
As thou graspes t th y weap on s i n th e war c h ari o t .
I c a me an d th o u s mo tes t th e lan d o f th e E ast

T h ou march edst agai n st th e dw elle rs i n th e H o ly L and
I made th em to b eh o ld thy H o lin e ss as th e star C an op u s ,
W hi c h sen ds f orth its h e at an d disp erses th e d ew .
I c ame an d th ou smo test th e lan d o f th e W es t

,
K ef a an d Aseb i (tl e P h oen i ci a an d Cyp ru s) h eld th ee i n f ear

I mak e t he mlo o k u p on thy H oli n ess as u p o n a you n g b u ll
.
C ou rageo u s wi th sh ar p h orn s , wh o mn o n e c an app ro ach

,
.
,
I c a me an d th ou smotest th e s u b jec ts o f th ei r lords

T h e lan d of M ath en tre mb led f o r f ear o f th ee
,
I mad e th emloo k u p o n thy H o li n es s as u p on a croco dile,

T erri b le i n th e w aters, n ot t o b e en co u n t ered .
I came an d th ou s motest th e mth at dwelt i n th e Great S ea

,
:
T h e i n h ab itan ts o f th e i sles w ere afrai d o f thy war cry -
I mak e th emb eh o ld thy H o lin ess as th e Av en ger

W h o sh o ws h imself at the b ac k o f h is vi cti m
,
I c ame an d th ou smotes t th e lan d o f th e T ah en n u

T h e p e op le O f U ten su b mi tte d th emselves to th y p o wer
,
I mad e th em see thy H o li n ess as a li on erce o f eye ,

,
W h o leaves his de n an d stalk s throu gh th e valleys .
I c ame an d th ou smot est th e b i n der

. n o rth e rn lan ds
T he c i rc u i t o f th e Gre at S e a i s b o u n d i n thy grasp
I mad e the mb e h o ld th y H o li n ess as th e h o veri ng h awk ,
Which sei es wi th his glan ce whatever pleases h i
z m .
1 38 H I S TO R Y O F A N C IENT E G Y PT . [03 . xx
world their most striking Egypti an monum ents The .
m e mori al w hich he erec ted to co mmemor at e his conqu est of

th e lan d of N aharai n looks do wn upon t he pl ace of the At me i

dan in the city o f C onst antine ; o n e o f his gre at Theb an

Obelisks re ars i t sel f in the midst o f the Pi a z z a in front of the
while the twin spires 3
C hurch of St John L ateran in R ome.
which he set up be f ore the temple of the S u n at Heliopolis ,
a fter lon g a dorning Alex andri a h ave been conveyed re ,
sp e c ti vely to L on don an d to New Y ork where they may ,
check the overweening arroga n ce of the two proudest n ations

o f the modern world by showing t hem th at the art an d e n
i n e e ri n g S kill o f a ncient Egyp t were in some respects u n ap
g
p ro ac h ab le It
. m ay be fur ther noted th at t he n ame of
T hoth mes III is f ound more f requ ently t han an y ot her on

.
, ,
s c arab m which were u se d a s amulets ;

181
i an d sm all i m ages ,
~
whence it would seem th at he was reg arded after his d e ath

as a sort o f de i ty o f good lu c k a preserver ag a inst the evil ,
82
inuence of wicked spirits an d sorcerers .
In person Thothmes III does n ot appe ar to h ave been very .
rem ark able His counten ance was thoroughly Egypti an but
.
,
n ot ch ar a cterized by a n y strong i n divid u ality The long .

,
m
well sh ape d but som ewh at delic ate nose almost in line wi th
-
, ,
the f orehe ad gives a slightly fe inine appe arance to the f ace

, ,
w hich is generally represented as be ardless an d moder ately

plump The eye prominent an d l arger th an th at of the o r
.
, ,
din ary Egypti an h as a pensive but resolute expression an d

, ,
is suggestive of m ent al force The mo u th is somewh at t oo .
full f or be auty bu t is resol u te like the eye an d less sensu al

, , ,
th an th at o f most Egypti an s There is an appe ara nce of .
we akness about the chi n which is short an d retre ats slightly , ,
thu s helping to give the entire counten ance a wom anish look .
Altogether the fa ce has less Of strength an d d etermin ation

,
th an we shoul d h ave expected but is n ot wholly without in ,
di cati on s o f those qu alities

.
Thothmes III died after a reign o f fty four ye ars

33
-
.
,
a ccor d ing to his o wn reckoning

184
prob ably at about th e age ,
Of S ixty
, since he see ms to h ave been a mere i n fan t at th e
de ath o f his f ather Thothmes I He married a wi f e c alled , .
H at a su M eri ra 186
b y whom he had at le ast two chil dren a
, ,
m
au ht ei
8 7
g ,
N e f ru r a a n d a son Amen h ot ep
-
who succeeded
, ,
-
,
I .
Amen hotep the son o f Th othmes III (Fig

-
, took on . .
hi s a cc ession t he thro n e n ame o f R a aa kh epru an d is kn own - - -

,
i n history as Amen o phis II He was not a ki n g of an y gre at 188

.
force of ch ar acter o r ability D u ring his short rei gn of som e .

on . xx ] WA RS or A M EN -
H OTE P I I . 1 39
189
seven or eight ye ars he achieved but little t hat is deserving
,
o f rem embr a n ce As crown prince it wo u ld seem th at he

.
,
had conducted a c amp aign ag ai n st the B edouins of the desert

between the v alley o f the Nile an d the R ed S ea in which he ,
90
had obt ained cert ain su ccesses As king his efforts were .
,
directed solely to the m ainten ance of the E mpire ac q uired by

his father an d the ch astisement o f those who rebelled again t
, s
his authority Following the u su al pra ctice of Orie n ta l s u c

.
j cet n ations at the de ath of their conqueror the tri bes o f ,
Western Asi a no sooner he ard of T hothmes dece ase th an they
renounced their allegi ance to Egypt a nd re cl aimed their inde ,
p e n d en ce Amen .o phis in his rst o r second ye ar had t o u n
d erta ke an expedition against the rebels an d to re est ablish ,

-
the authority o f Egypt over the entire region which had been
conquered by h is father It appe ars th at he was everywhere .
su ccessfu l H e r apidl y overr an Syri a an d Mesopot ami a

.
,
t aking the chief cities after short sieges an d even pushed his ,
a rms as far as t he town o f Ni the supposed gre at city of ,
Nineveh At T akhi ra in Northern Syri a he slew he tells

.
1 91
,
u s seven kings with his o wn b attle club ; after which he su s

,
-
pended t heir bodies from the prow of his o wn war vessels -

,
a n d in this way conveyed them to Egypt where he hung si x

ou t of the seven outside the w alls O f Thebes an d the rem ain ,
ing o n e on the w all o f N ap at a to serve as a w arning to the ,
It is rem ark able th at Amen o phis II

1 92
negroes of the south . .
is the rst king who represents himself in the act of killing

several c aptured mon archs at o n e an d the s ame time with a
club or m ace ; an d the a ccount which he gives o f his pro
c ee d i n gs r a ises the suspicion th at the cold bloo d ed murder -
was actu ally a ccomplished by his own h a nd If so we must .

,
regard him as a t once cru el a n d a a

b rb rous cruel to condem n ,
t o de ath so l arge a nu mber when the e xecution of two o r ,
three would h ave been equ ally e fc acious as a w arning ; bar

b arou s t o t ake upon himself the odious o fce of executioner
,
Modern Egyptologis t s h ave f or the most p art glossed over or

ignored the crimes an d cru elties the de lemen ts an d a bom ,
i n at i o n s wh i ch deforme d the civiliz ation o f Egypt

,
It is not .
the wis h o f the present writer to give them undu e promi

n en c e ; but the interests of historic truth require th at when ,
the occ asion O ffers they should be noticed lest a false esti
, ,
m ate should b e formed of the d egree of renement an d of

moral d evelopment to which the Egypti ans of Ph araonic
times att ained .
The countries which Amen o phis II cl aims to h ave Ch as .
tised an d reduced to Obedience are eleven in nu mber ; b u t

H I S TOR Y O E A N CI ENT E GY PT .
[ex xx,
some of them are very v aguely indic ated A recent writer

.
1 94
thu s enu merates them The l and o f the south the in .
,
h abit ants of the O ases an d the l and of the north the Ara ,
bi ans or Sh asu the M armari dae ( T ahen n u ) the Nubi an

,
, ,
nom ad tribes the Asi atic hu sb andmen Naharai n Ph oenici a

, , , ,

the C ilic i an co ast the upper R uten country ,If all these .
had rebelled Amen o phis must cert ainly h ave had enough to
,
occupy him during his S hort reign an d deserves some credit ,
for h aving re est ablished the authority o f Egypt on all sides

-
,
af ter it had been so serio u sly m en aced .
As a builder Amen o phis II fell very far short not only

, .
,
of his predecessor but o f most Egypti an kings of this period

, .
The h all which he a dded to the gre at temple of Ammon at

Thebes is on a me an sc ale an d poor in the ch aracter of its ,
orn ament ation his temple at A mad a in Nubi a has no par

ti c u lar merit ; nor do the a dditions which he m a de to the
temple of T otu n at K ou mmeh 19
strike the tr aveller a s h aving
much to recommend them to his notice The best monu .
ment of his reign is his tomb at Abd el Qurn ah where he is - -

,
represented se ated upon his throne with a sceptre in his ,
right h an d an d we aring the peculi ar he address which ch ar

,
act eri zes t he god Merul a B elow him is a frieze cont aining .
the scutcheons of eleven c aptured kings while in f ront of him ,
are numerous rel atives an d attend ants bring ing o ff erings o f ,
various kinds stone Sphinxes coloss al st atues f u rniture arms

, , , , ,
1 97
v ases mirrors an d the like
, His other sculptures are
,
.
chiey religious an d exhibit him as a worshipper of H ar

,
machi s Ammon Ra Thoth K n eph T otu n an d U su rtasen

,
-
, , , ,
III . the gre at N u bi an conqueror They are altogether of a

,
.
commonpl ace ch ar acter .
Amen ophis was the son of H at asu M erira an d in on e pl ace -

,
represents her as se ated behind him on a throne like his own ,

1 98
which would seem to imply th at he had associ ated her with

him in the government He had a son S haemu as or Kh amu s .
, ,
who bore the o ffice of chie f priest of Ammon an d a grand ,
so n ,
Amen ho tep or Amen Ophis with the surn ame of
-
,
-
,
1 99
H apu The son however who succeeded him on the
.
, ,
throne bore his gr and father s n ame of Thothmes to which

,

,
he a dded those Of Men -

khepru -
ra, an d S ha -
sh au ,
2 2 m
on his accession
,
It would seem th at Tho thmes .
was not the eld est son or e xpect ant heir o f his pre d ecessor , ,
since he ascribes his accession to the speci al favor of H ar

machis an d rel ates how th at deity appeared to him as he
,
14 2 H I S TOR Y OE A N C I EN T E GY PT . [e x xx .
wou ld seem of an Ethiopi an mother Mut em u a ( Fig

, ,
- -
2n
.
Amen o phis had a somewh at foreign physiognomy ; an d it was

prob ably owing to his foreign connection th at he favored
ch anges in the St ate religion which were looked upon as revo

lu ti on ary He m arried a wi f e n amed Tii ( Fig 2 5 ) or T ai a
m
. .
,
who was cert ainly a f oreigner though o f wh at n ation is ,
doubtful H er father s n a me was J u aa her mother s T u aa

.

,

,
possibly Arabi an possibly E thiopi an appell atives Tenderly

. .
a tt ached to her an d domin ated by h er inuence he le ant ,
tow ards th at exclusive an d peculi ar Sun worship which was -
est ablished by his successor an d though not t he direct in tro ,
du c er Of the ch ange mu st be viewed as h aving p aved the

.
way to it by accusto min g the Egypti ans to the The

religiou s history of the a ncient E astern world is a subj ect at
once too W ide an d too obscure to be discussed in t his pl ace
episodic ally ; but it c an n o t be questioned th at f rom a very
a ncient d ate there existed i n Ar abi a an d elsewhere a speci al
devotion to the brilli ant o rb o f day which from time to time ,
aspired t o become a distinct an d sep ar ate religion In the .
n ature worship of the O ld Egypti an Empire the Su n had

held no very import ant pl ace Phthah Khem an d K n eph .
, ,
ha d been the princip al deities w h ile R a had occupied a q u ite ,
subordin ate position With the rise of Thebes to power a

.
ch ange had occurred Ammon e arly identied with Ra an d

.
, ,
known commonly as Amm o n R a had been recognized as the -

,
.
he ad of the P antheon ; Mentu S hu Tum H arm achis sol ar , , , ,
gods had risen in r ank an d position : the sol ar elem ent in

,
the Egypti an religion had as it were asserted itself an d come , ,
t o the f ront Now a further development bec ame m anifest

. .
The theory was bro a ched th at the lord of light the actu al ,
m ateri al su n was the sole proper obj ect of worship an d th at

, ,
the polytheism hitherto m aint ained as the State religion was

f alse wrongf u l bl asphemous All adoration wa s c laimed for
, , .
o n e go d alone o u t o f the fty o r sixty who had hitherto

di vided amo n g them the religious regards of the people .
Under Amen h otep III indeed the doctrine still rem ained
-
.
, ,
veile d ; but its le aveni n g inu ence beg an to be f elt from this
time ; an d the reign o f Amen hot ep III is chiey remarka -
.
ble as conducing tow ards the religious revolution which so

shortly followed .
B u t the reign is n ot rem ark able fo r this only From a mili .
t ary n oint of view it is in deed u n interesting an d of slight

,

m om n t
e
. Amen o phis did not extend the power of Egypt
either in the north o r i n the south There are indic atio ns .
th at he m aint ain e d in the north the do minion which had

CH . XX
,] R EIG N O F A M E NO PII I S I II . 14 3
de s ended to him from T hothmes III

c
an d abund ant .
,
2 16
proo f th at he eng aged person ally in milit ary operations in the

south ; but we c annot ascribe to him an y extension of the
2 17
E gy pti an territory even in this qu arter He was content as .

,
it would seem to condu ct ra zzi as on a l arge sc ale ag ainst the

m
,
u nh appy n e gro tribes an d to c arry O ff into c aptivity some

,
hundreds of their m embers the gre at m aj ority consisting of ,
wom en an d children He may possibly h ave Obt ained the

.
2 19
submission of some tribes which were not previously subj ect ,
an d it is not unlikely th at he once o r t wice defe ated the

Ethi opi ans ; but it is absurd to spe ak o f him as a conquering

mon arch or to put him on a level with the gre at Thoth
,

mes i n respect of milit ary m atters
,
.
As a builder o n the contrary Amen o phis III is entitled

, ,
to very considerable cre d it an d may cl aim a pl ace among the

.
,
220
most distingu ished of E gypti an m on archs T ablets exist .
ing in the qu arries o f Tour a ne ar Memphis S how th at he b e

an t o e xc av ate stone f o r the rep a irs o f temples as e arly as
g 2
his rst an d secon d ye ar ; an d the sc ale a n d number o f his
works are such as to indic ate unrem itting attention to scu lp

tu re a n d bu ilding during the whole term of his long reign o f
t hirty si x ye ars
-
Amen o phis erected the gre at temple of
.
A mm on at L u xor o n e Of the most m agnicent in all,
embellished th at of K arn a k with a new propylon buil t two ,
n ew temples o n the s ame site to Ammon an d M aut an d

u n ited the whole qu arter of the temples at K arn ak with the ,
n ew temple o f Ammon at L uxor by an a venu e o f crio sphinxes -
223
with the su n s disk on the ir he a ds

He also bu ilt two .
temples to K n eph or Khum at E leph anti n e on e to cont ain ,
his o wn im age at S oleb in Nu i a a S hrine wi th a propylon

,
an d r t m sphinxes before it a t Gebel B e rk al o r Nap at a

224
-
,
an d another shrine at Inscribed t ablets d ated in

his reign are found at S emn eh in the isl an d o f Konosso o n , ,
the rocks between Phil ae an d Assou an at El K aab at S ilsilis ,

-
,
228
a n d at S a rab it el Kh a dim in the Sin aitic p eninsul a
- -
O f all .
his edices th at which approved itself the most highly i n his

,
o wn eyes was the temple or r ather perh aps the temple p al ace -
Of L u xor I bu ilt on t he rocky soil

,
he s ays a co u rt of
,
.
, ,
al ab a ster o f rose gr anite an d o f bl a ck sto n e

, Also a double
, .
tower g atew ay did I execute bec ause I had undert aken to

-
,
d edic at e the most be auti f ul thing possible to my d ivine father

e Ammon.
) St a tu es o f the
. gods are to be seen in it
e verywhere They are c arved in all their p arts A gre at
s t atu e was m
. .
ade of old n d all k inds o f be autiful p reciou s

g a
14 4 H I S TO R Y O E A N C I N T E GY PT E . [ 011 . xx
.
stones I gave directions t o execute O Ammon wh at ple as

.
, ,
2
ed thee well to unite thee with thy be au ti f u l dwelli n g
,
.
It wa s i n con n ection w ith another o f his temples o n e bui lt ,
u pon the Opposite b an k o f the Nile th at Ame n o phis c au sed ,
to be constr u cted the most rem ark able of all his works t he
t wo giga n ti c st atues which are still to be seen be f ore the
r u ins of his temple o n the dr amas or p aved way by wh ich
,
, ,
it was appro a ched 28

These sitting gures which represent
.
the king himsel f were c arved e a ch of them o u t o f a si n gle

, , ,
229
block of soli d reddish s andston e Their present hei ght .
a bove the p avement o n whi zh they st and is ne ar ly S ixty o n e -
an d the origi n a l height including t he t all crown ,
worn by Egypti an ki n gs is s u pposed to h ave been ne arly ,

2 31
seventy f eet NO other Egypti an colossi are known to h ave
.
much exceeded fty f eet A pecu i ar f ame has att ached t o

l
.
one of these st atues owing to the accident th at d ur in g the,
sp ace of abo u t 2 2 0 ye ars it emitted a music a l so u nd soon

af ter d aybre ak a n d thu s a ttr a cted to itsel f a n
,
inordin ate
S h are of the attention o f tr avellers A m agic al power was

.
thought to be inherent in the voc al Memno n as the st atue
wa s c alled an d fo r above two centuries travellers ocked to

it inscribed the ir n ames u pon it an d added sensi ble o r S illy
, ,
2 32
rem arks . E minent writers also took notice o f the phe nom
enon an d spoke of it as on e o f the prodigies which m ade
2 33
Egypt a l and of wonders Modern s believe t he sound to .

h ave been the result of the su n s r ays either u pon the stone ,
2 34
itsel f or u pon the air co n t a ined in its crevices
,
M u sic al .
sounds prod u ced by ch an ge o f temper at u re are fre q u ently

given forth both by n atur al rocks an d by q u arried m asses o f
certain kinds of stone ; an d their occurre n ce has been pl aced
o n record by eminently scientic persons
There is n o

.
su fcient r eason to doubt th at the tone like the bre aking

o f a h arp string -
23
disch arged by the colossus o f Amen e
,
phis (Fig 2 9) was a c asu al inst ance o f this n atur al pheno m

.
enon neither contrived nor even understood by the E gyp

,
ti an priests It is thought to h ave been rst given f orth after

.
the sh attering of the st atu e by an e arthq u a ke ( B C an d to
h ave ce ased upon the rep air of the im age by S ep timiu s

. .
Severus circ A D 1 96
, . . . .
The i mpressive appe ar a n ce of the twin colossi has been

f re q uently noticed by tr avellers

There they sat s ays Miss
,
.
M artine au together yet ap art i n the m idst o f the pl ain

, , , ,
serene an d vigil a t sti ll keepi n g their u ntired w atch over th e

n ,
lapse of ages an d the eclipse o f Eg ypt I c an never beli eve .
th at anything el se so m aj es t ic as t his p air ha s b een concei v ed

14 6 H I S TOR Y O F A N C I EN T E GY PT . [ OIL xx .
bly c aught in tr aps These ferociou s be asts seem occ asion ally
.
to h ave been t amed by the Eygptian s ; an d it is possible th at

they were employed to add grandeur an d dignity to som e o f
the religiou s processions The lion was an emblem both of .
H orn s an d of Tum ;
2"
his tness to symbolize roy alty c aused
the employm ent Of his im age to orn ament the most el aborate
an d i f we m
3
o f the Egypti an thrones ; ay trust the sculp ,
tures a t ame lion sometimes accomp anied the king to the

,
244
b attle eld -
Afric a has alw ays been a speci a l nursery of
.
an d Amen hot ep like his f ather T hothmes I V

-
, .
,
246
may h ave indulged his p assion fo r ch as ing them wi t hout go

ing beyond his own bord ers ; o r like som e of the gre at ,
Assyri an kings he may h ave m ade Mesopot ami a his hu nting

,
ground an d have c arried O his sporting honors in the eld

,
which at a l ater d ate s u pplied the noble game to Tiglai h '
i
247
lese r an d S ard an ap alu s
p .
In person al ch ar a cter Amen o phis was rem ark able for kind
ness generosity an d submission to fem ale inu ence In the
, , .
e arly p art Of his reign he was governed by his mother ,
Mutemu a in his middle an d l ater li f e b e def erred gre atly to

his wife Ti i or T ai a The honors assig n ed to Tii in his -
sculptures are u nusu al an d imply something like divid ed

8
,
249
sovereignty Amen h otep so n of H apu
. an d other func
-
, ,
t i o n ari es as especi ally the vi zcr K hu mhat

2 60
,
were tre ated ,
with mu ch kindness an d consideration by their generous

s overeign an d received rew ar ds at his h an d f o r which they
,
were duly th ank ful R ew ard s were also l avishly showered

.
o n the priests an d other subordin ate function aries who dO '
n ot appe a r to h ave in an y way exceeded their ordin ary rou

tine of d u ty The m ere p ayment of t a xes was accepted as a
.
token of loy alty an d good will an d e arn ed the honorable dec -

,
2 51
or ation of a coll ar o r a neckl ace At the s ame time justice .
was c are f u lly administered ; even p etty the f ts did not esc ape
an d conviction was followed by
2
i n quiry an d detection ;
adequ ate punishment .
Amen o phis ( F ig 33) is represented w ith a face th at is

.
2 53
somewh a t progn athou s th at is on e which has the j aws ad
,
van ced beyo n d the line o f the f orehe ad He has a lo n g nose .

,
much rou n ded a t the end a short upper lip an d a proj ecting , ,
an d somewh at pointed chin The expreS S Si on of his f a ce is .
pe nsive but determined He is sometimes beardless but .

,
more o ften we ars the usu al long be ard n o t covering the chin ,
but dependent from it an d desce n ding to the middle of the ,
bosom

The reign of Am
.
en phi s l asted at le ast thirty six years -

.
CH . xx .
] A PPE A R A N C E OF A M E N OPH I S Iv . 14 7
He appe ars by the m onu ments h ave had four sons whom to ,
he represented as engaged in religious worship on m ore th an

o n e occasion H e had al so at le ast three d aughters c alled
266
,
respectively Isis Hont mi hib an d S atamon

.

, , H is wife -
.
,
Tii survived him an d he left the crown to his eldset son

2 67
, , ,
Amen hotep o r Amen ophis I V u nder her direction an d

-
,
.
,
superintendence .
Amen ho tep I V had a physiognomy entirely di ff erent

-
.
from th at o f an y other Egypti an mo n arch an d indeed o n e ,
altogether abnorm a l an d extr a ordin ary .
ance is r ather t ha t Of a wom a n th a n o f

sl anting fore he a d a long a qu iline n ose a exi le proj ecting
, ,
mouth an d a strongly d eveloped chin H is neck which is

,
.
,
almost u nusu ally long an d thin seems sc arce ly e qu al to the ,
support of his he ad an d his sp i ndle sh anks appe ar ill ad apted ,
to su st ain the weight of his over corpulent body He is sup -

.
posed to h ave derived this str ange physi q ue from his ma

tern al ancestors ; who are thou ght to h ave been Abyssin
T he throne n ames wh ich he as
2 69
i ans Of the G all a family .
-
sum ed upon his a ccession w ere Nefer khep r ra an d U a en - -

,
-
ra ; but it was n ot long ere he disc arded these appell ations ,

'
which were of the u su al Egypti an type an d s u bstituted for
m
,
them the str ange an d wholly unhe ard Of design ation of -
Khu en aten ( Fig - -

L i ht of the Sol ar D isk whic h
.
thenceforw ard he em 10 e
si vely Among 1 s f avorite epit ets were Mi Aten an d Mi -
H armakhu

f rien d o f the sol ar d i sk
, an d friend of H e r ,
o r H ar m

a chis ,
He was the rst
their ancient wor

much of the E gyp
ti an religion w e feel strongly incline d t o the belief th at
,
!
Amen hotep s ch ange was on e in the right direction ; th at it

-

wou ld at once h a ve S implie d an d have puri fi ed the Old n a

ture cult had it prev ailed ; would h ave swep t aw ay much sup
-
erst i t i on m any pollutions ; an d would h a ve repl a ced them by

,
a belief a n d worship comp ar atively spe a king pure a n d spirit , ,

96 1
n al It would h ave been something to h ave su bstituted a
.
form Of monotheism for the multitu dinous polyth eism of the

old cr eed ; i t would h ave been more to get rid Of the deb as
14 8 H I S T OR Y O E A N C I E NT E GY PT . [ ox xx
i ng nim al worship an d the co arse Khe mworship so generally

a -
p revale n t If a pe ple is to o gross to rise to the spiritu al

. o
conception of an i mmateri al deity an d mu s t att a ch the ide a

'
o f God to somethi n g o f whose existence it has sensi ble e vi

c n c e there would seem to b e in the sun an afnity a n d sym
,
bo li c ap t ness which render i t tter to represent the D eity

th an aught else which is m ateri al

2 62
In the Egypti an disk .
worship if we may j udge by the sm all existing rem a ins of it

, ,
there was a high tone of devotion al f eeling an d a conception

,
o f the S u preme B eing not W holly unworthy O f Him B e au

.

tiful is thy setti ng 0 disk of life s ays o n e vot ary ; be au
, ,
3
tiful is thy setting thou lord o f lords an d king of the

'
worlds When thou u n it est thyself at thy setting with the

.
he avenly sphere mort als rej oice before thy counten ance an d
,
give honor to him who has cre ated the m an d pr ay b ef Ore him
,
who has for med them befor e the gl ance of thy so n who loves
, ,
thee the king Khu e n aten The whole l and o f Egypt a n d all
,
- -
.
the n ations repe at all thy n a mes at thy rising to m agni fy thy ,
rising in like m anner as they m agni fy thy setting Thou O

, .
,
God who in truth art the living o n e st an dest bef ore the two
, ,
eyes Thou art He who c reatest th at which previously was

.
not who formest everythn g who art i n everything

, We al so
, .
h ave co me into being through the word of thy mouth

Thou disk Of the sun thou living god sa another there
.
2 64
y , , ,
is none other beside thee T ho u givest he a lth t o the eye

through thy beams cre ator of all beings Thou goest up on
, .
the e astern horizon o f the he aven to dispense li fe to all which ,
thou has cre ated man f our f ooted be asts birds an d creeping
,
-
, ,
things of the e arth where they live All these behold thee ; .

an d they go to sleep when thou settest
'
The religious revolution on which Amen OplIi s was bent

.
a roused a s a m atter of course

,
the strongest hostility on the ,
p art of the priests ; an d the priests had it in their power to

e xcite feelings o f dis aff ection on the p art of the people D r . .
B r u gsch is of opinio n th at when Amen ophis n ot content ,
with the introduction Of the disk worship an d i ts est ablish -
ment as the religion of the court proceeded t o conduct a cru ,
s ade ag a inst the Old religion a n d a s a rs t step g ave com , , ,
m and f er the obliter ation of the n ames of Ammon an d his

wi f e M aut fro m the monuments Open rebellion broke

, , ,
an d the city o f Ammon ce ased to be a s afe residence

5
ou t ,
for the heretic mon arc h Accordingly he deserted it an d .

,
ro c eed ed to bu ild f o r himsel f a new c apit a l o n a new site .
qu ally averse to both Thebes a n d Memp h is he xed o n a

situ ati on m
,
idway be tw een t he t wo ; an d in a bro ad p l ai n on

1 50 H I STO R Y OF A N CIENT E GY PT . [ CH . xx .
represented as led bef ore him by the gen er al Hor em ,

-
who may perh aps be presu med to h ave g a i n ed t h e v ictories in

which they were m ade prison ers The t ri u mph celebrated by .
K hu en at en o n a ccou n t of these successes is d ated in his t welfth

ye ar wh i :h is the l atest known ye ar of his reign
2 76
. .
K h u en at en s w a nt o f m ale O ffspring c au sed som e di fc u l

ties in respect of the successio n to arise at his d ece ase His .
d au ghters husb ands seem to h ave become riv al c andid ates

for the Egypti an throne an d to h ave reigned in r apid su c ,
cession o n e af ter a nother The order Of t h e na mes is disput.
an d i t is perh aps eno u gh to say th at three m on arc h s

2 "
ed ; ,
S a a n e kht Ai a n d T u t an k h a men all o f them more o r less

- -
, , ,
2 78
closely connected with K hu en at en i n tervened be t ween th at ,
king an d H e r em heb the last P harao h of the eighteenth dy

-
,
n asty Ai an d Tu tan kh amen h ave e ach le ft memori als by

.
-
,
whic h it appe ars th at the form er held the thron e for at le ast
four ye ars an d c arried o n su c c ess ful w a rs with t he Asi at
2 79
,
ic s
,
280
while the l atter received emb assies both f rom Ethiopi a
an d Syri a with rich an d costly prese n ts both in the sh ape of ,
2 81
r are products an d articles of an artistic ch ar acter The .
Syri an s brought gold l apis l azuli t u rqu oises an d other pre

, , ,
c i o u s s t one s t ogether with horses ch ariots an d v a ses of silver

, , , ,
while f rom Ethiopi a c ame gold ch asings golden vessels set ,
with j e welry ch ariots Ships we apons an d oxen whose horns

, , , ,
were tipped with orn am ent al c arvings Egypt it would .

,
seem maint ained her foreign dominion unimp aired in the

,
south an d in the north was still recognize d as mistress o f

,
Syri a We may s u spect however th at S he had been forced

.
, ,
to reli n quish her Mesopot ami an possessions since we h ave no ,
ev id ence of tribute comin g in f rom N ah ar ai n subsequ ently to

2 82
t he reign o f Amen ophis III an d no tr a ce o f an Egypti an .
,
occ u p ation Of the tract e as t of the Euphrates at an y l a ter

2 83
d ate .
There is som e d ifculty in u nderst anding the ex act posi

tion which the t hree immedi a te successors o f K hu en aten t ook
up with respect to his religious re f orm ation O n t he o n e .
h and it is clea r th at a fu ll sh are of the Odi u m which att ach

,
ed to the disk worship was inherited by t h em since t he

-
avenging chisel h as mutil ated their n am es an d f e atures

,

almost as determinedly as those o f K hu e n at en himsel f f on
t h e other it appe ars th at two at le a st o u t o f the three me n

,
archs dep arted f rom his religious pri n ciples S O f ar at an y ,
r ate a s to restore the Amm on worship an d to combi n e it with ,
the c u lt which their own i n clin ations may be supposed to

h ave favored Tu tan kh amen eve n consente d t o p ar ad e his
.
-
Pla t e XV II
Vol 11 . .
Fig 8 7
. .

E YPT AN TURN D
G I E U P
-
S AND A L
S e e P a g e 191
Fi g .

38 H EAD.O F M I AMM O N NU T P- - . a ge 2 44 .
D

N IR
Fi g 36. . R Es s o r A .- E I N T H E T IM E O F
RAM II S E S III S e e P a g e 2 17 .
40 Fi g 39C HAR ACT E R O

DRESS NEEERTARI OMEN S FW
Fig C

U R IO U s HEAD
. .
OF . .
AAHMES . S ee Page 190 DRE SS ES S ee Page 191

. .
Plat e XV III.
Fig 41
. .
E
GYPTIAN THRONE ( ti me of the 18th Dynasty)
. S e Page 192
e .
1 52 HISTORY OE A N CI ENT EGY PT . [ ox xx
.
all manner of costly stones He vi sited the cities of the god s .

,
which lay as he aps of r u bbish in the l a nd an d had them re ,

:
stored j ust as they had stood from the beginni n g of all

things
He re est ablished for e ach a d aily festiv al of sac
-

rice provided t he temples with a due supply o f silver
,
a n d golden vessels

of

holy persons an d si n gers present

,
ed to them arable l and an d c attle an d g ave them day by

,

day a su fciency of all kinds o f provisions

Gods an d
,
men were equ ally delighted with the new r egi me

The .
he aven was in festive disposition ; the l and was lled with

ecst asy ; an d as f or the divinities o f Egypt their souls were
, ,
full of ple as ant f eelings The n the in habit ants of the l and
.
,
in high delight r aised tow ard he aven the song of pr a ise ;

,
gre at an d sm all lifted up their voices ; an d the whole l and

was moved wi th j oy !
2 9"
B esides accomplishi n g this gre at religiou s restoration ,
which included the reb u ilding or rep air o f almost all the
temples throughou t Egypt an d Nubi a Horemheb ( Fig 2 6 ) , .
engaged in at le ast one import ant war with his neighbors u p

o n t he South In this qu arter Ethiopi a tho u gh Often de
.
, ,
fe ated an d som etimes d espoiled of territory as by U su r tasen

, ,
was still unsubdued ; an d to prevent or punish pred a

2 94
III .
, ,
tory att acks expeditions were from time to time necess ary
,

which ab ated the pride of the m iserable K ashi an d sc our
,
e d Egypt a period o f repose Horemheb conducted on e of .
these exped itions in vaded the l and of Kush bore down all
, ,
opposition an d c ame back from his su ccessful c amp aign l ad en

,
with booty an d accomp anied by nu merous prisoners In the .
rock temple of S ilsili s he represented h imsel f as he was borne

in triumph by his attend ants o n his return Se ated in a .
p al anquin orn amented on its side by the gure of a lion an d

, ,
upheld by twelve be arers he presented himsel f to his admi r

ing subj ects amid the lou d cries of those who sho u ted : B e ,
hold the lion who has fallen upon the l and o f Kush ! See
the d ivine bene facto r returns home after subduing the princes
o f all countries His bow is in his h and as though he were
.
Ment u the lord O f Thebes The powerful an d gloriou s ki ng

, .
le ads c aptive the princes o f the miserable l and o f Kush .
returns thence with the booty which he has t aken by force

,
Cawasses with stick s

2
a s his f ather Ammon ordered him .
c le ared the ro a d by which the procession was t o p ass ; behind
the king went his chosen w arriors le ading with them the ,
c ap t ured gener als a s prisoners ; then f ollowed the rest of the

army m arsh alled in v arious corps a n d m arching in time to
, ,
the so u nd of t he trum p et s bl are

A numerous c om p any of .
on xx ] C L O SE O F TH E E I GH TEENTH D Y NAS T Y 1 53

.
.
E gypti an o f cers priests other Ofci als c ame ou t to re

, , an d
c e i ve their mon arch an d did hom age to him T o complete

, .
his triu mph the unh appy p risoners were m ade to ch ant the
glories of their conqueror
,
Incline thy f ace 0 king of

.
,

Egypt they s ai d ; incline thy f ace O su n o f the b arb a
, ,
ri ans ! Thy n ame is gre at in the l an d o f Ku sh where thy ,
war cry resound e d through the dwelli n gs o f men

-
Gre at i s .
thy power the n ben ecen t ruler i t puts to sh am e the p eo

ples The Ph araohlife s alv ation he alth to him is tru ly
,
.
, ,
2 97
a shining su n .
It is g athered som ewh a t doubtfu lly from on e inscription

, , ,

th at the reign of Horemheb l asted at le ast twenty one years f -
t
M anetho assigned him a still longer sp ace if we may believe ,
the epitomists who however v ary in their accounts betwee n

, , ,
2 9"
twenty eig ht ye ars an d thirty seven
-
His wife Notem -
seems to h ave borne hi mn o chil dren ;

,
mut o r M ut .
3
an d th u s he was u n able to le ave his throne to an y issu e of his

loins It is suspected th at he reigned in right o f his wife ra
.
ther th an by an y roy al r an k of his own an d th at S he still ,
ret ained the sovereignty for a while after his dece ase ; but $ 02
the monuments are Obscure upon the point an d the circu m ,
st ances under which the gloriou s eighteenth dyn asty c ame to

an end an d the nineteenth su cceeded it
, a re un k nown t o ,
As the art an d civi liz ation of these two dyn asties are simi
lar an d indeed almost identic al it is proposed to defer t he ,
consideratio n of the se subj ect s to the clo se Of the ne xt c hap

ter .
1 54 H I S TOR Y O E A N C I EN T E GY PT . [ OIL xxr
C HAPT E R XXI .
TH E NI NETE E NTH D Y NA S T Y ( A B O U T B C . . 1 4 00
A cc o of R m I H i S y i W
e ss i n a Acce se si o of S ti I Hi W s wi th th r an ar ess n e s ar s e
Sh K P c m d wi th t h K hi t T i mb Lb o
. . . .
as u d K hi t aru an a t i ea e a e e a er c u n e an n
o p o t mi W wi t h th L i by
.
R c ov y of M
.
d Et h i o p i
, , .
S ti g

e er es a a t a rs e an s an an s e s re a
W o k Hi T b l of K i g Hi P o l Ap p c H i A o ci ti o of hi
. .
r s s a e n s s e rs na e a r an e s ss a n s
R m of R m M i m ti m t m d of hi m
. .
O v fo
.
S on R ig n a e ses er a on
H i W wi t h th N g o
a ese s e e r- e s a e r e
d Et hi o p i wi t h t h H i tt i t wi th N h
. . .
s ar s e e r e s ani an s e es a a ra n
ty of P c wi th th Hi tti ti c Imp o t c of i t H m i
.
Hi T s re a ea e H i tt i t
e s r an e e arr es a e
P i c Hi l t Af i c L mb of hi C p ti v Pl d
.
r n e ss W g s a er r an
p a rs ar e nu er s a es an s u rsu e
l o c t i g th mth i E mp l o ym t G t W o k of R m f l d
. .
i n a n e e r en re a r s a e se s u se u an or
m t l Hi P o l A p p c D o m t i c R l ti o c
.
na en a s e rs d Ch
na t e ar a n e, es e a n s, an a ra er
A cc io of hi S M p h th hHi t o bl d R i g I i g i of h i
. .
e ss n s on , en e a s r u e e n ns n c an c e s
Mo m t P c i c Ch ct of h i F o i g P o l i c y S dd I v i o of Egyp t by
.
nu en s a ara er s re n u en n as n
th L i b y d t h i A ll i P o p o d Id ti c t i o of t h A ll i wi th E o
. .
e an s an e r es r se en a n e se es ur
N ti o R p l of t h L i b y Att ck R l t i o of M p hth h with th
.
e an a ns e u se e an a e a ns ene a e
d Mo T o bl of h i l t y S t gg l b tw hi S
. .
srae li t es u n er ses r u es s a er e ars ru e e e en s on,

S ti IL d Amo m Amo m of th M o ch R ign
. .
e an B i f R ig n- e s, o r n- ese s r e e ns e se n ar s e
of S i hth h P i o d of A c hy Ci v i l i z ti o of Egyp t d t h Ei gh t th
.
,
a er n ar a n un er e ee n
A c hi t c t d i t K i d d A t R l igi o M
. .
d i
an t th D y ti
n e ee n
t o m L i t
n as es r e u re an s n re r s e n an n e rs
a d C
n us t D wb ck
s th g l P o p i ty
e ra u re . ra a s on e e n era r s er .
We n e w app r a th e gran o ch d t p i o d of Egypti hi to y

es er an s r th e ru e l of
th e Ni n e
of th g t R m
,
P S M TH A nc i ent Hi story, vo l

tg
Dyn ast y, an d the rei gn
tee n e re a a e ses . I S .
1, p .
m
TH E fou nder of the nineteenth dyn asty was a cert ain Ramses ,
e
" or Ramessu , the rst prince of th at cele
b rated n ame a n am e which afterw ards bec ame so glorious as
to eclipse almost every other Egypti an royal title His birt h .
an d p arent age are in the highest degree u ncert a in an d the

conj ectures o f the l atest histori ans Of Egypt upon the subj ect
1
are so v a riou s an d conicting as to incre a se r ather th an ,
d iminish the o bscu ri tyw hi ch ha ngs about his origi n The

,

2 3
newness o f his n ame the str angeness of his throne n ame ,
-
,
the p eculi arity o f the app ell ation which he bestowed on his
an d the f a ct th at he was the recognized he ad o f a new
4
s on ,
dyn as ty combine to es tablish it as almost cert ain th at he was

,
a n evu s hom o unconnected by blood with the mon archs o f the ,
preceding line t he Th othmeses an d Ame n hot eps one who ,

-
,
r aised hi msel f to po wer at a time Of politic al trouble an d dis

tu rb an c e by his o wn t alents an d energy M anetho according

.
,
to J osephu s g ave him a reign o f only a ye ar an d f our months

,
an d we m
,
ay thu s reg ard him as prevented by an untimely en d
from att ai ni ng any gr eat distinctio n T he cir cu m st an ces .

15 6 H I S TO R Y o r A N CI E NT E GY PT . [CII -
. XXI .
S emitic with Turanian rac es which bod ed ill for the tran ,
quillity o f his kin gdom The r e doubt e d Hittit es who a c en .

, ,
tury earli er had bowed th eir prid e b efor e the might of Thoth
,
mes III having r e cov ered th ems elv e s in the hour of E gyp t s
.
,
16
weakn ess w er e now at t he z eni t h o f th e ir greatness h eld all

, ,
Syria rmly in their grasp an d are ev e n b eli e ve d by so me to ,
hav e e xt en de d th eir dominion into M esopotamia and Asia

'
Minor W hatev er may b e thought of the fact of this enl arged

.
dominion or of its d enit e assi gnment to this particular period

, ,
the Hittit e pow er i n S yr i a at this tim e is beyond all question

and S et i s att ention was by the n ec essity of the case rst

, ,
turn e d in this dir e ction wh er e he felt that the state of affair s ,
call e d f or a gr eat and sustain ed effort T he n earest danger .
was f rom the Shasu who had pr essed forward westward ,

5
qu it e into the proper E gyptian t erritory and made th em ,
s elves masters of a consid er able portion of the Tanitic canton .
19
S eti in the rst y ear of his r e i gn proc eeded against these
aggressors Starting from the fortr ess of K hetamthe E tham
, ,
o f Scripture mount e d himself in his war chariot and ao

2
-
,
companied by a large chariot forc e he marched alon g the ,

coast road as far as the land of Z ahi or the Philistine ,
country wh en he t u rned inland overran the tract known in

, ,
later tim es as Idum aea took variou s f ortr esses and ruthlessly, ,
slaught e r e d th e ir garriso n s raging as he hims elf tells us , , ,

2
like a erce lion and wad ing throu gh a sea of carnage
, .
The S hasu were turn e d into a heap of corps es in th eir b ill

country they lay there in their blood
T he entir e r egion .
22
betw een E gypt Proper and C an aan was subj ect ed the names ,

of the strongholds wer e changed an d E gyptian troops were ,
plac e d in them .
A camp a ign follo we d against t h e Kharu ( Syrians ) who had

l ent som e a ssistanc e to t h e Shasu in th e r e cent str u ggl e A
,
battl e was fought with this en e my at J aham (Jamnia ) i n ,
which both sid es brought a larg e force of ch ariots into the

eld T he Kharu w er e d ef eat e d in the eng agem e nt ; and
.
S eti bo asts that he ann ihilated t he kings o f the land of the

2"
S yrians .
T h e d e f eat of the Kharu laid Nort her n Syria open to in

vasi o n and S eti was able n o w to march against his principa l
enemy Maut en ar king of the Hittites who held in s u bj e e
,
-
, ,
tion all the trib es from C entral Pal estin e to the E uphrat e s

.
H e proc eeded rst against t he Rut e n ov ercam e th em in ,
sever al pitch ed battles and assisted by a son who fought , ,
constantly by his side slau ghtered them al mo st to extermi ,

2 7
nation .
on . XX L ] S Y R I AN W AR O F S ETI . 15 7
His victorious progress brou ght him after a tim e t o the , ,
d
vici n ity o f Ka esh t he impor t ant city on t he O ront es which ,
a c entury e a rlier had b e en b e si eg ed and t a k en by the gr e at

,
T hot h mes
28
Kad esh s eems now to hav e b elon ge d to t he n ation
.
o f the Amorit e s which occupi e d a t di ff e r e nt time variou s

parts o f Syria and Palesti n e W
,
Th i s nation wa s at present .
includ e d among the subj ects o f the H ittit es and h eld Kad esh ,
as th e ir dep e nd ent alli es It wo u ld seem from on e of S eti s .

has r eliefs that he had th e skill o r the good fortun e to sur

-
, , ,
prise this stronghold and to b e co me master o f it by a cou p ,
de ma i n The arrival o f the E gyptian army is repr e sent e d

.
as unexpected the herdsm e n a re p asturing th e ir c attle under

the tr ee s which surrou nd t he city whe n the E gyptian mon ,
arch appears i n his war chariot At once every o n e se eks to -

.
save hims elf ; the h erds y w ith their ke epers ; there is a

general panic and confusion B u t the d efenders of t he to wn .
are n o cowards ; th ey sally forth from the gates an d engage ,
the army of the invad er but are d ef eat e d with great slaught e r ,
by the warlike Pharaoh who pierces sc or e s of t h e m with his ,
arro wsf An att a ck is then m ade up o n the fortress which

0
,
is but weakly d ef ended and city and people fall into the ,
h ands of S eti .
The prop e r t erritory o f the Khita was n ow re a ched and i n
x a d ed ; and althoug h
t he w e ll ord e red hosts o f t he beard -

less light re d Khita o n foot on hors e back and in chariots
3
- -
, , , ,
gav e battl e to the invad ers in the open eld a n d oere d a .
gallant and stout r esistanc e to the host of the E gyp tians ye t ,
her e onc e mor e S eti was successful and d efeat e d the enemy ,
with great slau ght e r driving th e ir squadrons before him in ,
headlong ight and killing a vast nu mb e r o f the lead ers

, .
A sculpture shows us t he mis e rable i n habitants o f the

la n d of the Khita receivin g from Seti this gre at over

throw A song of prais e was composed for the occasion
.
,
which is append e d to t he sculpture and runs as follows : 33
-
P haraoh is a j ackal which rushes l e aping through the ,
Hittite land ; he is a grim lion which fr e qu e nts t he most

hidden paths of all r egions he is a powerfu l bull with a pair
o f sharpened horns He has stru ck down the Asiatics ; he
.
has thrown to the ground the Khita ; he has slain their

pr i nces .
T h e victory thus gai n ed was followed by a treaty of peace .
Seti and his great adversary Maut en ar entered into a sol emn ,
-
,

a gr e e m e nt by whi ch e nmity was turn e d to fri e ndship
, ,
p erpetu al a mity and good broth erhood being procl a imed be

tw een the two nat i on s Seti the n set out u pon his retu rn .
15 8 H I S TO R Y o r A N C I E N T E GY P I

. [ c mxxr .
to E gy pt C arrying with him som e score s of captured

.
36
ch e fs a n d with th e h ea ds o f thr ee leading reb ls attach ed
i
,
e
to t he hind er portion of hi s chariot he proc e eded i n all t he ,

37
pomp of a triumph through S yria an d Pal estin e everywh e re

, ,
rec el vi n g t h e submissio n a n d hom age o f t he inh a bitants On .
his way down t he bro a d C oel e Syri an v a ll ey s eeing the forests -

,
o f L e b a non on his right h a nd and noticing t he vast siz e a n d ,
esp eci ally t he great h e ight of t he cedars he ord ere d a h alt , ,
an d call e d upon t h e h e adm en of t he hill trib e s to set to work
a n d f e ll t h e str a i ght e st a n d t a ll e st o f t h e tr ee s that he might ,
t a k e th em with hi mto E gypt Assyrian monarchs at a lat er .

38
39
d ate act e d similarl y T he L ebanon timb er was e sp e cially
.
suit e d for the f abrication o f those lofty masts which w ere

commonly p laced in front of th e propyl aea of t e mpl es and the
delicat e ly sc ent e d c ed ar wood was thou ght p eculiarly tted
-
fo r t he mat erial of t he
Sacr e d B oat of Ammon
which ,
pl ayed an important part in t he Th eban r eli gious p roc es

sions
S eti h aving s e en his order e x ecuted in a short tim e
0
.
,
r esumed his march an d p assin g throu gh the desert returned

, , ,
by way of Makt al ( Mi gdol o r M agd olo n ) T a a p a mau ( L eon ,

- -
t op oli s ) an d Garu ( H e ro op o li s to his own country 42

.
,
The d ef eat of the Hittit es ap p ears to h av e involved the re

c o very of Mesopotamia o r at any rat e o f som e portion o f it , , , .
Seti in giving an a ccount of his e xpedition de clar es that he

, ,
had sm itt e n th e An n and struck to the ground the Mentu ,
and had placed his boundaries at the extremity of the world ,
and at t he utmost bord ers of the riv er lan d of Naharai n -

.
3
In his list o f the conqu er e d countri e s Nahara i n occupi es a ,
promin ent plac e and o n e o f its chi efs is r epr es ent e d among
t he prison ers whom h e pres e nts to Ammon Maut an d K ho n su , , ,

o n the a uspicious occ a sion o f his ret u rn As how e ver no .
, ,
E gyptian r e mains of his d a t e hav e b ee n as yet discover ed in

M esopotamia it would se em to b e doubtful wheth er he r eally
,
occupi e d it or did mor e than obt ain from som e of the chi efs
,
a nominal su b mission .
B esides his gr eat w ars on the contin ent o f Asia Seti c on ,
duct ed im portant military operations both in the West and

in the Sout h O n t he w e st ern bord ers o f E gypt in the
.
,
vicinity of the M editerran e an the blue eyed fair skinned ,

-
,
-
T ahen u ,
46
nation of the had from time to tim e
giv en troubl e to the Egyptians by th e ir raids into the D elta ,
and e xpeditions h ad b ee n condu cted against th e m by s ev eral

of the m or e w arlik e kin gs The y were a w ild an d u nciv i li z e d 7
.
1 60 H I STOR Y O F AN C I E NT E GY PT . [GIL xxx .

e nt irely di ff erent d escription The Hall of C olumns at .
Karnak is n ot only t he most sublim e and b eautiful o f all the

e dic e s th ere group e d to geth e r in such sort as to form o n e
vast unrivall e d t e mpl e b u t it is t he highest effort of E gyptian
,
archit ectural g enius and is among the e ight o r t en mo st

,
S pl e ndid o f all kno wn a rchitectural constructions .
O n e might hav e e xp ected that so gr eat a work would en

t i rely occupy th e mind and monopoliz e the r esourc es of its , ,
e r e cto r S O as to l e ave him neith e r t hought nor m e a ns f or oth er

,
constructive e fforts B ut it was not so w ith S eti B esides

. .
his Karnak building he designed and commenc e d the strik

,
in g T emple o f the R am eseu m at O ld Qurnah opposite 5

,
Thebes in honor of his father Ram es es I ; he built a mag

, , .
6"
n i c en t fane in honor of O siris n e ar Abydos
, he erected ,
a special templ e to the godd ess of the South the heavenly ,

Nu kheb at E l Ka ab and anoth e r S im ilar on e in the form
-
,
of a rock grotto at the place call e d by the Greeks

,
t he C av e
,
,

o f Artemis near B eni el Hassan to S ekh et he built also
,
5"
- -
,
a templ e at B edesi eh mad e ad d itions to t he ancient shrines

6
61
o f Pht h ah and Tu m at Memphis and H eliopolis ; erected at
the last nam ed place the (so called ) Flaminian obelisk which
- -
,
n o w adorns the Pi a zza d e l Popolo at R ome

62
se t up stel ae at
S ilsi li s and Assouan ( )

63
Sy en e ; a n d l eft inscriptions upon
64
tablets at D os he S esebi and elsewh er e ,
Abov e all he c on
, .
,
structed for him self a m ost m agnicent and e laborate tomb .

This e xcavat ion in the solid rock known as B e lzoni s tomb ,

,
from the name of its discoverer still forms the chief attrac ,
t ion to all who visit the V alley of the Tomb of the Kings at
6"
Th eb es ,
and is on e of the most m agnic ent of E gyptian
sepulchres The lavish profusion of t he painted sculptures
.
,
and the e xquisite care with which ev erything down to the ,
minut est hi erogl y ph is n i shed e xcit e the admiration of

, ,
66
the beholders whil e the mystic ch aracter of the sc e n e s rep

67
r es ent e d and the astronom i cal probl e m involved in the roof

,
6
pictures of the Golden C hamber a dd an el em e nt of ,
d eep er interes t than a n y comprised within the ran g e of mere

art The tomb poss ess es also a myt hological inscription whic h
.
In t he e y es of its constr u ct er the

69
is e xceedingly curi ous .
tomb was n ot wholly nish ed t he intention of prolonging it ,
b y digging still furth er into the rock being apparent ;

7
but
still it contained wh e n rst discover e d the alabast er sarCOph
, ,
agus which the king had pr ep ar e d for the re ception of his

m ortal re mains a r e markabl e r elic of antiquity now d eposit e d
in the Sloan e Mus eum of L ondon
,
Altogeth er S et i s tomb
.
, ,
if n ot the most ext ensiv e is far the m ost i nter e sting and m os t ,
on .
XXL ] TH E I N S CR I PTI ON S o r S ETI . 1 61
beautiful o f all those won derful rock s ep u lchres which form -
so important a portion o f t he ext ant E gypti an m onum e nts .
O th er import a nt works w e r e un de rtak e n by t h is gr eat mon

arch with utility rath er th a n ost e nt atio n for th e ir obj e ct
, , , .
In connection with t he worki n g of t he gold min es in t he

d esert bet ween th e Nil e vall ey and t he R ed Sea he employ e d ,
engineers to d iscov e r a wat er sourc e which S hould furnish a -
c onstant and OO p i ou s supply to t h e miners and thos e employed

in the carr i age of the or es It ha s been maint a ined t hat .
72
the sci entic me n e n trust e d with the task accomplish e d it by

boring a v eritable artesi a n well but th er e s eem s t o be
no better foundation for this th e ory than the u se o f certain
rhetorical expr ession s by t he historiograph e r who placed t he
facts on record S eti
h e obs erved
.
had but to say
74
, ,
the word an d lo ! the water l eaped forth from t he livin g

,
rock the stream o wed out in abun d an ce

C learly this .
,
result o r at any rat e a r e sult capabl e of b e ing thu s described

,
by a liv ely writ e r might follow on t he d iscov ery o f an ample

,
S pring by m e a n s o f ordin a ry diggin g without r e course b e ing ,
had to t he scientic an d compar a tiv ely m od ern op eration o f

boring We are c ertainly not ju sti e d in conclu ding from
.
the expressions used that artesian w e lls wer e familiar to

the engin e ering sci e nc e of S e ti s d ay or that h e did more

,
'
t han happ e n upon a OOp iou s so u rc e at a certain depth

below the surface in a dis trict wh er e there was no surface
,
wat e r in the S hape of stre a ms or Springs .
S eti also it is thought com me nc e d that far mor e impor

, ,
tant work afterwards accomplished by his still great er son

, .
the formation o f a canal b etw ee n the most east ern branch of

the Nil e and the R ed Sea This c a nal l eft the Nil e a littl e .
above the town o f B u b ast i s and ran east o r a littl e south of , ,
eas t as far as the B itt er L ak e s wh en it ch anged its dire ction

, ,
an d was c arri e d nearly du e south into t he Gulf o f Su e z .
T he l e ngth of t h e canal not co u nting the p assag e o f the B itt e r

,
L akes was about sev enty m il es It s cour se may still b e trac e d

, .
y a series o f d epr e ssions along the line of the Wady Toum i

{
a .
76
T he inscriptions of S eti are chi ey accounts o f his cam

p g
ai n s and o f the o fferings which he mad e o u t of the spoils
o f the conqu ere d nations to Ammon and the other na tion al
gods B ut th ey compris e one docum ent of mor e than ordi
.
nary historical int er est This is t he Gr eat T abl e o f Aby.
d os

containing the n ame s of s ev e nty ve of his prede c es
,
-
77
sors upon the thron e of E gypt arran ged in ( suppos ed )
c hro nolo ical order, w hich he set up in t he t em l e t hat he
,
g p
1 62 H I S TOR Y O F A N CI E N T E GY PT . [ OH . xxx .
dedicat ed in the des ert ne ar that cit y to O siris the god of

, , ,
th e d ea d The list comm e nc e s wi t h M en e s ( M ena ) the

.
,
mythic f ound e r o f t he empir e an d is c arri ed o n throu gh the ,
mon archs m e ntion ed in t he t ext of the pres ent work to 78
Nef erark ara t he last kn own k in g o f the sixth dynasty after

, ,
which it enum erat e s ei ght een unknown monarchs who are ,

79
suppos ed to hav e b elon ge d to the S ixth and eleventh dynas

ti e s r eturning with the fty s ev e n th na me to a w ell known
,
- -
p ersonage Nebkh erra or M entu

,
h o t ep II and th en follow .
,
80
ing with S an khkara t h e Am en em hats and U su rtasen s o f ,

- -
t he tw e lfth dynast y the nin e kin gs of t h e e ighte e nth an d , ,
R am e s e s I t he found e r of t h e nin et ee nth S eti s f ather

.
, , .
T he r esembl anc e s an d t h e diere n c es b etween this list and

t hat of T hot hmes III d es erv e car eful atte n tion ind ic ati n g
. .
81
,
a s th ey d o a c e rt a in s ettl ed basis of historic b eli ef at t h e

,
tim e combined with a larg e u ctuating el em ent of tra d ition

,
o r conj e cture and th ereby t eaching u s the e xtr em e u n cer

,
tainty of the mere dynastic lists w her e t hey are n o t checked

and conrm ed by cont emporary full er docum ents .
In p ersonal appearan c e S eti ( Fig 2 3) s eems not to have .
b een r e markable H e had a f airly good for eh ead a round e d.

,
d epressed nose full proj ecti n g lips and a h e avy chin T he

, , .
expression o f his f ac e was calm Op en and n o t u npleasing , , .
In charact e r he res embl e d t he oth er E gyptia n conqu erin g

monarchs being vigorou s bold u n sparing o f hims elf ind e
, , , ,
fatigable b u t ruthless an d cru el It is di fcult to d e cid e

, .
wheth e r hi s r eligiou s ardor wa s a g enu in e f eel i ng or affect ed

in order to secur e him t h e gratitud e and support of the
pri estl y class a support always of great importance to t he
,
e a rly princes of a dynasty not yet f u lly r e cogni z ed as in ri ghtful

poss ession o f the thron e C ertainly no Phara o h e ver show ed .
hims elf more anxious to uphold the e ntire E gyp tian r eligion ,
o r mor e bent o n p aying honor to all the chi ef person age s o f

e Panth eon His materi al favors w er e freely grant ed to all
.
t he ma in national S hrin e s an d in his bas reliefs h e e xhibit e d ,

-
hi mself as the worshipp er o f almost ev ery generally recog

nix ed deity Nor do e s any divinity rec eiv e from S eti an
.
undue S har e of att e ntion Ammon Ra Horu s Isis O siris .

-
, , , ,
a n d Athor are so to sp eak his favorit e s but E gypt at this

, ,
t im e was tol er ably u nanimous in assi gning to th ese gods a

p re emin
-
e nc e After th e s e ve h. e honors almost e qually ,
S et R a Tum M entu Shu Seb Netp e Nephthys Thoth

, , , , , , , , ,
Sabak M a Maut K ho n su Phthah Khem K n eph Sati

, , , , , , , ,

An u ka
52
an d

.
1 64 H I S TO R Y OF A N C I E N T E GY PT . [ OIL xxx
to the thron e in a certain sens e at the age of ten he becam e

, , ,
e ar l y ac c u stom e d to comm a nd took part in the busin e ss o f ,
t h e stat e had a body guard under his ord e rs and d ir e ct e d

,
-
,
AS his fath er
90
the constru ction o f important buildings .
gr e w old an d in rm the condu ct of aff a irs passed mor e and

,
a
mor e into his h nds until at last probably w hen he was
,
about twenty eight years old he e nter e d upon the full sov
-
ere i gn ty .
T he gre ater son o f a great fath e r, R am e s e s II is of all the .
E gypti a n kings t he o n e whos e fam e has e xt end e d its elf the

most wid ely , an d whos e actions hav e r ec e iv ed the largest
amount of att ention T his has arisen in part , from t he e nor
.
mous nu mber an d striking ch aracter o f his monum ents ; in

par t, from the f avor i n which he was held by t he E gyptian
priests and t he e xagg erat e d representations which th ey gav e
91
o f his w arlik e achi e v e m e nts In r eality , he do es not app ear
.
to hav e shown an y r emarkabl e milit ary g enius or to hav e ,
e ffe ct e d any important conquests O n e great war occupied .
him for man y y e ars ; an d though in the cours e of it he no ,

'
doubt p erform ed s ev eral brilli ant exploits yet the nal result ,
was on e of which E gypt had no cause to boast The empire .
attack ed stood rm an d the war was conclud ed by a tr eaty

, ,
o f which the gr e at principl e is th e exact e quality and per

f ec tly corr e spond e nt obligations o f the two con t racting
powers .
92
The other wars which occasionally occupied him
w ere trivi al and th ere is no evidenc e that e ven th ey brou ght
,
any acc ession of t erritory to E gypt Ind eed it would almost .

,
s eem th at his obj e ct in maki n g war was rath er to obtain cap

'
t i ves than to e xt e nd his dominions his pr edominant d e sire ,
b e in g to dis tinguish hims elf a s a build er an d the serv ic es of ,
vast bod i es of for ei gn laborers b e ing nec essary to carry ou t his

93
num erous an d gi gantic proj ects .
The rst c amp a igns o f R ames e s II w er e dir e ct e d against .
9"
t h e n egro e s and E thiopi ans
94
O ne writ er t ells us that he .
push e d his arms mu ch furth er into Upp er E thiopia and the

Soud a n th an any of his pr ed ec essors bu t proof o f this
s u p erior energy is scarc ely forthcomi n g and on the whol e it ,
would s eem th at t he southern expedi t ions of t he son o f Seti

w er e rath er razzi as r e sulting in the captur e of large nu mbers
,

o f t h e unfortun at e blacks th a n r eal milit ary op erations , .
B esid es slav es tribute and plund er were no doubt obtain e d in

,
l ar ge quantiti es ; and E gypt was enrich e d by the spoils of

Ethiopia which includ e d gold ivory ebony frui ts o f v arious
, , , ,
kinds l eop ards skins lions pant hers gazelles an d other

,

, , ,
ant elo pes giraes, and

,
CH . XX L ] S Y R I AN W A R S . 1 65
Soon afterwards occurred the rst Syrian war o f Rame s es .
The d etails Of this campai gn are wanting but a rock tab let at ,
-
the Nahr el Kelb set up i n his second year ind icat es his
- -
, ,
98
personal pres ence on the occasion and was er e cted as a tok e n ,
o f vict ory
. Three years later took place the s econd invasion
. .
K hi tasi r the son o f Marasar and grandson of S a plel t he ad

, , ,
versa ry of Ram e s e s I was n o w probably at the head of the .

,
Hittites and had succeeded in e ff ecting a l eagu e of the

,
99
Western Asiatic nations against E gypt which thr eat ened se ,
rious c onse q ue n ces A lr eady had Seti alarm e d at t he m ena .

,
cing combination comme n c e d a d efe nsiv e work u pon his east,

e rn fronti e r probabl y n o t long b efor e his dec eas e Ram eses
,
00
.
,
with t h e ardor an d au da c i ty of youth preferring attack to ,

,
d efenc e in the fth year of his sole reign

,
coll e ct ed a vast
army and quitting Egypt march e d by the path of the des er t
,

along the roads o f the north K hit asi r aware o f hi .
,
mov em ents sum mon e d his allies to his aid the peopl e s of
,
Naharai n K h ira bu C archemish the M aasu Ai ratu Pat asu

, , , , , ,
Kati L e ka ( L yci a ns
,
and others an d took up a position
near Kad e sh his capi tal city which was situ at e d o n an island
, ,
1 04
in the O ro n t es The host was S O num erous that it is said
.
Th e ir number was endl ess ; nothin g lik e it had ever be en

befor e they covered the mou n tains and the valleys lik e grass

hopp ers for their nu mb e r K hit asi r however was u n .
, ,
willing to tru s t to m er e n u mb ers and formed a schem e for ,
deceiving Rames e s as to the disposition of his troops an d so ,
brin ging him into difculti e s H e sent ou t spies who p re .

,
1 06
tend e d t o be d eserters f rom his army and instr u cted th em to ,
say i f th ey were questi o n e d that h e had broken up from

, ,
Kad e sh o n hearing o f t he E gyptian advance and had march e d ,
away to K hi ra bu (Aleppo ) which lay far to the north T he , .
spies fullled th e ir mission but o n b e i n g e xamined by sc ou rg ,
ing they failed in fortitu de an d conf ess e d the tru th th a t ,
K hi tasi r instead o f havin g withdrawn to K hi rabu was lyin g

, ,
in w ait t o t he nor thwest of Kadesh h oping t o fall u n e xp e ct ,
edly o n the ank of the E g yptians if they believed the spies

,
tal e an d hurri e d forw ard on th e lin e of his supposed r etr eat .
Foil e d in his cra fty sch e m e K hi tasi r could do nothing but ,
quit his ambush and march openly against the Egyptians ,
with his troops m arshall ed in e x a ct and orderly array t he ,
IIi tt i te chariots in front w ith th e ir lines carefully dress ed and ,
R am

the au xiliaries and irr egulars o n the anks and rear .
7
e ses had d ivid e d h i s host into four portions H e hi mself

1 08
.
with t he brig ad e o f Am mo n marc he d down t he left bank of

,
the river while t wo brigades those of Phthah and B a p ro

, , ,
1 66 H I STOR Y OF A N C I ENT E GY PT . [ CH xxx
.
c ee d e d alon g the right bank the division o f Phthah in the ,
centre that o f R a so me way to the eastward The position .

1 09
of the brigad e o f S et is not distinctly m

,
ark e d It may have .

started f or K hirabu befor e the falsity of t he spies tal e was de
t ect ed o r it may hav e a ct e d as a r eargu ard to the whole army
, ,
and hav e b een post e d at som e dist a nc e b ehind the other corps .
At any rat e it took no p art in the battl e K hi tasir com .
men ced th e ght by a ank mov e ment to the l eft which

,
e nabl e d him to fall o n t h e bri gad e of B a as it was upon its

march alon e and unsupport ed ; his attack was unexp e ct e d
,
and was irr esistibl e foo t and hors e gav e way b efor e hi m;
t h e division was utterly routed an d e ith er driv e n from th e ,
eld or cut to pi eces Int elligenc e of t he co mpl e t e def eat of

.
his right wing h aving b een r ec e iv e d by R am es es who had now ,
r each e d th e position occupi e d at t h e beginnin g of t he day by

K hitasi r he set hi s bri gad e in m otion at ri ght angl e s to their
, ,
pre iou s cours e e astward but b efore he co u ld r e ach the

v
,
O ront es th e en emy who must hav e c r ossed t he riv er w ere

, , ,
upon him and th e two hosts char ged each oth er at full sp e ed
,
with d esp erat e coura ge T he chariot o f R am es es skilfully .

,
guid e d by his squir e M enna s eems to hav e brok en through

, ,
t he front lin e of t h e Hittit e ch ariot forc e ; but his br ethr e n

in arms were less fortu nat e and R am e s es found hims elf sep
arat e d from his army b ehind the front lin e and confront e d
,
by the s e cond li n e of t h e hostil e ch ariots in a positio n o f the ,
possibl e dan ger Th en bega n that Hom eric combat which

.
1 11
,
the E gyptians w er e nev er tir e d of c elebratin g b et we en a S ingle ,
w arrior on th e o n e h and and the host of t he Hittites r e ck , ,
o n ed at ch ariots o n the oth er in w hich Ram es es lik e

, , ,
D i omed o r Achill es c arri e d d eath and d estruction whith erso

,

e v e r h e turn e d h i ms elf I b e cam e like the go d M en tu
. he ,
is mad e to say ; I hurled the dart with my ri ght hand ; I

fou ght wit h my l eft hand I was like B aal in his tim e b efore
th e ir si ght I had com e upon pairs of horses I was in
the midst of th em but th ey w ere dash e d to pi ec es befor e my
st eed Not o n e o f th e m rais ed his h and to ght th eir cour
.
age was sunk on in th e ir br e asts ; th e ir limbs g av e wa th e y

y ,
could not hurl the dart nor had th ey str ength to thru st with ,
th e sp ear I mad e th e m f all into the w at e r like crocodil e s

.
th ey tumbl e d down on th e ir fa ces o n e aft er a noth e r I kill e d .
th em at my pl easure so th at not o n e look e d b ack b ehind him

, ,
nor did an y turn round E ach fell an d non e rais ed hims elf

,
.
up aga in .
2
T he t e mpor ary isol ation o f R am es e s which is t he gist o f ,
the heroic poem of Pen taou r and which the ki n g himself , .

,
1 68 H I ST OR Y o r A N CI E N T E GY PT
. [ox xxx .
claims to victory and th e su cc ess contain ed i n his inscriptions ,
a re thou ght to impl y th at t h e limits of t h e E gyp ti a n po wer

e st a blish e d b y T ho t hm e s III w er e still in a c ertain s ens e .
122
m aintain e d and vindic at e d during his r ei gn M esopotamia ,
still p ayin g tribute and r ec e ivin g E gypti an r e sid ents if n ot

, ,
e v e n E gyptian g a rrisons and t he chi ef s even of su ch a dista n t

,
plac e as Singara b eing still cont ent to b e r egarded as E gypti an

123
subj ects B ut what ever vesti ge s remain e d o f the old
.
,
p eriod of glory and dominion it can n ot b e s eriously doubt ed ,
th at the r e al power of E gypt had n ow co n s i d era bly de

c li n ed ;
124
the bonds o f subj e ction w er e mu ch less strict
than und er T hoth mes III pru d ential motiv es constrained .
t he E gyptians to b e co n t en t with v e ry much l e ss with su ch

acknowled gm ents as satis ed th eir van ity rather than with

t he e x e rcis e of a real pow e r ?
T he tr ea ty concl u d e d wi th th e H ittit e s is a strong indica
tion of th e chan ged circumst anc es of E gypt and h er i n abil ,
ity to ma i ntain t h e dominant position which Sh e had r eached

und er T hoth mes It was as alre ady obs erv ed.
,
based upon ,
12 6
t h e principl e of an e xact e qu ality betw e e n t he two high con

tracting pow ers K hi tasir was t erm ed t he gr eat king o f

.

Khita the pow erf u l R ames es the gr eat ruler of E gypt the
.
, ,

pow erful T h e ge n ealogy o f e ach was r e ckon e d hack to his
.
grandfather B oth parti es en gag e d r e ciproc ally for their son s

.

and th eir sons sons Fri endshi p was pl edg e d by t he following

.
formula : H e shall b e my ally ; he sh all b e my fri end ; I

will be his ally ; I will b e his fri end for ev er T h e stip a .
lat i o n s of th e a lli anc e w er e throughou t mutual T he king .
o f the Khita en ga ge d und e r no circu mst ances to invade the

land of E gypt and t he king o f E gypt e ngag ed under no
,
circumstanc es to invad e the lan d o f the Khita E ach bound .
hims elf if th e oth er we re att a ck e d e ither to com e in p erson

, , ,

o r to s e nd his forc es to t h e oth e r s assistance ,
E ach pl e dg e d .
himself to t h e ext radition both of crimin als e ein g from j us

tic e and o f an y oth er subj ects wishing to tr ansf er th eir all e
,
g i a n c e E
. ach at t h e s a m e tim e stipul a t e d f o r an a mn e sty of
o e n c e s in cas e o f all p ersons thus surr e nd e r e d The tr eaty .
wa s pl aced und er t h e prot e ction of t h e gods o f t he two

co u ntri es who w er e invok ed r esp ectiv ely to protect obs ervers
,
and punish inf rin gers o f i t .

12 7
It is evi d ent th at the a cknowl ed gm ent of th e Hit tit e power

a n d t h e e n gag e m e nts to r esp e ct its t e rritor i al limits an d d ef end
it against fo rei gn attack constitut ed a n effe ctual bar to the

e xt e nsion of E ypti a n in u enc e in Asi a and v ery n e arly c u t
g ,
E gypt off from her posse ssions on and b eyond the E uphrate s .
CH . xxx] HE M AR R I ES A H I TT I T E P R I NC E S S . 1 69
L ittle more than a nominal subj ectio n o f d ependencies so re

mote could remain when almost the whole o f the int ermediate
,

was relinqu ished to a rival pow e r
28
country T he H ittite .
e mpir e must at this time hav e pres e nted itself to the Mesopo
tamian and Syrian na tions as that which was in t he ascendant ,
and which policy required them to cour t E gypt s day must .

have appeared to be past and the smaller stat es of Western ,
Asia must have begu n to gravitate to the new c e ntre .
A conspicuou s evidence of the alter e d con dition o f things ,
strongly indicative of the great advanc e of t he Hittite pow er ,
was the marriag e o f Rameses in t he thirty fourth year o f his ,

-
sole reign to the daug hter of K hitasi r and her proclamation

, ,
as qu ee n consort by the nam e which S he mu st have n e wly ,
tak en of U r maa n ef ru ra
,
-
The prince of Khita clad in
- -
.
,
the dress o f his country hims elf condu ct e d the brid e to the , .
palace of his son i n law

and aft er r e c e iving hospitable
- -
,
2 9
,
e ntertainme n t r eturn e d to his o wn land

,
It wo u ld seem that .
the pri n c ess had captivated t he h eart of the susceptib l e mon

arch by her remarkabl e be a uty ou an occasion when S he had
come forw ard in h er o wn cou ntry to pl ea d the caus e of som e
captiv e s whom he was inclin e d to tr ea t harshly S he stoo d .
for ward at th e ir head to so ft e n the h eart o f K ing Ram eses

, ,
a gr e a t inconc e ivabl e wond e r

not k n owing the impr ession ,
3"
which her be auty mad e upon him The fascin ation of .
u nconsc i ous lov elin e ss is al ways gr eat ; an d Rames es was ap

p a re n t l
y in d uced to seek t h e hand o f the Hittit e princess by
t he fe elings which w e re c a ll e d forth on this O cc a sion .
B esid e s his gr e at Asiatic wa r to which the H ittite treaty ,
put a happy t ermination R am eses condu ct e d a c ert a in nu mb er

,
o f c a mpai gns in t h e south and in t h e e ast In the south h e .
had fo r enemies t he C us hit e s and the n egro e s in the west t he ,
T ahe n n u and t he M ashu ash o r M a xyes

1 31
In both quarters .
he claims successes but th ey do not app ear to hav e been v ery

d e cisiv e In North ern Africa the pow e r of the M axyes was
.
certainly n o t brok en for we S hal l nd th e m in t he ensuing

,
re ign t akin g t he Off ensiv e an d invading E gypt in forc e ;

and o n the Upp e r Nile only small a n d S
ignic nt tribes the
a
Au n to m t he H eb u u t h e T e n f u t h e T em n u and the H etau 33

,
, , ,
were subjugat e d T he boundari e s of E gypt r e c e iv e d n o

.
import ant enl a rgem ent in eith er qu art er nor were her Asiatic ,
losses co mp ensat e d for by African gains .
O ne and perh aps the m ain r esult of all t h e milita ry opera

, ,
tions in which Ra m eses I I e m ploy e d hims elf f o r so ma n y .
ye ars was the a cqu isi t ion o f many thousands of capti ves some
, ,
As iatic some African

,
s wart negroes from the Soudan E thi
, ,
1 70 H I S TOR Y O F A N CI E NT E GY PT .
[ c xxr .
op i an s of equ al blackn e ss but o f a higher type blu e eye d fair ,

-
hair e d M armari dae light red b eardl ess Khita lith e Arabs
,
, , ,
h eavily framed R ut en with black b ear d s and f eatur es Of a

-
J ewish Kharu L e ka,

N ahiri M a xy
,es carried o ff , ,
from th e ir homes by the graspin g conqu eror whose wars wer e ,
unde rtaken as much w ith the obj ect o f makin g prison ers as
from any high er consid eration D u rin g his early y ears Asia .
furnish ed t he bu lk of th es e unfo rt u nat es L at er wh e n his .

,
Asiatic wars w er e t erminat e d i f we may trus t M L enor , .
mant ,
man hunts w er e organ i z e d upon a monstrou s scal e
throughout t he whol e country o f t h e Sou dan a scal e qu it e u n ,
known at any form er p eri od T he aim was no long er a s

.
,
u nd er t he T hothmeses a n d t h e Am en h ot ep s to ext e nd on -
,
this sid e th e frontiers o f t he E gy ptian e mpi re so as to absorb ,
t he c ou ntri e s which furnish e d ivory an d gold dust T he .
i n c i pal or ( so to sp e ak ) sol e obj e ct was to obt a in slaves

py
.
e arly ev ery ye ar th e r e w er e gr ea t r a zz i a s which sta rt e d from ,
E thiopia and r e t urn e d draggin g af t er th e m thou s ands o f c ap

,
t ive blacks of all ag es an d bot h sex es la d en with ch a ins , .
An d t he principal e pisod es of th es e n egro hunts w er e sculp -

t u re d u pon t h e w a lls of t emples a s glorious e xploits I
35
In conn e ction wi t h thi s consta nt introd u ct i o n o f l arge

bodies of forei gn ers into E gy pt R am es es d evis ed o r adopt ed ,
1 36
the plan ,
so f amiliar to Asi atic conqu erors in l at e r tim es of ,
transport i ng his prison ers e normous d ist anc e s and s ettling ,
them i n thos e portion s o f hi s empir e which w er e most r emot e

from th eir ori gi nal abod es W hol e trib es of n egro e s w er e re
.
moved from t he Sou d a n into Asia L ibyans an d Asi atics w er e

plant ed upon t he Upper Nil e 187
F li ght and esc ape becam e
.
in this way impossibl e and e ven t he y earning aft er a lost

,
hom e t end ed in cours e of tim e to di e aw ay throu gh the w ell

.
,
known inc lin ation of t he hum an mind to acc ept the in evitabl e

.
It was of cours e in connection with his p a ssion for gr eat

, ,

works that Ram es es d esir e d an d obtain ed this v ast addition

to t he store of nak e d hum a n str ength
which o n hi s 38
,
acc ession h e inh erit ed from his pro genitors In the earli er .
tim es the kings had employ ed th e gr eat m ass Of th e ir subj e cts

in thos e vast con structions by which th ey ha d striv e n to i m

mort a liz e th e ir names ? B ut with the growth of civili z ation
n ew i d eas had S pru n g up Som e r egard ha d com e to b e had
.
fo r the f eelings and t h e wish e s o f the low er ord ers ; an d

14 1
if the incubu s of forc ed l abor still l egall y lay u pon th em ,
pra ctic ally it was n o w w ell ni gh a thing o f t h e p ast an d n o

-
,
lo n ge r an a ctual gri ev anc e Slav es c aptiv es an d su bj e ct

.
, ,
races not of Egyp tian blood were at t his period the m ate
, , , ,
- 12 H I S TO R Y O F AN CI E N T E GY PT . [ CH . xxx .
Ne co D arius H ystaSp i s P tolemy I Trajan and the 1 54

, , .
,
C aliph O mar are esp e cially m ention e d as h aving applied

,

th ems elv es to t he work o f re est a blishing the wat erway -
V ario u s points o f departur e fro m t h e cours e o f t he Nil e w ere

tak e n a t di ffer e nt p eriod t he l at est L e i n g at B elbays which ,
is abo u t el ev e n mil e s south of B u b ast i s ( n o w T el B asta )

,
-
.
Amon g t h e ci ties bu ilt by R am es e s II o r so e nl arge d as to .

,
b e consid er e d his work w ere T anis t he great city Of the ,
D elt a which he mad e his Pa Rames u which is -

,
probably t h e R a ams e s of E xodu s ; Pa tu m ( Patu mu s or -
Pithom id e nti ed by Dr B irch with H ero Op Olis) Pa p hthah

,
.
-
,
at G erf Huss ein in Nu bi a ; Pa ammon at S ebu a in th e same

- -
,
country ; a n d Pa ra n ear D er or D irr abov e Korosko

-
, , .
18 7
T h e n e w T anis was S ituat ed a t som e li tt l e dist a nc e from the

old o n e wh er e t he S h eph erd kings had r esid ed and was
, ,

adorn e d with n u merous t e mpl es a n d O b elisks f ra gments of ,
which still str ew the S it e A c o n te mpo rary o f t he son of S eti

l
6 8
thus d escrib es the pl ac e : So I arriv ed at t he city of
R amesu M eri ame n and found it adm irabl e ; for nothing on
-
,
t h e Th eb an land a n d soil can compar e with it H er e is t he .
s eat of t he court The plac e is pl easant to liv e in ; its elds

.
ar e f u ll o f good things ; and lif e h er e pass e s in const a nt

pl enty an d a bund anc e T he can als are rich in sh ; t he l akes
.
S warm with birds ; t he m e ado ws are gr ee n with v e g e tables ;
th er e is no en d o f the l e ntils ; m elons with a tast e lik e hon ey

g row in t h e irrigat e d gard e ns T h e barns are full of wh ea t .
an d d u rr a an d r e a ch as hi gh as h eav e n
,
O nions an d grapes .
row in t h e e nclosur e s ; a n d t h e appl e tr e e blooms a mong

g
-
th e m The vin e th e almond tre e a n d t he g tr e e are found

.
,
-
,
-
in t h e orch ards The red sh is co mmon in the

.
-
lotus c anal ; the B ori sh in t he ponds ; m an y vari eti es of the

- -
s a m e to geth e r with c arp an d pik e

,
in t he can al of P u
b arotha ; f at sh an d K hipt i p eun n s h a re to b e f o und i n the -
pools o f the inund a tion and the H au a z s h in t he f ull mon th ,

-
o f t h e Nil e n e ar the C ity of t h e C o n q u eror

,
T he city canal .
Ps hen ho r produc e s salt t he l a k e r egion o f Fa hir natron , .
S ea going ships e nter the harbor ; plenty and abu ndanc e are
-
p erp etu al .
The most remark abl e of the t e mples er ect e d by Ram ese s

a re the build ing at Th e b es onc e c a ll e d t he M e m nonium but , ,
n o w commonl y known as t he R am e seu m ( which h a s been a l

r ea d y d escrib ed in t he rst volum e of this work ) an d the ,
1 59
e xtraordin a ry rock t e mpl e o f Ipsambul or Abu Sim be l

-
t he -
,
most magn ic en t sp e cim en of its class which t he wo rld con

tains T h e fa cad e is form e d by fo u r huge colossi eac h
.
,
CH . xxx) .
H I S C IT I E S .
seventy feet in height r epresenting Rames e s himself seated , ,
o n t he thron e with the dou ble crown O f E gypt u pon his

,
head In t h e centre a nked o n either sid e by two o f these

160
.
,
gigantic gures is a doorway o f t he u sual E gyptian type

, ,
op ening into a small vestibule which commu nicat e s by a ,
short passage with the main chamber This is an oblong .
square sixty feet long by forty ve divided into a nave and

,
-
,
two aisl e s by t wo rows of square pi ers with Osir id statues

thirty f e et high in front and ornamente d with painted sculp ,
1
ture s ov er its whole surface The main cham b er l eads into .
an inn er shrine or adytum s u pported by fo u r pi ers without

, ,
O si rid gures but otherwise as richly adorn e d as the out e r

,
apartment B ehind t he adytum are s mall rooms for the

.
pri e sts who served in the temple It is t h e fa cad e o f the work

.

which constitut es its main b eauty W hat S hall we say

.
,
o f the rock t e mpl e o f I sam

162
observes a mod ern trav eller p ,
-
b u l the wond e rful fa cad e of which surpass e s ev erything which

,
o u r imagination can conceive o f grand e ur in a hu man work ?
H o w small ho w insignica n t in comparison with i t the

, , ,
petty erections of o u r day ! There in Nubia o n a solitary , ,
w all of rock far removed from the dw ellings of men in

, ,
hoary antiquity a temple was hewn to the great gods of the

l and of E gypt h ewn as if by en cha n tnzen t for this

i s t he proper word so bold so powerful S O e xcee d i ng all , ,
human m easur e as if giants had turned th e bar e rock into a

,
living work of art ! Standing before this work achi e ve d by ,
the hands o f men the thoughtful child o f ou r mod ern age rst
,
feels the greatn ess of antiquity in its all pow erf u l mi ght It -
.
was not cl ever calcula ion n ot prot n o r utility but t he t

, , ,
most el e vated fe e ling of gr atitude to Go d th at c aused such a ,
work to be ex e cut e d ; a work worthy o f and t for t he i m

mortal inconc e ivable almighty D e ity t o whom the ancients
.
, , ,
dedicated it in hi gh veneration for t he E v erl astin g and t he

Incompr eh e nsibl e After this t he j u dgm ent of the learn
.
,
ed historian o f archit ecture may p e rhaps se e m tam e ; b u t its

sobri e ty giv e s it a w e ight which is scarcely accord e d t o the
b e st assort e d coll ection o f historic al phras e s by the modern
read er The larg est o f the rock t emples at Ipsambul says -

.
,
Mr F e rgusson
. is the n es t of i ts c lass k n own to exi s t
,
6 3
a n ywher e E xt e rnally the fa cad e is about a hundred feet in

.
,
hei ght and adorned by four o f the most magnic e nt colossi

,
in E gypt each sev enty feet in h e ight an d r epresenting the

, ,
king R am eses ] I who caus ed the excavation to be made

, .
, .
It may be because they are m or e p erfect than an y other n o w

fou n d in th at cou ntry, but certainly nothing can e xceed
1 74 H I S TO R Y OF AN C I E N T GY PT [ CE X XI
-
E .
.
th e ir calm maj e sty and beauty or b e m or e entirely free from ,
t he vulgarity and e xagge ration which is ge n erally a charac

t eri sti c of colossal works o f this sort .
Amon g t he ot h e r gr eat works o f this gr eat king were the

completion o f the H all of C olumns at Karnak
o f the
1 64
t empl e b egu n by Seti at Abydos and of that fou n de d but

,
left v e ry imp erf e ct by Am en o phis III at L u xor ;

t h e a dd i
,
.
56
tion of p ylons and colossi to the gr eat t empl e of Phthah at

an d t h e e ntir e constr u ct i on o f n ew t empl e s at
167
Memphis ,
M e mphis H eliopolis Tanis B i et el Walli D er Gerf - -

, , , , ,
168
Huss e in and elsewh ere
, At K alab sh e ther e is also a small
.
but b eautiful e xampl e belo n gin g t o the age of R ames es IL

, ,
and r emarkabl e for t he b eaut y of its sculptur e d bas r eli efs as -

,
well as for the bol d Proto D oric columns which adorn its ves
-
ti bu le In Nubia R a m e s e s introduced t he pra ctice of e x

1 69
.
,
c a vati n g the c e lls o f t h e t e mpl e s in t he rock a n d ad d ing in ,
front of the c ells stru ctural bu ildings consisting o f courts and

prop ylons a combination which is extr e m el y eff e ctive sinc e

thus t he sanctuary has all the im perishability and myste ry
,

o f a c av e while the r e maind er o f t he t empl e h as at the
,
sam e tim e the ample spac e fr ee pl ay of light an d arc hitec, ,
tur al e ff e ct o f a bu ilding standing in the Op en

In the ornam e nt ation of his b u ildings R a m es e s e sp e cially
a ec te d th e e m ploym ent of O b elisks an d colossi O b elisks .
,
which h av e c ea s ed to e xist adorn e d his S u n temp le a t H eli

,
~
171
opolis ; and two m agnic ent on es w ere add e d und e r hi s

a uspic es to th e L u xor e d i c e o n e of which has long at
72
,
t ract e d th e a dmiration o f all behold ers i n t h e comm a ndi n g

posi tion w hi ch it n o w occupi es o n t he Plac e d e la C oncor de
a t Paris This monum ent as m easur ed by t he Fr ench e u
.
,
1 73
g i n eers had
, an e l e vation o f e i ht
g y t wo f e e t a n d is e xq u i s i -
,
t i vely c arv e d and proportion e d It is of a b eautiful pink .
S yenit e gr anit e and is cov er e d wi th inscriptions which have

, ,
b een r e c ently tr a nslat ed by M Ohabas . .

174
T he most imposing of all the colossi of Ramesi s an d indeed ,
o f all e xistin
g colossi are thos e four giant forms already de
175
,
scribed which guard the portal of the gr ea t rock t emple of -
Ips a mbul Th es e how ev er are not strictly Speaking

.
, , , ,
statu e s but gure s c arv e d in the rock O f a ctual statu es

, .
the largest which can b e d enit ely ascribed to Ram es es II .
( Fig 5 9) is thatwh ere of the torso r ema ins in t he ruins of t he

.
Ram e s eum an imag e o f his m aj e sty

, whic h was origin ally ,
fty fo u r f e et high a n d w e i gh ed n early nin e hu ndr e d to n s !

-
,
Dr B rugsch b eli e ves it to h ave b e en o n e o f a p air carv e d to

.
,

adorn the en trance co u rt o f that mag nic ent ed ic e An ,
.
s
H I S TOR Y O F A N C I ENT E G Y PT .
[ CH . m .
compulsory on private h ad up to t h is t i m e b e e n
practis ed also by t he monarchs .
O f all his sons t he on e most d ear to him was S haemu as or

Khamus the child of his favorite qu een Isi n efert wh
,
- o

was a learn e d and pious prince d evot e d esp e cially to the
,
,

religious s ervice of Pht hah living mainly in the t emple o f
,
that god a t M emphis an d keeping hims elf aloof from stat e

,
aff airs mor e th a n was q u it e pl easing t o hi s fath er

This .
93
prince was d esignat e d as his succ essor and in the meantim e ,
h eld the o fc e of high pri est o f Pht hah in M emphis in

-
,
which capacity he ex erted himself to r estor e the worship of

h
t e holy Apis bulls
-
incarnations as it was b eliev ed o f , ,
Phthah wh i ch had f allen into d esu etud e T he n ecropolis

-
.

o f the bulls the S O call e d S e rap eum
,
-
was beau t i e d and e n
large d by S hae mu as w h os e buildings are c el ebrat ed in various
,
,

inscrip tions as spl endid works d es erving of the highest
c om m e ndation Unfortunat ely he di e d i n his fath er s lif e
.
tim e and was thus u n abl e to S how what architectural suc

,
cesses he mi ght have achieved if he had had at hi s disposal

the r evenu es of a ki n gdom instead of the all owanc e of an h e ir
app arent .
His affe ction for this son and for his two principal w i ves
, ,
S hows that t he disposition of R ameses II was i n som e resp e cts .
amiable althou g h upon the whol e his charact er is o n e which

,
scarc ely comm ends its elf to ou r app rovalf Profe ssin g in his

early y ears e xtr eme d evotion to t he m emory Of his f ath er ,
6
he liv e d to S how hims elf h is fath er s worst e n emy an d to aim

,
at oblit erating his m emory by erasing his nam e from t he

monum ents o n which it occurr ed and in many cases su bsti ,
1 97
tuti n g his own .Am id a gr eat show of r egard f or the
deiti es of his country and for the ordinances o f t he e stablish
e d worship he contr iv e d that th e chi e f r e sult of all that he
,
did for r eligion S hould b e t he glorication o f hims elf .

1 98
O th e r kings had arrogat e d to th ems e lv e s a c ertain qualie d

divinity an d after th eir d eaths had som etim e s b ee n plac e d
,
by som e o f their succ es sors o n a par wit h the r eal national

g ods ; b u t it r e m a in e d for R a meses to associate himself dur
ing his lifetim e with such l eading d e iti es as Phthah Am ,
mon an d H orn s and to claim e qually with th e m the relig

, ,
2 00
ious r egards of his subj e cts He was also as alr eady
.
,
obs erv e d the rst to introduce into Egypt the degrading

,
cu stom of pol y gamy and the corrupting in u enc e of a har em .
E ven his brav ery which cannot be d e ni e d los e s half its m erit
, ,
by b e ing mad e the co n stant subj ect o f boasting ; and hi s

magnicence ceases to appear admirable wh en we t hi nk at
CH . xxx ] A CC E S S I O N O F M E N E PH T H AH .
2 01
what a cost it display e d its elf If with m ost rece n t writers

.
,
we id entify him with the king who

2 02
upon E gypti an histo ry ,
the build e r of Pitho m a n d R a a m

k n e w n o t Jos eph , s es t h e ,
rst oppr essor of the Israelit e s we mu st add some darker ,
shad e s to t he picture and look upon h i m as a cru el and ruth

,
less despot who did not S hrink f rom inicting on innoc ent
p ersons t h e s e ver est pain and su eri n g .
2 03
R am e s e s II was succe e d e d by his fourt eenth
. an d eld est
surviving s on , M e n ep h thah, the Ammen -
ephth e s
of Man etho O n the death of his brother S haemu as h e

2 04

.
,
2
had been appoint e d gov ernor of M emphis and ha d b een a d
mitt ed to a share in the administration of aff airs if n ot act
2 06
,
nally associate d by his father O n his acc ession he took

,
.
the throne name -

of H otep hi ma, - -
he who tru sts
the
2 07
in truth tog ether with e pithets B ai -
eu -
ra ,
and Meri amo n -

, j g . Inheriting from
his father an empir e which was ev erywhere at peace with
its n e ighbors he might hav e be en e xpected t o h ave had
,
\
a tranqu il an d prosp erous r e ign a n d t o have carr i e d o n the ,
b urst o f architectur a l e nergy which had manif e st e d its elf n u

der his father and his gra n d f ath er T he pow er how ever .
, ,
which d ir e cts human a ffairs wholly disappoint e d th es e ex ,
p e c t at i o ns The. uncloud e d prosp e ct of h i s e arly ye a rs gav e
place aft er a bri ef interv al t o storm an d tempest of th e most

, , ,
fearf ul kind ; a t erribl e invasion carri e d re an d S word into

the h eart o f his d ominion s ; an d he ha d scarc ely e scap e d this
danger wh e n int ernal troubl e s brok e ou t a subj ect race high ,
ly valu ed for the services which it wa s forc ed to r e nd er i h ,
sisted on qu itting the land ; a gr eat loss was incurred in an

attempt to comp el it to r e main ; r eb ellion brok e out in the
s outh ; and th e reign which had comm e n c e d u nder su ch fair
,
ausp i ces t erminat e d in c alamity and confu sion

,
M en ep h .
thah was quit e incomp et ent to d eal with th e di f c u lt circum

stances i n which h e fou n d hims elf plac e d he h es i tat e d tem ,
i zed mad concessions r tr ct d th m and nally

p o r , e e a e e ,
conducted E gypt to a catastroph e from which sh e did not

recover for a ge n eration .
D uring his early years M e n ephth ah s e ems to hav e remain

ed i h pe a c e an d qu i etn e ss u ntroubl e d by d i s cont ent at hom e
u nm
,
,
olested by for ei gn enemi e s At this time he em ployed .

1 78 H I STO R Y O F A N CI E N T E GY PT . [ CH .
.
xxx
hims elf in furth er en l arging the ci ti es of New Tanis and Pa

R amessu
2 08
which had b e en built by his f ath er an d in set
, ,
ti n g up rock tabl ets at S ilsilis a n d els ewh er e H e a lso car

2 09
-
.
ried on c ertain minor works in conn e ction with the gr eat

t emple of Pht hah at M emphis wh er e he set up a statu e of ,
hims elf in black basalt whic h is n o w i n the Museum of B ou ,
la q
2 10
H e nowh er e how ev er at t empt ed the er e ction of any

.
, ,
great edic es ; an d it is c ertainly tru e to say th at he does

not rank with thos e Pharaohs who h ave transmitted their re
membran ce to post erity by grand bu ild ings an d the con
struction o f n e w t empl e s or by the enlarg em ent of such as al ,
-
r

read y e xist ed His monu m ents are ind eed compl etely i n
.
signic ant and tho u gh wi dely spr ead and tol er ably numerous

ha ve a m e i n charact er
,

a bout th e m which is esp e cially
,
surprising wh en we c ompare with th e m the nobl e e xampl es

accomplish e d by his fath er and his grandfather M en ep hthah .
evidently did n o t inh erit th e ir a mbition H e was n o t how .

,
e v er o f so el e vated a t e mper as to b e fr e e from the blemish

,
of p e rso n al v anity ; and this d efe ct i n his charact er led him

to be guil t y of the m eann ess of appropriating to hims elf the
works of form er kings by t he er asur e o f th e ir names and the
substitution of his own a practic e wholly u nj ustiable
2 13
.
Such erasur es had pr e viou sly b ee n som etim e s m ad e o u t Of

hatr e d and as a punishm e nt ; M en ephthah mad e th em for
t he m er e purpos e of s elf glo ri c at i o n and was indiffer e nt -
,
wh eth er he wron ge d a fri end or an en emy .
T he for ei gn r elations o f M en ep hthah w er e during this

p eriod s atisf actory H e maint a in ed t he alliance with the
.
Kh ita which his f ath er h ad conclud ed aft er t he clos e of his

gr eat Asiatic war and str en gt h en e d t he bonds of amity by
,
a llowin g corn to b e e xport e d from E gypt for t he sust ent ation
o f t h e Hittit e p e opl e
wh en th eir crops failed th em He
, .
r e c eiv e d into E gypt as n ew s ettl ers s e veral trib es of B e

dou i n s who w e r e d esirous of e xchan gin g th eir nomadic ha
,
bits f o r a mor e s ettl ed lif e an d est ablish e d th em i n t he rich ,
lands about th e city of Pithom H e r et a in e d t he for ei gn .
conqu ests of his pr e d ec e ssors in L ow er Syria Philistia and , ,
C an aan c ar efully sup ervising th eir administr ation by means

,

of continual disp a tch e s a n d m e ss en g er s
16
At t he sam e tim e .
he guarded w it h tol er able efciency his northw est ern fronti er ,
prev ent ed any s erious irruption of the L ibya n trib e s and up ,
to his fth y e ar su cc e ed ed in m aint a inin g gen eral tranquil

,
li ty an d prosp erit y .

B ut sud d enly in his fth y ear h e had to mee t an impor
2
An Af rican ch i ef M armaiu , son of Deid,

,

tant attack .
,
180 H I S TO R Y OF AN C I E N T E GY PT . [ CH xxx.
W e have no estim at e l eft u s of the n umb er o f the invad ers ;

but it c ertainly e xc e ed e d a n d probabl y did not f a ll
mu ch S hort of men
.
T he L ib yans t h e M axyes an d
225
.
, ,
t he K ab aka who w er e M armai u s subj e cts form e d t h e m ain

, ,
bulk of the force cont in gents o f no gr e at siz e b ein g furnish ed

,
b y t h e Ak au sh a Tursh a L uku S h artan a and S he klu sh a

m
, , , , ,
who w er e not his subj e c ts but for e ign m erc enari es ,

T he .
attack s ee ms to h av e b e en m a d e towards t h e ap e x of the D el
ta and was at rst compl et el y succ e ssful T he fronti er

.
,
towns w er e t ak e n by assault and turn ed into h eaps of ru b

th e D elt a was e nt er e d upon and a position t ak e n
227
bish ; ,

up in the n om e of Pro sOp i s f rom which both M emphis an d ,
H eliopolis w er e m enac ed M en ephth ah hastily f orti ed th es e .
ci t i es o r rather ( we must s u ppos e ) str en gth en e d th eir e x

229
i sti n g d ef e nc e s and making M emph s his own h ea dqu arters

,
, , ,
proc eed ed to coll e ct an army partl y of E gyptians p ar tly of , ,
merc enaries wher ewith to oppos e the e n emy H e did not

,
.
,
how ev er v e ntur e to tak e the command im p erso n ; but pre

,
t e nding an expr ess command of Phthah whom he had s een ,

2 30
in vision forbidd ing him t o quit M emphis
,
he s e nt his ,
troops u n der g en er als to encount er th enemy A gr eat b at .
t le was fou ght in th e nom e of Pros o pis on th e third of Ep iphi

er t h e str u g gl e had last e d S i x hours
2 31
( M ay in which aft , ,
t h e L ibyans an d t h eir alli e s w er e compl et ely d ef eat e d and

forc e d to y M armaiu hi ms el f was amon g the rst to quit
the eld ; a n d h e did so with such h ast e as to leav e b ehind hi m
.
not only his c a mp e quipag e but his bow his quiv er and his
-
, , ,
s and als . His wi f e a n d childr e n who h ad accompani e d

2 32
,
him to t he ght s e e m also to hav e e sc aped to geth er wit h

, ,
2 33
som e consid er a bl e numb er of his soldi ers B ut abov e e i ght
w r e S lain in th e b attl e an d t h e pursuit an d abov e
.
23
thous an d e
Th
,
nin e thousand wer e m ad e prison ers ? e d ef e at was total
a n d irr e m e diabl e M arma i u s pow er was shatt er ed and h e

.
,
is h eard of no more T he m erc enari es of what ev er r a c e th ey

. ,
w er e l earn ed by Cxp eri enc e th e wisdom of l eavin g th e L iby

,
ans to ght th e ir ow n battl es and of not again th ems elves ,
crossin g swor d s with the E gyptia n s W h en the n e xt occ asion .
c am e for a L ibyan inv asion o f E gyp t no m erc enari es a c c o m ,
an i e d th e m ; and thou gh the S h eklu sh a a n d Tursha ar e still

p
occ asi o n ally fou n d a mo n g the en emi es of E gypt t h e maj ority ,
o f t h e alli e s o f M ar mai u abstain e d from furt h e r hostil e m ov e

m ent T h e S h artan a ev e n e n t er e d th e E gypti an s er v ice an d
.
,
c am e t o hold a pl a c e a mong t he m ost trust e d of the E gyptian

2 36
troops .
2 37
It was probably not many year s af ter this gr eat vict ory
CH . xxx] M E NEPH TH A H AND TH E H EB R Ews . 18 1
over the L ibyans and th e ir allies had raised M en ephthah to a

hi gh pitch o f glory both i n his o wn eyes and in those of his ,
subj e cts that a d emand was made upon him by the chi ef of
,
a su bject rac e long domiciled in E gypt which must hav e

, ,
see me d to him wholly pr ep o sterous Moses a H ebrew .

,
brou ght u p in the court o f his pr e decessor but for many ,
y ears s elf e xiled from E gypt appeared befor e him an d r e qu est

-
,
e d p ermissio n to conduc t his p e opl e o u t i nto the d e sert whi c h ,

bound ed E gypt on the east the distanc e o f thre e days j o u r ,
n ey in ord e r that they might hol d a f east and o e r sacr i ce

,
.
M en ephthah not u nnaturally re

1138
to th e ir god J ehovah ,
.
, ,
fus e d fe aring to los e the services of m ore than half a million

,
o f bondsm e n who if they onc e qu itted the country and found

, ,
the ms elv e s f ree would n ot b e likely to return At the same

,
.
tim e t o punish the nation fo r its temerity and to keep down

, ,
its aspirations he increas e d the burd e n of its task work and

,
-
,
exact e d an amount which it was impossible f or them to p er

form Moses how ev e r still p ersisting in his d e mand and
2 39
,
, ,
.

alarming the king and his court by a seri e s o f plagues
conti n ually increasing in sev erity and cu l minating in the
,
destruction of the rst born the required permission was -

,
at l e ngth obtain e d ; and on a certain day the n ation careful ,
ly or ganiz e d by its lead ers qu itted Egypt and entered the ,
d esert B ut M en ephthah ( Fig 32 ) had scarc ely yielded

.
240
.
when he rep ented of his weakness Gath ering to geth er all .
the force that h e could hastily muster hors e and foot and ,
chariots of th ese last mor e than si x hu ndr ed h e followed

af ter t he H e brews and ov ertook them e ncamping by the sea ,
at Pi hahi ro t h -
before B aal ,
It is scarcely the
bu sin ess o f the general histori a n of anci ent E gypt to en ter
into t he di fcult qu estion of what sea is int end e d and what ,
route the He brews pursu e d upon quitting E gypt The tra .
di ti on al b eli ef o f both t h e E gyptians an d the Isra elites that

t he sea was the R e d S ea
is a f act of su ch vast weight that 2
,
against it g eographical S peculations an d ingenious explana

,
3
tio n s of nam es sink into i n si gn i c an ce and are to say t he , ,
l east quit e insu f ci e nt to e stablish a theory which runs

,
count er to t he beli ef of at any rate thre e millennia B ut , , .

,
l eaving this qu estion o n on e sid e we may be cont ent to state

,
in gen eral terms the issu e Favor e d by a strong east .
the Hebr e ws made th eir way upon dry ground

across the arm o f the sea th a t had s e em e d t o hem th e m in .
O n attempting to follow them alo n g th e s a m e route the ,
E gypti an s w ere overwhelmed by the r e turning waters ; the

chariot wheels were entangled in the soft ooze ; the hor ses
-
18 2 H I S TO R Y O F A N CI E N T E GY PT .
[011 . xxx .
and th e ir ri ders perish ed ; the chos en captains w er e drown e d

t he d epths cov ere d th e m th e sank to t he botto m as a
; y
5
stone .All the troops that had ent er e d on t he d an gerou s
path w er e d estroy ed ; a gr eat slau ght e r was accomplish ed and ,
a blo w r ecei ve d which was f elt througho u t th e empire as a ter

ribl e c al amity .
M en ep hthah with
24 6
B u t t he Phar aoh hims elf e sc ap ed .
,
the r e mn ant of his host r eturn e d to E gypt an d r esum e d the ,
p eac eful occup ations which rst t he inv asion of M armaiu ,
and th e n t he H ebr ew troubl es had i nterrupt ed B ut now , .
revolt s e ems to have S hown itself in the south A pre .

247
m
tender named Amo n mes
,
-
or Amon m eses -
,
4
M
or
m
g b elonging to a city call ed H akhe b K heb
8
or
M
which was S ituat e d near the mod ern B eni sou ef o n the Nile -
,
opposit e the Fayoum came forward and was p erhaps accept , ,
ed as monarch by the Th ebans M en ephthah di ed l eaving .

,
his crown to his son , S eti M en ephthah

-
or
M
Seti II ; but this monarch was not generally a cknowl edged

.

,
and a tim e of confusion and d isord er set in which is ch arac ,
t eri ze d by R ames es III as a period o f compl e t e an archy when

.
E gypt was without a master and t he variou s pr et e nders t o

,
pow er strov e with an d massac re d o n e t he oth e r Amon 2 50
mes ( the Amm en emmes of Man etho ) r e ign ed for a tim e

.
2 51
- -
p er h aps ve years at Th eb es and took the titl e of ha ir

,

U as ,
King of Th eb es which he attach ed t o his n am e ,
wi thin his e scutch e on H e designed and nished his tomb 2 53

.
i n the B iban el Moluk a n e xcavation o f mod er at e pr e t e n

- -
sions ? U pon his d ea th S eti M en ep ht hah app ea rs to h av e ,

-

b een reco gniz ed as m onarch by t he E gyptians g en erally ,
6
and to h av e transf err e d his a bode to Th eb es wh ere he built

a sm a ll t empl e and er ect ed a statu e of hims elf which is
,
, ,
now in the B ritish Mus eum ? H e also carri e d o n a war in

t he south ern part of his domin ions and set up a tabl e t as a ,
2 68
conqueror on t he rocks n ear Abu Simbel -
.
In count en a nc e S eti II (F ig 5 4 ) was remarkably hand . .
Som e H e had a long w ell ormed nos e n ear y in lin e wit h

. f l -
,
his for e h ead arch ed e yebrows a good eye with full ey elid a
, , ,
short upp er lip a cl eanly cut m outh and a d elic at e round ed

, ,
chin H e s eems however to h ave be en wantin g in en ergy

.
, ,
an d d eci sion B efor e he had bee n lon g seated u po n

.
V o l II
. .
Fi g 44
. .

H EAD OF R AM E S E S IV .
S ee Pa g e 2 09
.
Fig . 45 H.EAD 0F R AM E S E S Ill S e e Pa ge 2 "

cu . XXL ] U S U R PATION O E S I PH TH AH . 18 3
'
t he thron e a high o fci al nam ed B ai brou ght forwar d as a

, ,
rival claimant o f the kin gly power a c ertain who ,
is thought to h av e been a son o f A mon mes and who was -

,
2 60

cer tainly a n ati ve o f the same city S eti seems to hav e
m ade but little r e sist a nce to this a ntagonist Accordin g to

,
o n e authority he accepted from him t he tit le o f Princ e

2 62
,

o f C ush a nd consent e d to act as his V iceroy in the south ern
, .
ro vi n c es : but it is perhaps more prob a bl e that h e was eith er
killed in battle or d ethroned and mu rdere d by his successful

,
rival .
S iph thah who now becam e king took the epithet

, ,
o f Meri eu hthah

beloved of Phthah and th e throne
p
- -
, ,
3m
g63
name of Ba khu en sot ep -
eu ra, o 0 It
would seem that to strengthen him s elf in his u surped posi ,
tion he marri e d a pri nc ess o f the R amesi de fa mily who may

.
,
have been but is certain ly not proved t o hav e b e en

2 64
, a ,
daughter o f M en ep hthah an d a si st er of Seti II Her name .
app e ars on the m onu ments as Ta us er o r Ta which -
Manet ho changed i n to Thu Oris She s eems t o have share d .

266
the roy a l authority with her husband an d perh aps e nj oy e d it ,
during the term of s ev e n ye ars a s Man etho ( wh o however , , ,

267
mistook her sex)recorded B ut the j oint r ei gn was troubled .
and inglorious S iphthah did not eng age in any wars ; and the
.
only important work that he compl et ed was hi s tomb in the

B iban el Moluk which was an excavation of some preten
- -
,
2 68
S i ons .
A period of anarchy followed the d eath of S iph thah an d

,
s eparat ed the ninet e enth dynasty from the tw e nti eth F or

.
many y ear s we are told the country was without a mas

, ,
t er ; t he chi ef authority belong e d to the governors of citi e s ,
who massacred o n e the oth e r Aft er a tim e a c ertain Arsu , .
a Syrian b e cam e chief among them t he who l e country o f

, ,
f eri n g him homage ; but his companions plu n der e d all who
poss ess e d any w ealth Moreover the gods were treate d lik e .
,
t he me n ; and no o n e any mor e mad e o ff e ri ngs t o t h e te m

'
2 69
pl e s . O nc e m or e a dy n asty o f t he highest d istinction , ,

o n e which ha d rul e d E gypt gloriously for abov e a century
0
,
and covered the country with magnic ent works e xpir e d ,
amid cloud s and gloom Int ernal rebellion an d ext ernal .

.
attack combin ed to produc e a ge neral st at e of confusion

and anarchy which thr eat e ned the compl e t e dissolution of
,
the whol e fabric o f Egyptia n so c i ety For s e v e ral years t hi s .
stat e of thin gs c on ti n u e d and the sufferin gs of the people ,

18 4 H I S TOR Y O F AN CI ENT E GY PT . [ ca xxx
must hav e be e n great H ad th e nation not po ss ess e d e xtra

.
ordinary vit ality r e cov ery from so e xtr em e a st at e of depres

,
sion and exh au stion would hav e be en impossibl e ; but th ere

was tha t in t he E gypti a n charact er which almost d e ed ad .
verse circumst ances and e nabl ed t he mo n arch y to rise agai n

,
and aga in lik e th e f abl e d giant aft er b eing s trick e n to the

, ,
earth and to vindicat e to its elf ag ain an d again a foremost

,
plac e among the l eading kingdoms of the world We shall .
nd E gypt under t h e tw enti eth d ynas ty occupying almost as

comm anding a posi t ion as that which w e hav e S hown her to
h ave h eld u nd er t he eight een th and th e nin et e enth -
.
T he civilization of E gyp t u nd er th es e two most important

d ynasti e s has now according to the g en er al p lan p u rsued in
,
t h e pres ent work to b e consid er e d and will b e divid e d u nder

, ,
o u r three cu stomary h e ads Art R eli gion and M anners , , .
What ev er may b e thou ght with r esp e ct to ot her d epartments

o f art it cannot b e qu e stioned th a t E gyptian a rchitectur e
,
reach e d its high est p erf ection u nd er th es e t wo d nasti es y .
The Ram es eum the templ es of M edinet Abou and Ipsambul

,
-
,
the p alac e t e mples or templ e p al ac e s of Karnak and L u xor

- -
,
and t he rock cut tombs of the B iban el Moluk belon g alik e to

- - -
,
the p eriod an d giv e it an archit e ctural p re emin enc e over

,
-
e very other p e riod in E gyptian histo ry which only profound ,
ignoran c e can doubt or extr e m e captiousn ess dispute T he .
latest historian of archit ectur e has given u s his v erdict that

t he hypost yl e h all Of S eti I at K arnak i s the gr e atest o f
,
man s archit e ctural works

a n d th e e ntir e building of
2

which it is a part t he nobl est e ffort of archit e c t ur al mag
, ,
n i c e n c e ev e r produc e d by the han d o f man

2 72
T he s a m e .
writ er has d e clar ed though familiar with the gr and e xamp le s

,
at E llora and E l ephanta that the rock cut t empl e of Ip sam -

,

bul is the n est of its class known to e xist anywh er e .
2

Int elligent tr av e ll ers are stru ck by the Theb a n e d i ce s t e h
work almost e xclusiv ely of thes e d yn asti es fa r mor e than h f:

m
all th e oth er co n stru ctions of t h e Pharaohs Most o f th e m .
are dis a ppointed by the Pyramids ; th er e is scarc ely o n e whos e

heart is n ot stirr e d by a thril l of admiratio n as he contem
plat es K arnak o r L u xor .
If we inquir e what exactly constitut ed the p re emin enc e of -
these Ph a raonic works ov er the r em aind e r t he r e adi es t an ,
Sw er would se em to b e that th ey e xhibit ed mor e strikingly

than any oth ers the combination o f enormous m ass an d si ze
with a pro fu sion of t he most e l a borate ornam ent ation T he
Pyramids are grand e r struc tur e s ; far mor e massiv e an d at
.
cover i n g a larger a rea ; bu t they

,
any rat e i n two i nstance s

2 7
18 6 H I S TO R Y O F AN C I E N T E GY PT . [CH xxx
thin g within the circl e o f the arts W hat ever eulogy is j ust
.
ly b e stow e d on E gyptian archit e ctur e g e n erall y b elongs e s

e c i ally to t he gr ea t works o f t h e e i ght ee nth and ninet eenth
p
dynasti es which brou ght the styl e introduc e d by the mon
,
a rchs o f t h e t we lf th to a pitch o f e xcell e nc e n ever e xceeded ,
and r arely e qu alled by the l a ter Ph araohs

,
.
In lyptic art the gr e at glory of th e p eriod consisted in its

g
c olo ssx The rock cut im a ge s of R am eses II at Ipsambul
-
.
,
the sitting gur e s of Am e n ophis III n ear L u xor r e mnants .

,
)
2 77
( as is thou g ht of an avenu e of e i ght e en and the enormous ,
r a nite statu e o f R am e ses t h e prid e o f his R ame s eum at

g
Kar n ak are f ar mor e gig antic th an any other h u man forms
,
at pr es ent e xistin g upon t h e earth and impress the b ehold er

,
with a f eelin g of combi n ed awe and a dmir ation which with

d i i cu lty nds v ent i n e xpr e ssion
Nothing whic h n o w ex
.
,

i st s in t h e world says D ean Stanley o f the last nam ed of -
th es e colossi can giv e an y notion o f what the e ff e ct must

,
hav e b een wh e n t he gur e was e re ct Nero tow ering abov e .
t h e C oloss eum may hav e b ee n som e thin g like it ; but he was

.
o f bronz e and R am e s e s was o f so lid gr anite Ne ro was s t and .
ing without any obj e ct ; Ram eses was r e stin g in awful ma

j esty aft e r t he conqu es t of the whole o f the th e n known
Miss M arti n eau s i mpr e ssion o f the colossi of

Am en ophis has b een alr eady notic ed T he D ean s ays of

2 81
2 82
th e m : T he Sun was s etti n g ; t he African range glow e d
r e d behind th e m ; t h e gr een plain was dy e d with a de eper
gr ee n b en eath them ; and the shad e s o f ev ening veiled the

vast r ents and ss u r e s in th e ir age d fram es Th ey too sit .
,
hands o n k n e es and th ey too are sixty f eet hi gh AS I look

, .
e d back on th e m in t h e suns et and th ey ros e up in front of

,
the background of the m ountain th ey seem e d ind e ed as if ,
th ey w er e part of i t as if th ey b elonged to so me natu ral cre

ation rath er th an to any work o f art
The l sp ambu l gur e s

.

are a lmost e q ually impressive Nothing c a n exceed we

.
,

are told , their calm maj esty and beauty The won .
283
d erf u l fa a de surpass e s ev erything which o u r imagination

c
c an conc e i v e o f grand eur in a human work Standi ng .
2
b efor e th e m the thoughtfu l child of our modern a ge rst

,
2
feels the greatn ess of antiquity in its all pow erful might
"
-
.
It is the ordinary fault o f colossi to b e coarse and vulgar

Giants are unpl easing in actu al life and magni e d re pres en ,
tat i on s o f ou r f ellow men l e av e for the most part an u n sat i S

-
factory impr essio n The great colossi of the b es t E gyptian

.
ti mes are red ee m e d from vulgarity by their maj estic pose the
stiff ri gidity of their form s, and the st am whi ch th e
,
p y b ear
CH . xxx] B AS - R E L I EPS . 18 ?
upon them of eternal changeless tranqu illity Profound re .
pos e with som e thing of a look o f scorn is th e ir c haract eri s

, ,
~
tic expre ssion th ey resemble b e ings abov e all human we a k

ness es al l h uman passions E picurea n d eit i es unconcern ed
, ,
s pectators o f t he lapse of ages and the follies and woes of

man .
The has reliefs of the period have two special features

-
rst they are on a far l arg er sc al e than any previous o nes ;

and secondly th ey are more vigoro u s and animat e d W hil e
,
.
,
do mestic scen es continu e to b e r epr e sen ted in the tombs

,
an d religious ones both in the tom bs and in the t empl es t he ,
gran d subj ect o f war is for t he rst time introdu c e d all its
.
287
phases receive car eful treatm ent the march the encampm ent , , ,
t he conict the S iege the pursu it ; vast surfaces are cov e red
, ,
with enormou s pictures into which hundreds of gures are ,
i ii tro dii ced lif e action rapid movem e nt e n ergy are por
f ee
, , ,
traye d innitely vari e d atti tu d es occur ; the artists se e m to

,
have em ancipated themselves from all the old conventio n al

-
tramm els and r epr esent the vario u s circu mstances of battle
,
with equ al tru thfulness and sp i rit E specially d o they su c .
c ee d in the d elineation o f the newly imported horses n o w -

,
standing still n o w trotting n o w gallop ing at full speed ;

, ,
anon wounded sw erving falling prone on the ground ; or

, ,
again prancing rearing turning round f eeding about to li e

, , , ,
down exten d e d at its eas e ; in every p osition e qually well

,
drawn and clearly studi e d fro m t he life W a rfare is exhibit .
e d with all its multiform incid e nts Foreign rac e s have .
th e ir variou s costum es physiognomi e s armatu re mod e s o f , , ,
ghting war animals s tyle of chariot E ven the confusion

,
-
, .
and turmoil o f a sea ght was regard e d as w ithin the range -

o f the artists pow e rs ; and adv e rs e galleys engaged in actual
comb at exhi bit to u s the facts of naval warfare about the
2 89
tim e of Moses .
It is thought that the sculptures o f the period which we are

considering w h ether in r elief o r in t he round whil e they
, ,
comprise the highest perfection to which E gypti a n art ever

attained contain also distinct traces of the commencement o f
,
2 90
a decline T h e cha n ge occurr e d i n the latter part of the
.
reig n of R ameses II It consisted in a want of care and n .
91
ish an u n due elongation of the gu re and an occ asional

, ,

rudeness and coarseness which are pronounced barbaric .
T o the u nprof e ssional eye how e v e r t he d i ff er e nc e is n ot very , ,
striking and even th e sculptur es of Rames es II the seco nd

,
.
,
k ing of the succeeding dynasty s e em to fall but littl e short

of t h e great m
,
asterpi eces of S eti I an d Ram eses II . .

18 8 H I S TOR Y O F A N C I E NT E GY PT .
[ 011 , XX;
In the matter o f religion the most notic eable chan ges ,
which occurr e d are conn ect ed with t he disk worship a n d -

.
with t he alt ernat e elevation an d d epr ession of the go d S et

m
.
T h e cult o f th e disk f avor e d by A e n o phis , an d

fully established by his son Am e n o phis IV or K hu en aten ,
.
, ,
is chi ey r em ark abl e on account o f its e xclusiv e chara cter ,
t he disk worshipp ers Opposin g an d dis a llowin g all other cults

-
-
and r eli giou s usa ges Had K hu e n ate n be en abl e to effe ct

.
t he r e ligious r evolution at which h e a im e d the old E gypti an ,
r eligion woul d hav e b een d estroy ed and its place would hav e ,
b een t ak e n by a sp eci es of monoth eism in which the material ,
Sun would hav e b een r ecogniz e d as the On e and only L ord ,
a n d R ul e r of the Univ ers e Ammon Kh em K n eph .

, , ,
Ph thah Maut K ho n su O siris Horus Isis Thoth woul d

, , , , , , ,
hav e disapp ear ed and sun worship pur e an d simpl e would

,
-
, ,
h ave r eplac e d the old compl i cat e d poly t heism B ut E gypt .
was not pr epar e d for t h is chang e T he heirati c interes t nat .

,
u rall e n list e d against it was stro n g : the popular s e ntim e nt

y
was opposed to change and esp eci ally to i n nova tions which,
could be trac e d to th e inu ence of foreign e rs ; disk worship -
nev er obtained any rm hold on the E gyptian people ; it was

a court r elig ion introduced and sustained by kings for which
, ,
the bulk o f th e ir subj ects had neith er regard nor reverence .
It was otherwise with the S et movem ent which strove to ,
e l e vate that god to t h e high est place in the Pantheon ;

Th er e had b e en in E gypt from a r e mot e antiquity a struggle
b etw e en th e d evot ee s o f S et an d thos e o f O siris the esoteric ,
m eaning of wh ich it is di fcult to penetrat e for we can ,
scarc ely suppos e th at t he follo wers of S et w er e a ctual d evil

worshipp ers If t he m y h o f O siris was originally solar and
. t
,
S et was m er el y night which en gulfs and d estroys t he sun

, ,
we can und erstand t hat ther e would b e in such a country as ,
E gypt p ersons to whom ni ght mi ght s eem mor e admirabl e

, ,
mor e divin e than day; who would th er e for e tak e the part of
S e t a n d think th at h e had done w ell to slay his broth er
,
And .
t he division into t he t wo camps onc e b egun would continu e , ,
lon g after its m eaning h ad b e com e lost to vi ew The O siri s .
worshipp ers w er e alw ays s aying h ard thin gs of S et and seek

ing to d epr ess him b elow the point at wh i ch he stood in the
ori ginal Pa n th eon T h e S et worshippers resist e d them
. .
D uring the e arly monarchy S et on t he whol e mainta i n e d a , , ,
fairl y high pl a c e W ith the sti c c e ss o f the Sh epherds

2 95
.
( Hyks o s ) ho w e
, v e r h e ent e r e d, o n a n e w position S e t was .
t h e patron d e it y o f t he rst Hyks o s ki n g of E g ypt who actu ~
s rec eiv ed a new i m

,
ally bor e his n am e ; an d S et w orshi thu

p
-
1 90 H I S TOR Y o r A NC I E NT E GY PT . [OIL XXL
guag e and sentiment ; n o w it took a mat erial shape

T h ot hmes III at S emu eh and K ou mmeh associat e d his a n
.
.
, ,
c esto r U su rtas en I II with K n eph and T o tu n o n t erms of

.
, ,
compl et e eq u ali tyf gurin g him on t he sam e scal e o eri n g

to hi msacricial f easts and r epr es entin g hims elf as rec ei v
,
,
309
ing life at his h ands Am en ho tep his son follow e d .
-
,
hi s exampl e

O th e r ki n g s e x alted Nefertari Aahmes to -
t h e rank of a godd e ss B ut i t r e main e d for R am es e s II . .
not onl y to r epres ent hims elf as worshipped b u t actually to ,

31 2
se t up his o wn i m ag e for worship in a t empl e to eth e r with

g ,
a n d on a par with imag e s of thr e e of the gr eat est gods , ,

31 3
n am ely Ammon Phthah and Horus
, T he d ei c ati on of
, , .
t h e r e i gning mon arch b e came thu s complet e It is scarc ely .
possibl e that an y oth er r eli g iou s s entim en t can hav e main

t ai n e d much inu e nce ov e r me n when the d octrin e was ao ,
c ep t ed that in th e ir actual monarch th ey had present with

,
t hem a deity as gr eat as any in earth or heave n .
The a rts of life made a rapid advance u nder the e arly

kings of the ei ght eenth dynasty and pro gr essed st eadily , ,
th ough more slowly until about the middle of the ninet e enth , .
T he costum e s of kin gs an d qu eens b e cam e sudd enly m ost ela

borat e King Am en hot ep I is represent ed
. with thr e e -
.
garments ov er his lin e n tunic which its elf has a complicat e d ,
and brilliant ornam ent in fro n t consisting of a bro ad stripe ,
in four colors blu e re d yello w and gree n with thre e pen

, , , , ,
d ent ends o f ribb o n on e ith er side of it He has also a broad .
b elt S imilarly v ariegat ed His upp er garments which s ee m

,
.
,
to b e all mad e of a whit e strip ed very transparent muslin , , ,
are rst
,
a short p etticoat beginning at t he waist and de
,
sc ending to t he calf of t he leg ; secondly a lon g rob e r each ,
ing from t he shou ld ers to th e ankles ; an d thirdly ; a owing

cap e H e w ears furth er arml ets and brac el ets o f gold s eem
.
,
i n gly enam el led a broad collar of many hues whit e sa n dals, , ,
a close tti n g blu e c ap with a a r cea s ornam ent in front an

-
,
articial black b eard t wo ri bbons down his b a ck an d t he

tail p e culiar t o k in s and gods His moth e r N f t i
, ,
g e e r a r .
Aahmes ( Fig who is r epres ented with him wears the

.
,
complicat e d vultur e h ead dr ess which has been giv e n a bov e -

,
318
a blu e wig a long rob e o f wh it e striped mu slin indecently

, ,
trans parent and an el aborate owing cape of t he same

, .
S he has armlets and brac el e ts set with j ew els wh i t e san dals , ,

a broad collar l i k e h er son s and earrin gs A bro ad sash , .
,
b l u e red and ye llo w d ep en d s from her w a ist to t he bot t o m

, , ,
o f her rob e In anoth e r rep rese n t at l o n she has a wig with

.

l on g pendants of a pec u liar c haracte r .
CH . XX L ] D R ES S E S O F M E N A ND W OM EN . 1 91
It is n ot often that th e dr esses r epr es ented are so elaborate

as these ; but there is sp eaking gen eral ly a marked advance , ,
i n the nu mber complicatio n and var ie ty of the garm e nts

, , ,
both of men and wom e n Tho thmes III introd u c e s the tall . .
cap round in front and point e d at t he back which thence

, ,
forth becomes the f avorite headdr ess of the kings being oc ,
c asi on ally covered with S po ts which may r epr e sent p earls , .
31 8
Kings sometim e s wear a sp encer similar ly spotted which ,
covers the shoulders an d reaches to the waist O ne king .
Amen ophis IV ( Fig w e a rs at the base of his cap a ri b

. .
bon o r diadem terminating in t wo o wing ends

, , H e h as .
31 9
also a long owing robe which falls b ehind him and sepa

, ,
rates into two aps wh ich are round e d o ff into points , .

32 0
Women no less th an me n w ear sand als ; and both women

, ,
and men wear occasionally anklets b esi des arml ets and brace ,
lets . The royal atte n dants have commonly t wo tunics i n

82 1
stead o f o n e the inn e r o f linen the outer o f mu slin and

, ,

transparent In a few cases they w e ar also a muslin cap e
.
s
Sandals ( Fig 37) are still so mewh at rar e ; ev e n princ e s a n d

.
k ings are sometimes r epr e sented w i thou t th e m ; and th ey are

but seldom worn by p ersons of low er rank T he pr a ctic e .
begins of wearing them with the to es violently turn e d up ;

bu t this u sage d oes n ot becom e g en eral u nti l t he time o f t he
t wen tieth dynasty Som e of th e vari eti e s in f em al e appar el
.
( Fig 3 9) will
. be better u nd erstood by represen tation than de
32 4
s cription .
The ho u ses Of the great no doubt becam e m or e l u xurious , ,
as time went o n and o n e king shows u S the arrang em e nt o f a

royal palac e o r villa ,
from whic h we may obtain a tol er abl e

, ,
notion o f the general character of rich m en s residenc es A

.
large square o r parallelogram was encl osed within hi g h walls ,
w it h pylo n i c entrances on two or m ore o f the sid es lik e thos e ,
o f templ e s in m iniature The g rou nds w er e d ivid e d ou t into .
formal courts and vall eys p lanted with trees in rows the trees , ,
being of various kinds in c l u siv e o f palms and vines Ponds , .
o r reservoirs rec tangular in S hape w ere fr e q uent

, , and gav e , ,
the charm o f freshn ess i n a climate where wit hout constant irri
g at i o n vegetation langu ishes The ho u s e itself consist e d of .
nu merou s courts surrounded with colonnad ed Cloisters and , ,
enter ed thro u gh pylons with here and there a group of apart ,
m ents into w hich light was but scantily admitted by small win
,
d ows placed high up in the walls Much t ast e wa s shown in the .
d esigns o f pillars an d especially of their capit als which c o m

, ,

bin ed an i mal and veg etable forms after a mann e r th at was at

The nu mb er o f apartments was
,
once cur iou s and pleasin gf

1 92 H I S TOR Y O F A N CI E NT E GY PT . [ OIL XXI .
n ot gr eat lif e b eing chie y passed in the colonnaded courts

, ,
an d i n t h e gro u nds wh er e a su fciency of i mm ediate S had e

,
could b e combin e d with t he charm of r e mot er light and with

t h e fr e e play o f the atmosph er e Furnitur e though not very .
,
32 7
abundant accordi ng to modern notions was conveni ent ,
and in go od taste Animal form s were followed in the f eet

.
'
O f chairs faut euils and o t to m

an sf an d som etim e s in oth er
, ,
32 9
portions of the carv ed woodwork whil e d e licat e stu ffs ,
cover e d the c u shioned portions adding t he beau ty of color to ,

33
th at o f form T he elaboration o f furnitur e culminated in the
.
thrones (Fig 4 1 ) constru ct ed for the k i n gs

. an d the foot ,
33 1
stools sometim e s attach e d to them which were c arved in ,

332
t h e rich e st an d quaint e st fashion eith er with gur e s o f c ap ,
t u re d mon archs o r w i t h animal o r v egetable forms or with

, ,
the t wo combin ed an d must hav e be en most curious and ex

,
trao rdin ary works o f art .
O r n am ent al carvings or castings of an art istic character ,
r ealistic in styl e wer e also r ec eiv ed as tribute from som e o f

,
t h e subj e ct stat e s an d s e rved t o a dorn the p al a c e s o f the

,
Pharaohs with stran ge and o u tlandish gur es ( Fi g On e .
393
s u c h oeri n g brought to T u t an kh amen by the E thiopians
,
-
,
is p e cu liarly grac eful an d p leasing It represents the gi rae .
or cam elopard a mi d t he palm grov e s of Mid Africa ( F i g -

.
and e xpres se s with mu ch truthfuln ess and sp irit the form of

that rem ark abl e animal .
Graceful or n am en t ation also characterizes the arms and

chariot of the monarch wh ich fr eq u entl y e xhibit the h ead
o r e v en the full form o f th e lio n ?
,
V as es are o f el egant
,
S h ap e s and th e ir cov ers are occasionall y in the forms o f an i

,
335

mals h eads Fi gur es of animals adorn t he prows o f ves
.
s els ; and som etim es th eir oars t erminat e in r epr ese n tations of
336
t he h e ads of men .
In social lif e the introduction o f the hors e from Asia m ad e

,
a considerabl e cha n g e T he chariot sup ers ed e d the p alan .
quin as the or di n ary mo de of conveyanc e ; an d mu ch atten

tion was bestow e d upon t he equipag e and th e stud Hors es .
were gr eat favorit es and r ec e iv ed sp eci al nam es as Ken

Amen strengt h o f Ammon A n ta b ruta Anai tis pleas
,
-
,

, , ,

ed, and the lik e The young dandy prided himself on
.
t he str engt h an d li ghtn ess of his vehicle the perf ect shape ,
and condition of his carri age horses the b eaut y of their trap ,
pings and his own sk ill in drivin g them

, Kin gs generally .
338
e mplo yed a chariote e r but even they did not d isdain to take ,
the reins occ asi onally into th e ir o wn hands and cond u ct their
own vehicle s
33"
Horses bor e tall plu mes of ostrich feathers on
.
1 94 H I S TOR Y o r AN C I E NT E GY PT . [ 011 m
ad vanc e s beyond the simplicit y of primitiv e times an d at ,
t ai n e d a point which well d e s erv e s at t e ntion and e ven admi

ratio n B ut it mu st not be d enied or conceal e d that th ere
.
w er e darker h u es in the pictur e The glorio u s achi evem ents

.
o f the greatest of the Ph a raohs in architectur e and colossal

statu ary w er e not produced without much su ffering among a
larg e s ervil e class whose forc e d toil was exc essive and un ceas
m
,
ing n ay sometim e s intentionally aggravat e d f or th e pur

,
34 9
pos e o f br eaking their str en gth Taxatio n was he avy upon
.
t he lower ord ers of the n ative E gypti a ns and coll ectors with ,
no pity in th e ir h earts e xact e d t he las t p en n y from the

m
wr etched f ella h by t he fr ee u se of the ro d B oth men .
35 0
and women w er e stripp ed nak e d and s u bj ected to the pain

35 0
and indignity of t he bastinado In war man y cru el and
.
barbarou s customs prevailed C aptiv es w ere either reduc e d

.
to sl avery or pu t to death The slai n w ere sys tematically

.
mutilated in order to obtain s u r e evidence o f their num

35 2
bers ; and conquering monarchs w er e not asham e d to
return hom e from battl e with the gory he ads of their ad
m
versari es at t ached to the hinder part o f their chariots .
W h ether kings g enerally sl ew th eir mor e distin gu ished pris
on ers with th e ir own hand is p erhaps doubtful 35

but th ere
is d istinct evidence that such an a ct was consid er ed not u n
becoming and that a king could not only com mit it but
, ,
boast of it . The r elations b etw e en the s exes did not i m

36 5
prov e as time went on Polygam y on a vast sc al e was i n

.
t ro du c ed into the royal household ; indec ency in apparel

was common ; and the pro igacy of the wom en was such
35 6
as to become a commonpl a c e of E gyptian novels Alto .
g e th e r it would seem that t h e acm e of p e rf e ction in art w a s

coinc i dent wi th a declin e in morals a d eclin e which c om
,
bi n ed increased savagery with advancin g sensualism .

011 . u m] A CCES S I O N o r S ET- NE K H T . 1 95
C HAPT ER X X II .
TH E T W ENTI ETH D Y NA S TY A B O U T B C . . 1 2 8 0 1 100 .
Ac ce ssi o n S e tn ek hthi s B i rth an d Paren tage

of o u bt u Hi s b ri e rei g n Hi s d f l f
T o mb S e tn e k h t a sso c i ate s h i s S o n , R ame se s R e i gn o f R ames e s 111 Hi s A p p e
.
l
.
H i s n e w arran ge me n t o f t h e Of c i a C as s e s Hi s W arswi th t h e S h asu

.
l l
. .
l at i o n s
Lb
.
f k
.
wi th t h e i yan s wi th t h e g re at C o n e d e ra cy o f th e T a n au n a, S h art an a, S h e
l u sh a, T u l sh a, U a s h e sh , P u ru s a t a, a n d T e k aru wi t h t h e M a s h au s h awi t h t h e
Ne gro es an d Et h i o p i an swi th t he Nati o n s o f S yri a Hi s gre at W o rk s H i s
l H i s E n c o u r age me n t o f M i n i ng an d T ra d e
. .
p a n ti n g o f T ree s Th e C o n s p i r a c y
a a i n s t hi m H i s D o me sti c Hi s t o ry
.
l
.
H i s P e rso n a A pp e ar an c e an d C h arac t e r
is T om R ap id D e c i n e o f Egyp t a te r h i s De ath i t s C a u se s
.
b l
.
f
.
R e i gn s o f
R ame se s IV , R ame se s V , R ame se s V I an d M e ri T u m, R amese s V II an d VII I
. .
R e i gn o f R ames e s IX an d C o mme n c eme n t o f P ri e st y E n c ro ac h me n t l

. . . . .
R e ign s o f
R ame se s X R ame ses X 11 an d th e P ri n c e s s o f B a ht an
. .
an d XI R e i gn o f k
R ame se s
.
X l l
. . .
III G e n e ra V i e w o f P e r i o d D e c i n e o f Arc h i te c t u re , Art, an d '
L t r tu reD et eri o rati o n o f M o ra sS ig ht C h anges i n C i vi i zat i o n an d H a i ts

. .
l l l b
o gi a 1 e .
U l x su t jeter nu d ern i er cl at su r les arme s d e I Egyp te ala vei ll e

p ri n ce g o ri eu

d d en ce L E NOR M ANT M anu el d H zstore Anci emze vo l i p

h
de l e u r e n t i re ec a .

,

'
, .
, .
436 .
TH E anarchy which supervened upon the death of S iphthah

can scarcely have lasted very long E gypt was not yet re .
d u ce d t o such a state o f exhau stion as to tolerate for many

years the comple te eclipse o f authority and suspension of
settled government The royal rac e which had r e igned with .
so mu ch glory from the dat e of the expulsion of t he Sh e p

h erd s to the time o f Seti II was by no m e ans extinct n or .
, ,
had it ev en as yet shown any signs o f a serious loss o f vigor

and gov ernmental ability To nd a new monarch o f t he .
o ld blood could not have b e en difcult wh en a recent Pha ,
raoh had been the parent of fty n ine sons and sixty dau gh
2
-
ters Probabl y the anarchy was caused rath er by a sup er

.
,
3
u i y than a lack o f candidates for the royal power sinc e

the gr eat men (u eru )who ruled in the variou s towns w ere
,
most likely of royal desce n t at any rate for the most part ,
.
It may have been difcult to decide upon the claims o f th e

various candidates ; and we can even conceive t he possibility
of the priests and nobles bein in n o hurry to make a choice
g ,
since while the roya l author i ty was in abeyance t h eir own

, ,
power and dignity wou ld be augmented Had E gypt had .
no warlik e n eighbors th ey would p erhaps hav e t emporized ,
longer ; but when a S yrian took advantage o f the state of

things t o establis h himself as prince in E gypt and his com ,
1 96 H I S TO R Y O F AN CI E N T E GY PT . ICE XXII . .
nions robbed and plund er ed at their pleasur e and the

Egyptian gods were treat ed with as littl e r espect as the
a ,
E gyptian men and th e t empl es w er e d e nud ed o f th e ir ao

,
custom e d o erin gs it was f elt that the time had arrived for
"
a great e ffort the gods

we are told
,
restor e d t he land to
6
, ,
its e ven balance as its condition prop erl y r e quired They

, .
establish ed their son Set n ek ht as king ov e r the whol e ,

-
,

land . It is probable that we hav e h er e a cov ert indication
that the prim e insti gators of the mov e ment which plac ed
S et n ekht upon the thron e were t he pri ests who as int er
-
, .
ret ers of th e will of t h e gods brought him forward and

p , ,
succe e ded in establish i n g him as king of all E gypt .
T he birth and par entage of Set n ekht are in r eality -

,
u nknown It has been stat e d as an a sc ertain e d fact

.
7 '
,
8
that h e was the son of S eti II ; but t he sol e f oundation for .
this is th e e xhibition by R am eses II I of t he ef gy o f S eti .
II a mong th e ki n gs who m h e honors an d acknowl e dg es

.
,
in the plac e imm ediat el y b efor e S et n ekht This f ou n da -

.
9
tion is manif estly insu fci en t It g iv e s a ground for .
pr esuming that S et n ekht was o f th e fa mily of S eti II a

-
.
pr esumption suppo rt e d by the similarity of th e ir thron e

nam es but non e for layin g down an y particular r elationship
1"
.
H a d h e b e en actu al so n it is scarc el y likely that his son ship,
would not hav e been mention ed e ith er by hims elf or by , ,
R ames e s III who gives us an accou nt of his acc e ssion in the

Gr eat H arris P apyrus
.
,
Acc ept ed as kin g by the priests S et n ekht had n ev erth el ess ,

-
to es tablish his authority b y prompt and vi gorous m easures .
His son compar es his activity with that of t he go d K hepra

S u t e ch wh en h e is ro u s ed to fury
11 He put in order
,

.
, ,
says Ram es es th e whol e land which was r evolted ; h e e x

,
e c u te d t he abominabl es who w er e in Ta M era 6 E gypt ) -

.
h e p u ri e d t h e gr eat thron e of E gypt : h e was kin g of both

t h e lands at the s eat of Tum h e mad e the
fac es upri ght which w er e p erv ert ed H e set up the .
t e mpl es (and re establish ed ) th e divin e o erin gs for the ser

,
-

vic e o f t h e gods as th eir statut e s prescrib e
, .
2
Th er e is re a son to b eli ev e th at Set n ekht (Fig 4 3) was -

.
advanc ed in y ears at his acc ession an d that he r eign ed but ,
a short tim e O rdinarily the rst task set h ims elf by an

.
,
E gyptian king was th e constru ction of his tomb ; an d a

shrewd gu ess may b e giv en at t he l en gth o f a r ei gn b y noti n g
t he ext ent and el abor ation of th e royal s epulchr e S et n ek ht -
se ems to h av e f elt t h at h e had not suf ci ent tim e b e for e hi m

.
to give him reasonable hop e o f constructing for himself a

1 98 H I S TOR Y O F A N C I ENT .
EGY PT . [ 011 . K m
princes
who are thou ght to hav e
been the g overnors and
,

rep res en tat i ves O f the king in the sev e ral nomes
23
3 T he . .
nativ e soldi ery foot and horse the l att er ei t h er identical

, ,
with or a t any rate including the chariot forc e

,
'
4 The , . .
for eign m erc en ari es chiey e ither S ha r ta n a or K er/ta ker; and

,

5 T h e subordinat e O fc ers and s ervants

. The nativ e troops .
are said to h av e amounted to som e hundr eds O f thousands ;

but this is prob ably an exagger ation .
Havin g compl eted th es e arr an gem e nts in t he man n er which

he tho u ght most satis factory R am es es turn e d his att ention ,
to extern al aff airs an d set hims elf t he task of re est ablishing

,
-
,
S O f ar as mi ght b e possibl e t h e authority O f E gypt ov e r those ,
co u n tri es and distri cts which ha d pa ss ed u nder t he do minion

o f for ei gn ers durin g t h e p eriod of r evolution It is di f cult .
to arra n ge his w ars in t h eir prop er ch on ologi cal ord er since "
R ames e s cl early d o es not follow that ord er in his own an n alsf

4
but p lac es the most import ant wars rst T he best mod ern .
authoriti es are at varianc e upon the su bj ect ; an d the ord er

h ere followed which is that o f Dr B irch must be regarded
,
.
,
a s to some e xt e nt unc ertain .
A war with th e Shasu or B edouins of Southwestern Arabia , ,
who had again b ecom e dominant in the region between E gypt

and Pal estin e is tho u ght to ha ve had priority over the
,
oth ers R am e s es inv a d ed th eir country d e stroy e d t he huts

.
2 5
,
or cabins (m a/t a r ) in which they liv e d kill e d n o doubt l a r ge ,
numbers and c arried b ack into E gypt a vast booty tog et her
, ,
with nu m ero u s prisoners whom he mad e o ver to the pri estl y ,

2 6
e st ab lishm e nts at various t emples to b e e mployed as slaves .
T he p articular trib e o f Shasu attack ed in this c ampaign is

call ed t he Sa aru a nam e in which D r B ru gsch r e co gniz es .
o r t h e tract sout h an d south

27
t h e inh abit ants o f Mount S e ir ,
e ast of t h e D ea d S ea on c e t h e special country o f t h e E dom

,
.
f8
ites or d e sc endants O f E sau
,
Thu s su cc essf u l u pon t he n orth east Ram es es was e mbold

e n e d to m ak e a S i miliar e xp e dition toward t h e n orthw e st .
H er e on the sid e O f L i bya a s erious encroachm ent h ad tak en

, ,
plac e upon Egpyti an t erritory durin g the time O f trouble .
T he L iby ans M a xyan s Asb yst ae Au sei s

30
,
and other kin
, ,
29
,
d r e d t rib es had been so d aring as to overst ep th e bou n d ari es

,
o f E gypt prop er an d t o e st ablish th emselv e s along t h e whole

,
o f the l eft bank o f t h e Nil e from M e m phis to the shor es of ,
t h e M e dit erran e an T hey ha d h eld poss ession of t his tract

for a numb er o f years ; an d had formed p er man ent s ettl e
.
m ents wh er e th ey liv ed with th eir wives and children while

, ,
their herds grazed the rich strip O f territory overowed annu

Vol 11
. .
Pla t e XXI
.
Fig 4 6
. . HEAD 0F
- R A M ES E S IX.
S ee Pag e 2 12 .
Vol II. .
o
w
m
c
l
c
o
w
.
m -
m
a
m
o
e
n
c
o
w
l
m
m
D
O
2 00 H I ST O RY OF A N CI EN T [ 011 . mi .
the broken army from the eld B ut the struggl e was eve n .
ye t not ov er Though the attack by land had failed the

.
,
alli ed e et gallantly pers ever e d Quitting their defeated .
friends the T an an u a with th e ir conf ed erates mad e sail for

, , ,
t he n earest mouth Of th e Nile hopin g t o nd it unguard e d , ,
and int ending in th at case to asc e n d the stream to Memphis ,
or to rava ge far and wid e the f ertil e r egion of the D elta .
B ut R am es es had mad e preparations against this p eril He

.
had establish e d a d ef enc e on the wat er like a stro n g w all , ,

O f ships of war of m erchantmen of boats and S ki ff s ;
37
, in ,
oth er wor ds h e had l ef t a eet to guard the Pelu si ac mouth

,
o f t he great riv e r and prev e nt t h e T an au n a from e ntering

,
it H e also hurri e d in p erson to the probabl e scene of action

.
,
an d a rriv e d in time to t ake par t in the gr e at battl e which

f rustr at e d t he last hop e s o f t he invad ers and pl a c e d E gypt ,
onc e more in safety W hil e his naval forc e cont end e d with
.
t he e n e my in t h e shallow wat ers of t h e Pelu si ac lagoon he ,
hims elf with four of hi s sons an d his best warriors lent their
ai d to compl e t e the d i sc o m tu re o f the ass ail ants by shooting
the m down wi t h arrows from the shore ? If we rightly read 8

t h e kin g s m ea nin g in th e vain glorious inscription which he
se t up to c el e br at e his victory t h e T an au n a were so far suc
,
c essf u l as to br e ak throu gh the opposing v e ss e ls of the E gyp

tians and to force thei r way to t he shor e B ut her e t h e ir

.
,
progr ess was arr est ed A wall Of iron shu t them in upon
.

t he l ake . The b est troops O f E gypt lin e d the shores Of the
lagoon ; and wh erev er the invad ers attempt e d to land they ,
wer e foil e d R epuls ed dashed to t h e ground h e wn d own

.
, ,
at the ed ge of the w at er they w ere sl a in by hundreds of ,

h eaps of corps es Af ter a whil e r esist anc e c e ased and large
.
,
numb ers w er e mad e prison ers The empty ships st u ck fast .

,
in the Nil e mud or o ating at ra ndom upon the still water

, ,
b ecam e the pri z e Of t he vic tors a n d w er e found to contain a ,
rich booty Thus end e d this r em ark a bl e s truggl e in which

.
,
na t ions widely s ev ere d an d of variou s bloods scarcel y as on e ,
would h av e thou ght known to each othe r and s eparated by

, ,
a div e rsi ty of int e re sts unit ed in a n a ttack upon the for e

most power of the whol e world tr aversed s ev eral hundre d ,
mil es of l and or sea succ essfully n e ither quarr elling among ,
thems elv es nor m eeti n g with dis aster from wi thout reached ,
the country which th ey had hop e d to conqu er but w er e th an ,
compl et el y d e feat e d and replu sed in two gr eat en ga gements

o n e b y l a nd t he oth e r partl y by land a n d partly b y sea SO
,
that th eir spirit was annihil at ed th eir soul was tak en from ,
8"
them . H enc eforth no on e of the natio ns which took part
CH . XX IL ] D E FEAT O F TH E A SSA I L A N T S . 2 01
in the combined attack is found in arms against the power

that had r ead them so sever e a lesson .
It might have b e en hoped that E gyp t raised in repu te by ,
her double victory woul d n ow hav e b ee n le f t in peace and

, ,
have e nter e d on a prolonged p eriod of r epose B u t no this .
was not to b e her trials were n ot yet ov e r W ithin little .
m ore than two years of the e v e nts j u st narrat ed anot her ,
furiou s attack was made upon her t erritory by a pow erful

en e my seeking lik e the T ekaru an d Pu ru sata to e ffe ct a
, , ,
permanent lodgm ent within her borders and t her efore ao ,
companied by th eir wiv es and families th e ir boys th e ir gir ls , , ,

40
their slav e s and even th eir cattl e
, This time the inv ad e rs .
were the M ashau asha or M axyes who appear to hav e in hab

, ,

i ted the r egion call ed Marmarica or the C yr enaica the , ,
o nly ferti le tract int e rpos e d b etwe en E gypt and t h e B eylik

o f T u nis Already in the reign o f M e n epht hah th ey had
.
, ,
mad e o n e great attack upon the more w est ern portion Of t he

D elta an d had be e n d ef eated with fearful slaught er by that
monarch
,
S u bsequ e nt ly th ey had adopt e d a syst e m of
.
gra dual encroachm ent upon Egyptian territory an d had ,
fou n d that system tolerably successful until in t he ear li er ,
part Of his reign Rameses III drove th em ou t No w in

, . .
,
his eleventh y ear probably under pressur e from the w est

, ,
they r esolv e d upon a n ew in vasion p erhaps hoping to nd ,
E gypt w e akened by the recent cont e st Their l ead ers were .
Kapur and his so n M ashash al bra ve men who imperille d

, ,
th eir liv es in a w ell n igh desper at e u nd ertaking C o mpare d

-
.
with the T e karu and T n au n a th ey w er e an insignicant

enemy ; an d Rameses easily defeated them in a gr e at b attle
o n the C anopic bra n ch of t he Nil e wher e in th ey lost about ,
kill e d and a lmost an e qual nu mb er o f priso ners

,
.
K apur was captur e d in th e cours e of the eng ag em ent and

,
after his capture put to de ath M ashashla surrender ed to

2
.
R ameses with su ch troops as had surviv e d t he ght u n con

, ,
d i tion ally It is to be hoped that he received mor e m erciful

.
treatm ent than his father .
O f the remaining wars of Ramese s III w e possess no .
details From the r epr esentations upon his sculptures ther e

.
i s reason t o believe that he condu ct e d at least on e campaign

In the extreme south and another in the remote northeast , ,
and that in both hi s effor ts were crowned with all the su ccess
that he anticipated B eyond his southern frontier he at .
tacked and defeated the E thiopians together with t he negro

,
tribes of the Taraura and the Amar In We stern Asia he

a
.
s ee ms to have overru n the entire territory be tween Eg t and

yp
2 02 H I S T O R Y O F AN CI E N T E G Y PT . [ CH -

XX II .
t he chain of Amanns carrying Off as prisoners thirty ei ght -

,
chiefs among whom w er e thos e of C arch e mish and Al eppo

, ,
and forcing t he nativ es gen erally to r esu me that position of

d epend enc e upon E gypt which had bee n ori ginally establish ed
by the gr eat T hothmes We are even t old that he claims
.

in som e o f his sculptures supr em acy over Naharai n or West

ern Mesopotamia as well as ov er Punt Kush and C ypr u s ;

, , ,
but it is to say the l east doubtf u l whether his dominion

r eally ext ended over any of these distant regions .
The reign Of Rames es III extended over the long period o f .
1 6
thir ty on e years and he had thus ample tim e after his

-
, ,
d efensiv e wars were concluded to direct his at tention to thos e ,
mat erial works and int erests on which the prosperity of a

country and the fame of its monarc h to a larg e e xt ent depend
, .
,
O f all his constructions the most magnicent was the beau

"7
tiful temple of Ammon which he built at Medinet Abou ,
-
opposite Thebes and which he adorn ed with paint e d sculp

,
tur es commemorative of his great victories Here are to be .
se e n t h e s eri e s of drawings which repr e s ent the grand cam

"a
p ga i n o f his eighth y e ar exhibiting him as harangu

, ing h i s
troops be f ore s ettin g out a s accompanying them upon the ,
march as conqu ering a t their h ead in t he great l and battl e

, ,
as hunting the lion by way Of r efreshm ent after his warli ke

,
toils as taking part with his sons i n the sea ght and as
,
-
,
r eturning in triumph with his num erous captiv es to Th eb es .

H er e also is the Tr easury cel ebra ted by H erodotus o n the , ,

walls of which are d epict e d an d recorded his riches H ere .
,
f u rth er is the cal endar of f easts for the rst ve months of

,
t h e E gyptian year which S hows that on the average mor e

,
"0
than o n e day in ve was h eld to b e sacred Thou gh l ess .
impos in g than t he vast structures at L u xor and Karn ak t he ,
t empl e o f Ram eses III at Medin et Abou has consid erabl e -
a rchit e ctural m erit whil e its sculptures are e xec u t e d in

, a

It is a work o f which e v en a
1
lifelik e and artistic st yle .
g r e at mon a rch migh t b e prou d and not unworthily closes t he

long list Of m agnic e nt t e mples wi th which t he Ramesi de
,
kin gs adorn ed the c ities Of E gpyt .
Minor S hrin es w er e also e re ct e d by R ameses III at Thebes .
itself to K hon su at This to C u n ri s or H an her at Abydo s to

, ,
O siris and at R aams e s t o S u t ech

, He lik ewis e mad e an .
"2
ad :li ti o n to t he great t empl e of A mmon at Karn ak ; but this

bu ilding i s said to b e a v ery ordinary pi ec e of archit ecture ,
53
almos t worthl ess in a n artistic p o int of Vi ew .
Mor e important than th e s e minor shrin es an d far more ,
us efu l to t hose who dw elt in its vicinity was the gre at reser ,
v
04 H I S T O RY O F AN C I E N T E G Y P T . [ 011 . XX II .
It is w ith a pardonable prid e that Rame ses e xclaims toward ,
the c l os e of his lo n g reign : T he land (of E gypt ) was w ell

s atis e d u nder my rul e I did w ell to gods and men also

.
63
H aving repulsed two foreign invasions having r e stor e d t h e ,
land s ancient bound aries having encour aged commerce

, ,
hav ing stimulat ed production having even provided for his ,
p eopl e s comfort by giving them e v erywhere the pl e asant

shad e of trees he mi ght well e xpect to be popular and to

,

t erm i nat e hi s tim e on earth and j oi n t he circle of the gods
,
in h eav en without suffering fro m that cur se o f d espotism

,
6
,
conspiracy B ut in a corrupt society t he b e st have most to

.
f ear ; and th ere is r eason to believ e that t he E gyptian court ,
sinc e th e introdu ct i on of pol ygamy by Ram es es II had .

,
b ecom e a hotb ed of intr ig ue an d viciou s s ensu alism E un u chs .
had i n all probability b een given the c h arge of the royal

har em and had brought with th em into the palace the
,
trick ery an d sh am elessn ess for which that u n happ y class is

noted M oreover a b eli ef in m agic pr evailed ; and as in the
.
,
tim e O f the e arly R oman E mpir e SO n ow men r e ally ,

66
thought that th ey coul d compass t he death o f on e who stood

in th eir way b ew itch his mind or paralyz e his li mbs by the

, , ,
use of gures in wax and of c ertain tr a ditional f ormu lae, .
W hat the exa ct O bj e ct of the conspirators was do es not appear ;

but it is c ertain th at the r eign of R am es es III was ere it .
,
closed disturbed by a conspira c y in which many o f the high

,
est court O fc i als and a c ertain numb er of t he royal concubin e s

68
w ere mix ed u p an d which c a n scarc e ly hav e aim ed
,
at
any thing l ess than the death o r d eposition of the monarch .
T he chi e f conspirator seems to have b een a c ertain B akaka

men hous e st e w ard o r maj or domo of the palac e His posi
,
-
,
-
.
tion givi n g him access to all parts o f the royal r esid ence he ,
succ e e ded in drawing ov er to his int er ests a n u mb er of coun

c i llors scrib es and command e rs O f th e m erc e nary troops as
, , ,
w ell as c ertain wo me n o f the harem an d amon g them a lady ,
n a m ed Ti or Taia whom D r B rugsch b el i eves to have been

, .
69
a wife of the king Among t he male conspirators was on e
.
who profess ed a knowl ed ge of magical arts and who not only ,
furnished B a kakamen with formul ae that were supposed to

ward off ill luck but suppli ed him also with wax en im ag es
-
,
som e of men and some o f gods t he proper use of which

,
would it was b elieved induc e p araylsis Thu s much we "0
learn from our documents the rest we can only conj ecture
, .
,
T ai a had a son engaged in the conspiracy nam ed Pe n taou r , .
Was it t he intention Of t he conspirators to paralyze and then

k ill the monarc h to proclaimPentaour as his su ccessor and
'
,
CH . XX I L ] RIA L O F
T TH E C O N SP I R A T O R S . 2 05
make Taia qu een m oth er ? O r di d they merely wish to reduce

-
the kin g to imb ecility and themselv es ex ercise the roy a l au ,
t ho i y
r t I ll his name
? It is r e markab le that nothin g is s a id o f
any i n t ention to se ek the king s life but th er e is a n O riental
retic ence on the subj ect o f death wh ere kings are concerned ,
which may accou nt or this omission .
Aft e r the conspiracy had reached a certain point but ,
b efor e it had eected anythin g by som e means or other it ,
was d is covered T OO many p erso n s had b ee n taken int o

.
cou nsel for s ecrecy to be long m aintainabl e ; and if the con ~
spi rators really trusted to th e ir S illy enchantm e nts they may ,
have d elayed impru dently Anyho w the plot was found out .
, .
Some four and thirty p ersons wer e imme d ia tely arrested ; an d

- -
Rameses appointed a court o f twelve hi gh functionaries to

try them It is to his credit that in giving th e m their com
m
.
i ssion h e warned them against unfairn e ss toward the

,
accuse d R egardi n g the discou rses which are held about

.

these men he said which are (to m e ) u nknown you shall
, , ,
i n s ti tu te a n i n q u i ry about th em They S hall be brought to a .
tri al to see if they des er ve dea th

,
If that which has .
b een done was actually don e by them then let th eir doings ,
be upon th e ir own head s I am the guardian and protector .
forev er and b earer o f the royal insignia of j ustic e in pr e s

, ,
e nce o f t h e god king Ammon Ra an d in presence o f the

-
,
-
,
7
Princ e of E ternity O siris , .
We hav e no account Of the proceedings at the trial The .
rep ort wh i c h t he j udges mad e on conclu ding th e ir investiga

'
tions is a formal an d dry docum ent giving s er i a ti m t he ,
names Of th e prison ers the e xact d e gr e e o f t heir participa ,
tion in the conspiracy and the s ent e nce which was pass e d ,
u pon th e m It appears that thirt ee n p ersons including

.
,
Bakak ame n and Pen t aou r were adjud ged to h av e been p ri n ,
c i pals in the conspiracy whil e tw e lve oth ers wer e con de mned ,
as acc essori es having b ee n awar e of what was going on and

,
given no informat i on to the a u thoriti es No d iffer e nc e how .

,
ever was mad e in t he punishment o f the two class es All

, .
e qually su ffered death the s entence upon them be i n g that ,
they should kill th emselv es with th eir o wn hand We l earn

.

by this that the h appy dispatch which we hav e been ac ,
customed to as sociate e specially with on e somewhat barbarous

2
kingdom was an ins titution of th e E gyptians ?
,
L ighter pu nishm ents were inicted o n the f emales who

had c omp romsied thems elves and o n som e o f thos e who had ,

turned king s evid enc e b u t had f a il e d to mak e satisfactory ,
depositions The latt er underwent mutilation having thei r

.
,
2 06 HI S TO R Y e s AN C I E N T E G Y P T . [ OIL xx u .
noses and th ei r ears cut OH The former see mto have be e n
cond emn e d to the p e nal s er v itud e Of k eepin g a b eer hous e -

,
which wa s thought suffi ci en t punishment for ladies Of d elic a cy

and r enem ent .
Finally it would s eem that whil e t he inquiry was in pro g

, ,
r e ss t he complicity in t he conspiracy o f some of the v er y

,
persons appoint ed to cond u ct th e inv estigation was d ete ct e d .
A bri ef appen d ix to th e r epor t of the j udges stat es that

75
,
ve persons o f whom thr ee had be en pre vi ously mentioned

,
a s m emb ers o f t h e court were also adjudg e d to h av e b een ,
accomplic es in the crim e an d w er e s ent enc e d to expiat e th eir ,
g uil t by d e ath W ith this str a ng e transformation Of the

.
j ud ges into t he con demn e d the tri al t erminated ; a n d Rameses

r eli ev ed from th e f ears and doubts that must have h arassed
,
him during its continuanc e procee de d to secu r e the tran

'
quillity Of the ki ngdom in t he ev ent o f his d eath by maki n g

,
arra n g em ents for the succ ession .
The le gitim ate wife of Ra meses III was a c ertain H esi o r .
Isis who bor e also th e foreign nam e of H emaro zat h a nd was

,
, ,
t he dau ght er Of a c e rt a in H eb u an ro san at h It is sugg ested -

.
76
that she was a Hittit e or an Ass yrian princ ess ; but the l att er
supposition at any r a t e is improb abl e
,
We are not accur
,
.
77
at ely i n for med wh eth er she was the m oth er of any of the
'

king s num e rous chil dr en ; but it is tol er ably c ertain t hat she
was not t he moth er of all sinc e th ey consist o f e ight ee n sons .
78
and f ourt een d au ght ers R am es es it is cl ear must have.
, ,
had m any s econd ary wiv e s ea ch o f whom no doubt wish e d ,
that o n e of h er o wn childr e n s ho u ld su cc ee d him H e .
app ears how ev er to h av e b een sway e d by no partiality o r

'
favoritism but to ha ve simpl y admitt e d the cl a ims o f nature

, ,
and giv e n t he pr efer enc e to his rst born Prince Ra mes es -

.
M eri ammo n hith erto comma n d er o f th e infantry was s el ect e d

, .
by his f ath e r from amo n g his num erous sons an d associ at e d ,
with hims elf upon t h e thron e und er the titl e of Ram e ses ha k -
- -

ma m eri Am mon or Ram es es L ord of Truth beloved by
79
, , ,
Ammon His oth er sons w er e giv en high m ilit ary or pri est
.
1y di gniti es ; and in cours e o f tim e as m a ny as four o f th e m

, ,
att a in ed to t he thron e .
In p erson Rameses III ( Fig 4 5 ) app ears to have been . .
much favor e d by n at u r e His gur e i n th e sculptur es is .
n obl e an d digni e d ; hi s f eatures pl easing his expression

80
,
a miabl e Som ething of the f eminin e look which we Observe

.
81
in so many of t h e E gyptian monarchs characteriz es the ,
count enanc e which is mor e r em ark able for sw eetn ess than
,
for any si gns Of s tr engt h or en e rgy In his actions h ow ever, .

,
2 98 H I S TOR ? O F AN CI E N T E G Y P T . [ OH xxn .
i n this particular cas e wher e all the vital powers se em at

,
onc e to hav e failed though the failur e was n o t total and a

, ,
long and lin gering d ecay prec e d ed the nal dissolution T he .
l ack of cont e mporary monum ent s which is o n e out of many ,

'
signs of th e d ecline adds to t he d if culty o f tracing o u t t he

,
caus es which led to it and must r end er any attempt at th e ir

,
a n al ys is to a consi dera bl e e xt ent sp eculativ e and conj ectural .
T he str en gth O f E gypt had from t he rst consist e d i n its , ,
isolatio n and its unity A singl e homo ge n eous p eopl e was

.
spre a d alon g t he vall ey of the Nil e from the to wer of S y n

to t he S hor es Of the M edit erran ea n T he p e ople was almos t .
with out n ei ghbors since t he Nil e valley was shut in o n

,
e it h er sid e by arid tracts very spars ely inhabit e d ; the se a

bo und ed it upon the north ; the Nubi an d es ert almost cut it
O ff from t h e south United by the ti e s of a common religion
.
,
a common l an guag e comm on id eas an d customs the p eople

, ,
was emphatically on e had a strong national sentiment de

, ,
sp i sed for e igners and h e ld its elf innit ely sup erior to all the
,
o t h er nations of the earth For centuri es upon c enturi es the

.
policy Of isola tion was m

aintained the n egroes w ere not
a llow e d to d escend th e Nil e
8"
o r t he Greeks to asc en d it
8
t he Sou dan and the Sinaitic p eninsu la w er e t he li mit of the

E gypti an arms E urope an d Asia w er e unkno wn regions to
t he sons o f H a m for eig n mann e rs forei gn id e as for e ign , ,
gods w ere eith er unh eard Of or stu diously ignored B ut .
with t he acc ession o f the e ighteenth dy n a sty all this was

changed T he T hothmeses and Amen Ophi ses carried th e ir
.
arms deep into Asia H atasu en couraged co mm erce with

Punt S et an d Ram es e s II lled E gypt wi th for eign captives
.
lat er monarchs establish ed l arge corps Of for eign m erc enari e s

t h e gi ld ed youth of the upp er circl e s took to indulging

88
in for ei gn trav el and as a natural r esult foreig n manners
-
, ,
cr ept i n the language was corrupt ed by a larg e ad mix t ur e of

Sem itic words th e Pa nth eon was i n vaded by a host of Sem
itic o r Scythic d e ities ; and the old natio n al e xclu sive spirit ,
sapp ed an d weak en e d by these various inuences decayed ,
and died a way .
A s econd caus e Of the decline wou ld seem to have b een the

f act that t h e R amesi de rac e was exhausted and that the , ,
long er it continu ed t he w ea ker w ere t he princes born of the

,
R ameside stock an d so entitl e d by h ere d it ary des :en t to rul e

ov er E gypt It is the f atal drawb ack o n the man y advantages
l egitim ate mon arc hy that a ti m e must arriv e wh en the
.

of ,
origin al vigor o f t he rulin g r ac e w h at ever it was must f ail

its powers d ecline an d its tness for its position co me to an
, , ,
,
CH . xxn .
] C AU S E S O F TH E D E L C INE . 2 09
end
There is a run in families says Aristotle very acute
,
.
ly;
89
aft er a fe w generations transcendent ge nius dev elops ,

into madness whil e solid parts b ecom e stupidity
, T he .
Ra me side p hys i q u e declin e s mani fe stly in t he monum ents

as time goes o n and by t he dat e Of R ameses IV (Fig 4 4 ) , . .
has r each ed a point b eyon d which ther e could sc arc ely be

much d eterioration .
O ne furth er ground of internal weakness and th er efore ,
cause of decline is to be found in an ess ential f e atur e Of t he

,
E gyp tia n political system whereby a consid e r a bl e but ind e f ,
i n it e pow e r was lodged in the ha n ds of the pri ests A hi er atic .
system may no dou bt be as long lived as any oth er ; but a -
syst e m that is half hier atic half m onarchical carri es wi t hin , ,
it the s eeds of its own destru ction and contains an el e ment ,
o f w e akn e ss from which a thorough going d e spotism is fr ee -

.
A time was sure to arrive earli e r or later in E gypt wh e n , , ,
the p ou ti ea le and the r eya le would com e mor e o r less into

collision when the kings growing j ealous Of the priests
, , ,
would seek to curtail their po wer at the risk o f intern a l rev

olu t i o n or the pri ests l osing res pect for the king would
, , ,
stealthily cre ep into their pl ac e s T he actual march o f e ve nts .
in E gypt was in the latter direction T he hi era tic ch i efs .

,
the high priests of t he go d Ammon a t Thebes gr adu ally

-
i n c reae d in power usurped o n e after mother the p re rogatives

,
o f the Pharaohs by degre es reduced their authority to a ,
shado w and ended wi th an Open assump t ion n ot only of the

,
functions bu t of the v ery insignia O f royal ty

, .
90
A space of nearly t wo centuries elapsed howev er before , ,
this change was compl e te Ten princes o f the n am e of

. .
Rameses and o n e call ed Meri Tum all of them conn e cted by

,
-
,
blood with the great Rame si de house bore the royal titl e an d ,
occupie d the royal pal a c e in the space b et ween B C 1 2 8 0 an d

.
,
. .
B C
. 1 1 00
. E gyptian h istory d u ring this period is a lmost
.
wholly a blank NO mili t ary expeditions are conduct e d no

.
gr eat bu ildings are reared art almost disapp ears literat u r e

holds her tongue If at any time the sil enc e is broken if the .
,
ston es occasionally lift up their voice and sp eak it is e it her in ,
dry u tterance O f Old and well worn Ofcia l phrases an d f or -
mu lae o r in audaciou s plagiarisms from t he compositions of

,
an earlier age The writers of the twelfth and thirte enth

.
centuries aware that th ey are d esti t ut e of originality co n t en t

, ,
e dly re produc e with slight cha n ges the mas terpi e c e s Of the
, ,
fo u rte enth an d fteen th .

91
T he imm e diat e su ccessor O f Ra meses III was his eldest .
son Rames es IV
, who bore the throne name s of Ha k m a .
,
-
2 10 HI S TO RY OF A N C I E N T E G Y PT . [ 03 M K
and Ma ma -
Nothing is known of him e xcepting that he
92
w ork ed with gr eat vi gor the quarri es of th e vall ey of d am

.
mam a t and t he adj oining rocky and steril e r egions which

93
,
produ ced many exc ell ent v ari eti es o f hard ston e What u se .
h e m ade o f these mat eri als it is i mpossibl e to say sinc e n either ,
an y one gr e at e d i ce n or an y larg e numb er o f small on e s

, ,
hear his name H e set u p som e m agnic ent sculptures i n

n
.
t he gr eat t emple o f Ammon at K arnak a d made som e ,
small addi t ions to hi s f ath er s t empl e of K hon su a t Th eb es
but beyond t h es e and so me rocky inscriptions in t he H a m

,
-
m an a t region no monum ents of his r eign h ave b een i den ti

,

ed . It appears by the Hammam a t inscriptions that he h eld
t h e thron e for at least eighteen years an d we may c on ject u r ,
ally assign him th e Spac e b et w een B C 1 2 8 0 and B C 1 2 60 . . . . .
The succ es sor Of Ram eses IV was n eith er his son n or hi s .
brother nor ev en p erhaps a m ember of the Rameside family

, .
H e took t he quit e n ew throne n am e o f A mmon hi kho peshef - - -

,
b u t also call ed hims elf Ram es es and is known as R am eses ,

96
V . Som e suppos e him to have b een a descendant of S i ph
thah ; but this is wholly uncertain His only records are
9
.
his tomb in t he B iban el Moluk aft erwards appropriat ed by - -

.
his s u cc essor Ram eses V I and a S ingl e inscription at S ilsilis

,
.
, ,
couched in in a ted terms which r epre sents all E gyp t as ,
enraptur e d at his coronation and t he co u ntry as ourishi n g ,

und er his rul e It is c ert a in that n o d e pend enc e can b e
.
pl ac e d on such self l au dation an d n o t i mpro ab le that it

-

,
cov ers an un easy f e elin g on t he part of the monarch who ,
has r ecours e to i t that hi s rule is t h e r e v ers e of popu lar

, .
O n t h e d eath o f the u surp er t he thro n e was r egain ed by

t he Ramesi d e f amil y an d occupi e d ( it is tho u ght ) by two
,
princ es sons of Ram e s es III who rul e d conj ointl y

,
Th es e .
, .
99
w er e Ram eses his s econd and M eri Tu m his s ev enth son

, ,
-
, ,
who bor e t h e O fc e o f h i gh pri est o f Ra in H eliopolis It i s-

.
su ggested that whil e Ram e s es V I r eigned in Th eb e s and .
bor e sw ay over the Upp er C ountry his young er broth er h e ld ,
his court a t t he C i ty of t he Sun a n d rul ed ov er the D elta , .
In the t omb which the eld er prin c e appropri at ed from his

usurping predecessor an a stronomical c eiling is thought to
,
furnish the dat e of B C 1 2 4 0 for the tim e of its ornamenta

. .
so that that y ear may be regarded as included in the

-
sixth Rameses s reign NO historical events can be ascrib ed

.
to it but we have evid ence that the E gp yti an domin on still i

,

exten d ed over th e dis tant South wh er e a Prince Of Kush
,

still rul ed as t he Pharaoh s vic eroy with Adons of the vario u s
di stricts under him and the P haraoh s su zerainty was mar k ed
,

,
2 12 H I ST OR Y O F A N C I E NT E G Y P T . [c mxxn .
The other no velty which documents of the tim e put before

,
u s is the n e w p osition rel ativ e l y to t he kin g that t he hig h

, , ,
pri est of t he Th eban Ammon s eems n o w to b egin to occupy .
An acut e Observ er famili ar with all the monumental evi

,
d ence m ak e s ind eed t h e r em ark that

, fr om the ti me of ,
R a mes es t h e holy fathers who bor e the e xalt e d dignity ,
o f chi ef priest in t h e templ e city o f Ammon wer e al way s -

,
coming m or e and mor e i n to t he for eground o f E gyptian

history Th eir inu enc e with t he kings assumed st ep by
.
,

st ep a growing importan c e
,
B u t e ven h e do es n ot note .
any tangibl e ch a ng e until t he r ei gn of Rames es IX (Fig . .
when for t he rst tim e the high pri est Of Ammon at -
Th ebes st eps forward as the gr eat guardian prot ector an d

r estor er of his shrin e and wh ere as form erly i t was the
, ,
, ,
priests who expr ess ed in th e nam e of the gods th eir thanks

to t h e kings for t he t empl e buildings at Theb es now this is -

r ev ers ed and it is t he king who testi es his gratitu de to
,
the chi ef pri est of Am mon for th e care b e stow ed o n his

t empl e by t he er e ction o f n ew buildi n gs an d the improve
ment and m aint enanc e of th e older on es
T he o i c e o f .
high pri est has b ecom e h er editary and in the t e n th year of

-
,
R ameses n ef erk ara sotep en ra Amen h otep who has r e cently

- -
,
-
,
succ eed e d his fath er Ramessu n ekht who appears o n the ,

-
,
walls of th e t emple as t he rst person in a sc en e wh er e the

king has simply to assign him his r eward and to see it c on ,
ferr ed upon hi m by hi s gr eat dignitari es A titul ar sup e 1 10
ri o rity still att ach e s to the Pharaoh who is the fountain of ,
h onor and whom A me n h o tep fr e qu ently acknowl edges to

-

b e h i s lord ;

but practically th er e c an be no doubt that

Am en hotep plays the princip a l part H e is th e t each er of
-
t h e king ; he has found t he holy hous e of Ammo n hast e n

i n g to d ecay and has tak en in hand its r estor ation he has
str ength en e d its walls has bu ilt it an e w has m a d e i ts
,
, ,

columns has inserted in the gat es the gr e at foldi n g doors

,
The hi gh pri est is the activ e mover i n

1
of acacia woo d -
t h e whol e business ; the kin g is passiv e ; he looks on s ees ,

and admir e s wh at i s done ; a pprov es it and r ewards it
.
, .
B ut the initiativ e has pass ed into t he hands of his nominal

subj e ct s ; and it i s e asy to see that ere long th er e will b e a
division of the ro yal authority and the Pharaoh will poss ess ,
its sh adow th e hi gh pri est its substance

,
-
.
Still the ro yal authorit y in E gypt di e d hard and as we , ,
sh all nd soon r eviv e d The r ei gn of R am es e s IX brin gs us . .

,
as we hav e s een to the clos e of the thirt eenth c entury It

,
112
is n o t until the openin g of the ele ve nth that we nd the high

CH xxn
. .
] ST O R Y T O L D 0F RA M E S E S XI I . 2 13
priests of Ammon complet ely es tablished in the position o f

actu al rulers of t he cou ntry An e nt ir e c entury t hu s pass e d .
b e tw een the rst beginning Of serious encroachme n t upon

the Pharaoh s position an d the transfer Of their authority to

the priests o f Am mon D ur ing this century four other kings .

,
bearing the name of Rameses and distingu ished by special

epithets s eem to have occupied the throne viz R ameses
,
.
, ,
X b earing the further names of K hepr ma ra S otep en ra -
m
- - -
.
,

8 and Ammon hi khopeshef Rame ses XI
3
- -
0 .
,
m
M eri ammon
mm Ram
P
2
k nown as S esha -
en -
ra o
W

S otep eu ra ; an d R a mese s
b
eses XII called U ser ma .
,
- -
ra - -
X III The twelfth R ameses reigned a t least thirty thr e e

116
-
ye ars and the thirteen that least twenty si x years

,
7
thus -
,
8
holding the throne between th em for considerably more than , ,
half a century Their p redecessors may have been almost as

.
long live d ; and the four reigns m ay well have occupied the
-
space betwe e n B C 1 2 00 and B C 1 1 00 . . . . .
O ne event only can be assigned to this obscure period .
An inscription set up in the temple of K hon su founded at ,
Theb e s by Rameses III relates a tal e which mu st undoubt .

,
e dly have had an historical foundation though its details ,
may have rec e iv e d mu ch amplication and embellishment .
The docum ent belongs to the time Of R ameses X II It

.
relates that onc e u pon a time wh e n this prince was in the

9
, ,
land O f Nehar 12 0
collecting the revenues o r tributes that
,
w ere willingly render e d to him annually by the territorial

chiefs of those parts on e of them called the chief of B akh , ,
tan placed his daughter among the tribute bearers and th u s

,
-
,
dre w the kin g s attention to her beauty wh ich was so great

,
that he immediately made her his wife and advanced her to ,
the rst rank in his harem Some tim e after this R amese s .
,
XII was in Th ebes p erforming his religiou s duties in the

.
,
great templ e of Ammon when an extraordinary embassy ,
from his fath er i h law sought his presence and requ ested - -
,
tha t the Egy ptian monarch wou ld send the best ski lled man ~
o f his cour t t o recover t h e queen s sister B en t aresh who was

, ,
struck down by a su dd e n sickness Rameses complie d The . .
man s u pposed t o be most skilful the scribe Thoth em hebi , ,

- -
,
was s el e ct ed and sent back with the envoys to B akhtan with

, ,
ord ers to plac e all th e knowl e dge th at he possessed at the

d isposal o f the chi ef Of the country We are told that on .
,
his arrival he pronounced the case of B entaresh t o be one of

,
2 14 H I S T O RY O F AN CI E N T E G Y P T .
[ CPL XXIP
12 1
possessio n by an evil spirit but that aft er various att empts ,
h e was forced t o acknowl e dg e hims e lf u nabl e to cop e with

the d emon Upon this it would s ee m th at he r eturn ed to
.
E gypt and the chief Of B akhtan sought assistanc e e lsewh er e

, .

B ut el ev en years lat er he once mor e had r ecours e to his

son i n law
- -
This tim e his e nvo y request e d that the go d
K hon su the exp ell e r of evil spirits mi ght b e s e nt fro m
.
, ,

T heb es to B akhtan for the relief Of th e poss ess ed princ ess
1
.
R am es es h e si tat ed but after consultin g the orac u lar S hrin e

,
of K hon su i n the Th eba n t empl e an d r eceiving a favorable ,

.
r eply h e dispatched the imag e of K hon su in a s acr e d ark

, ,
12 4
borne on the S hould ers of ten pri ests and escorted by a ,
'
troop of cavalry from Th ebes to B akhtan i n ord er that a

, ,
second attempt might b e mad e to cur e t h e princ ess After .
12 5
a j ourney which last e d s ev ent e en months t he ark a rrived , ,
was j oyfully receiv e d by the afict ed princ e and bro u ght ,
into the presenc e o f his daught e r from whom it at onc e ,
expell ed t h e d emon Gr eat j oy n o w pr ev a il ed in B akhtan ;

.
" 6
for t he S pirit d eparted and t h e r ecov ery of the princ ess
,
was compl ete It mi ght have been exp ec t ed that the ark
.
whic h had wro u ght the cur e would h av e been immedi at ely
re st or e d to its E gyptian owners with grat eful thanks f or t he .
loan of it ; but the power shown s ee m ed to the prince Of

B akht an so valuab le that h e was loth to lose po ss ession of so
g re at a tr e asur e Accordingly h e resolv e d to r etain t he ark
.
i n his o wn capit al an d actually had it i n his k eepin g for

,
127
thre e y ears and nin e months at the en d of which tim e he ,
was i nduc e d to r elinqu ish it un der the follo wing circu m

stances H e dr eam ed that he saw t he go d Kho u en in the
.
,
shap e of a gold en sparrowh a wk quit th e ark and y away , ,
in the dire ction O f E gypt W a king up in a st at e Of gr eat .
agitation h e summon e d t he pri est attached to t he ark and

128
, , ,
d eclari n g to him wh at he had se en announced his d etermin ,
ation to se n d t h e holy structur e back a n d d esired him t o ,
mak e the n eedfu l preparations T he r e turn j ourney s eems .
to have taken ev en a lo n g er tim e th an t he j ourney f rom

E gypt ; for it was not u n til the thirt y third y ea r of Ram -
es es that the ark o K hon su was onc e mor e safely replaced

12 9 f
in its prop er chap el in th e t empl e at Th eb es .
T he int erest o f this narrativ e is consid e r abl e and of a v ari ed

If we acc ept t h e id entic ation of Nehar with

character .
Naharai n we Sh all hav e to r egard it as indicating t h e r et e n

,
tion to so late a date a s abo u t B C 1 1 30 of E gypti an supr e m . .
3
acy over M e sopotamia and we must ask ours e lv es W ho is
this ki ng of B ak ht an who dwells at su ch a re mote dist anc e
,
2 16 H I S T O RY O F A N C I E N T E G Y P T . [OH . xxu .
Th ebes which he appe ars to hav e d eli ght e d in ornam ent

,
1 39
ing . The other indications o f his r e i gn are scatt ered and
fragm entary th ey sc arc ely contain a S ingl e notice of
hi storic int er est B y on e O f th e m h o w ev er we l ear n that
.
.
, , ,
w eak and insi gnicant as he was Ra me s es X III held the , .
thron e of E gypt for abov e tw enty S i x y ears -

.
The d e c lin e of E gypt und e r this dynasty was not mer ely a
d ecline in pow er Archi te cture glyptic art lit eratur e m orals
.
, , ,
all su ere d and sn ered al most eq u ally After the death Of
, .
R am e s e s III not a sin gl e gr e at bu ilding w as set on foot by

.
any of th e E gyptian k i ngs mu ch l ess was any architectural ,
n ovelty attempt e d T he m on archs content e d th ems elv e s

.
with makin g small a dditions to Old e dices having no pre ,
t ension to originality an d inf erior in ev er y r esp ect to the ,
buildings whe r eto th ey w e re app endages The grand featur e s .
o f a nci ent tim e s w er e not ev e n imitat e d No mor e hypostyl e .
halls lik e thos e at L xor

,
u a n d K rnak no mor e gigantic
a
colossi no mor e mighty Ob elisks The gr eatest works whic h .
t he kin gs und ertook w er e th e ir tombs Th es e w er e still

h o ees or subt erran eous gall eri es e xcavat e d in the rock
.
yp g , ,
an d d i vid e d into a nu mb e r O f h alls pass ag e s and chamb ers , , .
Th ey still attain ed a consi derable length and were orn a ,
men t ed wi th inter estin g paintings B u t n either in the size .
n o r in t he nish of th e ir ornam e nta t ion did th ey rival the

simil ar works Of former days such as the tombs of Am e n
Ophi s III Of S eti I and R ames es II
.
,
Th ey c eas e d to have
. .
any archit ectural f eatur es such as columns or pi ers or , , ,
cha mb ers wi t h arched roofs E v e n t he paintings wer e on .

14 1
,
,
t he whole l e ss inter e sting than thos e o f a n e arlier age

, .
In glyptic art connoisseurs d etect a f alling O ff as early as

,
2
t he latt e r p art Of t he r e i g n o f R ames e s II ; but th e d ecline .
is n ot palp abl e u ntil t he r ei gn of Rameses III is p ast Th e n

. .

t h e grand styl e disapp e ars T h e gr eat composi tio n s c o v .
,
erin g entir e p ylons and comprisin g hundreds of gur es com e

, ,
to an en d no n ew scen es are portray ed rath er a w ea isom e ,

r
s am en ess a r ep etition u s q u e a d n a u s eamof the same st ere o

,
typ ed r eli gious groups m eets us and disgusts us If t here is , .
an y chan ge it is in t h e grossn e ss o f t he r eli gious r e pr e senta

,
tions which in creas es

,
A gain the ran g e of art is n arro wer
.
143
, .
D om estic and military sc enes almost drop ou t ; b u t f ew

anim als are d epicte d ; we hav e no banqu ets no gard e ns no , ,
shin g n o fowling n o gam e s

,
An d th e dr a win g c ertainly
,
.
d et er ior at es ; t h er e is a I ee bl e n ess and clumsin ess i n the ou t
lin e s a ri gidity in the forms as well as a want of vari ety,

wh i ch are u n pleasmg
, ,
.
CH . XXI L ] D EC LIN E O F A RT A N D L IT E R A T U R E . 217
Statuary also falls off The gures becom e unduly elon

Th ey have m
.
gat e d and are nished with l ess care

,
.
longe r t he truth to n ature which is possessed by t he earli e r

statu es whil e th ey are c ert a inly i n no respect ide alized
, .
Mor eov er unl ess we incl u d e s tatu ett es th ey b e com e com

, , ,
ara ti ve ly speaking rare as if th e y h ad gon e o u t of fashion

p , , ,
an d w e re no lon ge r deman d e d from t he artists .
The d eclin e of lit era t ure is even gr eater and mo r e surpris

ing Af ter the g al ax y o f t al ent which clust er ed abou t t he

.
r eig n s o f R ames es II and M en ep ht hah aft er the mast er

.
,
pieces of Pen t aou r Kakabu Nebsen en E nna and oth e rs , , , , ,
su dd e nly th ere com es a tim e wh en lit erature is almost dumb

wh en t he tru e po etic inspiration appears to have vanished
,
when
,

and the dry o fcial t on e to hav e taken its place
abstracts Of tri als
lists o f functionari e s tireso me en u mer
,
7
,
14 8
a ti on s in t he gr ea t e st d etail o f gifts to the together

with fu lsom e pr aises Of t he kin gs either by themselves or ,
oth ers for m t he substanc e of the writt en compositions

,
1 50
which surviv e an d which we have ev e ry reason to believe a

,
fai r sampl e of th e lit erary pro duc e of the age Not a S ingle .
nam e o f an E gyptian wri ter b elonging to this dreary period

r em ains o n r e cord ; n o t a singl e work of imagination c an be
ascrib e d t o it Astronomy may ul ti mately owe something to
.
t he t ables o f t he hou rs a n d o f t he risings of the stars which

d ecorat e the tomb of the si xth Ram e ses in the B iban el -
bu t liter ature in t he prop er s ense o f the word , ,
c a n n e v er receiv e any e nrichm ent f rom t he curt and dry
r ecords t he l eg al f ormu lae t he endo wment d eeds t he

1 52

, , ,
153
royal ord ers or t he r eligious mysticism
,
which constitut e ,
t he whol e that r e m a ins to u s of Egyptian lit erature dur i ng

th e tw e lfth and thirt ee nth centuri es .
In morals the d e clin e h ad begu n under Rames es II with

, .
,
the introdu ction of poly gamy It advanced under Rameses .
III ( Fig. wh en t he court becam e a hotbed of intrigu e

.
and conspirac y t he high est O fci als comb ining W i th t he

,
wom en o f the harem to s eek the li fe of t he king o r redu c e ,
hi m to an imbecile condition by m agica l arts ) enchant

,

m e nts and all sorts O f villain y
, T he grossest license .
ap pears in the caricat ur es of t he time w hich assum e that the ,
king is a voluptu ary an d satiri z e hi s w eakn ess with a shame

,
less disregard o f No t lon g aft e rw ards s a cril ege

becom es fashionabl e an d a thi ev e s soc i ety is for me d
, ,
containi n g several m e mbers o f th e s a c e rd ot a l ord er for the ,
purpos e o f op en i n g a n d plun d e ri n g t he anci e n t tombs with ,

6
o u t even sparin g tho se of royal p ersonages In q uiry on .
2 18 H I ST O RY OF A N C I E N T E G Y PT . [ 011 . XXII .
t he subj ec t is b af ed for a considerabl e p eriod probably ,
thro u gh th e high position of som e o f thos e en gage d i n the

1 59
t ra n s a ctions Th es e trans a ctions incl u d ed t he gross est ill
.
usage o f the d ead bodi e s which E gypti an notions made ,
almost the extr em e Of wic ke dn ess W h e n at last punish .
m ent ov ertak es som e Of t he o ff e nd ers it is in ad e qu ate the , ,
g r e a t er numb er of t h e cond e mn e d m erely suff ering the
bastinado .
C ivili z ation an d th e arts of li f e r each e d p erhaps their

hi gh est d ev elopm e nt und e r Ram eses III It is th e n that we .
n d the most l u xurious f aut e u ils an d the ric he st

161
dress e s the most gor geou s riv e r bo ats
,
th e most e laborat ely -
,
1 62
carv e d m u sical instrum ents Aft er his time , E gypt .
became comparati v el y S p eakin g poor ; and whil e the gen

, , ,
eral mo de o f lif e continu ed mu c h t he sam e as befor e ther e ,
was a falling off in grand eur and m agnicenc e D resses .
e cam e somewhat m
)
163
( Fig .6 3 b or e complicat ed but l e ss ,
S pl e ndid Ankl ets w ere no long er worn e arrings b ecam e

.
,
r are an d br a c el ets ce as ed to b e j e w elle d O n the oth er hand

,
.
,
t he wi gs of men a n d t he h air of wom e n ( if it is in d e e d th e ir

own ) were worn long er and arr an ged mor e elabor atel y , .
164
T he absurd fashion still continued O f t u rning up t he toes of

sandals to a h ei ght of two o r three inch es Monk eys con .
ti n u ed to be k ept as pets t he lotus blossom was still the

usu al adornme n t of th e h ead for l adi es at feasts and lotus ,
coll ars w er e still plac e d round t he n ecks of gu ests Music .
app ears in the sculptur es r ath er as an accomp anim ent of

sacr e d c er emoni es than a s a means of a musing an d ent ert a in
i n g comp any The dom e stic scen e s o f th e p e riod are h o w
16 6
.
,
e v e r so f ew th a t we cannot pr et e nd to an ything lik e a f u ll

, ,
knowledg e of Egypti an privat e lif e at the ti me ; and on the

,
whol e it is p erh aps most p ro i able that (in t he main ) it re

,
tai n e d und e r t h e tw e nti eth dyn a sty t he g e n er a l char a ct e r

which it had acquired under the gr eat kings of the e ight e enth
and nineteenth .
220 H I S T O RY OF A N C I E N T E G Y PT .
[ CH xx m.
It is tho u ght that H er he r in ord er to str en gth en his pow -

,
e r alli e d himself with a for e i g n mo n a rch

, T he nam e s of his .
wife Net em an d of his c h i ldre n are non E g yptian and

, , ,
e
-
,

hav e been prono u nc ed S emitic but perhaps with scarc elv 9
su fci ent evid enc e T he positiv e stat e m ent th at he alli e d

.
hims elf closely with o n e Of t he ki n gs of Nin ev eh in whose ,

fri endship he sought a support to his u surpation is on e ,
o f thos e he ld a ss ertions in which m od ern historiogr aph ers

in dul ge b ec au s e it is impossibl e absol u t ely to r e fut e th em .
Th e ass ertion is S impl y without o n e atom of found ation .
Th er e w er e pl enty o f S emit es within t he limits of E gypt ,
with whom H e r he r mi ght in t erm arry if he so pl eas ed and

-
,
t he popul ation of Syri a was in the main S e mit i c so that he ,
ha d no n eed to go to t h e distant Assyri a for a S em itic wife .
Ne t em his consort is n ev er said to have b ee n of royal birth

,
She is t he s a temll emi eu r or gr eat ro yal consort but not

, .
s u ten s a t

king s daught er or princ ess
Moreover
, ,
, .
,
n eith er t he n am e of his wife Net em nor the n a mes of any , ,

o f hi s sons are d enit ely Assyrian
, Her he r was prob ably .
-
marri ed long b efor e h e ascen ded t he thron e to o n e Of thos e

, ,
S emitic E gyptians who abounded in the north east e rn prov

i n ces and allo wed his w if e to give h er c hildren S emitic
,
l2
names such as w er e common in thos e regions

, .
It is r emarkabl e that on assu ming t he royal titl e he did

, ,
not at rst lay asid e the d esi gnation of high pri est of Am -

mon but he re that d escriptiv e epithet r egularly in o n e of
,
13
his royal scutch e ons while in t he ot her h e took the title Of
,
Si Ammon
-

or son Of Ammon
which was sub
, ,
s equently claim e d and born e by Al exander L at er he c alled .

,

hims elf Si Amm on only -
It would s eem th a t wh e n he re .
li n q u i sh ed the pries t hood for himsel f h e d e volv ed it u pon his ,
eldest son ,
Pian kh,
x Q
thus securing its continu ed
connection with the crown an d stamping his dynasty with ,
a perman ent hi eratic character .
The personal app eara nce of Her he r ( Fig 4 8 ) was pl easin g -

. .
In t he s culptur es his featur es a re d elic a te a n d good ; his ex

pre ssion mild and agree abl e Thou gh he c la ims to h ave .
5
recon qu ered the R u ten we c annot s u ppos e him to have b een ,
mu ch of a warrior ; an d he c ertainly did not r evive t he glori es

o f t h e empir e to any cons i d er a bl e e xt e nt o r
re i n spir e t he ,
E gypt i ans with m i l itary ardor O n t he whol e he woul d .

,
seem t o h ave bee n a m i l d prince n ot muc h more ener etic

g ,
CH . xx m]
. R E IG N O F P I N ET EM . 221
than his Ramesi de predecessors ; and we may su spect that he

took the bold st ep of usurping t he crown r a ther at the ,
prompting o f his ord e r than inspired by any perso n al ambi

tion .

It is u ncertain whether Her hor s so n Pian kh or his -
,
grand son Pin etem was his su c c essor B u n s en and B rugsch

,
, , .
6
accord to Pian kh the title of king bu t it is admitted that
he has n e ither the cartouche surrounding his n ame nor the ,
royal title a f xed to it in any of the monuments T he

, .
l7
mon um ents are so sc an ty that the negative argum ent i s ,
erhap s not o f very much w e igh t ; and it is j ust poss ible th at

Pian kh the son Of Her her su cce eded hi s fath er and held
,
-
, ,
the crown fo r a fe w years before the acc ession o f Pin etem .
Pi n etem the grandson of Her he r and son of Pi an kh whose

,
-
,
n ame is expressed in the h i eroglyphics by

x g
Ok
to wife a princ ess the Ramesi de house n amed Ramaka or

of
R ak ama, a nd so stre n gt hened his titl e to the cro wn w hich

18
,
is thought to ha ve be e n disputed by t he m ale descendants

o f the Old Ram e si d e s tock who had be e n banished wi th th e ir ,
artisans to the less e r O asis Pin etem had xed his cou rt at .
_
19
anis in the D elta the n ative place of his grandfather and
, ,
had probabl y thereby o ff end e d the Thebans who to v e nt , ,
their splee n took the part of t he Ramesi de pr etender Here

,
upon Pin e tem in the twenty fth year of his reign despatch
.
-
, ,
ed his son Ra m
khepr or Men khep r ra 0 m g on
en -
,
-
, ,
whom he had d evolved the Ofce of high priest Of Ammo n -

,
to the southern capital to persuad e or co erce the disaff ect ,
ed . After punishing a certain number he app e ars to h ave

i o
,
r e c e iv e d the submission of the rest but at the sam e tim e t o ,
have accepted their view that cl e m e ncy rather severity was ,
the proper course to be pursued towards the r ebels a n d that ,
the rst step necessary t o be taken was the r ecall Of the exiles
from the O asis These are said in the h y p e rbolical lan guage
.
,
o f the E ast to have amounted t o a hundr e d tho u sand ; and

,
though this is n o doubt an e xaggeration it is on e which i m ,
plies that they must hav e been in r e ality v ery numerou s and ,
t h at the int ernal trou bles t o which the u surpation o f the ,
high priests had led m u st have becom e ultim at e ly o f a very

-
,
M e n khepr ra as Pi n et e ms rep

seriou s character in d eed .
- -
,
resen t at i ve a l lowed the e xiles to r e tur n and pl e dg e d his wor d

, ,
that the pr a ctic e o f ban i s hment for political O ffenc es s hou ld

be d isconti nu ed A fter this we do n ot he ar of any more dis
.
222 H I S T O RY O F A N C I E N T E G Y PT . [011 . m
Xx
t u rban ces, an d we may concl u d e t hat t he policy O f c o n c ili a .
tion was succ essful .
M en kh ep r ra must soon after ward s h ave become king

- -
,
.
, .
His nam e occurs enclos e d in t he ro yal cartouche o n bricks

, ,
brought from the city of Kh eh in t he o n whic h

we n d almos t th e name o f hi s wif e H eS i e m kheb but ,
- -
we cannot ascrib e a n y e v e nts to t h e p erio d during which he

occupi ed the thron e T he supposition Of a gre at A ssyrian at
.
tack upon Egyp t under a ki n g S heshon k and his son , ,
Nimru d w h ich h as the authority of o n e i mportant n ame in

,
its favor is not g en erally accept ed an d s ee ms to lack evi

,
23
,
de n ce .

O ther eventl ess r eigns b e longing to the dvn asty are
Pi n e tem II
those of Pa seb -
eu sha ,
X W M
.
,
and H er
x
Paseb en sha,
h W \
It is generally agreed that
these kings belon ge d to the same fam ily with those already
e nu merat e d but th e ir exact r el ationship o n e to a n other and
,
ev e n the ord er o f th eir su cc ession are uncertai n Egyptian .
history is a blank during this space We o n ly k now th at .
fri endly r el ations w er e e stablish e d during the co u rs e of i t b e

tween E gyp t an d Pal estin e wh er e an i mport ant kingdom had ,
b een set up by D avid an d inh erit ed by Solomon ; that a me n

arch o f t h e Tan it e lin e cons ent e d to give o n e o f his dau gh ters
in m arriage to the latt er princ e ; and that und er th es e ,
amicabl e relations of the two pow ers a b risk trad e was c a r ,
ri ed o n for hors e s an d ch ariots b etw een the E gyptian s on the

26
o n e h a nd a n d the Syr i ans and Hittites o n the other E gypt .
was at the s am e time as no doubt it was alw ays op en as an

, ,
a s ylu m to th e politic al fu gitiv e ; and t h e Had a d prince of ,
E dom who ed from D av i d found a r efug e with som e mon

arch o f the T an at e dyn asty just as J erob o a m at a lat er
, ,

, ,

d at e found a r efu ge with S hihsak
,
The co u ntry was qui et .
,
without disturb anc e from within or m enac e from abroad ; t he

kings w er e peac eful never forgetting that they were priests
,
as well as sov er eigns ; t he peopl e were satised to apply them

s elves generally to us efu l trad es and produ ctive employments ;
th ey w er e no lon ger assail ed either from t he west or from the
n orth sinc e t he L ibyans had b ee n taught a l e sson and the
war o f Tro had chang ed the condition o f t he pow ers of
, ,
y
t he M e dit err a n ean ; th ey w e re safe u p o n t he S ide o f the east , ,
sinc e t hey ha d a bulwark in the n ew empir e raised up by th e

k ings of Israel ; and on the side of the south the E thiopians
22 4 H I ST O R Y or AN C IE N T E GY P T . [ OIL XX IV .
capable of making extensi v e fo reign c o nquests S ec o ndly .

,
i t is certain that the Egyptians n either speak with any dis

t in c tn ess of any fo reign attack up o n th e ir indepen dence at

thi s time n o r u se the term A ssyrian wit h which they

,

w ere well acquainted in any c o nnecti o n with the kings of s
this dynasty The term u sed in such c o nnecti o n and sup

,
.

p o sed t o designate A ssyria is M a t which may perhaps

mean the pe o ples but wh i ch has n o m o re c o nnec ti o n

, ,
wit h the w o rd A ssyria than with P alestine or B abyl o n o r , ,
P ersia F urther the new names which n o w c o me in t o E gyp

.
,
tian hist o ry and which are th o ught t o supp o rt the A ssyria n

,
the o ry are decidedly n o n A ssyrian and so f ar as i s kn o wn

,
-
, , ,
7
w er e ne v er b o rne by any A s syrian pers o n .
Maneth o wh o li v ing under the P t olemies had n o f alse

, , ,
shame le ading him t o c o nceal the subj ecti o n of Egypt by her

n eighb o rs wh o c alled the s e v enteenth dynasty P h oenician
or Arab i an
B 9
the twenty f th Ethi o pian and the twen ty
,
-
,
se v enth P ersian declared the twen ty sec o nd t o be B u bas

-

tite and there fo re n ati v e Egyptian His statement is c on .
,

rmed by the f act that t wo of the k i n gs called themsel v es 3

S i B a s t or S on of B ast
-
,
the g o ddess f r o m wh o m B ubas

,
tis t oo k i ts name and who was e specially w o rshipped there

, .

I t appears that a certain S hesh on k ( F ig
3
a B u bastite .
c o ntemp o rary with on e of the later kings of th e twenty rst -
l4
dynast y t oo k t o wi f e a princess of the Tanite H o use named
, ,
M eht en h o nt or M eht en
- -
an d had by her a son -
,
Namrut w h o became the f ather of a sec o nd Sheshon k

,
fuE
5
l-
V T his sec o nd S heshon k , ha v ing r o yal bl oo d in
his ve i ns w as selected by a later Ta nite kin g as
,
a tting hus
band for his daughter , Keramat , and w as

thu s led t o raise his th o ughts t o the cr o wn W hether he .
usurped it o r su cceeded in right of his wi f e on the f ailure

, , ,
16
of heirs male in the Tanite line is d o ubtf ul ; but perhaps it ,
is n o t pr o bable that he was r egarded as the right f ul heir .
S h o rtly a f ter his accessi o n he t oo k the thr o ne name of Hut ,

-
kh ep r ra sotep en ra and b o re this name in his se c o n d shield

- - - -
,
l 7
o n m o st o c c asi on s .
I t was pr o bably n ot l o ng a fter h is a c cessi o n t hat he rec eiv

ed a f ugiti v e of imp o rtance f r o m the neighb o ring c o untry of
P alestine where S o l o m o n still o ccupied the thr o ne of his
,
f ather Da v id T his was J erob oam the s o n of N ebat an

.
, ,

ofc er w h o had h el d hi gh empl o y m en t u nd er So l om on , bu t
on . mm]
1 AL L IANC E W IT H J E RO B OAM . 2 25
h ad b ec o me an o b j ect of susp i c i o n because it had been pr o

p hesi e d that he w o uld o ne day be king of ten o u t of the
twel v e tribes of I srael T o pre v ent the acc o mplish ment of .
this pr o phecy S o l o m o n wished t o put J erob o am t o death

,
9
h e h o w e v er c o n t ri v ed t o eect hi s escape and became a

, , ,
re f ugee at the c o urt of S heshon k where acc o rding t o tradi , ,
ti e n he was well treated When S o l o m o n died s o me time

2o
.
a f t er Jer o b o a m returned t o hi s nati v e land ; and the pr o

,
h e cy o f A hi j ah was f u llled u nder the circu mstances related

p 2 1
in the F irst B oo k of Kings T he I sraeli t es elected Jer o
'
b o am t o be their s o v ereign ; but he propably f elt his tenure t o

be insecure an d c o nsequently ma de representa t i o ns t o S he
,
sh o nk which cau sed that m o narch t o undertake an imp o rtant

militar y expediti o n T he Egyptians had fo r se v eral centu.
ries kn o wn n o thing of war but a nu mber of mercenary s o l

diers had been m aintained as a s o rt of p o lice an d there was ,
thus a standing army o f a certain am o unt c o nsisting mainly ,
of the L ibyans o f the west an d the n egr o es and Ethi o pia n s o f .
the s o uth which preser v ed in t ernal o rder guarded the f r o n

, ,
tiers and might be empl o yed i f need were bey o nd them

, , , .
S hesh on k a new kin g of a n ew dynasty might be an xi o u s

, , ,
22
li ke Her her when he attacked the R uten t o impress the
-
,
n at i o n f a v o rably by the display of energy and military dar

ing I f he c o uld c o unt on the friendship of Jer o b o am he
.
,
w o uld be exp o sing h i msel f t o little danger an d h e might ,
gath er laurels such as h ad been unheard of fo r ab o v e a cen

,
tury with o ut an y risk o f a re verse A cc o rdingly he d etermin

,
.
ed on a great expediti o n int o P al e stine C o llecting th e w ho le .
b o dy o f the mercenaries and adding t o them pr o ba bly s o me ,
Egyptian le v ies he was able to rai se a fo r c e o f twel v e hun

,
2 3
dred chari o ts sixty th o u sand h o rse and foo tmen with o ut
, ,

number at the h ead of which he entered the H o ly L and
in three c o lumns as has been supp o sed
,
and spreading 2
h i s tr 00ps f ar and wi de o v er the c o untry t oo k t he f enced

,
,

cities which pertained to Judah and came t o Jerusal e m 2 "
Ne w fo r the rst time since they entered the L and of P r o m

ise had the Jews t o c o ntend with their great s o uthern neigh
b o r n o w for the rst time did they c o me in c o ntact with
huge masses of disciplined tr oo ps armed an d trained alike , ,
and s o l diers by pr of essi o n The cl o u ds of h o rse the v ast .

,
b o d y of chari o ts the c o untless nu mber of the foo tmen which

,
swarmed o v er the land seem t o ha v e o v erawed th e ir minds , ,
and pre v en ted the v ery th o ught of an o rganized resistance .
In v ai n had R eh o b o am immediately a f ter J e rob oam s re v o lt

, ,
26
fo rt i e d a number of the t o wns of Ju daea especially th o s e ,
$32 6 H I ST O R Y or AN C I E N T E G Y PT . [ e rr xxrv .
2 7
t o wards the s o uth and s o uthw e st i n anticipati o n of a n Egy p ,
tian i n r o ad A t the sight of t he adv ancing h o st the ci t ies

.
o pened their gates or f ell a f t er brie f sieges and in an i n

,
credibly sh o rt space o f time the tri u mphant P hara o h appear e d

be fo re t he Jewish capital wh ich yi eld e d at d iscre ti o n S he , .
sh o nk entered the city stripped t he temple of its m o st v aluable ,

29
treasures and plundered the r o yal palace but accepted R eh e
, ,
b e am s submissi o n all o wed him t o remain in J e usalem as

, r

tributary prince an d marched away hi s tr oo ps t o f u r ther
,
c o n quests .
J e rob oam it w o uld seem had wo rk fo r his ally t o d o n o t

, , ,
in J u daea o nly but als o in h is o wn territ o ry The L e v itical

, .
cities scat tered ab o ut th e la n d wer e h o stil e t o him ; and

, ,
8 1
many of the C anaanit ish t o wns had either ne ver be en sub

d u e d o r had taken ad v antage of the disrupti o n of the k ing
,

d o m t o r eclaim their in d epe n dence S hes ho n k is f o un d .
by the list of the c o nquered cities and trib e s which he set u p

o n his return h o me t o ha v e carried his ar ms o v er the king ,
d o m of Is arel n o less than o v er that of Judah an d t o hav e

captured in th e fo rmer a large number of L e v itical cities ,
suc h as R eh o b G ib eo n Mahanaim B eth h e r o n Kedem o th

, , ,
-
, ,
B il e am o r I bleam A lem e th etc and a certain number of , ,

.
,
C anaanite o nes H e may e v e n be traced acr o ss the J o rdan

.
v all ey where he t o o k B eth shan int o t h e trans Jorda n i c

,
-
,
-
regi o n where h e capture d Mahanaim and A r o er and t hence

, ,
int o n o rthwestern A rabia wher e he reduced the Ed o mites , ,
the Temanites and se v eral tribes of the Hagarenes .

33
Thu s his expe d iti o n th o ugh n o t t o be c o mpar ed with the ,
great campaigns of T ho thmes I an d of S e ti I o r R am . .
eses II h ad a c o nsiderable success Jer o b o am t he f riend

.
,
.
,
and ally of Egypt was strengthened and helped ; R eh o b o am ,
( F ig .5 8 ) was made a tri butary ; and the A rab tribes s o uth

and e ast of P alesti n e were reduced t o depend e n ce
O n his return t o Thebes f r o m A sia with his pris o ners and
.
his tr easures it seemed t o the v ict o ri o us m o narch tha t h e

,
might t ly se e k t o emulate the g lo ries of the o ld Phara o hs ,
n o t o nly in war bu t in the arts of peace S eti and R am e ses .
h ad eternized their v ict o ries by inscribing them u p o n i mp e r

i shable st o ne at T h ebes why sh o ul d he n o t fo ll o w th ei r ex
ample and set up his m e m o rial in the same place ? H e was
high pr est of A mm o n i n A t and the G reat Temple
,
3
i -
p o f ,
Karna k was thus un der his special care it was th er e fo re at

that place t ha t he res o l v ed t o i mpress up o n t he st o n e the image
of his o wn p ers o n and t he rec o rd o f his successes O n the e x .
ternal s o uthern wall o f this bu i ld i ng in the se c alled p o rtic o ,

-
22 8 H I ST O R Y or A N C I E NT EG Y T P . [011 x xxv . .
and pr o bably did n o t o u tli v e him ab o v e f teen years

Osark o n ,
t h e dat e of Z erah s exp e diti o n w o uld n o t be reach ed u ntil

O sark o n s reign was o v er There i s e v e ry r e as o n t o belie v e

.
th at h e was a peace f ul and wh o lly undistinguished prince

c o nt ent t o add a f ew sc u lptures t o th e B ubastite p o rtic o of
,
his fatherf and t o rule Egypt in quietness during such ter m

8
o f li f e as Hea v en might all o w him H is p or trait as gi v e n .

,
by Ro selli n i is that of a mi ld prince n o t re markabl e fo r

19
, ,
energy o r de terminati o n .
C sarko n I was fo ll o wed u p o n the thr o ne by hi s son T ake

'
rut o r T ak elu t, , who assumed the title of Si

o n

Hesi so n of I sis and f urther t oo k the thr o ne name of -
, ,
H u t r a so t ep e n A mm o n neter hak uas I t is th o ught that 5

- - - - - - -
.
,
in the early part his r eign h e was e n gaged in a str u ggle with ,
his y o unger br o th e r S hesho n k the s o n of Osark on I by a , , .
Tanite princess Keramat an d that alth o ug h successf u l he, , , ,
had t o c o ncede t o the cadet of his h o use the n ew and high

ti tle of L o rd of Upper and L o wer Egypt which is fo und ,
attached t o his name in the in scripti o ns S hesho n k was als o

.

rec o gnize d as high priest of the Th e ban A mm o n and thus -
,
enj o yed a dign ity n o t much in f eri o r t o that of hi s br o ther He

.

like wise b o re the o fce of c o mmander i n chie f of the tr oo ps - -
.

T ak elu t had a sh o rt and u ndistinguished reign H e has 5
.
le f t n o m o numents and i s o nly kn o wn thr o u gh the A pis ,
stel ae which gi v e him a wi f e called Kapes an d a s o n O sar

, ,
kon
"2
wh o succeeded him
, .
The sec o nd O sarkon reigned at least twenty two years -

"3

He called himsel f S i B ast o r s o n o f the g o ddess B ast the -
, ,
queen of B u b astis and als o t oo k the thr o ne name of User ,

-
ma ra sotep en A mm o n
- -
C hr o n o l o gical c o nsiderati o ns
- -
.
make it pr o bable that the great expedi ti o n int o P alestine

ascribed in the S ec o n d B oo k of C hr o nicles t o Z erah the ,

Ethi o pian t oo k place in his reign either un der his o wn
, ,
auspic e s o r under th o s e of an Ethi o pian general t o wh o m he

, ,
entrust e d the c o mmand of his army The H e brew Z erac h

m may p o ssibly repr esent th e Egyp tian O sark on and
.
,
- -
, ,
O sarko n II may be call e d an Ethi o pian because his m o ther

.
, ,
Kap e s was an Ethi o pian princess ; o r the P hara o h wh o se

,
55
mercenar y t roo ps were largely Ethi o pian may ha v e placed ,
the in v ading army un der a lead er of that nati o n The o bj ect .
of the e xp e di t i o n was t o bring back J u daea wh i ch had re

,
6
volt ed t o the sub ject p o siti o n which had been imp o sed
,
u pon her b y S hesho n k ( S hishak ) The attack h o we v er .

, ,
ca. xx xv ] . TA K ERL T I

. A ND O S AR K ON II . 22 9
c o mpletely I nsp i ri ted by the wo rds of S h emaiah,

failed .
whic h assured hi m o f v ict o ry the Jewish king A sa t he , ,
grands o n of R eh o b o am b o ldly met th e in v ad e r in the o pe n ,
e ld engaged his numer o us h o st whic h is v aguely esti mated

, ,

at a th o usa n d t h o usand and c o mple t ely de f eated i t in a ,
"7
great battle .
O sarko n II ( F ig 5 1 ) appears t o ha v e had t h ree w i v es

68
. . .
T h e c h ie f of these b o re the same nam e as the queen of S he

sh o n k I , Keramat , and was pr o b ably by birth a prin cess of th e
.
r o yal h o use S he was the m o ther of S hes ho n k II ( who, in

. .
his f ather s t wenty third year , was o ld en o ugh t o exercise the

-
f uncti o n s of r o yalty at Memphis ) and mus t there fo re h a v e ,
been taken t o wi f e by Osarkon be fo re o r s oo n a f ter he as , ,
c e n d ed the thr o ne A n o ther of his wi v es n amed H esi em

.
,
-
kh eb b ore h im the princess Thes bast per while a third M ut

,
- -
, ,
at an k hes was the m o ther o f pr i nce N amrut

-
who became
o v erseer of the pr o phets and c o mma n der of the s o ldiery at
, ,

Heracle o p o lis M agna g o v ern o r of the T he ba i d the hig h ,
59
,
priest of A mm o n at T hebes .
The cr o wn prince S hesho nk as go v ern o r of Memphis e el

-
, , ,
eb ra te d t he f uneral rites o f a d e ceased A pis bu ll in his f ather s

60
twenty third year and pr o bably ascended the thr o ne s oo n
-
,
a f terwards He was e v en less d istinguished than his prede

.
cess ers an d apparently had b u t a sh o rt reign

,
T he thr o ne .
l
name wh ich he assumed an d which distinguished hi m f r o m ,
the o ther S heshon k s was S eses khepr ra so t e

p e n A mm o n
,
- - -
.
The remaining m o n archs of the dynasty were T akelu t I I

.
,

called S i Hesi or s o n o f I sis li ke the fo rmer prince o f the
-
, ,
name an d als o Hut khepr

,
ra so te
p e n ra ; S h esh o n k - - - -
kn o wn as S i B ast and User ma ra so tep e n ra ; P amai - - - - - -

,
X9 c alled User ma - -
ra sot e - en -
p amm o n ; and S heshon k
IV . called Aa khepr ra T hese fo ur prin c es are th o u ght to
,
- -
.
c o me in th e regular line of su ccessi o n f r o m S hesho n k II 62

.
,
an d t o gether with S heshon k I

,
T akelu t I and the t wo .
, .
,
O sark on s t o make up th e nine m o narchs wh o m Man e th o as

,

signed t o this r o yal h o use Egypt rapidly declined under their .
g o v ernment and o nce m o re su ff ered disint e grati o n ; ri v al dynas

ties established themsel v es at T hebes Tanis Memphis and , , ,

elsewhere ; Ethi o pia acquired a prep o nderating p o wer in the
6
s o uth and th e empire tended to diss o luti o n D isturba n ces

, .
are sp o ken of as o ccurring as early as th e reign o f T akelu t IL ,
bo th in the s o uth a n d in the n o rth ; and v ery s oo n the entire

65
att en ti o n of t h e rule rs was di v e rted f ro m p u b li c w ork s an d

2 30 Hi sTo RY or A N C I E N T E G Y PT .
[011 . xxrv.
fo reign ex p editi o ns o intern al qu arrels and dissensi o ns T he

t
.
descen dants of the grea t ad versary of R e h o b o am still claimed

the r o yal t itle an d exercised a pr e car i o us auth o rity at The
,
bes whil e the twenty third dynasty o f M aneth o reigned at

,
-
66
T anis and B u b astis an d an upstart prince called T ecn ap h
, ,
thu s o r T afn ekht held M e mphis an d the Western D elta

, .
At Nap ata o n the Upper N ile a c ertain Pian khi o btained

, ,
s o v ereign p o wer and by d egrees estab lished a s o rt of pr o tect

,
o rate o r suzerainty o v er the wh o le of Egypt A s this change .
marks on e of th e main crises in Egyptian his to ry and is c o n ,
n e c ted cl o sely with the peri o d of t he twenty fo urth o r E thi -

,
O pian dynasty its c o nsiderati o n is de f erre d t o the ensuing

,
chapter .
A rt un der the S hesh o n ks did n o t s o much decline as dis

appear A certai n n u mb e r of p o rtic o es and bas relie f s were
.
-
6"
in de ed a dded t o the Temple o f Kar n ak by the earlier m o n

archs ; but these w e ak eo rts are wh o lly de v o id of artistic v alue ;
and a f ter a time they are disc o ntinued as th o ugh the kings ,
w ere ashamed at the c o ntras t bet ween their o wn f eeble pe r

fo rman ces and the great w o rks o f fo rmer s o v ereigns The .
A pis stel ae c o ntinue but are rud e mem o rial st o nes with n o
, ,
68
pret ensi o n t o rank as w o rks o f art S tagnati o n and dead .
ness characteri ze t he t o mbs of the time which repeat antique ,
fo rms but with o ut any of the a n tique spirit S tatuary al

,
.
m o s t entirely ceases ; a certain number of statue t tes may 69
70
bel o ng t o the time but li f e si zed gures are alm o st wh o lly
,
-
wan ingt
.
The c o nditi o n of literature under the dynasty i s sim ilar .
Excepting a f ew o fcial table t s w i th o ut the slight e st literary

meri t and s o me magi cal texts an d spells n o thing seems t o 72
, ,
h a v e been written T he literature of the ti me is reduced t o

.
the tw o branches of the myst i c and the c o mm o n place O n

.
the o ne han d we are gra v ely in fo rmed that whe n H o ru s

,
we eps the water that f alls f r o m his eyes gr o ws int o plants

,
pr o duci ng a sweet per f ume When B aba ( Typh o n ) lets f all .
bl oo d f r o m his n o s e it gr o ws int o plants changing t o cedars

, ,
and pr o duces turpentin e instead o f the water When S hu an d .
T efn u t weep much an d water f alls f r o m their eyes it changes

.
,
int o plants that pr o duce incense When t he S un we e ps a .
sec o nd time and lets water f all f r o m hi s eyes it is cha nged

, ,
int o w o rking bees ; they w o rk in the o wers of each kin d ,

73
an d h o n ey and wax ar e pr o duced i nstead of the water .
O n the o th e r ha n d th e eternity o f inscri pti o n on hard st o ne

,
is best o wed o n sta te m ents that King S heshon k caused a ne w

u a rr y t o b e o p e ned t o b e gin a buil d in g

Or t h at
in the
7
q ,
cn . xx v ] .
TH E E T H I OP I A N PH A R A O H S . 231
yea r 2 the m o nth Mechir on the rst day of t h e m o n t h n u

, , ,
der the reign o f Ki ng P i mai the go d A pis was c arried t o his

'
rest in the beauti ful regi o n o f the west and w as laid in the ,
gra v e an d dep o site d in his e v erlasti n g h o u se an d hi s eternal

,
ab o de He was b o rn in the year 2 8 in the time of th e d e

.
,
ceased king S heshon k III H is gl o ry was s o ught fo r in all .
places of L o wer Egypt H e was fo und a f ter s o me m o nt h s .
in the C ity of H a shed ab o t He was s o lemnly i ntr o duced

- -
.
int o the temple of Phthah beside hi s f ather the Memphian , ,
g o d Pht hah of the s o uth wall by the high priest in the tem ,
ple of Phthah the great prince of the M ashu ash Fetise the
, , ,
so n of the hi gh priest o f Memphis and great prince o f the

-
M ashu ash T ak elu t and o f the princess of ro yal race T hes

, , ,
b ast per i n the year 2 8 in the m o nt h Pao p hi o n the rst

-
, , ,
day of the m o nth The f ull li f etime of this go d a mo u n ted

.
t o twenty si x years
7
S uch are the h i ghest e ffo rts of E gyp
-
.
t i an au th orsihp in t h e tw o centuries and a quarter w h i c h in

t erven e b et w een B C 975 an d B C 75 0 . . . . .
CH AP T E R XXV .
TH E E T H I OP I A N P H A R A O H S .
Geo ap h y o f Eth i o pi a an d C o n d i ti o n o f th e E th i o pi an s ab o u t B C 750 P o s i ti o n and

C o nn e c t i o n of i ts K i n g s wi th th e Egy pt i an P h ar ao h s
, . . .
o t an c e of Na p at a
r
S u d e n R i s e of P i a n k hi t o P o w e r an d N at u r e of h i s R u le o v r Egy p t
.
Re v o l t
.
e
of T e f n e k h t Gr e at Civi l W a an d R e e s tab l i s h me n t of Pi ank h i s A u th o ri t y
, .

r -
Re v o l t and Re i gn of B o cc h o i s I n v as i o n of S h a b ak ( S a b ac ) H l s Re i g n H i s
. .
r e
M o nu me n t s Fi r s t C o n te s t b et w ee n Egy p t an d the A ss y ri an K i n g d o m of th e
. . .
S argo n i d s R e i g n of S h ab ato k A cc e ss i o n of T ir h ak ah H i s C o nn e c ti o n wi t h
.
H e ek i a h H i s F ir s t A ss y ri an W ar H i s M o nu me n ts H i s S e c o n d W ar wi th
. . .
z
H i s De at h Re i g ns of R u tame n and M i amen N t End of the
.
t h e A ss y ri a ns
. .
-
u
Eth i o p i an P o we r i n Egy pt
. . .
Th e l an d s h ad o wi ng wi th wi n gs w h ic h i s b eyo n d th e ri v er s o f Eth i o pi a !
A AH xv iii
,
IS I . 1 .
TH E sl i g h t sketc h es g i v en of E th i o p i a an d the Eth i o p i an s i n l
the rst v o lu me of the present w o rk are scarcely su ffi cient to

enable the reader f ully t o c o mpreh end the relati o ns i n whic h
E gyp t had c o me t o stand t o wards her s o ut h ern n eighb o r or ,
the nature of the subj e c ti o n with which she was n o w

threatened f r o m that quarter Ethi o pia in th e o rdinary .
,
an d v ague sense of th e term was a v ast tract extending i n

i ength abo v e a t ho usand m
,
i les f r o m t h e ninth t o t he t we nty ,

2 32 HI T
2 13 0E AN C I E N T E G Y P T . [C E XXV .
fo urth degree of n o rth lati tude and in breadth alm o st nin e ,
hundred miles f r o m th e sh o r e s of th e R ed S ea and I ndian

,
O cean t o the desert of the S ahara This tract was in habited 2
fo r the mo s t part by wild and barbar o us tribes her dsm en

.
h unters o r shermen wh o grew n o c o r n wer e un acquaint

,
, ,
e d with bread an d subsisted on the milk and esh of

,
t heir cattle o r o n game turtle and sh salted o r raw

3
, , T he , , .
tribes had th eir o wn separate c h ie f s an d ackn o wl e dg e d n o ,
single head but o n the c o ntrary were freq u ently at war o n e

,
with the o ther and s o ld th e ir pri s o ners fo r sla v es S uch was

, .
Ethi o pia i n the c o mm o n v ague sense ; but f r o m t his must be

d is t inguished an o ther narr o w e r Ethi o pia kn o wn s o metimes
,

as Ethi o pia P r o per o r Ethi o pia ab o v e Egypt the limits ,
o f which were t o ward s t h e s o uth the juncti o n o f the Wh ite

, ,
and B lue N iles and t o wards the n o rth the Third C atarac t "
,

I nt o this tract called s o metimes the kingd o m of Mer o e
, ,
E gyptian ci v ili zati o n had l o ng be fo re the eighth ce n tury , ,
deeply penetrated Templ e s of the Egypt ian typ e st o ne

.
,
pyramids a v enues of sphinxes had been er e cted ; a pries t

, ,
6
h oo d had been se t u p wh ich was regard e d as deri v ed f r o m

,
7
the Egyptian pries th o o d ; mon archical ins tituti o n s had b e en

ad o pted ; the wh o le tract fo rmed o r d inarily o n e kingdo m ; and
the nati v es were n o t v ery much behind the Egyptians in arts
o r arms o r v ery di ff erent f r o m them in mann ers cust o ms
, , ,
and m o de of li f e E v en in rac e the di fference was n o t gr eat

. .
The Ethi o pians wer e d arker in c o mplexi o n t han the E gyp

8
tians and p o ssessed pr o bably a great er in f usi o n o f N i grit i c
,
bl oo d bu t th ere was a c o mm o n st o ck at the r oo t of the tw o

races C ush an d Mizraim were brethr en .
9
I n the r egi o n o f Ethi o pia P r o per a v ery i mp o rtant p o siti o n

w as o ccupi ed in the eighth ce n tury by K apa t a N apata was .
situated midway in t he great bend o f the N il e b et ween lat , .
1 8 and

where fo r a time the mighty s tream c e ases t o o w
t o the n o rth and tak e s a c o urse which is c o nsid erably s o uth
,
o f west I t o ccu pi e d the le f t bank of t he ri v e r in the n ear

.
v icinity of the mo d ern G ebel B erkal Her e as e arly a s t he .

,
ti me of A men ophis a g reat sanctuary was raised t o Am

'
mon by that distingu ished king and here when t he de 1

,
cline of Egypt enabl e d the Ethi o pians t o reclai m their an

cien t limits the capital was xed of that kingd o m which
, ,
sh o rtly became a ri v al of the old e mpire o f the P hara o hs and ,
aspired t o take its place The city increased in si ze ; n e w .
temples were raised t o O siris an d o ther Egyptia n g o ds ; a v en u e s

of sphinxes ad o rned the appr o ach e s t o t h e t e mpl e s ; sepu l
chral m o nu ments were erect ed in the shape of pyrami ds the
2 34 H I ST O R Y O F A N C I E N T E G Y P T . [ on xxv .
p o sit i o n i s a certain Pian khi,

gl who calls himsel f M i .
A mm o n o r Meri A m mo n of A mm o n -
an d is bel o v ed
, ,
7
th o ught t o hav e been a descendant of H er h o r O n a st e l e -
.
fo und at G ebel B erkal the ancient N apata this prince who

, , ,

assumes the o rdinary P hara o nic titles S o n of the S u n and
Ki n g of Upper an d L o wer Egypt states t hat in hi s twenty
, ,
"
rs t year a great re v o lt br o ke ou t in Egypt against his au

,
t hori t y B y the acc o u nt whic h he gi v es of the re v o lt we nd

.
18
that pre v i o usly t o it Egyp t was di vided int o at least s ev en

, ,
kingd o ms each ruled by a nati v e Egyptian king wh o h o w

, ,
e v e r was n o t independent but o we d all e giance t o Pi an khi , .
T afn ekht ruled in the Western D e lta and held S al s and

Memphis ; Osarkon was king o f the Eastern D elta and kep t ,
his c o urt in B u b astis ; Pet i S is was king o f A thribis als o in the ,
D elta an d Au po t ruled in s o me p o rti o n of the same regi o n

,
in middle Egypt the trac t next ab o v e Memphis fo rmed the

kingd o m o f Pef aab ast who had hi s residence i n S u te n sen en or , ,
Heracle o p o lis Magna ; while ab o v e t h is was th e do mini o n of

Namrut extending bey o nd S esen n u (o r Herm o p o li s ) hi s capi
, ,
B ek en n e had a ls o a pri ncipality th o u gh in what

- -
,
exact p o si ti o n is uncertain O ther chie f s appear t o ha v e held

cities but pr o bably under on e o r o ther o f the se v en princes
,
ab o v e menti o n ed Th ere w ere als o v ari o u s generals of mer

.
Cen ari es in di ff erent parts of the c o u ntry who had i n depen d ,
ent c ommands o wi n g al legiance o nly t o Pian khi Upper

,
19
.
Egyp t f r o m the v i cinity of Herm o p o lis (lat 2 7

, appears .

t o ha v e been c o mpletely abs o rb ed int o the kingd o m o f N apa

ta and t o ha v e had n o sub o rdinate o r tribut ary m o narch
, .
It i s imp o ssible t o say at what time in Pi an khi s reign

,
pri o r t o his twenty rst ye ar the o riginal est ablis hment of his -
,
auth o rity o v er Egypt t oo k place ; but his st l c o ntains n o

indicati o n that the date was recent O n the wh o le it w o u ld .
,
see mt o be m o st pr o babl e that he began t o extend his sway o v er

Upper Egypt s oo n a f ter his accessi o n which cann o t ha v e ,
20
b een much later than B C an d gradually ad v ancing t o . .

,
wards th e n o rth became master o f the Delta and so of all, ,
Egypt by B C 75 0 H e may then ha v e reigned qui etly and

, . . .
peace f ully fo r f teen or s i xteen years and so ha v e reached ,
the twenty rst year of his s o v ereignty when the re v o lt br o ke

-
ou t . A t that date T afn e kht the ru ler of S al e and M emph i s , , ,
suddenly res o l v ed t o thr o w off his allegi ance tru sting per ,
.
haps partly in his p o wer partly i n h i s rem o teness f ro m

Napata S a i lin g u p the Ni l e w i t h mult i tudes of warri ors
,
,
.
,
on . xx v ] . R E VO LT O F TH E E G Y P TI A N C H I E FS . 235

f r o m t h e w h o le (western ) land fo ll o wing h i m ,
2
h e o ccupied
the c o untry o n b o th S id e s of t he ri v e r incl u d i n g the ,

F ay o um as f ar as Heracle o p o lis M agna ( lat 2 9 wi t h

.
,
ou t se f ar as app e ars enc o untering an y o pp o siti o n E v e ry .
c i ty b o th o f the west and o f the east O pen e d its gat e s t o

, ,
H eracl e o p o li s seems t o ha v e v entur e d t o stand a

S iege but was take n T afn ekht th en ad v an ce d on H e rmOp

,
.
O lis and so alarmed the k ing N amrut that a f t er razing o n e

, , , ,
i
o f his fo r t s i n o rder t o pre v ent it f r o m f alling nt o th e e n emy s

h and he ga v e up the idea o f resistan ce an d j o ined t he re

, ,
belli o n A b o ut the same time se v eral o ther of t he sub j ect

.
26
,

m o narc hs as Osarkon of B u basti s B ek en n e and Au p o t
, ,
- -
, ,
ga v e in the i r a dhesi o n t o T afn e kht and br o ught their fo rc es ,
t o swell the number of his army .
Me anwhile Pi an khi ha v ing recei v ed intelligence of the

, ,
re v o lt sent a str o ng b o dy of tr oo ps d o w n the N ile un der the

,
c o mman d of tw o generals wh o w o uld he h o ped be able t o , , ,

de f eat and disperse the re bel s w i th o ut h i s o wn inter v en t i o n .
T h i s expediti o n was at rs t success f u l O n its way d o wn the .
ri v er bel o w Thebes i t f ell in with the ad v a n cing eet of the

, ,
enemy and c o m pletely de f eated it The reb e l chie f s aband o n .

,
ing Herm o p o lis and the middle Nil e f ell back u p o n S u ten se ,
n es or Heracle o p o lis
,
where th ey c o ncentrated their fo rce s
,
and awaited a sec o nd attack This was n o t l o ng de f e rred . .
Pian khi s army ha v ing besieged and taken H er mo p o lis

29
, ,
des c ended the r i v er t o S u ten s en en ga v e the c o n f ederates a ,
sec o nd na v al de f eat and disembarking fo l lo wed up their suc

,
cess wi th an o ther great v ict o ry by land c o mple t ely r o uting ,
t he enemy and dri v ing them t o tak e re f uge in L o wer Egyp t

,
o r in the t o wns al o ng th e banks of the N ile bel o w H e rac le

o p o lis B u t n o w a strange re v erse o f f o rtune be f ell t h em
. .
Namrut the H ermop o litan m o narch hearing that his capi

,
'
,
tal was in the enemy s p o wer res o l v ed o n a b old attempt t o ,
retake i t and ha v ing c o llected a n u m ber of S hips and tr oo ps

, , ,
u i t te d his c o n f ederates sailed up the N ile besieged the , ,
t hi op i an garris o n which had been le f t t o h o ld the city o v er ,

30
p o wered them and rec o v ered the place , Hereup o n Pi an khi .
ma de up his mind that hi s o wn pers o nal prese n ce was n eces

sary in o rder t o quell th e re vo lt Qu itting Nap ata in the .
"
rst m o nth of th e year he reached Th e bes in t he sec o n d , ,
and a f ter per fo rmi ng sundry religi o us c e r e m o nies in h o n o r of

the great g o d A mm o n ad v anced against Herm o p o lis pitche d
, , ,
his camp t o the s o ut hwest of t he city and prepared t o take i t ,
by st o rm T o wers were raised t o a greater height than t he

w alls , f r o m w h i c h th e arc h ers S ho t i n to the city and the
.
.
.
,
2 36 H I S T O RY O F AN CI E N T E G Y P T . [ c m xxv
catapult men hurled st o nes int o it with such e ffect that in a

-
, ,
S h o rt ti me the inhabitants c o uld n o t bear the stench of the

3
c o rpses an d insisted on a surrender N amrut c o nsente d . .
.
( F ig . Ha v ing rst s of tened the great king s heart by
sending his wi f e as a suppliant t o Pi an khi s harem t o pr o s

,
trate hersel f be fo re hi s w i v es daughters an d S ist ers an d , , ,
beseech th eir intercessi o n in his f av o r he hi ms e l f c ame fo r t h ,
f r o m the city and presented himsel f be fo re Pi an khi in equally

,
h umble f ash i o n leading his h o rse with his le f t hand an d

, ,
h o lding a S istrum in his right the instrument wherewith it

was u sual fo r w o rshippers t o appr o ach a g o d Pian khi had .
thi s scene engra v ed at a later da t e o n the m o nument wh ich

33
he set up t o rec o rd h is v ict o ries ; but at the time he seems
n o t t o ha v e been much impresse d by it an d t o ha v e declined ,
t o r e cei v e N amrut int o f a v o r .
Pe f aab ast king of Heracle o p o lis Magna who S ho rtly a f ter

, ,
~
wards surrendered was treated with equal c o ld n ess Pi an khi

, .
seems t o ha v e f elt himsel f str o ng en o ugh t o suppress the re

v o lt with o ut the help of any of the subj ect princes and re ,
ser v ed the ques ti o n o f punishing o r c o nd o n i n g their o ff ences

until the struggle S h o uld be o v er .
B ent o n putti n g d o wn all o pp o siti o n Pi an khi n o w pr o ceeded ,
f r o m Heracle o p o li s al o ng the c o urse of the N ile t o wards

M emphis rec e i v ing the submissi o n of th e cit i es on either
,
bank of the ri v er up o n h is w ay and in a sh o rt time appear ed ,
be fo re t he s o uther n capital and su mm o ned it t o surren der at

,
discreti o n B ut T afn ekht had recently paid the city a v is i t

.
84
,
strengthene d its de f ences au gmented i t s supplies and rein

, ,
fo rced i t s garris o n with an additi o n o f men t h ereby ,
greatly inspiriting its de f end ers R esistance was there fo re re .

s o l v ed up o n ; t he gates were cl o se d the walls mann ed and P i

, ,
a n kh i chall enged t o d o hi s w o rst Then was his Ma j esty fu .
3"
ri ou s against t hem like a panther C o llecting vessels o f e v ery .

s o rt and S ize and taking t he c o mmand in p e rs o n he a ttack e d

, ,
the city f r o m the water br o ught the sh ips cl o se t o the h o uses

, ,
and usi n g the masts and yards of the v essels f o r ladders

, ,
succeeded in fo rcing an entrance and captured the place ,
a f ter a great Slaughter Au p ot Peti si s and M erkan eshu a

.
, , ,
le ader of mercenaries up o n this surrendered and armed re

, ,
si st an ce t o the auth o rity of P ian khi ceased Tw o chie f s .

.
,
ho we v er had still to make their submissi o n T afn ek ht the

, , ,
leader o f the rebelli o n and Osarkon the prince of B u bastis

, ,
.
P r o ceeding against the latter Pian khi had reach e d H eli o p o lis
,
,
where he was recei v ed with acclamati o n s and hail e d a s i h

d estru ct i ble H o rus , 3"
w h en O sarko n seein g that res i st ance ,
2 38 H I S T O RY or AN CI E N T E G Y P T . [c a xxv .
S pite and when S ab aco wh o had succeeded Pian khi at

, ,
N apata reclai med the d o mini o n which Pi an khi had held it is

, ,
e v ident that B o c chori s was unable t o make a pr o l o nged resis

tance S abac e a genuine Ethi o pian
. n o t (like Pi an khi )
, ,
46
m o re than hal f an Egyptia n u sed his rights o f c o n quer o r t o ,
the f ull empl o yed large n u mbers of the inhabitants i n fo rced

,
47
lab o rs and by way of a warning t o o th ers burnt B o c choris
, , ,
4 8
ali v e fo r his rebelli o n .
The reign of S habak ,

U or S aba c e ,
o v er
Egypt i s est i mated by Maneth o at twel v e years ; and this
,
da t e is also fo und up o n the m o nument s as a mi n i mu mo ne

9
which may hav e been exceeded A cc o rding t o Her o d o t us .

,
50
he trans f e rred his r e si dence f r o m Ethi o pia t o Egypt wh ere he ,
certainly set up mem o rials b o th at Thebes and at Memphis , .

61
I t was pr o bably se e n a f ter hi s accessi o n tha t he recei v ed 52
an embassy f r o m H o shea king of I srael entreating his , ,
assistance agai n s t A ssyria and had t o c o nsider whether he ,
w o uld v enture t o pr o v o ke the h o stil i ty of that migh t y

empire .
A time had been when Eg y pt was the aggress o r and car ,
ried her arms deep int o A sia r o bbing (as we ha v e seen ) ,

"3
A ssyria of a pr o vince and fo rcing her kings t o pay an annual

,
tribute B u t that time was a v ery distant o n e ; se v en cen

.
tu ri es o r m o re had passed away S inc e the great P hara o hs of

, ,
the e ight eenth dynast y harried the Mes o p o tamian plains and
stru ck t err o r in t o the hearts of the kings of A sshur Now .
fo r ab o v e a century and a hal f the p o wer of A ssyria had bee n

in the asc endan t ; S he had c o ntinually ad v anced her limits ;
5"
the E u phrates had been cr o ssed ; Upper S yria P h oenicia , ,
Hamath the king d o m o f Damascus br o ught under subj ee

, ,
ti o n ; and at leng t h an attack was made up o n that c o untry

which Egypt might well c o nsider alm o st her last b u lwark
up o n the n o rt heast which S he l oo ked up o n as pr o perly her
, .
o wn and o v er which s o late as the time of S hes ho n k

, , she
had actually exercised s o v ereignty S habak as an Ethi o pian .
, ,
might n o t f eel keenly the change in the relati v e p o siti o n of

the tw o c o untries ; but e had en o ugh of p o litical sagacity t o
h
percei v e the peril of the S ituati o n and en o ugh of b o l dness to ,
res o l v e o n meeting it hal f way and n ot remaining wh o lly u p ,
o n the d e f e n si v e He enc o uraged H o shea t o d e fy the p o wer

. ,
o f the A ssyrians ; and th o ugh f r o m circumstanc e s which are ,
un kn o wn t o u s he did n o t march t o his aid yet a year or

, , ,
tw o later ( B C he met the ad v anc i n g t ide of A ssy r i a n

. .
ca xxv .
] R E IG N O F S H A B ATO K . 2 39
c o n qu est the s o uthern l i mits of P alest i ne and fo u ght 2

on ,
grea t battle in de f ence o f t he c o un t ry where of he had b e c o me

king The battle o f R aphia is o ne of the turning p o ints in -
.
the w o rld s hist o ry Then fo r the rst time was t he relati v e

.
strength of A sia an d Af rica tested in o pen c o mbat on a f air

eld It was o min o u s of the f uture that A f rica succum b ed
. .
S habak was c o mpletely de f eated by the great S arg o n the ,
build e r o f K horsabad and fo un der O f the last an d greatest ,
A ssyrian d ynasty His army was r o uted an d he was fo rced

.
,
t o seek sa f et y in ight I t w as pr o bably s oo n a f terwards .
that he c o nclud ed that treaty with the A ssyrians the seal of ,
which c o ntaining his c art o u c he was fo und by L ayar d o n the

, ,
"6
S i te of N ine v eh .
I f S habak re i gned twel v e years o n ly he m u st ha v e bee n ,
succee ded b y S habatok (Fig ab o ut

.
U , B C..
71 2 S arg o n was at this t i me still king of A ssyria an d at

.
,
the zenith of his p o wer I n B C 71 5 he had c o nquered part . . .

,
57
of A rabia and recei v ed tribute f r o m Egypt ; in B C 71 1
he t oo k A shd o d as n o ticed by I saiah I n the same year
, . .
,
.
,
he clai ms t o ha v e recei v ed the submissi o n of Ethi o pia

The ki ng of Mer o e he says who d wel t in the desert
.
, , ,
and had ne v er sent ambassad o rs t o any of the kings my pre ,
d ecesso rs was led by the f ear of my ma j esty t o direct his

,

steps t o wards A ssyria and hu mbly bo w d o wn be fo re m e , .
5
S ha bat ok i s pr o bably the m o narch inten ded ; and it w o uld

seem that t h r o ugh f ear of the A ssyrian p o wer h e mu st ha v e
, ,
u n dertaken a j o urney int o s o me part o f S arg o n s d o mini o ns 6
fo r the purp o se o f b o wing d o wn be fo re his foo t st oo l a n d d o

ing hi m h o mage .
S ha batok pr o bably re i gned ab o ut f o urteen years

61
fro m ,
B C 7 15 t o B C 6 98 H e has l eft v ery f e w mem o rials of him

'
. . . . .
sel f In a sculpture gi v en by R osellin i he makes an o ff er

.
, ,
62
i ng t o A m mo n Ra and M aut ; i n o n e gi v en by Mariette

-
, ,
63
h e recei v es li f e f r o m N eith ; and a si tt i n g statu e o f hi m

m u ch br o ke n has been fo un d on the S ite o f M e mphis On
,

.
,

this last he calls himsel f Mi Phthah l o v er o f Pht hah ; but -
his m o re o r di n ary epithet was M e ri A mm o n bel o v ed by

,
-
,
A mm o n
I n pers o nal appearance he w o uld seem t o ha v e
.
mu ch resembled S habak wh o was pr o bably his f ather ; but ,
his eye wa s larger his n o se S h o rter and he represents him

, ,
sel f a s w i t h o ut a bear d I t is remarkable that b o th he and

h i s pred ecess o r went b ack for their t h r o ne na mes t o the early
.
-
240 H I S T O RY O F AN C I E N T E GY P T . [ CH xxv .
p eri o d of Egyptian h ist o ry, S habak calling himsel f Ne fer

ka -
ra, O
IL ] ,
a fo rm of name n o t b o rne by any king S in c e

th e tenth dynasty
an d S hab atok T atkau ra
n
, ,
o ,
o ne
u
66
n ot b o rne S in ce the fth .
The immediate success o r of S hab atok appears t o ha v e bee n

T irhakah wh o m Maneth o mad e the third Ethi o pian k i ng
, .
T he fo rm of his name in Egyptian is T ahark or Tahrak ,
T
6
which Maneth o rendered by arak os
'
an d the later
"
75

G reeks by T e archon His m o numents are fo und at Mem
.
phis at Medinet A ho u at Thebes and at Napata I t is n ot

,
-
, , .
impr o bable that f r o m Napata he exercised the supreme au

t h ori ty o v er Egypt e v en during th e reign o f S hab at ok an d it
appears t o ha v e been with him tha t H ezekiah neg o tiated ,
wh e n the c o ntinued existence of J u daea was menace d by

S ennacherib S e nnacherib had in B C 701 taken A scal o n and
. . .
Ekr o n de f eated an Egyptian army which marched t o the

,
relie f of the latter city ; in v aded Ju daea an d made He ze kiah 7"
tributary a f ter which he had returned t o Nine v eh The

,
71
.
Je wish m o narch t oo k ad v antage of hi s absen ce t o send an

embassy t o Egypt an d recei v ed such enc o urage ment that in
, ,
the nex t year S e n nacherib deemed it necessary t o march a

,
sec o nd time int o P alestine ( B C 6 99) fo r the p u rp o se of

2
. .
chastising b o th J u daea and Egypt R egarding the Egyptians

as his main enemy and hearing that Tirhakah was on his ,
way t o O pp o se him he marched past Jerusalem by way of , ,
L ibnah and L ac hi s t o wards Pelu siu m and fo u nd there an ,

73
Egyptian army encamped under a leader wh o m Her o d o tus
calls S ethos p o ssibly S hab at o k but m o re pr o bably an o t he r 7

, ,
Egyptia n su b king wh o m S hab at ok or Tirhakah had estab

-
,
li sh ed at Memphi s The tw o h o sts were encamped o pp o site

.
each o ther when in the n ight o ccurred that terrible calamity

, ,
e xplained by di ff er e nt writers in di ff erent ways whereby the

5
A ssyrians were utterly di sc o mte d their in v asi o n br o ught t o ,
an end and Egy pt fo r the present relie v ed f r o m any danger

,
o f f urth er att a ck S abat ok ha v ing se e n a f terward die d

.
,
Tirhakah established himsel f as s o le ruler of Egypt ( B C . .
and pr o bably trans f erred his ab o de f r o m N apata t o Memphi s ,
w her e so many o f his mem o rials ha v e been disc o v ered .
I t i s chiey in a religi o us c haracter that Tirhakah appears

in his s culptures and i n scripti o ns I n a temp le which he .
buil t t o O siris Phthah at Memphis he represents himsel f in

-
on e t ab let as c h er i s h e d by I s i s , w h o m he c all s
7" the great
,
24 2 HI S T OR Y or A N I E C NT E GY P T . fen . xxv .
B ut the Ethi o pians were mer e ly biding t h eir time .
Ti rhakah ha d wi thdrawn t o N apata or to Mer o e where he p

,
kept watch up o n e v en ts N O s oo ner did Esarhadd o n in B C

.
, . .
6 6 9 S h o ws S igns O f physical d e cay than T irhakah

,
issued ,
f r o m his Ethi o pian f astn e sses d e sc ended the v all ey of the N i le , ,
expelled th e kings set up by E sarha dd o n and re e stablished ,

-

his auth o rity o v er the wh o le c o u n try T h e kings ed t o .
88
N ine v eh wh ere they fo und Asshu rb an ip al t he s o n of E sa u

, ,
hadd o n esta blished in p o wer L earning f r o m them what had

,
.
happened he at o nc e put his fo rces i n m o ti o n an d in B C

, , . .
6 6 8 led them t h ro u h S yria and P alestine int o Egyp t de f eat e d ,
t he Egyptian s and Ethi o pians in a great battl e near K arban i t ,
st o rmed Memphis and Thebes and fo rced Tirh akah o nce ,
m o re t o take re f uge i n his own pr o p e r c o unt ry Af t er this .

89
h e retired ha v ing rst r e insta t ed t he princes in the fo rmer

, ,
g o v ern ments and strengthened the A ssyrian garris o ns in the

v ari o us t o wns .
B u t t he c o ntest was n o t yet o v er The tributary mon .
archs themsel v es had gr o w n weary of the A ssyrian y o ke and ,
were inclined t o pr ef er the Ethi o pians i f s u bj ecti o n t o o n e ,
p o w er o r the o ther was a necessity They intrigu ed with .
Ti rhakah ; and th o ugh s o me o f the m were arrested and sent

t o N i n eve h yet the rebelli o us spiri t sm o uldered on ; and
,
90
,
L o w e r Egypt being in a stat e of disturbance Tirhakah ( F ig , .
5 3) again in v aded the upp er c o untry t oo k Thebes and , ,
pr e par e d t o march up o n Memphis N ec o was s e nt f r o m .
N ine v eh t o o pp o se him an d Tirhakah in ala rm e v acua ted ,
Thebes and r etiring t o Napat a th ere d ied ( B C

,
His , . .
steps o n R ut amm o n th e U rdaman of t he A ssyrian i n scrip

,
-
,
tion s succeeded him and immediately appli ed himsel f t o the

,
"l
task of mai n tain ing the Ethi o pian p o w e r D escending the .
N ile he re o ccupied Theb e s and Memphis cleared E gypt o f

, ,
t he A ssyria n s and mad e hi msel f master of the wh o le c o untry

, .
A sshu rb an ip al up o n this undert oo k the c o nduct o f t h e war

, ,
i n pers o n marched an army int o Egypt dr o v e R ut am mo n

, ,
-
f r o m Memphi s t o Th ebes and f r o m Thebes t o K i n kip an ,

-
,
unkn o wn t o wn of N ubia thus fo r the fo u rth time estab , ,
li shi n g the A ssyrian auth o rity o v er the c o untry I t w o uld .
S e em that R ut amni o n S h o rtly a f ter this died in N ubia and

-
, , ,
was succ eeded by Mi amm o n N ut who was per haps a s o n of - -

,
92
Tirhakah 3
Mi amm o n N ut tells u s t h at i n the year o f his accessi o n

- -
9
t o the thr o ne (ab o ut B C 6 6 0) he had a r e markable dr e am i n . .

the night T w o serpents appeared to him the o ne on his
.
,
ri ght h a nd the o t h er o n hi s le f t
,
H e w o k e to nd t h at t h ey .
ca . xx v ] . R E IG N o r M I- A M M ON -
NU T. 243
h ad v an i shed and at o nce c o nsul t ed t h e in terp reters a s t o the

meaning of the v isi o n I t was exp o u n ded t o signi fy that all
,

Egypt w o ul d o n e day be hi s the L o w e r c o untry as well as
'
the U pper ; t he land was g i v en t o him in i ts len gth and i n

i ts bre adth ; A mm o n w o uld be w i th h i m an d pr o sper hi m 96
and marched
.
M i amm o n N ut accepted the in terpret at i o n

- -
,
up o n Egypt at the he ad O f a hundred t h o usan d me n In .

97
Upper Eg ypt it w o uld seem that he was hail ed as a del i v erer .
Un d er the A ss y rians wh o were pr o bably still d o minan t ,
th o ugh n o thi n g is said of t h em the temp les had g o ne t o de ,
c ay t he statues o f the g o ds were o v erturned the t emple re v

, ,
e n u es were c o nscated and the priests restraine d f r o m the ex

,
e rc i se of their o f ces Mi amm o n Nu t pr o claimed hi msel f

.
-
the champi o n o f religi o n He visite d the temples led the .

,
i mages in pr o cessi o n o ff ered rich sacrices and paid e v ery

'
respect t o the pri e stly c o lleges

,

A cc o r dingly e v en th o se .
,
wh o se intenti o n had been to ght were mo ve d with j o y 8
A cclamati o ns were e v erywhere raised Go o n ward in the

.

peace of thy name they said g o o n ward in the peace o f thy
,
m
,
name ! D ispense li f e thr o ugh o ut all the land t h at t he te

ples may be rest o red w h ich are hastening t o ruin : that the
statues o f the g o ds may be set u p a f t e r t heir m anner ; that
their re v enues may be gi v en t o the g o ds and g o ddesses and ,
the off erings fo r th e dead t o the d ecease d ; that th e priest

may be estab lished i n his plac e an d all things be f ullled ,

acc o rding t o the h o ly R itual I t was n o t until he r e ached .
9"
Memphis that any O pp o siti o n was ma d e There a battle was .
fo ught wit h o u t the walls and a decisi v e v ict o ry gai n ed , ,

1 00
a f ter which Memphis was o ccupied an d th e e nlargeme n t an d ,
bea u ticati o n o f the t emple of Phthah c o mm enced T he .
chapel t o Phthah S o kari O siris rec e ntly u nc o v ere d by M

- -
, ;
M ari ette whi ch is f ull o f Mi amm o n N ut s scu lptures an d

- -
,
was n o d o ubt taken in h and and highly dec o

ra ted its st o nes being inlai d with g o ld its pan elli n g ma d e of
, ,
a cac i a woo d sce nted with f rankin c ense its d oo rs of p o lish ed

-
,

c o pper and their f rames of ir o n ? S till th e princes of th e

D e lta A ssyrian f eudat o ries h esitated to c o me in ; an d M i

, ,
amm o n N ut af ter a while pr o cee ded again st them with his

-
tr oo ps T he princes shut themsel v es u p in their t o wns ; and

.
unwilling t o waste his time in sieges the Ethi o pian returned

to Memphis and pr o bably c o m enced separate neg o tiati o ns
,
m ,
with the v ari o u s c hie f s The result was that ere l o ng th ey .
made u p their minds t o sub mit and by t he m o uth of Paq ru r , ,
king of P i S apti placed th e msel v es their li v es and thei r p o s

-
, , ,
sess i o ns , at hi s di sp o sal Th e a c t of h u m i l i at i o n was a cc e p t

,
.
244 H I S T O RY OF A N C I E N T E G Y PT .
[ 011 , xxv ,
ed ; t h e i r l i v es w ere spared ; and af t e r re c ei v ing h o spita ble

en te rtainment they were sent back t o their se v eral t o wns t o ,
overn them as Ethi o pian an d n o l o ng er as A ssyrian v assals .
i n ally M i amm o n Nu t ( F ig
,
-
ha v ing (as he t h o ught )
-
.
rmly established his p o wer sailed up the N ile amid general ,
re jo icing and returned t o Napata

, .
1 03
B u t this exped iti o n which had seem ed t o ri v et the Ethi e

,
p i an y o ke on t he necks of the Egyp tians led in f act t o their ,
S haking it off O n the o ne hand t h e att ack S h o wed the

.
,
pr inces the e v ils of di v ided e mpir e and suggested the idea o f ,
their placin g themsel v es under a chie f O n the o ther the .

,
n o n inter f eren c e of the Assyri an ss in the quarrel rendered it

-
plai n that their p o wer was on the decline and that the ,
Egypt i ans h ad n o t mu ch t o f ear f r o m the m A f ter ha v ing .
b een a shuttlec o ck between Ethi o pia and A ssyria fo r s o me

ten or twel v e years Egypt res o l v ed on an end e a v o r t o detach
,
h ersel f wh o lly f r o m b o th H o w Mi amm o n N ut s auth o rity

.
- -

was S haken off we d o n ot kn o w P erhaps h e died and lef t .

,
n o success o r of su f c ient energy t o attempt the di fcult task

of h o lding i n subj ect i o n a great nati o n p o ssessed o f a higher ,
C i v i lizati o n than that of his o wn P erhaps he made a str u g .
le t o retain his auth o rity but was w o rsted A ll that is

, .
n o wn is that f r o m ab o ut the year B C 6 5 0 the Ethi o pian

, , . .
,
d o mini o n o v er Egypt ceased I t had lasted with interrup .

,
1 04
ti o ns a little m o re or a little less than a century
,
Egypt .
had deri v e d n o ad v antage whate v er f r o m the c o nnecti o n ha d ,
i m pr o v ed neither in arts n o r arms and c o uld S h o w n o t a S in ,
gle m o nument of any S plend o r o r artistic ex c ellence fo r which

s he was indebted t o her The in u ence of the
great N igritic p o wer was alt o gether depressing and debasing ;
and i f under the new dynasty which succeede d the Egyp , ,
tian s Sh o wed any ad v ance in ci v ilizati o n o r in any o f the arts ,
it was o win g n ot t o the cl o ser c o ntact with their s o uthern

,
ne i ghb o rs bu t to an e fu en ce w h i c h rea c hed them f r o mthe

,
n o rt h .
24 6 H I S T O RY O F AN C I E N T E G Y P T .
[ca xxvr.
tha t a re v i val w o uld e v er take place f ar less s o rapid and

c o mpl ete a re v i v al as that which was actually eff ect e d under
t he S a i tic mo narchs o f the great twent y S ixth dynasty -
.
The S ignal fo r the m o v ement which result e d i n th i s re v i v al

was gi v en in t he f ar off c o untry of B abyl o nia There ab o ut B C
-
.
, . .
a br o ther of the great A ssyrian m o narch Asshu rban ipal , ,
rais e d th e standard of r ev o lt agai n st his su ze ra in an d in , ,
c o nj uncti o n with the neighb o ring c o untry of Elam o r S usi a na ,
c o mmenced a struggle fo r independence A t the same time .

,
in o rder t o distract the e ffo r ts of his ad v ersary he sent ,
emissaries t o v ari o u s dist a n t c o untries and am o ng them t o ,

{
Egypt with the o bj ect of exciting the subj e ct nati o ns t o

,
"
thr o w off the A ssyrian y o ke p o inting o ut t o them that th ey ,
had n o w an excellent o pp o rtunity of r e gaining their f ree do m .
I t seems t o hav e been this in v ita t i o n ra t her than any q uarr el ,
with hi s br o ther princes that caus e d Psamme ti c hu s at this ,

6
,
ti me ki n g of S a i s t o fo rm t he pr o j ect of r euni ting Egypt

,
int o a S ingle m o narchy and at the same time of releasing his

,
c o untry f r o m any e v en n o mi n al dependenc e o n A ssyria

, , .
B e fo re h o w ev er mani f es ting his inten t i o n by a ny o v e rt act

, , ,
he t oo k t he precauti o n of strengthening hims el f by a distant

an d p o w e r f ul alliance Ha v ing learnt that G yges king of
.
,
L ydia a rich and warlike m o narch was ill a ff e ct e d t o wards

, ,
-
the A ssyrian p o wer wh ich had recently been e xtend e d o v er

,
7
his c o untry he sent an embassy t o S ardis with a r e q uest fo r

, ,
8
a c o nting ent of tr oo ps G yges ass e n t ed ; and a b o dy of
.
s o ldi ers drawn ch ie y f r o m th e C arians and the I o n ian

,
G r ee k
g
s wh o were at this ti me in his ser v ic e was dis
patch ed fr o m A sia t o A f rica t o help Psa mmeti chu s against ,
the A ssyrians and the A ssyrian v assal kings B y the aid of -

.
th e se f o reig n auxi liari e s the S ai te m o narc h was c o mplet ely

,
su cc e ss f ul I n a battl e near M o memphi s the m o dern M en o r f

.
h e S ignally de f eat e d t he c o mbined fo rces of the vassa i

m o nar chs and as t he r e sult of his v ict o ry placed o n h i
, ,

h e ad the d o uble cr o wn an d pr o claimed him sel f l o rd of the
,
,

t wo Egypts t he u p per and the l o wer c o untry
, .
I t is susp e cted that Psam et c h s ( F ig 7) or Psama tik

2
m i u 4 .
,
I t o gi v e him his nati v e

name was of L ibyan
d e scent c o nnected with the f amily of which the arch rebel

-
,
against the P ersians In arOs was als o a member , The , .

3
nam es Psamatik an d N ec o , M
n are u nkn o wn in the
E gy p ti an n o men clatu re u p -
to t h i s date, and h ave no Egyp
Pla te XXV
Vo l II
.
. .
Fi g . 5 3 HEA
. D 0 F T I R H A K A H
.< e e Pa ge 24 2 .
F i g 55 C AP I A L O PIL A
T F L R
( time o f t h Ps mme t i h i )
. .
S ee Pag e 2 68
e a c .
Fi g . 54 H
. E AD O F S E T I II
.
S e e Pa g e 183,
Plat e XICVI

. V o l II
.
Fi g 56
. ,
PIANK H I R EC EIV ING TH E S U B M IS S ION OF NAM R U T AND O T HE RS .
-
S ee P a ge 236
Fi g 5 7
. ,
B AS REL IEFS 0F
-
PS AMAT IK I .
- S e e Pa ge 2 68 .
24 8 H I S T O R Y o r AN I E N T EG Y P T C . L on . xxvr .
as the Asmach or Au tomoli under which l atter n ame t hey ,

are o fte n mentio n ed by the geogr aphers .
The i n t rod u ction into Egypt of a l arge body of Asi atic

Greeks w arlike an d yet c ivli ze d an d re n ed an d the close
, ,
rel ationsh ip in which they hencefort h stood to the king of ,
whose thro n e they mu st h ave been the chie f physic al support ,
were events of considerable import an ce in their effect u pon

Egypti an art m an n ers an d habits o f thought The spirit
, , .
o f i n q u iry was s u d denly a wakened in the i n ert Egyp ti an

mi n d which had hitherto been conte n t to work in a tr adi
,
t i o n al groove an d had eschewed all needless specu lations

, .
Psammet i chu s himself ha d his curiosity aro u sed an d began ,
experime n ts an d investig ations A strong spring which .

,
welled f ort h from the rock in the neigh borhood of Elephan

tin e an d wa s c alled by some abs u rdly enough the true
,
source of t he Nile was reputed to be unfa t ho mable Psam

meti c hu s brought a me asuring line with a heavy weight
.
,
att a ched to it an d ha d the fount ain sounded bu t f ailed to

, ,
26
re ach the bottom A qu estion h aving been raised prob ably
.
,
by some o f the n ewcomers as to the relative antiquity of ,
different r aces of m ankind Psammetichu s had two children ,
isol ated from their species brought up by a dumb herdsm an , ,

7
an d suckled by a oa t in order to see wh at l an gu age they

g l
would spe ak si n ce he pres u med t hat if they never he ard a

, ,
word uttere d they wo u ld revert to th e primitive type of

,
speech The result o f his experiment was thought to prove

.
the Phrygi ans t o be the most an cient n ation ; an d the

28
Egypti ans we are told thence f orth acqu iesced in th at co n
, ,
c l u s 1o n as an est ablished one .
A second co n seq u ence of the Greek inu x was the est abl ish

men t of a cl ass of interpreters who acte d as intermedi aries

,
between t he Greeks an d the n ative Egyp ti ans i n busines s

trans actions being equ all y convers ant with the l an gu ag es o f
,
both n atio n s The Greeks with th at sel f conceit which

.
29
,
-
ch ar a cterized them above all the other peop les o f anti qu ity ,
decli n ed to spe ak or u nderst and an y l ang u age bu t thei r own ,
an d thus d epe n ded o n the i n terpreters persons i n a h u mble

position f o r all their knowle dge of the history an t iqui t ies , ,
an d religiou s opinions o f the Egypti an s Hence prob abl y t he .
freq u ent mist akes which di sgu re their accounts of these

m atters an d detr act so l argely fro mtheir v alu e
,
.
It wo u ld seem th at an other consequence was the open i ng

o f free co m mu n ic ation an d co mmerci al intercourse between
E gypt an d Asi atic Greece su ch as had cert ai nly n o t existed ,
p reviously The E gy p ti ans had hith erto been jeal ou s of

.
CH . X XV L ] S I E GE or AZ O TU S . 24 9
foreigners an d sc arcely allowed them to l and upon their

.
No w Greek tr ade an d even Greek settlements were

co as t .
encourage d T he M i lesi an s est ablished a f ortied port o n

.
the B o lbitine mouth o f the Nile an d shortly afterw ards ,
founded Nau cratis o n the western o r C anop i c br anch ? 2
Th at city bec am e an import ant en tr ep dz of Greek comm erce

an d the monopoly of the lucr ative tr af c thu s est a blished was

n ot long conned to a single st ate C hios Phoc ae a R hodes .
, , ,
H alic arn assu s Mytil e n e E gi n a S amos c laimed a s hare in

, , ,
33
the Egypti a n tr ade an d N au cratis sh ortly received immi
,
gran ts i n consider able nu mbers from these an d other G reek

cities Th e wines of G eece were highly appreci ated by
.
r
E gypti an epicures an d Greek pottery an d glyptic art at
tr acted a cert a in amount of favor Greek co u rtes ans more .

,
over est ablished themselves at N aucr atis an d a ccumul ated

,
immense fortunes Thus the inu ence exercised upon

.
,
E gypt by the Greek settlement was on e n ot altogether for

good ; but on the whole it is prob able th at the benets which
resulted from it outweighe d the dis a dvant ages .
The loss of milit ary strength co n sequ ent upon the des rtion e
of the
w arr iors did not d eter Psammeti chu s from attempt

ing like other fou nders of dyn asties to obt ain f or hi mself the
, ,
p re s tige which is derived from foreign conqu ests The .
Assyri an power decl ined rapidly in the dec ade of ye ars which
followed the loss of Egypt Western Asi a bec ame disorgan ,
36
i zed an d a tempting opportunity wa s thu s o ff ered fo r Egypt

,
to cl aim once more dominion over Syri a Psammetich u s .

.
if there is an y ground at all f or the st atement o f Herodotus

37
th at he besieged Azotus (Ashdod ) for twenty nine ye ars -
,
must h a ve commenced his aggressions in this qu arter very

soon after he bec am e king of all Egypt Ash d od was the .
38
k ey of Syri a upon the south an d was a city of gre at stre n gth .

,
as indeed the n ame i m Psammet ic hu s can sc arcely

39
plies .
40
h ave block aded it continuously for the tim e me n tione d b u t
he may h ave att acked it frequ ently or indeed an nu ally ,
, ,
during th at sp ace an d his efforts may only h ave been crown d

,
e
with success in the twenty ninth ye ar fro m t he d ate of his -
rst ass ault The Jewish history o f the time shows th at he

.
did n ot c arry his arms inl and o r m ake an y attempt to inter ,
fere with M an asseh Amon o r Josi ah ; bu t it woul d seem

, ,
th at from As hdod he proceeded northw ards along the Syri an

co ast an d reduced Ph oenici a to a species of v a ss al age est ab
, ,
li shin g th e E gypti an power over the co ast line a s far n orth

as Ar ad a s where he bu ilt a temple to t he E gypt i an goddess
,
,
S echet or B ast an d lef t a st atu ette inscribe d with his n ame

2
.
,
350
> H I S T O R Y o r A N I E N T E GY P T C . [ 011 . XXVL
It was prob ably after Ashdod had fallen an d when Psam ,
met i chu s reg arded his power as rmly x ed in Philisti a an d

Ph oenici a th at a sud d e n dan ger m ani fested itsel f which no
,
wis d om could have for e seen a n d n o st atesm anship h ave averte d .
B re aking through the gre at b arrier o f the C au c asi an r ange a

hord e o f erce b arb ari ans Ugri a n or T at ar spre ad them
,
sel ves (abo u t B C 6 30 6 2 0) over Arm eni a an d Mesopot ami a

. .
-

,
de f e ated the armies sent ag ai n st t h em by the civili z ed n ations

o f those p arts bec ame complete masters of the open
,
44
country a n d h aving desol ated an d e xh austed on e regi o n

, ,
af ter a nother n ally descended upon Syri a a n d th re atened

, ,
to inv a de Egypt B afed by the high w alls w h ich f o r the

.
most p art de fen ded the towns i t was their or d i n ary pr actice ,
to p ass them by an d t o r av age only t he unw alled vill ages an d

,
4 "
the c u ltiv ated pl ains ; but occ asion ally a we ak town reputed ,
rich te mpted their att ack an d su cc u mbed to it Pressing

, , .
tow ards Egypt along the co ast ro u te they must h ave come ,
upon Ashdod ; but Ashdod was too strong for them to meddle
with .They p assed o n an d re ached Asc alon an ancient ,
46
city ,
f amous f or its temple of B erceto the Philistine ,
Ashtoreth This pl ace fell into their h ands an d proved so

.
,
seductive th at in a short time t he inv ading host was reduced

by its exces ses to such a condition as m ade it littl e be tter
Psammet i c hu s under these
47
th an an army of wom en .
,
circumst ances fo u n d no difculty in persu ading the chie fs

, ,
o n receip t of a mod er ate bribe to give up their proj ect o f ,
inv ading Egypt an d even ev acu ate the portion of southern

,
Syri a which they had occupied Whi ther they retired is .
4 8
u ncert a in but there is re ason t o think th at from the tim e
their st y Asc lon their po w er declined the Philistine

o f a at a
city proved their C apu a an d W estern Asi a in a short time
was able to rid itself of its oppressors .
D uring the l ater ye ars of his life Psammeti chu s would ,
seem to h ave devoted hi s atte n tion to art an d architect u re .
H erodotu s tel ls u s th at he bu il t the southern g atew ay which ,
tve entire completeness to the gre at temple o f P hthah a t

giemphis an d also made a court for Apis in which Apis

,

,
was kept whenever he m ad e his appe ar ance in E gypt .

5
This latter was surrou nded by a colonn ade a dorned with ,
O siri d gures eighteen o r twenty feet high Psammetic hu s .
also m ad e a n e w g allery for the reception o f the Apis bulls

a f ter their d e ath in the b u ri al pl ace o f S ac c arah piercing
,
-
,
51
the soli d rock with arched embras u res in e ach one o f which ,
at le ast o n e Apis was to be deposited He likewise a dorned

.
M em p his with a n e w temple to Sechet where she was long ,

2 52 S
H I T O R Y OF AN C I E N T E G Y PT . [ on xxvr .
other vessels of war The vessels in which they or rathe r .

,
their predecessors had re ached Eg ypt f orty ye ars e ar lier an d

, ,
which were l ai d u p in dry docks ne ar B u basti s may h av e _ ,

67
been o f this cl ass an d h ave served the Shipwrights O f Neco as

p atter n s At an y r ate t wo eets of trire mes were bu ilt on
.
6
the two Egypti an se as an d their active services were pu t ,
68
in requ est Herodotus tells us o n more th an one occ asion
, , .
C losely connected with these n av al proj ects an d aspirations

a nother enterprise in wh c h t h e
69
wa s beyon d all doubt
, ,
active minded mon arch en gaged at the s a me period

-
The gre at .
70
ki n gs o f t he ni n eteenth dyn asty had as we h ave seen est ab , ,
li s hed w ater communic atio n between the two Egypti an se as

by me ans of a c an al c arried across from the Nile ne ar B u b as f
tis to the B i tter L akes an d thence to the he a d of the G u lf ,
of S u e z B ut this work had been i ntended f or commerci al

.
,
not milit ary p u rposes a n d had been constru cted o n a mo der

, ,
at e sc ale the width o f the cutting bei n g prob a bly not m u ch

,
gre a ter th an th at O f the c an als of ou r own co u ntry Neco s .

desig n ed was o f a far gran der ch aracter He wished to c on .
stru ct a ship c an al along which his trirem es might p ass an d

-
, ,
de signed it o n a sc ale which would h ave allowed of two vessels

o f this cl ass being rowed along it abre as t an d therefore o f ,
their meeting an d crossing e ach other without shippi n g their

e ars . H ad the work bee n success fully c o mp lete l it would ,
h ave bee n f e a sible to u nite the two eets on an y occ a sion

whe n it seemed desir able an d to employ the entire n av al ,
f orce O f the kingdom either i n the M editerr ane a n o r the R ed

, .
S ea a ga inst Ph oen ici a or Arabi a

,
Un f ortu n ately the enter .
pr ise fa iled Accordi n g to Herodotus

. it was stopped by ,
72
a n or a cle which w ar n ed Neco th at he was doing th e work o f
the f oreign er B ut if an y su ch prophetic an no u ncem ent was

.
,
re ally made which is to say the le ast do u bt ful the

, , ,
73
priest ly w ar n ing was prob ably itsel f b ased upon another quite
sep ar at e fact n amely the loss of li f e which occurred when ,
the ki n g attempted to put hi s pl an into execution In a .
clim ate like th a t of Egypt an d still more of the deserts which ,
border it h ard l abo r under the scorching sun is itself dan

,
g e r o u s ; the concentr ation of m a ny l a borers o n o n e spot in

cre ases the peril ; insu fcient provision o f supplies an d shel ter
multiplies it So sm all a work as the Alex andri an c an al
.
costs M ehemet Ali the l ives of men how m any w ere 7"
s acriced in the construction o f the gre at c u tt in g of M de ~

.
L esseps wi ll prob ably n ever be known Neco Is s aid to h ave .

lost before he desisted of his l aborers The
ber may be an e xaggerat io n bu t it ind i c ates a fact E xc ava
.
, ,
. .
CH XXV L
.
] H IS C I R C U M N A V IG A TI O N O E AFR I A C . 2 53
tors h aving been unwisely concentr ated or too mu ch l abor ,
requi red of the m o r an insu fficient provisio n h avi n g been

,
m ade O f the necess ary supplies a fe arf u l mort ality was the ,
consequ ence Thous ands perished in the course o f a fe w

.
months ; an d either comp assion for his subj ects woes or fe ar

,
o f their rese n tment induced the mon arch reluct antly to

,
forego his purpose a n d le ave his gre at work u n accomp lished

, .
B ut the ide a o f uniting his two n avies still h au n te d him

'
If it could n o t be eec ted in on e way mi ht it not in ,
another
? H is Greek frien d s wou ld tell him t at the O ce an
76
surrounded the whole of t he e arth an d he might conclude ,
from thi s th at A fric a was a peninsul a If SO might it not .

,
be circu mn avi gated ? T O obt ain an answer to this q uestion ,
Neco desp atched from a port on the R ed S ea a body of

Ph oenici an m ariners who st arting with abu n d ant supplies
, , ,
s ailed southw ard unti l they re ac hed t he extremity o f the

Afric an continent , rounded the C ape O f Storm s an d retu rned , ,
by way O f the Atl antic th e Straits o f Gi bralt ar a n d the , ,
Med iterr ane an to the country from which they had t aken
,
their dep arture The attempt was a success ; but the su ccess
.
77
involved a dis appointment S O mu ch time was t aken up by .
the voy age th at the j u nction between the two se as thu s ,
proved to exist was of no practic al service Neco ha d to

, .
content himself with the glory Of a geogr aphic al d iscovery ,
an d to relinquish wholly his proj ect o f u niting his two eets

into one .
H aving occupied in t hese enterprises the first two o r three

78
ye ars of his reign Neco in B C 6 08 proceeded to commence
, ,
. .
,
79
active milit a ry Oper ations inv ading Syri a with a l arge army ,
.
by l and
80
,
while no doubt his eet c O oper ated by adv ancing -
a long the shore Alre a dy possessed o f Asc alon an d Ash d od

.
,

he fo u nd no d i fficulty in penetr ating by the coast route as 8
far north as the city o f M egi ddo o n the border o f the gre a t
-
_
pl ain of E sdra elon There however he wa s confronted by

.
, ,
a hostile force which blocked his way Josi ah k in g o f

, .
,
Ju d ah an energetic mon arch who ha d t aken a dv ant age o f

, ,
the fall o f Nineveh an d the general unsettlement o f Western

,
Asi a consequent thereupon to reunite under his sw ay the ,
gre ater p art O f the o ld king dom o f D avid determined on ,

"2
"3
opposing the further pro gress of the Egypti an arm y e i ther ,
from a sense o f du t y bec au se he reg ar d ed hi msel f a s a ,
B a by loni an f e u d atory o r from a suspicio n th a t if t he E gyp

, ,
t i a ns bec ame lor d s o f Syri a they wo u ld not allo w hi m to ,
re t ain his sovereignty In vain Neco tried to dis a rm his

.
opposition an d induce him t o retire by an assurance th at he

, ,
2 54 H I S T O RY OF A N CI E N T E G Y P T . [ OH , xxvr .
had no hostile intenti o ns against J u daea but was 011 his ,

84
way to C arche mish the gre at stro n ghold u pon the Euphr ates
, ,
where he hoped to m eet an d e n g age the f orc e s o f Nab op olas

sar ,
king of B abylon Josi ah was O bdur ate E ven Neco s . .

assur ance th at God wa s with him an d h ad comm anded t he ,
expedition f ailed to alter his resol u tion A b attle was thu s

,
85
.
f orced o n the Egypti an mo n arch who wo u ld gl adly h ave ,
avoided one ; an d the hosts O f Egypt an d J u daea met f or the ,
rst time S ince the d ays of Asa in the n eig hborh ood of ,
Megiddo the scen e o f so m any conicts AS might h ave .
been exp e cted the Jewish ki n g not bei n g mi aculou sly

,
r
, ,
helped as Asa wa s against Zera h very soon succu mbed ; his 66

, ,
army was completely defe ated an d he himself mort ally ,
wo u nded by an arrow H astily q u itting the b attle eld he .

-
,
m ade his way to Jerus alem where he shortly after wards died ,
T he Egypti an mon arch

87
o f the hurt received a t Me giddo .
,
h avi n g b r u sh ed aw ay the o bst acle in his p ath p u rs u ed his ,
march thro u gh G alilee an d C oele Syri a to the Euphr ates -

.
Whether he fought an y more b attles or no is u ncert ain ; but

it appe ars th at his expedition was entirely su ccessful an d ,
8
t hat the whole co u ntry s u bmitted to him a s f ar as C arc h e
mish (J erab olu s) Three months su fficed f or the conquest

.
,
89
a n d at the expir ation o f th at tim e t h e victorious mon arch

returned to Egypt t aki n g J u d aea on hi s way an d m aking
, ,
n ew arr angem ents f o r its politic al st atus an d government .
As a king had been set u p i n the pl a ce o f Josi ah without his

aut h ority he deposed him lo aded him with ch ai n s an d
, , ,
90
c arried him to Egypt as a prisoner H e did not however .
,
O n the contr ary he s e lected fro m

,
abolish the Jewish st ate .

,
the f amil y of Josi a h the prince who had the best title to the
throne an d est ablis hed him at Jerus alem as s u bj ect o r
,
91
t ibut ary mon arch He then xed the tri bu te which Ju dae a
r .
92
should p ay at a hundred t alents of silver an d a
t alent of gold which may be c o n sde reid a ve ry

moderate requireme n t an d retur n ed to h i s o wn country , .
The s u bj ection O f Syri a to Egypt continued fo r three

B u t in B C 6 05 Nabop o lassar king o f B abylon
"3
ye ars . . .
, ,
h avi n g perh aps associ ated hi s eldest son Nebu c hadn ezzar
, ,
H
sent hi m at the h ead of a l a rge army to win his spurs in a

c amp aig n ag ainst Ki n g N ec o Th at m on arch aw are o f wh at .
,
was i n te n ded m arched in person to the d e fence of hi s newly

,
acqu i r ed territory an d to o k up a positio n resti n g upon C ar

,
chemish where he aw a ited the onset o f the enem y The

, .
Egypti an f orce comprised as us u al a l arge body o f c hario t s ,
consisting b e s ides o f horsemen a nd footm en It was an i m

, ,
.
.
256 H I ST O R Y or A N C I E NT EG Y PT . [011 . xxvr .
men p artly composed of his o wn subj ects p artly o f Medi an

, ,
alli es he in the ye ar B C 5 98 m arc h ed f o r the second

,
M
, . .
,
time west ward crossed the Eup hr ates an d led his troops
, ,
into P alestine D ividing h is army into two portions he

.
,
formed the S ieges o f Tyre an d o f Jerus ale m sim u lt an eo u sly .

1 08
Jerus ale mwas soon red u ced but Tyre resisted with the u tmost
m
,
stubbor n ness For thirteen ye ars . the f u r th er progress of

the B abylo n i an arms was arrested by a single city O f no gre at
S ize b u t stro n g in her we alth an d her situ ation Under
, .
these circu mst an ces Egypt esc aped all furthe r att ack ; an d ,
Neco must h ave felt th at his i n trigu es had had a success

which he had sc arcely d ared to an ticip ate .
From B C 605 the ye ar of the b attle of C archemish to

. .
B C 5 96 when h e died Neco un d ertook no m ilit a ry expedi

. .
, ,
tions but n u rsed his strength an d rem ained persistently on

, ,
the de f e n sive It was prob ably during this interval th at he

.
Occupied himself with the bu ildi n gs which are mentioned i n

some of his i n scriptions Tho u gh not a mon arch who gre at .
ly interested himsel f in architecture o r a rt Neco still regard ,
ed i t as incumbent u pon him to le ave some memori als o f his

reign He m ade additions to t he temples o f Ph thah an d Neith

.
at Memphis embellished a n d set up t ablets in the

0
,
qu arries o f Toor a an d in the valley o f H amm am at A st atue .

,
which represents him On his knees m aki n g an o ffering adorns

3
,
a priv ate collection in Paris Sever al v ases an d sc arab aei

bu t n the whole h m u st be pl ced mong
.
4
be ar his n ame ; o e a a , ,
the kings whose rem ains are sc a nty an d i n signic ant He is .
115
thought to h ave bee n b u ried at S ai s whe n ce e arly in the
'
, ,
l ast ce n tury was brough t a sc arab aeus t aken from a mummy

, , ,
which bore his n ame a n d ha d prob ably been pl aced by the

1 16
emb almers upon the region of his he art

.
7
Accordi n g to L epsi u s Neco had two wives Net akert , ,
-
mim an t hi s h alf S ister an d T akhu at or T ak hot It was the

,
-
, .
118
l atter who bore him the son by whom he was s u cceeded ,
an d whom he n a med a f ter his o wn fat h er Psam at ik This , .
prince c alle d by Herodotus Psa mmi s

,
an d k n own to ,
1 19
modern histori an s as Psammeti chu s IL was disti n g u ished ,
from his gran d f at h er by the throne n a me

12
o f N ef e r ap ra - - -
,
o
g 6 ,
the throne n ame O f -
Psam me tic h u s I . h aving been U a
ap - ra, o f . His short reign O f six ye ars or r ather , of ve

1
e ars an d a h al f was very e ve n t f u l As Tyre sti ll
n ot
bafed all the eorts

.
,
of N ebu chadn ezzar there was f or the ,

122
.
CH . xxvr .
] R E IG N O F P S A M ATI K II . 257
time no d anger of the B abyloni ans troubling Egypt ; a n d

Ps a ma ti k seems to h ave felt himsel f so secure u pon this side
th a t he ventured to employ the m ain s trength o f the empire
in the directly opposi te qu arter Hero d otus tells us th at he .

m ade a n exped it i on into Ethiop ia ; an d his o wn monu
23
ments give nu merou s in dic ations o f his presence an d d irecting

energy upon t he Ethiopi an bord er Two inscriptions on the .
rocks at E leph antin e on e in the isl and o f B igeh o r B eghe , ,
t wo at Phil ae a n d one in the isl and of ,

im ply a
st ay of some consider able le n gth at the extreme south of h is
o wn proper territory If we refer to his reign the celebra ted
.
a rch a ic G reek i n sc ri ti o n of Abu Simbel we may consider ,

12 5
th at we h ave actu al evidence of h is Ethiopic expe d ition hav

ing penetr ated deep into N u bi a under the j oint comm an d of ,
a Gree k an d an Egypti a n gener al in the l atter O f whom we ,
may perhaps recognize the l ater Egyptian m on arch ,
Amasi s Whether a conti n gent of Jews a lso lent their ai d

12 6
.
12 7
to the Egypti an mon arch as st ated by Ariste as is perh aps
, ,
more doubt f ul yet is cert ainly not beyo nd the range o f posi
,
b ility Egypt an d Jud ae a were at th i s tim e closely drawn

.
together by common fe ar o f B abylon ; a n d tho u gh Z edeki ah ,
the king of Ju dae a con tempor ary wi th Psamati k was a

B abyloni a n feud atory yet i n his he ar t he was thoroughly dis ,
aff ected intended to revolt an d looked t o Egypt to support

, ,
him The fri e ndly ac t o f sending some of his o wn su bj ects

.
to ai d Psamatik would strengthen his cl aim f o r a return in

k ind when the tting hour c ame an d may thus be accepted , ,
thou gh the authority upon which it rests is we ak .
Psamat ik would seem not to h ave brought the Ethiopi an

wa r to an end An i n scription u pon a st atu e now in the
.
L ouvre tells u s th at an Egypti an general n am e d Hor or ,
Horu s was engage d in a stru ggle with t he miser able Ku sh

'
in the rs t ye ar of Apri es an d completely v anquished t hem ,
thus termin ating the war which had been co mmenced by th at

,

kin g s predecessor .
1
Though little distingu ished as a w arrior or as a st atesm an

as a p atron of art Psa m at i k II fol lowed worthily i n t he f oot .
steps of his grandfather He adorned wi th bas re lie fs the -
m
.
te mples o f Abydos an d Philaea mad e addi tions to the gre at

18 0
f a ne O f Ammo n a t Thebes e r ected an Obelisk (o r ,
to Ra H a rm a c h is an d Tum
-
prob a bly at Heliopolis an d , ,
ador n ed S ai s w i th a st a tue o f himsel f a n d another o f t he

'
g o d
2
d ess Neith St a tu ary seems to h ave received gre at atten
.
tio n d u ring his reign B esides the t wo gures alre ady m en .
t i o n ed the museums of Euro p e an d Afric a cont ain at le as t

,
258 HIS T O R Y OF AN C I E N T E G Y P T . [C H
ve others mostly however incomplete which belo n g to

, , , ,
1 33
this period O ne of t hese in the collec t ion o f t he Vat ic an

.
, ,
is s aid to be rem ark able f or i ts be auty

The wi fe o f Psamatik II was a N i to cri s distingu ished as
.

.
,
Seret p i Mentu
-
the d au ghter o f Neco an d N i t o c ri s M i mau t
-
,
-
.
She bore him two childre n a so n to whom was give n as a n ame , ,
the throne n ame of his gre at gra nd father U a ap ra an d a

- -
,
- -
,
d aughter c alled An kh n es T he son s u cceeded

m
, ,
an d wa s kno wn am ong the e arly Greeks as Ap ri esf am ong

the l ater as U aphri s He was a vigorous an d enterprising
.
1 38
prince n ot af r aid O f me as u ring his strength agains t th at of

,
B abylon an d h aving i t f or h is especi al ai m to re est ablish

,
-
Egyp ti an in u ence over the Asi atic regions formerly held by

the gre a t ki n gs of the eighteenth nineteen th an d t wentieth , ,
dyn asties an d rece n tly occ u pied f or three ye ars by Neco

, .
H avi n g r apidl y bro u ght t he Ethiopi an war comme n ced by his

f ather Psa mat ik to a s u ccess f u l concl u sio n (
1 39
, ,
B C 591 . .
he lent a re ady ear in B C 5 8 8 to the amb ass ad ors o f Zede

,
. .
ki ah king o f J u d m
,
a who proposed a close a lli a nce bet we en ,
the t wo co u ntries an d e n gaged th at Zedeki ah sho u ld throw

,
O ff the B abyloni a n yoke a n d openly rebel i f Apri es ( H e p hra

) ,
would agree to support the m oveme n t by a consider able

a rmy . A tre aty was at o n ce concl u d ed on these terms ;
0
J u daea revol ted ; an d to wards the clos e of the ye ar Nebu c had

n e zzar l aid siege to Jerus alem buil ding f orts around it
, ,
an d block adi n g it so strictly th at n o o n e could either qu it the

city or enter it Ap ri es under these circumst ances re deem
.
, ,
ed his pledged levied an army an d q u itting Egypt m arched

, , , ,
to the relie f o f the bele ag u ered ci t y an d actu ally ra ised the ,

8
siege . The B abylo n i an mon arch did n ot w ait to be pl a ced
between t wo res but broke up from be fore Jer u s alem an d
,
proceeded sout hw ar d to meet the more i mport ant e n emy

,
H op hra a dvan ci n g alo n g t h e co ast ro u te h ad it wo u ld seem

, , , ,

t a ken G a z a) an d perh aps wh e n he received i n
t ellige n ce o f the appro ach o f t he B abyloni an s It is ge n er ally .
s u ppose d th at he at once withdrew into Egypt so avoidi n g a ,
bat t le ; bu t so sudde n a ch a n ge o f mi n d seems improb able ,
an d Josephus dis t inctly asser t s th at an e n g agemen t was

f ought i n which Nebuch ad n e zz ar was v i ctorio u s Ap ri es .
,
worsted i n the gh t had to retire an d m ade no f u rther , ,
e ff or t The block ade o f Jer u s alem was re es ta blis h e d famine

.
-
.
set i n t he Ho ly C ity f ell I n B C 5 8 6 an d the l ast rem n an t

, . .
,
of t he Je wis h peo ple was led aw ay i n to Tyre

surrendered i n the n e x t a nd t h e sc h e mes o f A ri e s f o r
p ,
the mom ent c ame to no u ght ,

B abylon tri umphed ; t h e .
2 60 H I ST O R Y OE A N C I E N T E G Y PT . { 011 . XXV L
E thiopi an This comm ander cl aims the merit of

h aving inicted a check on the B abyloni an arms an d c aused ,
N ebu chadn e zzar to retire ; but he does not dispute the fac t
th at all Egypt lay at his mercy an d th at he had i t in his ,
power to remodel the government as he ple ased T o depose .
o n e mon arch an d set up another was the us u al pr actice o f the
Ba byloni ans to execute a pri n ce who h ad o ffended a gainst

their code of intern ation al la w was a proceeding not u nknown
162
to them ; it c an n ot but be suspected more now th an ever , ,
th at the tru e course of events was conce aled from Herodotus

by the sel f love of the Egyp ti ans an d th at wh atever discon
-
, ,
tent may h ave arisen from the f ailure of the C yren aic expedi
t ion Apries was re ally deposed an d executed an d Amasi s
made king in his ste ad by Nebu ch adnezz ar
, ,

The victim Of a mo n arch s o en ded dignity or if we are , ,
to believe Herodotus of a mob s h atred was n o t deprived of

,

,
the funer al honors to which his birth entitled him His body .
was emb almed an d b u ried in the roy al buri al pl ace inside

,
-
,
163
the temple of S 8 s very ne ar the s anctu ary The p assion s .
which had pursued the livin g man c almed themselves in the

.
,
presence of de ath an d the l ast mon arch of the line of Psam

,
meti chu s I was allowed to nd a resting pl ace in the sepu l

.
-
chre of his fathers .
Apries was wholly undistinguished as a builder an d c an not ,
be s aid to h ave been ever a liber al p atron of art We h ave .
no evidence of his h avi n g employed more th an a single sculp

tor o u a si n gle occ asion in the highest kind of glyptic art ,
n amely His stel ae are ho wever comm on an d , , ,

65
are sometimes a do rn ed with has reliefs ; but these h ave little -
m erit Nor c an more pr aise be given to the w all fragments

.
belonging to his reign which h ave been found at N ahariyeh 166
an d elsewhere His most noted work is th at s all obelisk

. m
which now st ands in the Pi a z z a Minerv a at R ome pl aced by ,
the f an t astic B ellini o n the b ack o f an eleph ant It is o n e .

167
68
o f a p air , which the R om ans brought from Egypt t o ado rn
the temple of Isis and Ser apis when they adopted the worship ,
o f those Egypti a n deities O rigin ally dedic ated to Neith

.
,
169
an d erected prob ably at S ai s it bec ame the sym bol of a very

'
di ff erent an d far lower worship in a remote an d alien c apit al .
If Ap ri es however c ared little f o r artistic memori als he

, , ,
did not neglect to le av e behi n d him n u m erous records of his

reIgn i n the way o f i n script i o n s At le a st six inscribed stel ae .
belo n gin g to his t l me are st i ll ext an t ;

a n d he h as left rock
7
m
i n scriptio n s at the B i ban el M o lu k
7 2
a t S i lsi lis
-
at t he , ,
1 7$
i s l and of at an d at the isl and o f Kono ss o .
Cn . xxv 1 .
] C H AR A CT E R 0F A M A S I S . 2 61
His most i mport ant m emori al is o n e f ound o n the site of the

temple of P hthah at Memphis which has been tr ansl ated by ,
D r Wiedem a nn
.
1 76
It secures the rights an d pri vi leg es Of the
.
god Phthah an d of the priests att ached to the worship at

,
Memphis in very stringent term s requiring all O fci als to

, ,
protect the ri ests in the possession of the temple l ands to -

,
impress for t I e public service none of their sl aves o r pe as ants ,
an d even to m a int a in in good rep a ir the c an als by which t he

te mple l ands were intersected
-
It is evident th a t under .
Apri es the priest cl ass ret ained its ascendency an d th at even ,
a m on arch who thought no god could c ast him d o wn reg ard

, .
ed i t as prudent to court priestly favor .
It is a greed on all h ands th at Aahmes ,

D
, or
Amasi s who succeeded Apri es was entirely unconnected by

, ,
blood with the Psamatik family Accor d ing to Herodotus .

,
he was a n ative Of S i o u p h a sm all town in the n eighborhood ,
an d was n o t even a m e m
177
o f S als ber o f a disti n guished house
'
but a man who spr ang f rom the middle cl ass This is n ot
,
dis proved by hi s possession of high m ilit ary rank even if he ,
was an O fcer under Psammi s ;

" 8
since in the Egypti an mili
t ary service advancement was Obt ained solely by m erit Vari .
ou s t ales were told not gre atly to his cred it of t he condu ct

, ,
pursued by Amasis in hi s you nger days when he was sow ,

1 79

ing his wild o ats ; but it is question a ble whether mu ch credit
S hould be att ached to them E ven the anecdotes of his b e .
8 0
h avior as king are Of the legen dary type p ar allel to those ,
which the e arly Persi ans loved to tell of C yr u s an d the l ater ,
ones of Art axerxes son of B abek the historic al v alue of , ,
which is about eq u a l to th at of the t ale with which e ach ,
English chi ld is m ad e f am ili ar in the nursery o f King Al fred ,
h aving his e ars boxed by the ne ather d s wi f e We may per

.
h aps conclu de from the gener al to n e of the t ales t hat among

,
'
the ch ar acterist i cs of the mon arch was a rough an d not over

delic ate h u mor which ple ased the co mmon people but Shock
,
e d the more rene d a mong his s u bj ects H e compens ated .

,
however for this unseemly tr ait by n umerous good qu alities

, .
H e was active an d energetic exempl ar y in his d evotion to ,
business d i stinguished as a builder as a conqueror as a legis

, , ,
l ator a n d above all as an a dministrator If he began his

,
.
r eign under d iscredit able circumst an ces holdi n g his cro wn a s ,
a B abyloni a n feud atory an d bound prob ably to the p aym ent ,
o f a tribute he u ltim ately succeeded in r a ising Egypt to a

,
hi gh pitch of prosperity an d a lo f ty position among the n a

t ions The decline an d f all of
. complete in B C . .
2 62 H I S T O RY OF AN C I E N T E G Y P T .
[on m .
5 38 , gave Egyp t w h olly into his h ands an d enable d hi m t o ,
p u rsu e a policy of his o wn devisi n g which wh atever its , ,
e ff ect o n the n ation al spirit an d o n t he ultim ate f ate o f his
country had at an y r ate the immedi ate resul t o f enormously

,
developing Egyp t s resources an d incre as i n g her we alth an d

popul ation Herodotus decl ares th at Egypt had in his day

.
an d though this st atement m

82
inh abited cities ; ay by
pronounced impossible yet it is strongly s i gnic ant of the
,
extremely ourishing condition of the cou ntry under the rule

o f Am asi s .A series of high inund ations is s aid to h ave i n
183
t e n si ed the productive power of the l and while an a ctiv e ,
8 4
commerce encouraged the chie f Egyp ti a n industries led to ,
the accumul ation of f ort u nes an d rendered e asil y procur able ,
a gre at v ariety o f luxuries Amasi s ind u ced the Greeks to

.
settle in l arge numbers at N au crati s an d to a dorn the town ,
an d n ei gh o rhood with temples Of the peculi ar Greci an type .
He ha d frien dly de alings with the import ant Gree k st ate Of

C yr e n e an d even took for o n e of his secon dary wives a
,
Cyren aean l ady c alled L adic e whom he tre ated with especi al
, ,
H e also removed the Greek mercen aries from the

position assigned to them by Psammeti c hu s I an d brought .
,
them to the c apital city Of M emphi s where he m ade the m ,

186
the g arrison o f t he pl ace To m ark his atf ecti o n for the .
h 7
G reeks he Offered rich presents to D elphi
,
S amos L i n du s , , ,
a n d C yr e n e sending to the l ast mentioned pl ace a st atue o f

,
-
Ath e n e covered with p lates of gold as well as a p ai nted ,

188
likeness Of himself
The only w arlike e xpedition in which Amasi s is known to
.
have engaged was o n e against C yprus Th at import ant .
isl and had formed a p art of the Egypti an domi n ions u n der
an d was n e w ag a in s u bj ected a n d
189
the e i ghteenth dyn asty ,
1 90
f o rced to p ay tribute It s redu ction implies the t e mpor ary
.
we akness Of Phoenici a which alw ays thre w the aegis of i ts

,
protection o ver its ne ar neighbor when su fciently strong to ,
do so an d frequently cl aimed an d exe rcised a cert a in a u

,
t ho rity over t he whole isl and It wou l d seem th at the long.
war of Nebuch adnezz ar against Tyr e an d the su bsequent ex

p e d i t i o n o f A p ri e s a g a inst both Tyre an d Sidon had SO bro u ght
down the Ph oenici an po wer at this time th at n o help Could ,
be given to the C ypriots To s u ppose however th at

.
, ,
Ph oenici a itsel f was s u bject to Amasi s is to in t rude into t he

,
n arr ative a f act o f wh ich there is asb o lu tely no

mo nument al or other ; while to st ate th at he led an arm y 1 92
into Syri a an d made himself ma s ter Of the Ph oenici an t o wns

,
D la e t XX V III . V 01 .
- CU RI OUS O R AM ENT
N
WOR N BY A O F T HE PS AM ATIK P ERI OD , PERHAPS A
C H AR M
.
:S ee P a e 2 69
g .
Fi g 68
. .
DRESS ES OF AN EGYPTIANNOBL E AND HIS W IF E ( 2oth Dynasty )S ee Page 218
. .
CH . xxv 1 .
] H I S C O N QU E T O F C S YPR U S . 2 63
is to indulge in a ight of f ancy sc arcely worthy of a serious

histori an .
Amasi s lived at a time in the world s history when v ast

ch anges were impending when the entire E ast wa s in a c o n ,
dition of f er ment an d tr ansition old things being on the ,
oint o f v anishing aw ay an d all things o f becom ing new It

p ,
.
Is doub tful whether a n y am ou n t o f politic al wisdom coul d

h ave en abled him to purs u e such a course as would h ave s aved
Egypt from inv asion an d conq u est an d the kingdom Of the ,
Ph ar aohs from extinction AS it was the mere shrewd com :

,
m on se n se with ch ar acterized him was a ve ry i n s u f cient guide

amid t h e di fc u lties of situ ation ; an d the cours e which h e
a ctu ally took wa s o n e cert a inly not c alcu lated to keep h i m
free from e n t an glements an d m aster of the s itu ation In the , .
ye ar B C 5 5 5 yieldi n g to the represent ations of the L ydi an

. .
,
k ing C r oesus he allowed h imsel f to be dr awn into a trip artite

, ,
1 93
tre aty which bound up his f ortunes irrevoc ably with those
,
o f two Asi atic king d oms exposed to far more immedi ate ,
d an ge r th an his o wn The rise of the Perso Medic power .

-
was a new fe at u re in Asi atic history an d might h ave been ,
expected to revolutionize Asi a ; but its eec ts did n ot n eces

sari ly ow o n into another continent Prudence Should h ave .
suggested to a mon arch geogr aphic ally isol ated to pursu e a

polic y of abstention Inste ad o f so doi n g Amasi s was tempt.
,
ed by the app arent a dv ant age Of u n iting three powers ag ai nst

o n e to j oin with L ydi a an d B abylon in the alli a nce ag ainst
,
Persi a an d SO to give C yrus the Persi an king a grou n d of

, , ,
qu arrel with him Whether he a ct u ally sent troops to the

.
a ssis t ance Of L ydi a o r n ot is perh aps do u bt f ul

, bei n g denied , ,
by Herodotus an d asserted by X e n ophon 94

S u bsequ ently .
1 95
,
however when he att acked C ypru s he cle arly took a second

, ,
step on the ro a d to hostilities with Persi a S ince after con , ,
quering B abylon ( B C C yrus undoubtedly reg arded hi m

. .
self as inherit n the W hole of the B abyloni an empire which ,
embraced Ph oenici a an d C yprus as depending o n Ph oenici a , , .
It would appe ar th at C yrus at once took u mbr age an d with ,
hostile intent sent a n emb assy to Egypt with the dem an d ,
th at Amasis Sho u ld give him one of hi s d aughters as a second

1 96
ary wife Such a d em and m ade by equ al o f equ al was
.
Amasi s however did n o t d are openly to rej ect it

, ,
a n insu lt .
, , .
He devised a sort of compromise an d sent a princess of the ,
house of Ap ries under prete n ce Of her bei n g hi s o wn

,
d au ghter to t ake the discredit able positio n The frau d was

, .
discovered after a time a n d a further c ause of q u arrel was ,
thu s added to thos e existing before ,

2 64 H I ST O R Y O F A N CI E N T E G Y PT . [011 . X XVI .
Actu al i n v asion did not however b efall Egypt in Amasi s -
ti me C yr u s soon after his co n q u e st of B a bylo n bec ame

, ,
.
, ,
involved in a war on his northe ast frontier which termin ,

1 97
ated dis astrously He died in B C 5 30 5 2 9 an d his son

. . .
-
,
C ambyses was at rst occupied with a disp u ted

Thu s Egypt had a respite It was not till af ter the de ath o f .
Amasi s in B C 5 2 8 7 th at war a ctu ally broke ou t between the

. .
,
two po wers an d the hosts of Persi a m ade their att ack on the
,
kingdom of the Ph araohs .
Duri n g his long reign Of f orty four Amasi s found -
ab u nd an t time to enco u r a ge art a n d architecture The chief .
Obj ect of hi s f ostering c are was his c apit al city of S ai s which ,
owned to him mu ch of its orn ame n t ation He added a gre at .
cour t of entr ance to the temple of Neith in th at city with ,
pro p yl aea o f u n u su al d imensions adorned t he dromos conduct ,
ing to i t wi th n umerous andro Sphinxes erec ted coloss al -

,
st atues within the temple precincts an d conveyed thither

m
,
from Eleph anti n e a monoli thic S hrine o r ch a ber of extraor

di n ary dimensions The length o f the ch amber was ac.
0
,
cording to Herodot u s twenty o n e cubits or thirty on e feet ,

-
,
-
S i x inches ; its width twe lve cu bi ts or eighteen f eet an d its

, ,
height ve cubits or seven a n d a h al f f eet It m u st h a ve

, .
weighed sever al h u ndreds o f tons Another S imil ar shrine

b u t o f s maller dimension was erected by Amasi s at T hmu i s
,
'
m
, ,
o r L e on t o p oli s an d still rem a ins i n ai , ; the length o f this

is about t wenty two f e e t t he bre adth thirtee n an d the height
-
, ,
2
eleven .
Amasi s also adorned Memphis with st atu es an d buil d ings .
A coloss al work Of the f ormer cl ass re a che d the gre at height

3
o f seventy ve f eet an d is s a id by Hero d otus
-
to h ave been
recumbe n t the tru th perh aps bei n g th at it h ad never been
,
erected This st atue in t he time o f Hero dotus lay in front

.
, ,
o f t he gre a t temple o f Ph th ah where it se e ms to h ave been ,
also seen by T wo lesser colossi w e re pl a ce d by Amasi s

o n eit h er side of the s ame temple ? The temple o f Isis which ,
he erected at Me mphis was a l arge a n d h andso me buildi n g , .
Thebes Abydos an d B u b ast is were also scenes o f hi s archi

, ,
t ec t u ral activity At Thebes the gre at K arn ak temple is s aid

.
to h ave been restored by Amasis ;

a t Abydos t h at of
6

O siris was beau t i ed ; at B u b astis th at of B ast o r P asht was 7
,
ad o rn ed M ateri als f or the restor ations a n d embellishments

.
were derived f rom the q u arri es o f Toora of H amm am at an d , ,
of S ilsi li s in al l wh i ch pl aces there are i n scrip ti ons d ated in

,

th is mon arch s reign set u p app are n tly by his o fc e rs

, .
9
S t atu ary receiv ed its f ul l sh are o f att ention a t this p eriod ,

2 66 HI S T O RY OF AN C I E N T E G Y P T . [011 . xxv i .
a deep pit by the Fre n ch expedition of the beginni n g of the

,

prese n t cent u ry ? an d is n ow to be S een in the gre at E gyp .
ti an gallery of the B ritish Museum ? 2 1
A masi s was b u ried at S ai s in a tomb which he h a d pre

,

ared himsel f wi t hi n the precincts o f the temple of Neith ?
t was a sepulchral ch amber openi n g o u t of one of th e ,
cloistered co u rts with f oldi n g doors an d with the tomb at

, ,

the f u rther end Though viol ated by C ambyses ? it wa s n ot
.
de stroye d b u t appe ars to h ave been seen by Herodotus in

,
its pri sti n e co n di t io n There are however at present no .

, ,

rem a i n s to be see n of it ?
Ps a mat ik III s u cceeded his f ather a t a time w h en the
.
Persi an i n v asion was a thing t h at could not be arrested As .

h i s whole reign d i d not exceed six mo n ths ? an d the expedi
tion m u st h ave been some m ont h s upon t h e m arch we may ,
pres u me th at it was on its way at the tim e of his accessio n .
All th at he c o u ld do therefore was to m ak e prep ar ations for

, ,
a st u b b or n resis tance He gathered his Greek an d Carai n

.
merce n ari e s together an d took up a position ne ar Pelu,

si u m
6
,
t h e point at which an inv ader from the northe ast
.
necess ari ly appro ac h ed Egypt The fore ign corps was sup .
ported by a l arge army o f n ative Egyp ti an s ; b u t it may be

suspected th at the two elem ents did n o t very he artily co ales c e ,
a n d the res u lt wa s a cr u shing de f e a t whic h decided t h e f ate
If we may believe C tesi as ? the loss o n the

27
o f the empire .
E gyp ti an side was men which implies a complete ,
ro u t ; while as the Persi ans lost

,
there mu st h ave been
some S ti gh t i n g before the re n t began NO doubt the .
Greeks f ought well ; but in the bro ad pl ain wherein the

b attle took pl ace they wo u ld be ou t an ked surrou n ded an d , ,
overpowered by numbers The Persi ans w ere at no ti me .
con te mptible sold iers an d t hey were now at the height of

,
their n ati o n al vigor ; they had recently co n quered the whole

W ester n Asi a were f u ll o f condence in themselves h ardy
, , ,
stro n g an d accustomed to gh t ing The Greeks o n the

, .
,
other h an d had acted as a mere civic g u ard for ne arly h alf

,
a century a n d the n ative Egypti ans were still more u n a cc u s

,
t o me d to w ar fare h avi n g seen but little a cti ve service

3
, si n ce
the time of Psamati k I It is n ot surprising therefore th at the
.
, ,
a rmy o f Egypt wa s de f e ated an d driven in he a dlong ight ,
f rom the eld ; nor c an we wo n der th at n o secon d st a nd wa s

m ade in the open si n ce it must h ave b een felt th at the s ame
,
c auses which had give n Persi a the victory o n the Pe lu si ac

pl ai n wo u ld secure her arms su ccess in an y other S im ili ar

e nc oun t er ?
CH. x xv i ].
C R U SH I N G DE FEAT O F PS A M ATIK III .
Nothing then rem ained for Psamatik but to pl ace his t roops
behind w alls an d see if in this way he could b afe o r tire
,
out the invaders Me mphis was a strong city an d had it

.
, ,
been well provisioned or able to m aint ain its comm u nic ation

with the sea might h ave stood a prolonged s i ege ?
, B ut no
speci al prep aratio n s for a siege seem to h ave been made ; an d

C a m by ses had t aken c are to bring with him a strong eet ,
l
which block aded the mout hs of the Nile an d even mounted ,
the river t o the vicini ty of the c apit al ?

Thus it was i mp os
si ble to continue the defence very long Aft er murdering .
the crew of a Greek vessel sent to su mmon them to surren ,
der an d thus deserve dly incurring the extrem e d isple asure

,
o f C a m b yses the entire garrison regarding re sist an ce as

, ,
hopeless g ave themselves up C a mbyses punished the deed

,
.
o f blood severely He selected fro m the Egypti ans who had

.
surrendered themsel ves two thou s and chief men ten f o r

e ach o f the murdere d Greeks an d co n demned them to be
publicly executed A son Of the fa llen m on arch sh ared
their f ate As for the king hi m
.
. self it would seem th at at ,
rst his li fe was an d th at he was even tre a ted with

some favor ; but it was n ot long before suspicion arose .
Psa mat ik was accused o f h aving t aken p art in a co nspira cy

ag ains t C ambyses an d was forth wit h put to d e ath
, Thus .
peris hed this unfortun ate mon arch the l ast of the long line ,
o f Ph a r a ohs which commencing with Menes o r at an y r ate

, ,

wi th S en efe ru ? had ruled Egypt as a gre a t independent ,
mon archy for not less th an twenty ce n turies

, .
I t is not wi thin the scope of the present history to pursu e

the fortunes Of the Egypti an people an y further Frequ ent .
revolts chara cterized the period Of their su bj ection to Persi a ;

an d f rom time to time it prob ably appe ared t o the people
themselves th at the throne o f the Ph ar aohs was re est ablished -

.
B ut again an d ag ain the Persi an s proved t heir s u periori t y in

the eld an d forced the Eg y pti ans to submi t to t hem
, .
Thus d u ring the Pe rsi an period from B C 5 2 7 to B C 32 2 . . . .
E gypt m u st be co n sidered to h ave occ u pied in the ma in the ,
posi t io n o f a Persi an an d he r revolts an d r e

su bj ug atio n s belong the re fore to the history of Persi a The

.
p resen t writer in his F i f t h Ancient

,
alre ady

tre ated of them ; an d the re ader who desires to pursue the
7
su bj ect may be re f erre d to th at work for i n for mation .
S till it re mains to tou ch briey upon the art an d civili z a

.
t ion o f t his n al per iod w hich ha ve peculi ar f e at u res not

,
destitute Of i n terest The time is one Of reviv al a n d has

.
,
2
b een c alled the E gy p ti an rena is s a nce Under the .
268 H I S T O RY OF AN C I E N T E G Y P T . I
CE . X X VI
i op i an s, an d still more under the Assyri ans , E gyp tai n art

had decl ined , n ay, h a d almost su n k i n to abey an ce Such .
indic ations of it as we possess are co arse an d ti n ged with

foreign ide as It was the obj ect of the Psa mni e ti c hi to re
.
est ablish a tru e n ative school (Fig We h ave sm all .
rem a ins Of their architecture b u t e n o u gh to Show cle arly ,
th at it we n t upon the old lines ; an d we know th at it included

coloss al st atues O belisks e normo u s propyl ae a pi ll ared
, , ,
39
co u rts ? an d th e other m ai n eleme n ts of e arly Egypti an
a rchitect u r a l eff ect Some novelties in the or n ament ation
.

are ple asing ? Of their pl astic art on the co n tr ary we , ,
h ave ab u n d ant specimens ; an d we c an see th at it aims at a

ret u rn to the good Old ti mes the represent ations c lling 2
a ,
vividly to remembrance the m asterpieces o f the old e mpire ' '

.
Tr u e relie f is use d inste a d of the ca ve r zlzevo which was in

,
'
fashion u nder the eighteenth an d nin eteenth dyn asties

An extreme ne atness of m anipul ation in the dr awings an d
.
li nes in imi tatio n of the best epochs of art in the e arlier

,
times serves for the inst ant recognition o f the work of this
,
age the neness o f which Often reminds us o f the perform

,
2
an ce s o f a se a l engr aver -
E xtreme delic acy an d ex trem e
.
el abor ation are t he m ain ch ar acteristics of the pl astic art of

th e period F a ces are n ished with gre at c are the ear an d
.
,
nose being wel l rendered an d the h air worked o u t in the ,

3
u tm ost possible det a il ? Some of the has relie fs ( Fig 5 7) -
.
seem to S how tr aces of Greek inuence There rest upon

.
these works as has been well s a id

, a gentle a n d a lmost ,
f eminine te n derne ss which h as impressed upo n the imit ations

,
o f living cre atures the st amp of a n incredible delic acy both

of concep t io n an d ex ecution
Wood e ngr aving is in .
2
-

c ap able o f expressi n g such so ft an d ten der t r e atment ; but 2
the accomp an y i ng ill u str ations will perh aps help to give some
slight ide a of the art in q u estion o f its be auty de lic acy an d , ,
a pproxi m ation to the Greek type .
Simil ar renement is observable in the st atues an d st atu

et t es The P astophoru s of the V atic an the Horu s of the
.
,
L ou vre the bronze st atuette o f Am mon Arsap hes in the -
B ritish Museum the little st atues holdi n g a shrine Of the

S ai te dignit ary Piteb hu ,
2
the f amo u s cow Of the celesti al
,
, , .
H athor an d the st atues of O siris an d Isis the O fferi n gs of a

,
cert ain Psamatik which now form the admired m asterpieces

,
o f the collection at B o u la ; the nu m berless st nding im ges

q a a
in bronze of the goddess N ei th of S als these an d a hu n dred
'
S imili ar works of sculpture furnish instru ctive ex a mples o f

t he ren em en t an d d elic acy of the mo num ent s whi ch cam

,
e
2 70 HI S TO R Y OF A N C I E NT E G Y P T . [011 . xxvr
.
M anners likewise su ffered a tr ansform ation The women .
were degraded by h avi n g the he avie r f orm s o f l abor throw n

an d were otherwise bur de n ed an d pl a ced under
6
upo n t hem ,
restrictions ? The men were demor ali z ed by being cut o ff

57
from milit ary tr aining an d from t he br aci n g e ects Of acti ve

,
service both upo n mind an d body N ation al Spirit was sap .
ped by the devol u tion of the roy al f avor o n a r ac e of foreign

ers to whom Egypti an customs an d Egypti an ide as were
,
abhorre n t an d wh o n o doubt ope n ly showed thei r contempt

,
f or the u n warlike n ation which h ad hired their services .
C ommerce wi th Greece an d with Asi a unsettled all the old

Egypti an opi n ions an d h abi tu des an d introduced a tho u s and ,
'
novelties of belief dress an d beh avior The S ai tic kings

,
.
h ad tho u ght to re n ov ate the Old mon archy by an in f usion

8
of fresh blood into its vei n s B ut the experiment .
,
alw ays h a z a rdo u s f a iled S ince the p atient was t o o we ak

, ,
to be ar so vi o lent a remedy The civiliz ation of the .
Egypti an s had grown u p u nder circumst ances whic h com

p let e ly isol ated it I t s continu
. a nce depended on the isol ation
being continued The b asis upon which it rested was i m
.
mobility From the time th at it was brought into cont act

.
with the spirit of progress as embodied in the Greek r ace ,
an d the Greci an civiliz ation it was necess arily doomed to

,
perish It did not possess the v i gor or vit ality which could
.
en able it to st art afresh on a new p ath ; nor was it su i ci e ntly

solid an d sel f poised to rem ain u n aff ected by the new ide as
-
.
L ike a bu ildi n g gro wn old an d unst able through the long

,
l apse of ye ars which it is attempted to restore an d renov ate

,
by new work alien in ch ar acter the Egypti an civiliz ation ,
coll apsed u n der the di fculties of the times an d the exp eri
ments m ade u pon it dis appe aring from the ken of man in a
,
he ap of u n slightly r u ins Th at i t had a reviv al under the

.
Ptolemies is wh at we Sho u ld not h ave expected an d m u st be ,
regarded as an indic ation of its h aving possessed an e xtra or

d i n ary force and power a f orce an d power which e n abled it
to rise from the grave after a tr ance of two centurie s an d
become once more for ne arly three hundred ye ars a living
entity .
AP P E N DI X
. 2 7]
A P P E N D IX .
NO T E A .
( See p .
TH E fragments o f th e Turin Papyrus of the K ings

,

af ter all the c are an d l abor bestowed on them by S eyffarth ,
A
M N ETH O , cc o d i
a r ng to . T U R IN PAPYR U S .
2 72 A P P E N DI X .
A
M NE T HO, a cc o d i
r ng to .
'
4 -1
Es gs
:
i= 3
5a ss m
Names of Ki Names of K i Au th o
g E
ri ti es
g 7; g
m
ngs ,
ngs ,
P4 2 Ci
Y rs . Y rs .
1 2TH DY N A STY
A me n e n e me s 16 16 W i lk i s o n
n
S e so n c h o s i s 46 46 45 0 O
Amman e mes 38 38 l
1 0 a t e a st
S oes s tri s 48 48 19
L ac h a re s 8 8
Ame re s
A me n e mes 42 42 9 3 27 W i lk i s o n n
Sk e mi o p h ri s .
3 1 0 24 B r u gs h c
N B It wi ll
b e s een th at of
the th i rty se e n r e i gn s esti ate by t h a u th ri ti e s ,
-
v m d bo o
o l lk mo c om l d ll
. .
th re e n y are a i e si x re e w i t h i n o n e ye ar, wh i e t we n t y e i g h t i ff e r s t i -
mo dl
re wi e yk T a en a t ge th er, M a n e t h s n u

lo e rs a re g re a t y i n e e ss , a o
u n ti n g mb l xc mo
dd d o mb mo
.
of
,
wh e n a e t ge th er, t o 984 years W here as t he n u e rs th e p ap yru s a u nt t o

les s t h a n 6 15 ye ars .
L epsius an d Wilkinson admit still of SO mu ch v ariety of

,
2
,
3
arr angement th at only i n a comp ar atively few c a ses c an we

,
comp are wit h absolute cert ainty its st atements as to the length
of kings reigns with those o f M a netho In f ar the gre ater

.
number Of c ases where such a comp arison h as been regarded

as possible the possibility rests upon a hypothetic al arr a nge
,
ment Of the f ragments which is more or less prob able an d ,
thus an e lement Of uncert ainty comes i n We h ave there .

,
fore in the a bove comp arative list disti n g u ished the cer
, ,
t ain from the do u bt fu l c ases by printing the f ormer in it alics .
With regard to the l atter which are printed in the ordin ary ,
R om an type we S h all in e ach c ase g ive in a sep ar ate col u mn

the authority by who mthe arr angement producing the result
,
has been m ade .
( See p Non: B . .
M ost Egyp tologists acce p t the iden tic ations Of D e R oug e

an d regard t h e T an au n a a s D an aan s the S haru t en as S ardin ,
i a ns the S heklu sha as S ikelian s or Sicili ans th e T u lu sha as

, ,
Tu sc an s the U ashash as O sc ans the Pu ru sata as Pe lasgi an s

, , ,
4
an d the T ek aru as Teucri ans B ut there is sc arcely an y
c ase excepting the l ast where the identic ation is etymolog
.
, ,
i cally sati sfac tory .

2 74 APP E N D I X .
ing d ate about B C 1 300 F u rther the second

. . .
, 37
2 is super
u o u s, O s oi h aving one s only .
I C
P a ra sa la ,
e ?i Here the d i fculty i s adml tt ed
to be consider able since if the Pel asgi are me ant the t of
, , ,
the l ast syll able is inexplic able It is true th at the E gypti ans .
h ad no g but they h ad sever al forms o f k an d would n atur ,
ally h ave expressed the i n Pel asgi by one o f them There 12
g .
would also h ave been no re a son why they should h ave used
the long 24 p to express the Greek epsilon in H A y i
,
ea d o .
These groun ds of obj ection to the proposed identic ation are so

stron g th at many thi n k them ins u per able an d s u ggest th at
, ,
13
the P u ru s a ta are r e ally the Philisti n es nah k iu ,
tq rte
,
whom they suppose to h ave migrated from C rete at this tim e ,
a n d af ter their rep u lse by R a meses to h ave been settled by

, ,
him in G a z a Ashdod an d Asc alo n This vie w however if

, ,
.
, ,

free from etymologic al is beset by historic al di fc u lti es ; ,
a n d the res u lt is th at the P u ru sat a like most o f the other ,
tribes n am ed re main an enigm a f or future ages to u nriddle

, .
Teka ru ,
3 :: 5 r
The identic ation of the T e karu
with the Teucri T v i is wholly u nobj ection able Etymo

e o .
logic ally the two words are ex act eq u ivalents while hi stori ,
c ally the Te u cri are known as powerful an d bold adventurers ,
diss atised with their o ld settlements i n Asi a an d desirous ,

,
o f spre ading themselves i n to remote countries The Te u cri an .

a n d Mysi an inv a sion o f E u rope mentioned by Herodot u s , ,
which beg an at the C an al o f C on stan ti n Ople an d ended at the

Adri atic is a fair p ar allel to the expedition of the Tek ari an d
,
Pu ru sat a in the eleventh ye ar of R a meses which beg an

in Asi a Minor an d termin ated o n the connes of Egypt .
The arg u ment which has the gre atest force in favor o f the
proposed id entic ations is the cumul a tive o n e While .
,
severally an d s e p ar ately considered the ide n tic ations are i n ,
almost every c ase do u bt f ul the y lend support to e ach other ,
by the way in which they blend into an h armonious whole .
No counter theory has been proposed which is ne arly so pl aus

i ble D r B rugsch s C ari an C olchi an i n v asion in which
. .

-
,
the n atives proceed f rom Ar me n i a a n d C ilici a p a rtly by l and ,
through Asi a Minor an d p artly by w ater on the M ed i t erra

,
n ea n in wh i ch the U a shash a are the O ssetes of t he C auc a

,
l6

sus the T ekaru an d the P u ru sata Z ygri tae an d Pro sod it ae
,
'
from C yp r u s the Tu ru sha p eo p le of M o u nt T au ru s, the
,
8
A P PE N DIX .
S haru ten Oolchi o C a u c asi ans , an d the S heklu sha the people
-
0
of Z agyli s, h as no coherency , a n d approves itsel f to no o n e .
In the theory o f D e Ro u g , adopted by M C h ab as a n d D r . .
B irc h , there is the d ouble ch arm o f consistency an d of sur

p assing i nterest The n ations f orm a group , widely dispersed
.
yet still continuou s extendi n g fro m S ardini a an d Sicily o n

,
the on e h and to northe astern Asi a Mi n or o n the ot h er They .
represent the ch ief n atio n s of these p arts an d le ave no m a ni

fest gap The p arts by l an d an d sea are d istributed as we
. .
, ,
mi ght expect And the res u lt is th at m ost minds accept the

.
view as prob ably not far from the truth They delight to .
think th at t he Europe an n a tions so f ar b ack as the thirteenth

,
century B C sho wed signs o f their inherent vigor possessed

. .
, ,
eets fought n av a l b at t les an d conten ded with the most ad

, ,
van ce d an d the m ost power ful o f t he then existi n g mo n archies .
The y c annot but f eel th at the entire s u bj ect is encomp assed

With di fcu lties ; but the theory which has been put forth
a t tr acts them an d they embr a ce it with entire s atisf a c t ion
, .

If i t is n ot true it ought to be S e 72 072 9 were ban trova to
. .
L IS T O F A U T H O R S A ND E D IT IO NS
QU O T E D I N T H E NO T E S .
AB D AL- R e ati n d e I Egypte tra

L ATIF , l o
OU
B ER S S , i n C M ii lle r s Frag

m . Hi st .
c vo l
.
du i te e t e n ri h i e d e N t es p ar c S il o G ra e , i i , P ari s i i s , 1 8 48 .
CH c o Lo d on
.
ve s t re d e Sc
a y, P a ri s, 1 8 1 0, 4 t o B IR , Dr An i e n t P tt ery, . n ,
TU cob
.
AC IJIL L E S T A I S , e d J a s , L i p s i ae,
f o mth E l i t Ti m L
.
1 S2 1 Egyp t r e ar es e s, l on
L N m m J c ob d t bo t
.
E IA , Na tu ra An i ali u , e d a s d on ( no a e, a u
G mm
.
,
Je n ae 18 32 E gyp ti i B an ra a r, n u n s en s

ll Egy pt P l c vo l v L o d o 18 67
. .
AGAT HAR C ID E S , i n C M u e r s Ge o g rap h i s a e, , n n, .
d t Fi t d S c o d Egypti
.
o
.
M i n re s , P ari s i i s 1 8 55 18 51 G ui e o rs an e n an
F C N rag m R oo m L o d o 18 7 4
. .
A R I A U S, e n t s , i n t h e C hr nF o o s, 2 n n, .
g r a p h of S c ll
i a y n e us ( S e e S Y NC EL . G i d t Egyp ti n G ll i s L o n d o
u e o a a er e , n,
L U s ) 1 8 74
L X ND m o L c H i o l yph i c l Di c ti o
.
o
.
A E A ER , B i s h p , B a pt n e t u re s , er g
y i B a n ar , n un
Lo d o Pl c vo l v L o d o n

n n , 1 8 77 se n s gyp t s a e, n
R , i n t h e F ra m
.
.
,
L ND O LY H T O
.
A EX A ER , P IS 1 8 67
wi t h C m
.
B L AK L Y D H o d ot
.
Hi s t G rae c of vo l
C M ii lle r, i ii, ar ES E e an , er us a o
m t y L o d o 18 54
. . . . .
i s ii s , 1 84 6 51 -
e n ar n n,
L ON d mG c
.
o of o Co p
, .
A IS , Sir A ,
H i s t ry Eu r p e, E i n B O E CK H I i p ti r us nsc r onu ra
e a
m B l i 182 8 t fo l i o
,
b Lo d o
.
u rg h a n d n n , 1 8 32 ru e ro l n e c
C LL NU
.
,
NU B UC T v l t D i c ov th S o c of
. .
, , .
AM M IA S M AR E I S , e d G ro n o vi u s , . R E, ra e s o s er e ur e
L gd B t
u 1 693 4 t a ay , , o . t h Ni l e 3d e, 18 15
AN D O N G og p hy f th U of B U C H D H Et d
. . .
ER S e ra or e se R GS P pyr u e s su r u n a ru s
S c h oo l L o d o 1 8 38 i p z i g 1 8 53
,
M d ic l d B l i
.
, ,
L
.
s, n n, a e er n, e
G o g p hi c h I c h i f t
.
T OT L O p d Ac d R g B
,
.
A R IS E, e ra, e a e 0 e ra 1 gyp ti
lt a
5 s e ns r en a
c h D k mal L i p ig 18 57 6 0
. . .
,
ru ss B li 1 8 31 e ro ni , s er en e r, e s -
G m m i D mo t i q B l i 1 855
.
,
d Sc hw i g
,
.
A TH EN U D ip E phi t S, e n o sO s ae, e . e ra a re u e, er n, .
h aii se r, A rge n t o rat . 1 801 , et c . fo l i o .
G chic ht A g yp t
es t d e e en s u n er en
Ph oara L i p ig 1 8 78 n en , e s
Hi o i d E gyp t 2 i cm edi ti L ip
.
,

st re e, e on , e
BA ER , lb t Ny z L o d o
Sir A er an a n n, i 18 75
1E gi t o y of Egyp t d th P h o h
. z , .

6 5 s r u n er e ara s
S i S Ni l T i b t i Lo do l t d b y H D S ymo
. .
r e r u ar e s , n n, t r an s a e d P e ur an
W d B li S mi th L o d o 18 79
. . . .
B AII D t an e ru n en, e c n,
S
I, g n
ISI
r er n.
glyp h i h d m t i h
.
,
We t
.
, , .
Hi e ro sc f e o sc es r er
B H T UN IN C PT O N
E IS d H C R wli S RI I e a n b c h L i p i g 18 37 8 fo l i o
u e s -
m t Egyp ti s
.
Jo l of th A i t i c S
. .
, , ,
Mo
, .

son, i th n e u rn a e s a o L Ex d tl o e e es nu en s en
i t y vo l
c e X d i L o d o 1 84 7 8 s an X n n, -
L i p i g 1 8 75
e s
,
m t Egypti
,
B LON N t
. .
, ,
R c il d Mo
.
E d ,
Oy x P i
a u re 1 555 es se au , ar s , e ue e nu en s e n s,
fo l i o L i p i c 18 59 63 4 t
.
e s -
o
B L ON G O p ti o d Di c ov i m mo ti on
.
, , .
E Z I, , e ra n s an s er es S c ri p t u ra E g yp ti o ru de .
d N bi L o do
.
i Egypt
n 1 82 2 4 tan u a, n n, , o . e ro li n i , 1 84 8 , 4 t o .
1
Qu o ted o m ti m s e es i n th i s w o k r as An c i e n t Egypt
Q o t d a Gu i d m
.
[276]
9 u e s e t o M u seu .
2 78 LI ST OF A U TH O R S .
H O M ER I i a l d ed Heyn e L i p si ae 1 802 L Y d T v T wi Ox ii 184 0 4 1

IV e ra e rs ss, on -
L U C N Ph l i d O d d p L gd
, ,
.
, , , ,
L
. .
O d ys s e a , e d ewe L i p s i ae 1 828 A , ar s a a, e u en or , u .
O C
. .
, , .
H R A E , e d D eri n g , O xo n i i , 1 838 B t 172 8

a
L U C N d H m t h i B i p ti 178 9
.
. .
,
HO R AP O L L O , H i e ro g lyp h i c a , e d D e P au w, IA , e . e s er u s, on ,
qq
.
j c
T ra e t ad R h e a , 1 72 7 , 4 to . e t se .
U O T l
.
H MB L D , A s i e C en t ra e , P ari s, 1 84 3 .
NI ed Gro n o vi u s , L u gd B at
gB
OB I U S ,
IS O CR AT i n t h e O rato re s Atti i
ES, c of B ai ter
. .
,
and S au p p , T u ri i , 1 8 50 c .
M N TH O F
A E r ag me n ts in C M ii ller s

m
.
, ,
F r ag . Hi st . G ra e c , vo l . i i , P ari si i s,
JAEEBL I CR U S , De i ta Pyth ag ras, e d V o .
1 84 8
NLU
.
l
Ki e s s i ng, L i p si ae, 1 8 15 MA I I S tOb e r, Arge n t o rat , 1 767
ox
TT
S , ed
d e M n u me n ts e t d e
o
. . .
do
.
J0 S O
HU S , p e ra, e d H u s n , Ox o n i i , M AR IE E , Ch i
gB d co v
.
D e ss i n s u e rt s o u e x ec u t es p e n
17
d ai e m
d bl e n t d u S erap eu m ( 16
J O U N OF
R AL T A S IA I C I ET , in n, SOC Y L col an t 1e
m
q
1 846 , e t se M e p h i s , P ari s , 1 8 56 4 t o
F o ll x c
e s e u t e s e n Eg yp te , e n N u
.
O U N L OF S O C TY
.
u i
J R A , L on

E O GR AP HI C AL IE
qq
d o n , 18 40, e t se b i e, e t au So d d
u an

a p r es le sod
r res d c
J UN K ER , F o rs c h u n e n au s d e r G e s h i h te
.
c c S
A le V i c e ro i d Egyp te , P ari s , 1 8 67,
fo l i o
. .
m
d e s Alte rth u e i p z lg , 1 8 63
m t d Ab yd vo l
s,
Mo
.
JU T N
.
P i

nu en s o s, 111 , ar s,
S I , e d Gro n o v 1 u s , L u g d B a t , 1 760 .
U V E NAL , e d R u p e rti , L i p s i ae, 1 8 1 9

.
J
. .
20 1 8 80 4 t o,
Mo m t Di v
. .
,
nu illi
en s e rs re c eu s en
E yp t t N b i P i 1 8 72 7 fo l i o
e e en u e, ar s, -
ig m t
,
oix t q
.
K L H Hi to i c l d C iti c l C mm
A ISC , s r a an r a o en { e n se
A p i t o v
l
S e pe m P i
ne en s su r es s an e - u ar
E x od L o d o 1 8 65 E
u s au ra u ar s ,
g55
e s r
t y ar on u s, n n, ,
K N C K A c i t Egyp t d th Ph
.
E RI n en u n er e a
S e p e m d M mphi P i 18 57
.
rao h s , L o d o 1 850 n n,
fo l i o
ra u e e s, ar s , ,
Hi t o y of t h O l d
.
KU R T z, s r e C e n an t , ov M A T AL E p i
.
mm t
by J M Ed i b R d M tt i ra a a, e a a re ,
I g
t ra n s ti ar n, n u rg h , 1 8 59 , .
d i i 1 7 16
. . .
L on n
T N U H E t Li f P
.
,
M AR I EA t,
d ,
a s e rn e, resen an
P t Lo d o
.
L ACTANTI U S, Op era, e d B an ld ri , T raj e c t as 1 848 n n,

i t h F gm Hi t G
, .
m 1692
. .
ad R he n u M EGA N ST H E 1
ES, n e ra . s . r . 0
LAN M o d Lo do ,
vo l i i P i 184 6 51
.
e rn E yp ti a n s , n n , 1 836 C M ii ll e r, ar s, -
E,
g
.
,
M LA De S i t O b i d H S t ph
.
.
,
LA C H R o ER .

Hi st i re d H ro d o t e, P a ri s , E , u r s, e . . e an u s,
P i ii ar s 1 577 s,
V L D Hi t o y of t h R o m n
.
LAYA D S i H Ni v h d B byl o
R r ne e an a n, M ER I A E, e an , s r e a s
L o d o 1 8 53
n
,
n,
.
,
u nd t h Emp i L o d o 1865
er e re , n n,
LL Th
.
L A N M m Egyp ti d M MO
.
E EM S, onu en s en s u us e RE M lli d H e s au r u s o re n u s, e a
v k mp Am t l d mi 1 734
.
,
d A ti q i t P y B a L id
L i d 18 39

n d u s es a s- as e e, er a s e o a , .
MO H L ti T l t i o of C d
,
e 76 fo l i o
e, S EIM , a n ra n s a n u
wo t h I t ll c t l S y t mof th U i
.
L tt a S l li i L id 18 38 ,

e re a vo n e e, r s n e e u a s e e n
v J 1 733 fo l i o
.
,
L N M AN M
E OR l d Hi t i A c i T, an u e

s o re n en n e e rs e , e n ae,
m
F gm t H i t i
.
M ULL
,
t 3m C

d l O ie P i
r en 1 8 69 e ar s , ER , ra en a s o r c o ru
m P i i i 1 84 6 70
,
.
F mm t o d i S t t d i
.
,
1 8 55
ra d i P
en a u a u no e as G raec o ru ar s s, -
G g ph i M i o
.
t o i d i E gi tt o R o m 1 8 77
.
,
r a, eo raP i ii 61 n res , ar s s, .
M U LL A ci t A t t l td
.
AF C ANU Af i D c i p ti o A t
,
L EO RI S, r c ae es r n K ER , n en r , ran s a e
b y L i tc h L o d o
.
,
v pi 1556
er ss, e 1 85 n n,
L P U D R D k mal M U LL L g g of th S t of
. ,
E SI S, A gy t
r en e r au s e en M ER , AX , an ua es e ea
l i 184 958 f l 2 d d Lo d o
. .
,
d A th i p i
u n B e o en , er n, o o W ar, 1 8 55 e n n,
N B UH b lt G
.
,
.
.
,
Ch o o l o gi dr A gyp t
n B li e er e e r, er n, IE B G V t i g
R, or r e u er a e es
c h c ht B l i 184 7
. .
1 84 9 4 t i e, er n,
Hi t o y of R o m E T C m
o
K h ig R m
.
G d pl d G
ru n
,
.
an es ra oes n a ses s r b idg e, . .

,
a r e,
IV B l i 1 8 67 4 t n, o 1 8 31 42 -
Am t
er
D c i p ti o
.
.
l t A gyp t B
.
, ,

K O ig b h dn s u c er a en e e r, er d l A bi
es r n e ra e, s er
li 18 58 4 t
n, o da m 1774 , .
l Alp h b t H i o g l yph i q
.
L tt
,

e re s u r a e r u e,
Ro m 18 37 e,
L i p z ig
.
T dt b h d A gyp t O P P ER T , E xp ed i ti o n S c i e n ti q u e e n M s
i e , P a ri s , 1 8 596 3
o en uc er e e r, e
O p o t am
,
1 84 2 4 t o .
U b
,
di XX II agyp t i h K O i g
e er
.
e sc e n s In s r i p t i n s d e s c arg n i e s, V e r o S o d
b t i ig B m k g ll
.
dy tin as c ne s e n en e nr u r i
n sai e s , 1 8 6 3
o
.
zu d XXV I erd d Dy t u n an e rn n as re n O D
VI , e d B i p n t , Argen t o rat , 1 807
. . .
R i ch B li
.
d es n eu e n 1 856 4 t e s, er n, o
A t o o my of t h A
.
,
L W Si G
E IS, r s r n e n
i t
c e n s, L o d o 1 8 62 n
.
n, PA L M ER , W Egyp ti an Ch r o i cl n es , L o n
V oc l d M m o
. , .
L NN
E TR O E, St t a ue a e e e n n, d o n , 186 1 .
P i 1 833 4 t
ar s , o P AU S AN IU S , e d S i e b e li s , L i p s i ae, 1 82 2 .
CK N c of Lo d o
.
L NAN T B LL F O N D M moi
.
,
I DE 1 E E S, re su r e PI E R I G, R a e s M an, n n , 18 51
S llb m
.
L M ri Al x d i 184 3
ac oe s, e an r a, ,
TO
PL A , e d ta au , L i p s i
. ae,
1 8 2 1-5 .
'
LI S T o r AU T H O RS . 2 79
PL INY, Hi st Nat , ed S illi g, H a mb u rg i RU K N J S v L mp of A hit

S I , , e en a s rc ec
L o d o 18 4 9
. . .
et G o t hae, 18 5 1 7 -
t u re , n n,
LUT C H O ck RU LL D A c i t d M o d E ypt
. .
P AR p era ( e x O i c i n a Ha ), - SS E r n en an e rn ,
p b li h d i E d i b gh C
, ,
.
,
L u gd B a t , 1 669 u th s i t e n e n u r a ne
m L i b y E d i b gh 18 30 4
. . .
P O L zE NU S , e d L u c h t a n s , L u g d B at , ra r n
g
. .
,
ur ,
- .
16 o
P O L H TO
Y I S R , A e , i n C M ii lle r s F rag l x
m
m vo l
. .
Hi s t Gra , . i i i , P a ri s i i s , 18 4 9 . .
T . L HI J B Egyp t d th S z
AI R E , .
, an e ue
ti v of T v l L o d o
.
P O R P HY R U S , De Ab s t i n e n ti a, e d D e R h Or, C N
m
an a a a rr a e ra e n n,
.
j c
T ra e t ad R he n u , 1767 1 8 57 l
, ,
o m
.
R
.
.
P I S S E D AV E N NE S , M n u e n ts Egyp

fo l o ST L O N E d Egyp t d th K h d i v
E e, an e e e,
L o d o 1 8 77
.
, .
t i e n s , P ari s , 1 8 30 37, i .
n n,
PR OP T U
E R I S , i n the e i ti n B as er d o of k S CHO L A IA AD i th d iti o
.
R I S T OTE L E M ,
m
n n
m
e e
v ll
i e , B i r i n gh a i ae, 1 772 of A i t ot l W o k p bl i h d b y t h
m
r s e s r s u s e e
.
OL Y
PT E M , G e o rap hi a, e d B e rti ns , A Ac d R g B vo l i 18 36 v,
m
a e o ru ss
.
om
,
S CHOL A A
. . . . .
s t e lo d a i , 1 18 .
I i th P h AD R AT U M , n e en en a
of A t d B hl L ip i
ra u s , e 1 7 93 u e, s ae, .
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ng
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of C M ii ll P i i i 18 55
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.
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s
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es a en , n n, .
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r n a ns, n n, .
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.
n 8 n, n ar e e, n n,
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.
k d R om G
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.
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.
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a e, ar s, B G Ni b h B o 18 2 9 e u r, n n,
Et d l R it l F i d
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. . .
u es su r e u e un ra re es
S N Y ESI U S , e ra n a, ar s,
c i Egypti 1 8 6 1 4 fo l i o
.
an en s P i e n s, ar s , -
, .
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-
p i t d f o mt h R
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vu e A c h o l o gi q r P i 1 8 63 u e, ar s, TA CI T U S Op e ra , ed W a l th e r l
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p eut tt i b a x ix
p r ie Du e r au
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.
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SR I Ston , of V enic e L o nd o
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es
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n, T E R AS S De L ap i d ib u s , i n hi s .
18 3.
31- Works, ed. 116 111 8 111 8 , L u gd. 13a 1613. '
280 LI S T O F AU TH O R S .
T H E OP HR AS TU S Hi sto ri a P l an t ara m ed W LKI NS O N

I J G A chit ct of , S ir ,, r e u re
S t ck h o O x i i 18 13 A ci t Eg y p t L o d o
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a u se , on n en 1 8 50 n n,
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N C T O N OF R OY L S O C T Y O F
.
, .
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t o m of t h A c i
,
L T T U ( N w S i ) L o d o 18 50
.
I ER A RE e er e s , n n, M d C
a n n e rs an t us s e n en
e t qq
se E gy p t i 1 t d L o d o 1 8 37 4 1 ;
an s , s e n n, -
T N CT O N O F S O C Y OF B E d i ti o S B i ch L o d o
.
,
.
RA SA S TH E I ET N e v by D n
1 8 7g
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A C H O L O Y vo l i i i L o d o
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1 8 72
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.
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A CH T CT L o d o qq
.
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VO C o A c i t Egyp t i t A t o y of H (q
.
TRE R, an n, n en , s n r d i e ro o us
R l i gi o d H to y L T o p og p h y of T h b L o d o 18 35
.
t i q i ti
u e s, e n , an is r , on ra e e s, n n,
N H i t o y of A c i
.
d o n,1 8 63 . W NI CK E L M A t A t E
, s r n en r
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1 8 50 n n, .
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,
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1 8 4 74 3
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.
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d i i 1 673
. .
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l T v l i It l y t l t d by C E of C M ll vo l
.
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ca ra e s n a ra n s a e . . H i st Gr . . u e r, 1, P a ri s i i s ,
.
C l i ft o
.
,
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Op N OPH O N O p d Sc h id
. .
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e ra, e or e r, s ee , XE e r a, e ne er e t D 1 11
1 8 36
,
d o f O x i i 18 17 t qq
. .
9 r on e se
V C O N T M o Pi C l m ti o R o m
.
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.
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1 78 2
,
98 fo l i o
V T UV U d D L t Am t l d mi T S CHR IF T S P CH
, .
I R I S, e e ae , s e o a , Z EI FU R AGY PTI S CH E RA E
Lpi
.
1 64 9 U ND AL
co
T ER TH U M S K U ND E , ed e s us
VY C l H o w d Py mi d of Gi z h
. .
l
.
B e r i n , 1 8 60 8 0 (
L o d o 1840
S E, o ar ra s e n t i n u i n g)
O m om
.
,
.
,
n 2n, Z R G A, Nu i E gyp t i i , R ae, 78 7 4 to

m
. .
O
.
De ri g i n e et U s u O b e li sc o ru
om
,
W D ANN G c hi c h t A gyp t
IE EM es e e en s v o n R ae, 1 79 7, i fo l o
P mm t i h 1 bi
.
d d
,
sa e f Al xc s au e an er en
G o
.
r L i p z i g 1880
sse n e , .
282 N OTES To H I S T O RY o r AN C IE NT EG Y PT . [C H X II .
ban S h p h d k i g wh o mh p
and e er n s, e re f ll i t h
e n li p t of S e n a c h i b s
e ear er ar n er

t d
r e se n e g i g d by d d i g a s re i n n si e s e u r n i p b b ly b o t
re g n ro 6 9d a a u B C
p c of 1 51 y l l Ch o o T w nt y t w cc o d i g t Af ic a
. . . .
th e s (Sy
a e e a rs nce r n e -
o. a r n o r
l i p
.
g p h p 61)
ra nu s (Sy ll Ch o o g p h nc e r n ra vo
Ev m t d mi t t h t i ); t w t y fo c o di g t E
. .
.
,
. .
30 L en e no r an a s a n 74 B en -
u r, a c r n o nse
t of h i w o k po bi
.
o ne p ar M th s r an on , u r nsl i b p 75 ) B
c o mb l d b i v i t i d b i t bl ,
lly ll o w d th t t h S
. . . .
It i g
44

t
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e u scu r a a u u a e s e n e ra a e a e o
m t ( 1 t mo ig g d c h o og ph
,
en e na e es r n ra es
S v h Nl D of 2 K i g x v ii 4
l) d mi d
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es t f o ri n e li t d a s an s se s s es es
t
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S h b k i wh o m h I i
p . . re
d y t i c o ll t l m i q
na s es mem a ra e s a s u en

e
se n s
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a a , n se na e t e o s
t mp
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xt it q o
.
t i cl ( B g c h H i t f E g yp t
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ar ru s l i s
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p 2 75 l t
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n c ll q i f t u e p e es u u re n c o n te i n o
t id h i m b y H o h
.
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is as e
me o a ea , a e
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fo h c p t of S m i wh c h w

ra i n e s ( M a n u e l d H i s to i r e A u c ie t
re t e a u re a ar a, i as
d e l O r i e n t V 0 1 i , p p 35 5

i B C 72 2
n B C 72 1 or
lv
. .
wi t h t h e n i n t h a n d cc o d i g t t h M th o of
. . .
31 Th e e e e nt h 45
S ix a r n o e an e
te n th ( i i p bd
a n d t h e t h i rt e e n t h
A f ic r (Sya nu s ll Ch o o g
.
ph l nce r n ra vo
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.
with th e i p 74 ) fo ty fo cc o d i g t t h
.
u r t e e n t h ( p 35 8 )
.
B : r u r, a r n o e
o vo l
.
-
32 H i s t r
m t ho d by E b i
. ,
i,
.
y of E gyp t ( 1 s t r te
sa e au p r, a s re u se us
.
( b i d p 75 )
p 1 07 1 19 18 4 ; v o l i i p p 313 14 -
A
c i
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A f ic
.
g yp t s P la e , v o l i i p p 1 06 , 2 08 ,
.
.
33 E
vo l 4 6
S o ( p Sy r ll p p a nu s a nc e
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mb p o t d by
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2 39: i v , p p 4 99 500 5 10 12 73 Th e nu e rs . as re r e
o
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o o
. .
.
,
34 S e e t h e a u t h r s H e r d t u s V 0 1 i i
d , . .
E bi
u se c c ly c o m i t o c o mp t i
u s, s ar e e n e
p 338 3d e i t t io h ; i c h ig i d t i c ll y
mb
n s n e a ss ns en a
d d v e re e
. .
,
35
Ca ys es ie i n B C 5 2 1 h a in g th m
e sa mb of y e ( f ty fo )
nu er e a rs l ir ur
d c
. .
, -
re i g n e s i x y e a rs i n E g y p t ( B r u g s h ,
o
H i s t r y of E g yp t , V O l i i p 305 l s t
t o th d y ti i
re e cc i o h na s es n su ess n t e
tw ty t h i d tw t y fo th d
m en en ur an
r
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whi h h e ,
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u st t h e re re ha e con tw t y f t h
q d BC en -
1 Ki g
.
u e re in 52 7 , n o t i n B C 5 2 5 , a s 4" i 40 n s X
ll y d
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. .
g e n e ra p po s i su 48 r u
H od o
.
i i i 14 a d i n i t ; M a n e t h a p d d d i x t y fi v
.
, , . . .
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4 9 h o u n an ao
o o D re s e,
.
, , . .
S y n c e ll C hr n g r ap h v o l i p 75 ,
od
.
o cc o d
. . .
c o di g t Af c
r n (S y o ll p p 73 ri anu s nc e
37 S O H e r i ii , 1 0 M a n e t h ( a md g t t h A m E
. .
r
b t 303
m m u acc ln en nse
o r
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.
cc o d i g t t h E b i
. .
i ng t o A r i a n u s ) g a e t h e s a e n u ~ bi u s, a n d 308 a r n o e u se us
be r bu t a cc o d b fo
r i ng t o E u se i u s , r ty
of S y c ll ( pp 74 n e us
.
o l
.
,
t wo y e a rs n y
.
od M i im m ll y t b p
.
35 H e r i i , 16 1 a n d M a n e t h o ao
50
f d t m x im m mb i t h
n g u a re e n e ra o e re
od b cc o d
. . .
t o Eu s e i u s e rre o a u nu e rs n e
c r ing Bu t a r i ng
f c o mb E g y pt i li t cc o t of t h t d
.
,
e en
e r wa s
an
t o A ri a n u s , M a n e t h s n u s s. on a u n

i t
n n e e en en c y t w ll t h t ot l b y c o t i g i
o s e e a s u n n n
T h i i p ov d b y
39
of t h Ap i
s
.
s r e on e e s
th ti
e en i g of k i g wh w
re re t ns n s o e re a
t l (M i t t N 4 0; B g c h l ii t o c i t d w i th t h f t h
rs ass a e B t ei r a e rs u
s e ae ar e e, o ru s vo
v i d c of t h mo m t t t hi
.
l o mk
,
p 2 8 7 1 t d ) w h ich
.
,
th e e en e e nu en s a s
s e a s a es c er
of N c o p oi t t d t h o w t h t v th h ig h
.
ixt
. .
n en s o s a e en e
t i th
ti m t mb
a n y e s een e a rs e
A oth
40
of t h t l ( N 39 of
n er e s e ae
.
o
es t es of M t h o a e i a ne

s nu e rs s
M i t t ) d t mi
ar e th e ig f P e er ne s e re n O
.
sa
h i fci t
e re nsu en
tho t ot l cc o d i g t Af i
.
m t i k I t f t fo y

a o v- u r e a rs
M
51
a ne s a a r n o r
cc o d i g t
.
T h f t y fo f P m t ik I w
. .
4 1
e u r e a rs O a
canu s 2 09 y ; as e a rs a r n o
y sa
b i 194 y
- .
c o t d f om th d of t h
.
w e re un e r e en e
E u se us (Sy ll p p 7 2 e a rs nce
W i lki th o
. . .
of Ti h k h i H d

th
ii p p 36 4
nso n , n e au r s er o
tw ty i x y
en s p ea rs a as a
dit
r a
ot
-
f o m t l N 37 of M i t t 3d
.
e a rs
u s, l vo 71 e
p
l ii p
r s e oe O ar e e, ,
g c h H i to y
.
, .
w h ic h i g i v l o b y B g c h ( vo l i i
.
s en a s
B ru s f Eg p t s r o y vo
m t M
. .
ru s
.
, ,
th o dt l d H
'
.
,
285 l t d ) M ig 314 l t d ; L s e eno r an a nu e ts

p s e ane a ss ne o
toi A ci l i p 32 1
, .
T i h k h o l y ig h t
, .
n t
en n e , vo e c
r a a tw ty n e een or en
re . ,
. . .
y e a rs 53
Th fo ki g e m d Th th m ur n s na e o es
h v b t c t i p t ti v
.
Ph4 2
oh H p h p p a ra i J o ra a e a rs n e re a e u one i er a n re re s e n a e n
mi h a h E g yp t i
as t go i t t of e an an a n s M aneth o li t h i T t h m i ; t h t h

s s s u os s e re e
N b ch d z z co t di g fo A m p h ( A h t p )
.
e u d a ne a r, an as n en n or u r u no s in e n o e s a re
w i h h im ft
t th ti m wh J a er e e en e re re d c d t tw u e Ho o ll y t h l t o r u s . re a e as
mi h w t k i t E g yp t T h i w ki g of t h d y t y i fo llo w d b y ix
.
a as a en n o s as n e nas s e s
b o t B C 58 5 w hic h wo ld b t h v o th
. .

a u u e e o r se en Ch b i i t p
e rs : a e ro s s n er o
t w l f th y of Ap i cc o d i g t t h l t d b t w A h m d Am p h I
,
.
e ear r es a r n o e a e e e en a es an u no
mb oh N h h mb
.
i th t x t th o
.
Ph M i i i t f

nu e rs n e e a ra -
ec o a ne s nu e rs a re n su c en or
d wit h J o i h f J d h o m of th ki g i x c f o t h
.
w a rr e d s a

O u a an s e e n s, n e es s or e rs
d h i d t h i t h fo t h y b
.
I f t h d y t y b c lo d w i t h H o t h
,
c au se s ea n e u r ea r e e nas e se ru s e
fo t h cc i o of N b c h d z z m t o t l wi ll t mo t t 2 00 y
.
re e a e ss n e u a ne a r, su a no a u n o e a rs ,
a cc o d i g t t h S c o d B oo k f K i g
r n o e e n O n s, a cc o d i g t y c o mp t t i o
r n o an d u a n . an ao
or B C 6 08 N c cc o d i g t t h e o a r n o e c o di g t r n t h t of t h A m i n
o o ne a e r en a
b ov mb d f o m 6 18 t bi w i ll b o l y 165 y
. . .
a e nu ig e rs re ne r B C o E u se us e n e a rs .
T i h k h i i n Sc ip t Co t m
. .
6 02 r a a s n e N Ap S y ll l 1 p 73 A n oc Th vo e
mmati o of th i g i g i ve n a 34 8
r u re
m y w i t h t h g at x p d i ti o of
.
. . . . , .
g m m f the
ar e re e e n su n e re ns s s
enslac lse ri b agai ns t agging!, which rea Waugh the actual su o

on x . m] .
TH E O L D E M PI R E THE F I R T B EG I S NN I N GS . 283
ye a r s as s ig
ki g i t th ned t o the n s s, a e re g a rd s h is s oj o u rn i n Eg y p t a s b e l n g ' o
mo t 325 y s e a rs ing to t he t i me of t h e e g h t ee n t h d y i '
d i x ty t h
,
Tw h 55 d d o y u n re an s -
re e e a rs n a s ty .
(a Sy
5
.ll p p 6 2 6 9
p T w h d d d fo t y i x y
nce . .
, . S ee ab ov e, p 8 . .
o u n re an r -
s e a rs .
if w t k R m I e a h di g th
e a e se s as ea n e
C H APTE R X III
t h dy ty ( J o Ap i o
.
i t
11 n e e e n ph nas se 6 n .
ma n t
. . .
M d Hi s to i r e

1 See L e no r a n u el
m t g i v 24 1 c i i
,
M i tt
5"
d L ar e e an enor an e An i en n e vo l p 36 0 : N ou s ass s
c o o c o q i zi m izi m
, .
, .
y ( M
e a rs l d H t i A i
a nu e l
i s o re n e n n e , vo t n s d n , s u s la u n e e e t s e e e
g c h 300 y ( H i to y f i o v
.
1 p B ru s e a rs s r o d y n a s t e s , a u h n u e a u n a u f r a g e d e la
W i lki o ci v i i i o i
. ,

E g yp t l i i p 314 vo ns n, l sa t n gy p t e n ne

( R wli o
.
,
H od o t
,
I i ci v i i io
.
, .
l l s a t n g yp

1 96 y 2
e a rs a ns n s er u s , vo b d p 36 3 : L a
ii p p 352 c o mm
.
i o
. .
, B 221 y t u n se n , e a rs , e c t e n n e d a b ra e a n a n ti e p a r
B i ch A ci
.
i i i
. .
58
E gyp t 78 ; l i n v a s i o n re p r t a n s le d e s s u s d a n s la

t r p n en
g c h H i to y f E gyp t l
.
, .
,

B

ru s s r o s c T heb a i d e e tc
S mit h D c t i o m i
,
t P oo l i D
.
, . .
.
a n t , M a n u e l, v o l
59
3 S ee L e nor
St u ar e n r s i n p

. .
,
d vo c E ( l i
.
ar y f th B i bl
o e e, a G YP T vo 362 : L e s Pa s t e u r s d a n s la B a s se
c o mm i
.
.
,
p . Eg y p te e le s Ta r ta re s e n C h n e ,
ll Ch o o g p h l i p
.

Ap Sy5
nce r n ra vo s e la i s s ere n t , e tc
i No nam
.
e s of ki n g s h a v e b e e n fo u n d
.
,
. . . .
61
C o t Ap i o i 14 o n t he t o m b s of i n d i v i d u a ls a n t e i o r t o
61
n r n r
t h e t i me s of t h e fo u t h d y n a s t y ( D e
.
,
Ch o i
. .
9
C r5; p Syn ll
. an .
, a nc e r
C h o og p h l i p 62 A R o u g e R ec h e c h e s e t c p p
. .
r n ra Th t w vo e o r
x c ly Th o t h me s III e x h i b i t s i x t y o n e of
,
. . .
, . . , .
, .
a re e e a t 5
g s -
R co d
.
l v iii c o of
.

S 63
ee f th P t e r s o e as vo hi s i n t he H a ll t h e A n e s t rs at
"
g c h H i to y f E g yp t k i
, .
,

pp 3 4 : B ru s s r o K a rn a ( B u n s e n s E gyp t v o l p
l i p p 2 39
.
. , . .
, .
vo 41 1 t d
, . s e
,
S I
et i i i
e xh b t s s e e n t y s e e n v
t h u gh o v -
i vi o io l
.
po t
,
of M th o g
. .
A ll t h
64
e re r e rs an e a re e l ng n ly t h r e e g e n e r a t ns a t e r ( De
th t h m d S i t
a ( S l t i )t h t of
e a e a es a a s e rs o
R u ge p wh i e R a me s e s the l
h p h d ki g of i o x i i
. .
th e s e er n s so n S et e h b ts n ly f ty t wo o

T b l t of 4 00 y l i p p 50 1)
.
S 35 th

ee e a e e a rs , (B u ns en . v o -
g iv i t h R co d l iv H o d ii 90 H o d o t do
.
.
,
en f th P t
n t es no

e e r s o e as vo er er u s
d c o mp B i ch A ci c t lly g i v t h i fo m; b t h i d t i v
.
, .
,
.
pp 3 5 6; an t a re r n en a ua e s r u s a e
cc t i v q i mp ly i t
.
,
E g yyt p p 75 6 a n d 1 2 6 M in d hi
an s a
,
/t u sa e va .
l i p
,
ll Ch o og p h
. .
6 A
p S y n c e ll C hr o no g r a h pp Ap S y
7
nce r n ra vo

.
. .
,
o
. .
. . . .
60 1 It i s t ru e t h a t J se p h u s e ra n g e s 54 B
m m ki
.
o i 45
. .
t h e n a e s ( C n tr Ap a ng 'D i d S i
5 o c
o i fo i of ix B i ch i q l dg m t
. .
w j
. . .
,
A p ph s t he u r t h n s t ea d th e s th D9 r y th r sa s e u a u en
ki f ic m i d fo c
N o th i g k o w t h v
.
ng ; b u t A r a n u s a n d t h e Ar en an an r e : n n n o a e
i
Eu s e b u s t g e t h e r o
u st b e t a k e n t o o u t m b ee n md t th t i m of M
a e a e e e ne s re
w ie g h hi s a u t h r ty oi m i : d h m t b p l c d mo g
a ns an e u s e a e a n
i oi w th o fo d of mo c h i h o
.
67
Th s p n t h a s b e en e ll a rg u e d b y se un e rs nar es se
o
Ca n n C e i n the oo k

S p e a ke r s C o m p e rs o l xi t c na v e d l ig h s en e a se e re a n en
m e n t a r y ( vo l p a rt p p 4 47 i H is i tene d c i t ici m d o b t r d i (A s u s or e n es

n
m m mq i bl c i t E gyp t p
. . . .
a rg u e n t s see to e u t e i r re s i s t i e en
m C o mp

.
bl iv of Ath
. .

58
S ee the ta e g en by L e no r an t 0 th Th a re e eseu s

e
o n t he a u t h r t y oi
M a ri e t t e ( M a n u e l of n ani l g d w ho e en m m t di se na e ea n s
c i po fo d l w g iv
.

d H i s to i r e A n i e n n e v o l
p s e r. un e r, a -
er .
i g ch H i oi
, , .
9
H i s t of E gyp t v o l , p p 33- 4 ; vo l 11
B ru d Eg yp t s p 31 ; st re

e
ii B i ch i B l v p 58
. . . .
c io
. .
, ,
31 1 1 5 , l s t e d

pp
, C a l u la t n s -
r Eg p t n u nsen s y vo ,
B i ch A ci
.
No
. .
fo o io
.
u n d e d u p n g e n e ra t b y th e 1 t E gyp t p 2 4
"
n s a re r n en :
o t mp o y mo m t i k o w f
.
,
of c xc i
. .
n a t u re t he a se , e e e d n g ly n u oe r c n e ra r nu en s n n o
i
t a n a nd b e c o m o c of
e a s u r e la r g e e r hi i c i b d w i t h hi m
s a g e o r ns r e s na e

D R o g R ch c h
.
if o i of
.
ro r , t h e rd n a ry le ng th a g e n e ra 13 e n t p 17 e er es , e c
m
, .
, .
io co w ic
.
t n i n t he ti e a nd u n t ry f o r h h an d p l 2 t th d of h b oo k a e en t e
m im o
.
c c io l ii p 5 4
.
the a l u la t n is a de is p r p e rly
14
B E g yp tu nsen , vo
im mi
.
c ow li g h t
. . .
,
est a te d B r u g s h a ll s ye a rs
15
Th pp e s e re b a ns a ear to e so s
i i o w ic m k it q it
.
f o r h is Eg yp t a n g e n e ra t n s , h h is as t o c t i wh th
a e u e u n er a n e er
an ov
er e s t i m of
ate -
i
a t le a s t o n e t h rd -
t h p py e lly c o t i
a d th m ( D
ru s re a n a ne e e
c o c i o of i o wo c g e R c h ch ot )
.
A rre t n t h s e rr r u ld re d u e R ou t p 18 e er es . e c . . n e .
th o p S y ll Ch o og p h
. .
,
h is y ea rs t o M
16 a ne a nce r n ra .
c v
.
l i p 54
.
70
E g yp t s P la e v o l p 62 . vo ; p 55 c B
o o o ii
. . . . . . . . . . .
71
S e e t h e a t h r s H e r d tu s v o l d p 91

u 17
E t th ra os a eu n D
p
mi
.
,
c o t ho p
.
, , . . . .
p p 34 1 a nd D r S
0 t h s D i ti n a ry of d p 54 C

M
15 a ne a e nn
i
.
, . . .
lx i v d cxx x
. . .
Ch
the B i ble v o l p 5 08 S D R g
9 e ou
. s an ee ,
c
. .
o
.
p 30 o t
. .
g s h , H is t r y of Eg yp t v o l i ,
7 B ru
R h h t e 1
-
ec e rt e s e c n
ic c c h H i to y f E g yp t 1 i
.
. . . .
.
p 6 3 l s t e d ; B r h A n i e n t E g yp t p 2 B ru g s s r o v0 .
,
o c c
. . .
. . . . ,
31 : D e R ng R e h e r h es e t c p 39 p 58 l d st e
N o i o i of
.
fo llo w
. . . . . .
73 h st r an Eg y p t p la c e s A b ra 'T h
2 e a ss aTh e ru ns a s s: is
p g
ha m b fo
e re t h e t we f t h o r t h e la t e r p a rt i th b g i
s e i g of t h c o ll c t i o of r
e nn n e e n e
v L i
,
o f t h e e le e n th d yn as t y On e ( e p s u s ; . ce ip t f c i g l p o y It w d 3
s or ur n e r s . as 1 <
284 N O T ES T O H IS T O R Y or A N C I E N T E GY PT . [011 . ml .
c ov d i e re y ci t p p y n a v er an en a ru s en 54
Fe rg u ss o n H is t o ry o f Ar hi te tu r e , c c
c lo d i w i t i g c d th f t i
.
.
se h a r n ase u n er e ee vo l p 1 02
of t h g d A b i i t h o w of S ic ci
. . . .
,
e o nu s. n e t n o 55
See B r h A n e n t E g yp t , p 29;
c h m t t h i m f t h i g of h i c o
. .
e a e t e o e re n s B ru g s h H i s t r y of E g y p t v o l 1 p 6 6 ,
m j ty h d f c k i g H p t i A f F o o c
, , . . .
a es t e e u n t n e se 1s t c d ; e rg u s s n , H i s t r y of A r h i
b o ght th m j i
. . .
t erhi d h it w s ea t as r u to e a t e c tu r e , v o l , p 100
ty of t h d f c t ki g S t ov i o
. . .
10
es e e u n n en a on ao 56
S ee ab e , vol n t e C h V i i , a nd
c o t f it w o d f l v l ( ibid i o of ow
. . .
,

u n o s n er u a u e f o r a re p re se n t a t n th e t er or
mi x iii
. .
i sc p y ra

d , s e e g 38 , p l vo l i
ll Ch o o g p h l i p c c
. . .
, .
Ap Sy
22 nc e r n ra vo 5 7 Br
u gs h ,
m
.
,
. . . . .
54 C 5"
L e n o r a n t M a n u e l d H i s to i r e A n

R o ge R c h c c
. . .
D 23 e h t pl 1 u e er c es , e c , .
,
i e n n e , v o l 1, p 332 ; B i rc h A n i e n t
c
.
,
. . .
No 1 E gyp t , p 25 ; B u n s e n , E g yp t s P la e

ii c o
. . . ,
Ap S y
24 ll nc e vo l p 38 0; B ru g s h , H i s t r y of
I b i d p 915 C
. .
. .
,
25 E g yp t v o l 1, p 59, l s t e d
R ch c h mo m t io ov
.
. . . . , . .
26 e l er es su r es nu en s 5 9 Fo r a r
e p re s e n t a t n s ee ab e , vo l
o p t tt i b mi e i x c
.
x ix p g s 39 4 0 p l X lll , a n d f o r t h e e a t

q u n en a r u er a u s re res
m m
. .
. , .
dy ti p 20
na s es e a s u re e n t s s e e p 93
I i d p l ii N o 7 c c
. . . . .
27 b 6
B i r h A n i e n t E g yp t
l ii p o m of m w c
.
. . .
. ,
By B
28
( h i E gyp t u nse n see s vo 61
S ee th e t b A te n , hen e
Bi h pp t k th m ov i io k
.
, , .
D r rc a e a rs t o a e e sa e th e a b e llu s t ra t n i s t a e n ( L e p
v i w w h h y ( A c i t E g yp t p m iii ii
.
'
e en e sa s n en si u s D e n k ale r v o l pt , p
l
m of S m mp of o
.
, ,
. .
, . . .
62 T
2 6) h th t at i e na e e e s es s h re e S e pa a nd h i s s n s d i s c ov
fo d b o h i t h Eg yp t i e r e d n ea r t h e Py ra m d s a n d n o w i n t h e
i
.
u n d th t n e an an e
G k li t
re e s s

M u se u m of L v
t he ou r e ; t woo t h e rs ,
D R o g e R ch c h wi o c of f
.

pp 2 1 t h a Eu r p e a n
6 6
29 e t u e er es , e c a st e a t u re s
fo fo mi
,
.
, .
, ,
24 u n d a t M e yd o u n a n d r n g a p a rt
Ibid p 2 1 of m co c i of
,
30 t he sa e lle t o n a n d a s t a t u e
l o c ll d A m m of
. . . .
Th31 R w at a n-u ser -

as a s a e n A te n i n th e M u s eu B o u la q ( Se e
i t p op pl c ic c
.
wi ll p p a ea r i n s r er a e B r h A n i e n t E g yp t 10 30 0
l i p 55 l t c i
. . , .
H i t y f E gyp t l a n u e l d H i s to i r e A n i e n n e , V o l ,
;

6
g
s or o ,
vo .
, .
, s .
d 3

:
p

e
Ib id o i
,
33 H i s t ry of E gyp t , v o l , p 6 6 , 1 s t .
I b d p 56
. .
34 i ed
l i p 159 m ic
. . .
S 35 b ee a o ve , v o 65
L e n o r a n t 1 s c l; B r h l s c
H o d ii 99 D d h ow v i m io of
. . . . . .
. . . .
36 66
A n u b s is e nt ned a s a go d the

er IO O l ll S , e e r,
c i b t h fo d t i o t l t k i g e a r y t me s b y a
l i w i of of
. . .
as r es e u n a n o a a er n r te r t h e a ge
m
,
U h (i
c o re u s Ra e s e s II c o
( B r u g s h , H i s t ry of E g yp t ,
h o p Sy ll Ch o o g p h i
.
,
M vo l p 58 l s t
37 an e t a nce r n ra
c i i o of i m l
. .
l i p 5
.
. . .
,
vo C 4 67
Fo r a d e s r p t n th s t e p e ,
b ov p 16 i
. . . .
S 38
se e v o l 1 01 102
o ii
ee a e , pp
tho l i
. . . . . .
3 H r
M 39 a ne e d , 9 9; D i o d S i c 4 5, 4 6, e t c
I b i d p 54 i c i io iv
. . . . . .
4 D 69
An n s r pt n en by M de
R u g e i n h is B e c h e r e e s ( p p 4 6
.
o
,
Ib id
. . .
4 1 9) a t
I b i d p 56 A i f c i o of m
. .
4? t r b u t e s t o K hu u t h e e re t n a te
I b id p 5 5 k of m
.
Ii of
.
. ,
p le t o s s , a n d s p e a s
43 A te p le s
I b i d p 56
.
O of i x
.
.
,
44 B s i ri s a n d t he S p h n who is ide nt i
Ib id mc i vi
.
o
. .
, ,
45 e d w i t h H r u s ( H a r a h s ) a s p re
g ch cc o xi i
.
,
B 4 3
y ru H d s d sa s : e re e n s. a r o u s ly e st ng
w iti g th i o i i wi I i s s ) i s me n
.
i g t t
n M o th i ne an e on an r n e n 70
Ath r ( d e n t ed th
fo m t i o h lf f b l h lf of vi m m
,
r a n a a e a t ru e t io ne d a s h a ng a t e p le i n t h e sa e
th of Eg y p t I t t ch i c i io
.
e t l rs ru e rs ea es u s ns r p t n (p H o r ns a n d S e t a re
i ll w i t i g f t h d oo m io o j c of v io
. .
l ttl
i W e e a re s t a n or e r en t ned a s b e ts e n e ra t n to
of t h c h mb of t h c t o of t h mo i io c ic
.

e a er e an es rs e K h u fu s t he r T h e re l g u s p ra t e
mo t ci t ki g d o m t b o p d t of i mi i v i m
.
s an en n o e e ne o the p r t e t e s i s n o t p r o ve d b y
u ( H i to y f E g yp t

l i p 62 l t o vo s x
t h e se t e t s ik
b u t i s n o t l e ly t o h a e v
s1
s r , .
, .
,
v
,
e b e e n e ry d ife re n t
H b li v d i t h N i l o wi g w i th i
. .
47 e e e e n e e n 71
S e e vo l p p 2 00
ho b i g d vo d b y ic m
. . . .
y i ne M n e na e n e u re a 7
B r h , Gu i d e t o B r i ti s h M u s eu , p
h p p p tm l mb p
.
ki g !
,
i o d i o n u s, a n n a a s ea n 54
A v y
43 m ll mo t of i q i y er s a a un n u r 73
S e e ab ov e , p 16
m t h v t ght M ho th t N c o om i
. .
74 C
u s a e au an et a e p a re v o l p 70
i d i xt i ki of w om
.
, . .
7 5 S n f ru t h
re g n e d t ix y s ee n a n no s e a rs e e e e e arl est ng h
b ov l i p 24 mo m c im f
.
o
,
S 49 ee a e, vo we p ss e s s a n y nu e nt a lls h se l
C o mp g 36 p l x ii c ow
. .
, . .

50 d g 44 a re an t he r n e d H o rn s and t h e v ic t o
of l i
.
, , ,
io o c c
. . .

p1 xv vo r n s H ru s ( De R o u g R e he r h es ,
F llo w Mi o L i m iii
.
. . .
.
'
1 T e l i A i s, r a ve s n s a n r, p p 32 , 33; e p s u s , D en k aler , v o l
d 2 38 ; L yc i ii
.
l . .
pl sp p p p 2 20 o pi an a s pt pl 2 a )
c c
. .
, . ,
. . .
o p p p p 12 8 1 29 1 30 t e c 75
D e R o u g , R e h er hes , p p 30, 34 ,
d by L p i
.
, . . .
W ll
5?
p e D k
re re s e n t e e s u s. en t
e c
l iii p t ii p l 3 8 1 8 I b i d p 33; R co d f th Past vol
.
77

il
tn c er , v o , s .
, , , e tc . . e r s o e , .
Di od S i i 51
.
.
, .
3 . c .
, .
i i , pp 3, 6, . e tc .
286 NO T E S T O H I ST O R Y or A N C IE NT EGY t T . te a m .
B i ron A c i t E gyp t p 34
91 So n en ro d ii 12 7 He
r v ol i p 101
.
D io d S i c i 6 4
, . . . . .
92 5
Su p a,
H ro d C 2 4 I a m i d e b t d for my k n o wl e d g e o f
.
, . . . .
, .
93 9 e i 51
n e
Th i d t ic t io f th p y r mi d
.
t h e s e s t at s to M d v a l ab l e
. ,

24 e en a n o e a R g u e e ou s u
b il d r w i t h t h S h p h rd ( H ro d w or k R ch e ch s s l s M o n m n ts
.

u e s e e e s e e r e u r e u e
ii h i t oric l i t w i d ic t d wh e r e t wo p h o t o g r a p h s a e g i v e n
.
.
,
un s a as as . n a e etc r
orr e n c e i whic h t h i m mo i e fro m o n e of wh ic h t h a cco mp a y i g
.
, , ,
t he a bh n e r e r s e n n
w re h e l d ; for t h e S h p h rd w r ill s t r a t io n h s b e t a k Th e s t a t

e e e s e e u a e n en
d e t e t e d b y th e E gyp t i a n s o f t h N w e s t h e ms e l v e s a e i n t h e M u s e u m
.
s e e u f r o
E mp ir e B l q
ou a
S e e a b o v e v o l i p p 150 n d Co m
.
D e R o g e R c h rc h
.
52
p 56
2 5
L e n o r ma n t M n l d H is to i e A n , . , , a u e e es ,
p a r e B r g s c h H i s tor y of E g yp t v o l i
. . . .

9 a u e r u
c i n n e v ol i p 335
, , , .
,
e p 77 l t d s e
S e e a b o v e v ol i p p 96 99
. .
,
S e e t h e d e cri p t io n of t h e s o u t h e rn
. .
, . .
27 s 53
s to ne p yram i d o f D a h oor i n v ol i p p I b i d p 2 03 T h e d iffe r e n c e i n th e

. . .
.
,
.
s 54
ac t l h e ig h t o f th d i c e s w a s o n of
.
, . . .
336 u a e e e
S e e t h e w oo d c u t F ig 4 f e e t i n f v or o f t h p y r a mi d o f
.
93 a e
B irc h A c i n t E g yp t p 36 Kh f T h e d i e c e i n e l e v a t i o n o f
. . .
2 9 n e u u e r n
Le p s i s D e kma l v ol iii p l 1 ; t h s mmi t b o v e t h p l i wa s o n e o f
. . .
. .

3 u n er, e u s a e a n
B s n E g yp t s P l c v ol ii p 1 38 f e e t i n fa v or o f t h e p y r a mi d o f
. .
, .

un e a e,
B ( Eg yp t P l c i s c )
. .
, .
S ha f a

31 A s u nse n s a e r
a n d W il k i n o n ( i n t h t h or s H B irc h An ci en t E gyp t p 38 ; W i l
. . .
od
55
s e au er o
v ol ii p 2 04 n o t 3d ki o i n t h e a u th or s H ro d o tu s v o l
, .
,

1
t u s e ns n e
B i rc h A ci t E g yp t p p 328 ; ii p 2 04 n o t e 3d d i t
. .
, .
, , , .
32 2
B i rc h i s c O n th e o th e r h a n d i t
n en e
B r u g c h H i s tory f E gyp t v l i p p
, . . .
, ,
. .
o o 5
s
6 9 d ; L no m t H i to i r i s q i t p o i b l e t h a t t h i s t e mp l e ma y
, , . .
.
, .
,
76 l st e e r an s e u e ss
An ci e v ol i p 337 ; D e R o u g e R e h av ol d e r co n s t r u c t io n a n d
.
.
.
enn b n a e ee n
ch rch p p 4 154 t h a t S h a f a o n l y a dd e d t o i ts orn a me n t a
, .
, .
, .
e es . r
S pr v l i p p 1 55
. .
33 u 157 a, o .
t io n
H ro d ii 124 ; M a n e t h o a p S y n c e ll B r u g s c h H i s tor y of E gyp t v ol i
. . . .
34 e 5"
Ch o n og r p h v ol i p 56 D
, . .
, . .
,
r a .
, .
p 77 l t d s e
D e R o g e R c h rc h es p 4 6 S e a b o v e v ol i p 101
. . . .
. .
35 It i s
u e e 58
e
p o s s i b l e t h t t h i i n cri p t io ma b
.
, .
D e R o g R ch rc h e p 56
. . .
, .
aof s s n y e 59
u e e s,
a l at r d te De R o g e sp c t I b i d p p 5 76 1
. . .
e a a d as u su e s n 60
B r g c h ( H i tor y of E gyp t v ol i p O t h s a i ma l s e e a b o v e v ol i
, . . . .
61
D r u s s n e e n s,
p ro o u c e s ; b t if s o i t wa s
.
197 I t i s n c e r t a i n t o wh ic h of
.
, . . . . .
8 1 lst n n u pp 1 95 u
t a y r t e mo d e ll e d l i es o f t h se M e i s a n kh w s p ri e s t s s a s t h e
. . . . .
a n n th a o e n e r a e
som i n s cri p t i o n of t h e t i me t h e e x p r e s io n u s e d u p o h e r t o mb i s a m
.
e . s n
p h r a e s of wh ic h i t p ro b a b l y
s e p ro r b ig o s u u
d u e d w i t h o u t m c h l t r a t io D e R o g e R ch e rc h es p p 5 8
.
c u a e n 62 9 u e
De Ro ge p 4 7 B r g sc h h ow I b i d p p 61 2
. .
, . .
'
6 u u 63
e ve r t r a n l a t e s d i ffe r e n t l y ( H i s t or y of H e ro d i 1 73
.
. .
, . .
s 4
.
D e R o g R che rches p 5 9
. .
65
E g yp t u e
Ib i d p 5 7
.
B irc h An c i n t E gyp t p 37
. . , .
37 66
e
t h e G r e e k e p i t o mi s t s A fr i c a n u s Le p s i u s D en kma l r vo l i i i p t ii
. . . . . .
,
33 6"
L P
,
e , .
, .
,
an d Eu eb i u s ( Ch r o n o
.
,
S y c ll s see n e p ] 12 b
g r p h v ol i p p 5 6 D Ib i d p l 4 2
. .
65
a d 57 C ) an a
K h f co n e c t s w i th h i m e l f e s
.
. . , . .
, . .
39 u u n s 69
Sh f M e k au Ase s k a f U s k a f
a ra , n ra
a d S h ra ( L p p l 4 2 C om
. . ,
p ec i a ll v H or d K n e ph H p u s an e re re n a u e s iu s ,
e n t s T h o th h is t b l e t t t he W a dy p a r D e R o g e R ch rch s p 77
. .
s on a a e u e e e
M a g h a ra h H i s w if r g a r d h i ma H ro d i i 1 2 9
. , .
7
e e s s an e
i mp rs o a t io n o f H or a d S e t ( De
.
Ap S y c ll C h ro n og r p h p 5 6 D
.
. .
,
n 71 n e a
e n u s
H b il d a l mci l 1 c
. . .
,
g e R c he rch
.
'
72
R ou p e es e u s D en c er s
t mp l e t o I i s w h o m h e i d e t i fi w i th D e R o g e R ec h rches p l 2 a t t h e
. . . .
,
n 73 u e
e s es
A t h o r ; a d h e m n t io wi t h r p c t f t h v ol me No s 2 3 n d 2 4
. .
. .
n e ns es e e nd o e u a
t h t mp l s of O iri a d of H a r ma c h i s
.
He ro d Is 0
.
n 7"
e e e s s
or t h S p h i x ( i b i d p p 4 6 ab ov e v ol i
,
. .
e n S 75
p 96
ee T h e s e di
m n io a e co n i d e r b l y l s t h a n
.
De R o g e R c h r h s p 37
. . .
.
,
4 0 u e e c e e s ns r s a es
D Ro g e R c h rch Com t h o se of t h s t e p py ra mi d of S c c a ra h
.
, ,
.
p 42
4 1 e u e e es e -
a
d i d ic t e a e t ir a b a n d o m t o f
,
,
p r for t h f c t B r g ch ( H i tor y of
. . . .
a e e a u s s an n a n n e n en
E m t h m g n ic e n t i d a s o f K h f u a n d
.
,
p t v ol 1 l 7 6 i s t
t e a e u
L p s i s D n l mci le vo l i ii p ls ,
. . .
'
e u e c r, Sh f a a r
co mp r e d w i th th e re
. . .
, ,
18 Th a t is
76
as a
S u p r a n o t e 16 ma r k b l c h mb e r o f K h u f ( ee v ol i
.
43 a e a u s ,
O t h e r wi s t h co s t r u c t io n 18
.
De R o u g e R c he rc h s p 44
, .
p 99
44 e e e e n
Ib i d p 4 7 C o mp r e H e r o d ii 12 6 c u rio u n d w o r t hy of o t ic ( Co m
, , . . . . .
4 5 a s a n e
Le p s i D kmci le v ol iii p i s 2 6 p r e v ol i p i xv g s 4 2 4 1
. . . . .

4 6 u s. en r, a xi s v,
b ov v i i p
. . .
, . .
, .
,
n d 33 S 77
Ri h A c i n t Eg yp t p 4 0
a ee a e o
h R ou g e R h r he s p p 5 7 6 1
. . . . .
47 7
e ec e c -
rc n e
h v b c a f ll y c o l l e c t d T he r e is a g oo d r p r n t t io n o f
. . . . . . .
Th
4 8 e se a e ee n re u e 79
e e se a
b y D e R o u g e an d w ill b e fo u n d i n h i s li d o f M e ka ra co f n i n C ol
R ech e r c h es p p 52
th

e n u s
Vy s e s P y a mi ds of Gi zeh vo l ii o p p
.
. .

4 . . . r , ,_ .
on . x1 v ] . TH E P Y R AM I D K I NGS . 28 7
p 91 o t h e r i n L e p s i u s s D en k
and an
'
Ap S y nc ell Ch r o n og r a p h vo l i,
mci l v ol i i p t i i p l 1
. . .
,
. .
'
er i p l , D
D en k ma ler ,
a
T r a l a t io s v a y i n g i a f e w p r iii
. . .
. . .
,
.
,
8 ns n r n a 1
vo l p t i i,
a e g iven b y D e R ou ge R
. . . .
,
t ic u la rs , r . e p1
c h e rch p 65 ; ru g s h
e s, H s tor y of
"
c i 1 0"
De R o u g p 8 1
3
.
4 l t e d ; a d B irc h
.
E g yp t v ol i p p
, . .
B c
.
- s n 1 05 u n se n

E g yp t s P la e i n U n i
A C e t E g yp t p 4 0 I h a v follo we d r or ii m
.
,
.
. , .
, .
Il l il e ve s a l H i s t y, v o l p 103; a n d c o
t h or i t i e s wh e re t hey g re a n d r u me l v ol
. . .
, . .
t he e s au a e. p a e t he t a b e a t t he e n d o f t he
r fe rr d t o t h t e xt o f L e p s i u s wh e r e ov or i i l
.
1 09
e e e S ee a b e , p p 34 35 The g na
Py a m
ir d G h z e h i s h e e me a n t ,
i d of
r i r
. . .
t h e y d i ff e r Th
B r g s c h H i s tor y of E g yp t v o l i l t r l r
.
8 1 u , n o t t he a e e n a g e d o n e
B
, . . .
110 u ns e n , l s c
p 8 4 1st ed
c v ol
.
' B i rc
h A n c i n t E gyp t p 4 1 B
. . .
. .
u n s e n , E g yp t s P la e ,

5 2 e . ii , p
3 H e ro d i i 12 9
.
.
, . .
R u b ri c a t t h e e n d of c h c rc o
. . .
S e e th e
8 "
D e R u g e. R e he h es , p 8 2
1 12
i
.
l xi v ( B ns n E gyp t s P la ce vo l v p p
. .

3 Ib d
u e .
p 83
Br c i
.
or
.
, , .
,
2 09 1 u gs h H i s t y of E gyp t, v o l ,
H e ro d i i 12 9 o c rc
.
p 8 8 , l s t ed D e R u g e, R e he h es , 1
35 . .
De R o u g e R ec h rc h s p p 6 6 7
.
. .
86
D e R o u g e R che rch s p l i i a t
e e -
s o
De R o g e p r e fe r t he for mA e s k a f
. .
, , .
97 5
u s s e e
th e e d of t h e v ol u m No 2 8
.
( R ch rc h s Bru g sch the

. .
,
e p p 66 e e n e
f o r m S he p e k a f ( H i tor y of Eg yp t S o me of t h e b loc k i t h e i te r i o r
, , . .
11 n n
s s- s s
o f t he t o m a m o f K a ka
,
vo l i p p 8 5 7 Is t D B irc h i -
r a b of T i h a d t h e n e
l o ws e i t h e r r ea d i ng ( A n c i e n t E gyp t p o n t h e m ro u g h l y p a i n t e d i
.
. . .
,
d by th n re e
ma s o s ( De R o u g e p
.
,
I t occ u r s a l o
,
n s
o n t h e t o mb o f S n o t h e mh e t ( D
.
D e R o u g e p 67
.
33 k e en
L e p i u s D n k mci ler v ol iii p t ii mal v o l iii p t i i p l 75 ) a n d o n a
. . .
'
89 er ,
s e , , .
, .
, , .
a s e fo u n d a t S a c c a ra h ( D e R o u g p
. .
,
pl 4 3
E
,
B irc h
. . .
D R o u g e R ech e rch es p p 6 8 72 S e e De R o u g s t ab l e No 2 4
.
91 117
e -
U n d e r t h for m Ne f e rc h e re s
. . .
,
Ib i d p
.
, ,
92 1 18 e
( S y n oc il C h r o n o g r p h v o l i p 5 7 D )
.
R ec h e rch
.
3
De R o u g 72
D en kmd ler v ol iii p t i i p i s
p es , a
B ru g s c h r e a d t h e wor d e e n b t ,
. . . .
, .
, .
9
s u
s me me a n i ng ( H i tor y of
. .
, , , ,
g i ve s i t t h
.
e a s 43 4 9 -
E g yp t v ol i p 8 7 1 t e d ) De R o u g e R ch e rc h s p 8 5
.
1 90
s e e
U k a f a ccor di g t o B r g s c h ( H i I b i d p p 8 6 U e k hu u b e id e s
. . . . . .
. . .
9* 12 1
s n u s 8 r- s
tor y o f E g yp t v ol i p
,
b e i ng s cri b e of t h e p l a c
k ee pe r
.
. . .

U s u ka f r a e,
ccord i ng t D e R o g ( R e che rch p p
,
f t h e w ri t i n g s h e d r e c ei v r
.
, .
,
H
a o u es , o nd a a e
75 8 0) n d B irc h ( A n c i n t E g yp t p o f p e t i t io l s o c h i f of t he
.
,

-
a e wa s ns, a
65
e
co mma d e r of t h e
.
S e De Ro u g s ta b l e i n th R g r a a ri e
.
95
'

and
3b
e e e n s, n
che rc h s p 75 e cor ps of r e cr u i ts for th e i n fa n t ry s e r
D e R o g e c o mp a r e s v ic ( i b i d p
,
Ib i d p 76
. .
98 u e
t h e s e p i ce s t o t h e Cae r of t h e
. .
D e R o g e R ec h rch s p 75
. . .
r n sa s
"
12 2 u e e
t i m o f D iocl e t i a n a n d C o ta t i T h i s i t h e fi r s t i t a c e of a n
. . . .
e ns n ne s ns n
S e n fe u K h f u S h a t r a M E g y p t i a n k i n g w i t h t wo n a me s o e
.
97 e k r u en a u ra n
n d p e rh p h o we v e r t h a t g i n t o h imw he h wa a c h il d
.
, , .
a Ra t t f wh a s a o, ve n e s
m y h ve b e n a C ae s a r th e O th r m d t h i a cc e s io
.
, ,

a a e e a ssu e a s s n
D Ro l l r s u l te d e n o t re P r i a mo n a rc h s h a d o me t i me i t h e
. .
ge
8 sa
ys :
e u e s n s s. n
i cri p t io n q u e le s t roi s d e r i r o ms
ns n e s n s me w a y
a ori g i n a l a nd a t h ro n e an
t ie n e d yn a s t i d a ns la l i s t e n m (A c e t M o rch i e vo l iii p
,
d l q
e a ua r i e a e n i n na s,
p l a c e c h ro n o
. . .
.

d Af c a i n n t pas ( l 4 85 2d ed
D kmal v ol i v p t p l 1 52 a
rl n, o e
lo g iq u e s r l mo n me t s B ic h e e
.
u es u n r 1
: s, en er , 11
S b c h es e t T a mp h t h is s o t v id e m B u nse n E g yp t s P la ce v ol i i p
. . . .
1 95
er r n
me n t i t r p ol s d a n s c e t e n d ro i t ( p
. .
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Ib i d p 1 02
.
Ib i d l s c
.
D R o g e R ec he rches p 8 9
. .
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e u
Ib i d p 8 0 I b i d p 75
. . .
. .
, .
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M a ri e t t e ( i n hi s M o n u me n ts Di ve r s
. .
p S y n oc ll Ch ro n o g r ap h v o l i
. . .
1 1 A 29
p l 54 e ) g i v s a r p r e s n t a t io n o f a
. . . . .
,
e e e p 58 A
c y l i nd e r n o w i n th e M u mof B u la q
.
kmiile
.
v ol i ii p t i i p ls 55
. .
. .
1 30
u se o D en r r.
wh r e t h e c a r t o c h e of U
. . .
59; D e R o g e R h c h s p p 8 9 92
. . . .
e k a f is u su r u ec e r e -
t wi c e a cco mp a n i e d b y t h i s t i t l e w h i c h
. .
.
,
l) 31
R g p 92 c ou
Ib i d
. .
, .
32
p 93
i s wri tten I b i d p 97
. . .
th u s : 1 33
B rc h y s wi th r e fe r e c t t h i s
. . .
1 34 i sa n e o
p or t r i t : r t have b n

D e R o u g e t ra n s l a te 1e d i
.
it b y s eu H a
ap p e ea s o ee
fa i n t j s t i c e i n h i s R e che rch es p 7
sa u
"
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u d p r o l d ra t h e r e an
a b o ve p 2 6 f ll f ( A ci
. .
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0
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"
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ac e De n en
Le p s i u s D en kmaler v o l i i i p t ii R o g e ( R c h rch Il p a r a i t
. . . .
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u p e e es
t t re
.
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.
, .
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pl 4 1 . a j eu u e t l e so n ro es s n
D R o u g e R ech e rches p l i No B r g c h H i tor y of E g yp t v o l i
. . .
1 04 e 35 u s s
, ,
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. . .
, , ,
p 91 ; D e R o u g e l s c
.
. . . . .
.
, . .
28 8 NO T E S T O H I ST O R Y OF A N C IEN T E GY PT . ( ca m .
1" S e e th e p lat e in M d e R ou g

s co ve r o i
t h e b d es o f m r ri
e e p n c e s a nd
c c re I r a d p ri n c ro d ii
.
Re he r h es , o p p p . 98 , wh e e e ss e s (S e e He , 12 6 )
ti tl e
.
i o l tr v if
. .
the e s s 1 31
Th s w u d b e u e , e en the en
kmd le v o l iii p t ii p l 39c r mi d
.
D 37 eu r, ir
ti r e T h d Py a r
we e t h e w k o f or
Ap S y n c e ll Ch ro n o g r p h l s c for i t l v
. .
.
, , .
39 a M e n k a u ra , i s e s s t h a n o n e s e e n th -
T h e T u ri n p a p y r s g i ve s t h e for iz co d it ti
. . . . . .
1" o f t he s e o f th e S e Bu t
u n is s ll
me r M a ne th o t he l tte r n u mb e r ( D e mor ri k i l t r if r rd
.
a e st ng y u e, we e g a t he
r mi d
,
R o u g R ch rches p 7 e e ori i l cl
g na n u e u s ofth e p y a (see
I b i d p 99
,
a b o v e v ol i C h v i i n o t e
, .
) a s a lo n e t h e
14 0
S e a b o v e p 4 0 ,
. .
wor k of M e n c h re s
. . .
, ,
1 e e s
B irc h An ci e n t E gyp t p 48 Co m v
.
,
ol i p p 104 5
.
14* 162
S ee -
p a t e t h e D e n kmci ler v ol i i i p t ii p l
. . . .
, . .
F r s o n H i s to ry of Ar chi tec tu r e
.

' 1 53
g e us
, ,
v ol i p 106 ,
. . .
, ,
39ti
A n e x c ll n t r e p r es e n t a t i o n of t h is
, .
D e R o u g e R eche r c hes p 100

. .
143 164
I b i d p p 100 1
e e
s t a tu e t a k e n fro m a p h o t og r p h wi l l
. . .
,
1 -
a
T h i s t i t l i s fo u n d a t W a d y M a
. . .
,
b e fo u n d i n t h e wor k o f M d e R o g e s o
,
14 5 e . u
g h a r a h a n d a l s o i n a l eg n d q u o t e d b y O f t n q o t d ( R ch rc h es s u
.
e e u les M o n w
e e e r
D e R o u g e ( R che rch e p 1 00 n o t me t t c p p p
,
e s, e n s e O
n o t a s y e t a t a ll a n or d i a r y i t l e S e t h e woo d c t F i g 6 1 of t h i s
.
.
,
. .
It w as n t
1 65 e u
o f t h e ki g v olme
.
D n kmd ler v ol ii i p t ii p ls 60
n s u
B irc h A n c i e t E g yp t p p 38 4 3;
. .
1 e 1 n
72 a d 76 p p 54 93; L e n or
, ,
D e R o g e R c h rch
, .
, .
, . , .
8 n u e e es .
ma n t M n l d H i t i A c i e n e v ol
.
K for i n s ta n c e
. . .
,
h u t h o te p
14" wa s
- a u e s o re n n
ri t o f t h
p y r mi d of R a nu s i p 337 ; B c h H i s tor y of E g yp t v o l
. . .
, ,
p es e a s e r, ru s
lord o f t h i p 78 1s t e e tc
, . . , .

M n ka h o e nd T t k u r. a a a ra e
mm a nd a t A s w i t h t h e ZE g i n e t a n ma r b l e s i n
,
d o u b l e t r e as u ry co
.
. . .
1 67
f t he n o
r a n a ri s
k r of t h r
cor d
,
t h e Gl y p t o th e k a t M ic h S o m fro m u n
g
e e p e e e e s. e
of M e mp h i B ri t i h M u m a re
,
g o v r or
.

a nd e ( De n s B ran c h i d ee i n t h e s se u
R o g e R ch e rch es p p 1 01 more o wi t h t he Egyp t i n
B r u g s c h H i to y of E g yp t v ol i
u e p n a ar a
M a n u el d u i to i e A c i e n e v o l
.
.
. .
8
s 1 63
s r n n
r
i p p 34 0 1
, , .
, .
p 92 1 t e d

s -

B ru g s ch c a ll s h i m t h e so n o f i B irc h h ol d s t h a t th e re w s a c a n o n
.
.
, .
,
14 9 9 6
D r a
Unas of p ro p or t io n a l a y b u t t h t i t v a ri e d
.

b t D R u g had u e o s s a
p oi n t e d o u t t h e i mp o s i b il i ty o f t h i a t d i ff r n t p e rio d ( W il k i s o n s A n

s s e e s n
( R ch rch es p e e i c h w ro t e s n e e c i e t E gyp ti n v o l 1i i p 2 70 n o t e d i
n a s,
U
e
b oo k w h il e U t il l a l i v e a n d t io n O f L n o m t i s of o p i io n
, ,
. . .
. ,
s w na as s e r an n
t h t a t r t t h e a r t i s t s we r e fr e ( M a n u e l
,
wh n h i s o wn g wa s 1 10
e a e a s e
S e e b lo w p 5 0 v ol i p
.
,
1 60
e
T h i i s a i mp or t a n t p o i n t Th e a b ove p p 2 1 2
. . . . .
151 s n 170
S ee -
r s t ma r k e d d i v i ion i t h e l i t o f k i g s O f Nu t a n d S b o n t h e co ni n l id o f
. . .
171
s n s n e -
wh ic h p p e a r s i n t h a T ri n p p y r s e u a u M e n k a u a o f K h m i t h e n m K he m
r e n a e
t e n ( D R o g e R ch rch s p 5 0) a n d i n
,
wa s a f t r U n a s w h n t h e r e w a e n e e s a nu e u e e e
me a t io n of t h e k i ng s fro m t h e t i me t h e t i t l e t a k n b y S h f a ( s p ra p
. , .
r e a r u
of M n s a n d of t h e s m t o t l o f t he of K ph i n K h f p r x o f Ne i th
.
'
e e u a ne u u s e
y a r of t h e ir r e i g n s a n d M a i n t h e me n t io n o f t h e i r p ro p h e t
. ,
e s (S ee D e R ou g e
R c he rch e p
.
,
e s e s se s (De R o u g , pp 8 6 88 91 97
m
. . . . ,
A p S y n oc ll Ch ro n o g r ap h v o l i
. .
o f S a f in th e n a e S a f h o t e p ( i h p 4 3)
p 5:A
15 -
ll t io mr
. . . . .
,
a nd in th e a p p S af e i be
t s
e a n -
C o mp a re De R o u g R e lo v li d t o c r t i k
. . .
[ b id
1
e d o f Saf

app e a e a n A au
ch rch e p 75 k of
.
,
e s h o r ( ib p a n d o f H e a in o n e t he
ob e r v e s v e ry p e r t i m lo m t of ic
. . . .
154
De R g ou s e p y en s Pa h e n u k a wh h i n
n e n t ly : S i le M u t a b t e l Fa a u n s a - -
r o m
c lu d e s h e r n a e ( ib p
a v i t d a v oi r p ri m i t i ve me t l for me o
.
a n a
1 7 2 De R u
ge p p 7 8 0 e tc '
d e p y r a mi d t f v ori t f
.
t r o nqu e
. .
v oi t p s
,
n e on e a
1 7 3 P ah a se s the a -
e O M en
p o r q oi c e tt e for m r ri o
. .
k a u a a n d As e s k a f w a s p e s t b th o f

u u a p p a a i t ra i t p as e n r
co mm d t e rmi n a t i f d e la p y r mi de o ri
,
e a Ph t h a h ( Pt a h ) a n d o f S k a ( ib p
( R h rc h ot e f
. .
N f e a er -
su p 103

ec e es . n
174
R a t a t f S h a r a M e n k a u ra S a h u -
B u t t h d e t e r mi n a t i v i s t h e or d i n a ry
.
, . .
,
e e r a Ne f e r a rk a r n R a n u s e r a n d Ta t k a ra
r
. .
, .
p a p p 33 a n d 4 2
175 Su
com p l e t e p y r a mi d o c c
. . .
g e R e he r he s p 4 7
1 7 6 De R u
bi C o m r i rc
. . . .
,
1 7" I d p 65 pa e B h , Aw
Ib i d p 103 ci e n t E g yp t , p p 4 1
. . .
1 55 2
Vy s e P y r a mi d s of G i zeh vo l iii r
. . . . .
15
S u p a p 35
,
c c
, .
, .
,
1 7 9 D e R ou
g R e h er hes , p p 4 4 58 6 1,
f ml t c
.
S e a b o v e v ol i p 97 r
. .
157 e e tc P e h a p s t h e e a e s a t a h ed t o
I b i d p p 95 99 e t c or i of i o l c ll
, .
. . . .
158
the w sh p Ap s sh u d b e a ed
V y e P y r mi d s of Gi zeh v o l i p o r t r ri
. . . , .
39
h h
25
59
s , a , .
, . p pr h e t e s s e s a e t a n p e s t
P
I
W e mu st n o t ma k e t h e mi s ta k e o f
1 00
e ss e s

T h e ir il
t t e i s n ete r hon
co n v e r t i ng t h i s p ro p o s i t i o n d a u m
,
an ss
e v e ry p y r mi d i t h e t o m b of
.
i ng t h at a s
a k i ng ( B r u g s ch H i t or y of E g yp t v ol

,
s
M any i t i s p ro b a b l e
. .
1 p 72 l s t
, .
, , ,
2 90 NOT ES TO H IS T O RY OF A N CI EN T EG Y P T . [013 . xv .
e xt e n d e d i o ii
t o S y n : b u t t h s p r b ab l ty c c
( R e h er hes p 12 2) an d B i chr ( A n i en t c
f co i o of oof
. .
a lls n s d e ra b ly s h r t a pr It E gyp t p
q i o ib im o
.
R co
. .
i s u t e p s s le t h a t t h e y p rt e d t h e
H
28
e r ds o f th e P a s t, vo l 11, p 4,
i f om o mi i o of o li
. .
g ra n t e r the d n ns th e r 14
ne
fi ki c wo o
.
r e n d ly ng s S o B ru g s h re a d s th e
2 9 rd ( H i s t ry
co c i ow v v i
.
8 It i s n e va b le h e e r t h at e en of E g yp t v o l p 10 0 l st t h e rs O
i im m v i iv m m co
. , .
, . .

at th s t e t h e re a y h a e b ee n n d e g e t he n a e as
6
Na ( R e rd s of
6
p e nde nt ki ng s i h t he w e s t e r n p art of th e P a s t v o lii p 4 1, li n e

om
.
i c o co ii
, .
,
t h e De lt a a t S a i s , f o r n s t a n e , o r X i s ,

pa re D e
30 R e rds vol , p 5 C
v m c c
.
o
, . . .
o r e en a t S e b e n n y tu s ( S e n o o d) R u g e R e h er h e s p 12 4
o i ic i o of f i o c c
.
, . . .
9The n ly n d at ns wa r u r n s h e d 31 D
e R u g e R e h e r h es p 1 2 5
mi io co ii
. . . .
b y t h e p y ra d p e r d a r e t h e t a b le t s 9? R
e r d s of t h e P a s t v o l , p 6
of f o c c
. . . .
S e n e fe ru K hu u , S a h u ra a n d R a n u 33 D e R u
g e R e h er h es p 12 7
m o I i
, , .
, . .
s e r a t W a d y M a g h a ra h , a n d t h e e pl y
34 b d p 1 26
m of c i mi i i o c o i
. . .
l t a ry h e r g ly p h s g s h H i s t r y of E gyp t, y o ] , p
en t e rt a n 35 B r u
o c c
.
, . .
( D e R u g e, R e her h es , p p 91 104 101 l s t e d

fo mo c fo m m
. , , . .
na r hs a n t , M a n u e l d H i s to i re A n
10 36 L enor
Th e s e ur r a c on
o
n e c te d g r u p i n t h e mo m nu e nts ( De ci e n n e v o l , p 34 4 i
o of m
. . . .

R u g e p p 14 8 a n d i n t h e t a b le 3" L e n o r a n t , M a n u e l d H i s t o i r e An
i c i i o of c
, .
S a c c a ra h Th e ns r p t n U na i en n e , v o l i p 34 4
co i of fo c c o
. . . . .
l s e ly u n t e s t h re e 38 R e h e r h e s
t he u r, Te ta , p 1 2 7, n t e
i co co vi
, . .
Pe p a n d M e re n r a ( R e r d s of th e P a s t, 39 R e r d s of th e P a s t , v o l p 19
ii co ii
. . . . .
vo l p p 3 and
40 Re r d s of the P a s t , v o l p 3
c ki o o c c o
. . . .
, . .
1 1 Ea h n g i s s o a b s rb e d i n th e 4 1 De R u
g e R e h e r h e s , p 1 16 , n te
I i
.
o i of iv i c
. .
l r es h is d n e a n e s t ry a s t o n e g 42 b d p 1 15
f c m o i ov
. .
e c t a ll re e re n e t o h i s h u a n p r ge n ' 4 3 S ee ab e p 56
o ki m L i m
, . .
44
t rs Th e ngs g e n e ra lly see e ps u s, D en k a ler , p t i 1 , p l 115
a s h a me d of ck o w i
. . .
a n le d g n g t h a t t h e y a e, f i
f Ib id p l
, , .
h a d a n y e a r t hly a t h e r 4 5
i m iv ii g ch o i
. . .
19 L e s u s
p ,
D e n k d le r , vo l , pt , . .
4 B ru s , H i st ry o f E g yp t ,
vo l .
,
pl l i5 f p 98 1 t d s e
o c c P pi t k i
. . . . .
1 3 De R u
g e R e h e r h es , p 14 9 4" it a g a n a t W a dy M a
e a es
m m ii
. . .
A s L e n o r a n t ( M a n u e l d H i s to i r e
'
g h a r a h ( De n k aler , p t
14
p l 1 1 6 a ), a n d

c i m o
.
, .
An i e n n e v 0 1 p i t i s a ss u e d a ls b y R a n u se r ( 1b p l
c o i om
.
, . . . .
g s h , H i s t r y o f E gyp t v o l , a re P t a h h o t e p s a c k n o wl
1 5 B ru 15 2 a

) C p
-
o i k m I v of
.
. .
p 97 1 s t e d De R u ge th n s edg en t : h a e p a s se d 1 10 y e a rs
m i o i io i f ki i f of
. . .
93
A ti a y h a v e h e ld e t h e r p s t n l e b y th e g t th e ng ( s u p ra p
m ii c o mi c
. , .
1 " D en k d ler v 0 1 i v, p t p l 11 5 h
3 R e h e r h es
p 1 16 He ts to
m c o c c i o im o cc
. . .
, . . , .
.
T h e n a e h a s t h e a rt u h e e rt a n ly ; n t e th a t i t u r s a s e a rly a s t h e t e
c
b u t i t i s n o t p re e d e d o r fo o w
ll ed b y of Khu uf m ii
( S e e t h e D e n k d le r , p ar t ,
o i
.
a n y r y a l t t le pl 2 b )
i c i io co c c
. . .

1"
U n a s n s r p t n ( R e r d s of the 4 9
R e h e r h e s p 1 17
ii ci oof of c o i i o of i i v i i o
. . .
i
50
l a s t, v o l p 3) i s s u f e n t p r O n t h e re g n t n t h s d s n,
ov i o
. . .
t l is se e a b e vol 1 1 3 n t e 05
p
Ta t se t u cc o i co ,
. . . . .
18 Or a rd n g to - 51
R e r d s of the P a s t , v o l 1 1 p p 3, 4
ii
.
c o i io co
.
,
.
,
B ru g s h ( l s c I t s p s t n i s a t p re s 52 R e r d s of t he P a s t , v 0 1 p 6,
k ow i
.
, .
. .
e nt u n n l ne 6

n
o c c
.
o
.
1 9 De R u 53
g e R e c her h es p p 1 10 1 1 D e R u g e R e h er c hes p 1 2 9
co c ii
. . . . , , . .
2 Re r d s of th e P a s t , l s c 5 4 R e o r ds o
f th e P as t v o l p 4
m
.
L i ii c c
. . . . .
, .
21 e
p s u s D e n k d le r , v o l i v , p t
55
S e e M d e R o u g s R e h er h es p p
i c i io
,
v
.
w
, . . .
,
p l 1 15 a 1 30 1 -
h e re t h e n s r p t n i s g i e n a t
i
.
o o
.
,
2 2
Ap S y n c e ll Ch r n g r a p h v o l p le n g t h
i of i c
. . . . . .
6
58 B T h s h a s g e n e ra lly b e e n u n d e r 56
O r h ead t h e e n t re s a e rd o t a l
oo o v i w cc o i
, .
st d t b e M a ne th s
o

e , a rd n g o rd e r

o i
a s D e R u g e e xp la n s ( i d p
f ic i ow v co ii
. .
to A r anu s E u seb u s h e e r,
57
R e rd s of th e P a s t , vo l , p 7
mk o i I i
. . .
, .
a e s M a ne t h s a y t h a t Pe p ( Phi o p s ) 55 b d
c of ix c i o i wi
.
a s e n d e d t h e t h ro n e a t t h e a g e s ix ,
5"
S ty u b t s l n g b y t h rt y de ,
i
a n d l ve d t o b e a h u n d re d ( i h 5 8 D ) a cc o i c o
rd n g t o B ru g s h ( H i s t r y of Egyp t ,
co ii i
. . .
23 R
e r d s of th e P o s t v o l pp 6 8 vo l p 1 05 l s t
L i m iv ii co
, . . . . .
. . .
94 e p s u s , D en k d le r , vo l r d s of t h e P a s t, v o l 1i p 8
30 R e
pt
i im i
. .
i c of o i i o
. .
, , . .
p l 1 16 a D r B r h is p n n t h at th s p l es
ic c om c o i b i c
. . .
35 B r h A n i n
e t Egyp t, p 52 ; D en k s e n s d e ra le d ff e re n e i n t h e c o n
m ii Ni w o i
.
,

ct le r l s c d t o n o f the le a t e rs a b u t t h e s t e
c o i of of Fi c ci
. . . .
9" Th e t a b le t n s s ts t wo p a r ts th e rs t C a t a r a t i n a n e n t an d
f com m i m im c
.
I n t h e le t h a n d p a rt e n t l e p i s o d e rn t es ( A n i e n t E gy p t p

-
k of D e n kmd le r p t ii m
. .
re p re s e n t e d a s i ng U p p e r E g yp t , 51
p l 1 16 b Co
i of i c c
. . . . .
s la y n g o n e t he M e n tu ; i n t h e r g h t p a re D e R o u g e R e h e r h es p 1 35
ki of o w ic c
. . .
h a n d o n e h e a p p e a rs a s ng L er 59 B
r h A n i e n t E g yp t p 5 3
m o c c
.
i
. .
E g vp t , b e a r n g t h e a g e llu g e R e h e r h e s p 1 08
6 3 S e e De R u
a n d ru n
mg Den k md le r p t ii i
. . . .
.
p l 1 16 a ( r g h t
54
n
m m
.
,
g c h H i to y f E g yp t
.
. .
g
2"S B o ru l s s r o vo h a n d c o p a rt e n t
Com
. .
, .
i p 99 l t
, . d , p D R s g e . a re e ou ,
65
D e R o u g , R ec t er ches , p 129 . .
CH . XV I .
] D Y N AS T I E S BE T W E EN SI X H T A ND T W EL FT H . 2 91
0 D e n k ci ler p t m p l 1 16 a ( r g h t

ii i 3"D e n k d le r I s o m
com m fm
. . .
io of
.
, ,
ha nd p a rt e n t ) T h e e a le g u re 8 8 A s in
a s ta t u e t h e p e r d , n ow i n
i o m i k t h e B ri t s h M u s e u m
i No
.
w th a l t u s u st I t h n , r e p re s e n t 55
f co o v iii
. . . .
An k h n e s M e ri ra h e rs e l 8 9
Re r d s f th e P a s t , vo l 151
, p
-
m w i of i of L
. . . .
7
T h e M a n e t h o n i a n s t a te e n t , t h a t 9 Th
e r te r t he P ra s e e a rn
B i n o t h ri sof t he s e co m
n d dy n a s ty a de a i ng

m io en t i c ib
ns be s de s s r m es or en
o i f m cc of of
.
la w a ll w n g e a le s t o s u ee d t o the le t t e r s t h e e i n p lo y i n e n t s the
o c o of m c s mt h , t he
.
t h r n e , a nn t b e re g a rd e d a s u h b la ck i c a rp e n t e r o t he s t ne
w i mo ci c ic c o m
.
e g ht re e s p e a lly a s n o p ra t al u t t e r, t h e b a r b e r, the b a t a n, the

i v f ow ic o i
.
re s u l t i s s a d t o h a e o ll ed ag r u lt u ra l la b re r t h e b u ld e r t h e
i o o i f m w v
.
, .
3 A
p S yn o c l C hr n g rap h vo l , p g a rd e n e r t h e a r e r t h e e a e r, t h e
mo co i
. . . . . .
,
58 B ar re r t h e u r e r th e d y e r t h e s a n
mk ow
, , ,
o ii
.
9 He r d 100 dal a e r t h e wa s h e r n na n
-
the t le r ,
o of i ki o m
.
o
, , ,
.
7 0 S e e t h e n te W l n s n on the a nd t he s he r an R e p re s e n t a t i n s
ov o o cc o mb of
.
e p as s ag e i n t h e au t h r s H e rod o

ab u r i n th e t s g o ld s n i i t h s g la s s
ii i om ow o io o
.
t u s vo l p 14 2 2 d e d t C p a re D e bl e rs , p t t e rs t a l r s U p h ls t e re rs ,
o c c o i c o m ici
, . . . . . . .
R u g e R e h e r h e s , p 1 08 b a t b u ld e rs , s u lp t rs us a n s , p ro
m c ick m k om
, . .
,
7 eno r a n t , M a n u e l d H i s to i re A n

L f e s s i o n a l d a n e rs b r a e rs , d es
i c o v m o
.
c i e n n e , vo l p 34 5 ; B ru g s h H i s t r y t ic se r a nts e tc E b a h n e rs a ls
i k o c
,
w
,
ic
. . . .
of E g yp t v o l , p p
1 0 7 9, 1 s t e d ; B r h , e re w e n w a s e p a ra t e la s s
c ic I o c io
. . .
. . , ,

A n i e n t E g yp t p 5 4 91
S ee D r B r h s ntr du t n
o o co v iii
. . . .
72 A
p S y n c e l l Ch r n g r a p h ( R e rd s of the P a s t v o l , p
o ii ii
. .
co
. . .
7 3 He r d rd s of th e P a s t v o l
92
1 34 Re pp
m
.
ov i c o of i c i io
.
, . . . .
74
See ab e vo l p 96 ; a n d c o
93
Fo r a py t he n s r p t n , a nd
c k c of i f
.
o
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p a re B r u g s h , H i s t r y of E g yp t , v o l , a s et h t he a lt a r t s e l , se e t h e
c o oc c
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c oo iii
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ov i
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.
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1 70
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e e a rt h ly a n d th e n e rn a l
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t h e s e a re a t t h s p n t i n a d e p l ra b le o o
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m
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f e re d t h re s p e t t o t h e x
t o th e e t e n t p
of 35 5 y e a rs ! S b k f
1 0 i t c i w o h i pp d
a a or ns a n e, s rs e
79
m
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a rt in ci i H o
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.
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s ixi me e d y n a s t ic

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n u d e s p l u s re a r u a b le s h a n t ll n s
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C H APTE R XVI
d u p re mi e r tage

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c
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ic m o g om i
.
r v i r me l, le s
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p a rt u la rly t h e D e n k ci ler , p t e lle de S a n l n s

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.
p ls 1 05 a n d 1 1 1 b

a n c ie r es a o to ins s n u bl es L es
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p p e s u s s d a n s le s a n e n n e s
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a titr d o
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f o m omb of i i m of k i
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g ee n n a e s n g s a re g en
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p y ra d p e r d we n d o n e d o g n ly 1, p 1 1 0 I s t e d a s b el ng ng he s e
w ic i d t k f rom
,
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h h s t a n d s h g h o n i t s le g s a n d h a s yn a s e s T ey a re a en t he
i c i b o b do ti
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a s t th y u r le d t a l ( su ra.
p p l. 1.
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m
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I The general chara ter of the na es
.
2 92 NOT ES TO H I S T OR Y O F A N C IE NT E G Y PT . [03 . xv:
a ccor d s w ith t h o se of t h e f ourt h f th c i e n n e vo l i p 34 8) r e c k o n s to t h i s

a n d i x th d y n s t T h mo s t f r e q u e n t d y a s t y s i x k i n g s o n ly B rc h ( A n c i t
. .
. .
, .
s s a ie e n i en
i s th a t o f Ne f r k a a E g yp t p 5 8 ) m k t h e n mb r e i g ht
. .

e r a es u e
A ccor d i g t o A fric a n u s M a n e th o a s B r u g c h v o d s a d n i t s t t e
. . . .
6 n .
D r s a i e e a
s ig e d t o t h th d y na s ty 70 d ay s m n t b t d t i c t ly me n t io n o n ly ve
.
se v
.
n e en e u is n s
to t h e e i g hth 14 6 y a r s to t h n i n th 4 09 ( i s to y of E gyp t vo l i p p 1 101 8 l s t
. .
as
e e r
r to t th r t o t l 74 0
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y e a t hs.e e n 1 8 5 y e a s a e
A ccor d i g t o
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e a s n B rug s c h Hi s tory of E gyp t v ol i
94
Eu b i u h i s n u mb e r s W r : f
. . . . .
se s, th e e e or p p 1 15 1 1 7 l s t e d h a n k h ka a i n t - -
r s o
s e v e n t h d y n a s t y 75 d a y ; for t h e e i g h t h a c k o wl d g e d b y e it h r D B ir h o r M
.
, .
s n e e r t
a n d n i t h 1 00 y a r t e th ma n t ; b u t M C h a b a s s e e ms t o
. .
,
n ch ; f r t h e s ea o e n L e nor
1 8 5 y a r s t o t a l 38 5 y e a r s 75 d y s
,
h a v e e t b li h e d p o s i t i v ly b o th h i s
.
,
e By a s a s e
a n a rb i t r a r y C o r r e c t io n a n d co mb i a t io
.
.
x i s t e n c e a n d h i s p la c e i n t he e l v e n t h
,
n n e e
of th e t wo a ccou t M L e m n t
es n s nor a dy s ty
na
p ro d u c e f o r t h p rio d a t o t a l o f 4 36 L ma n L ttr es d S lv li i p p
, . .
s e e 25 ee s e a o n
.
ye a r s ( M n ld H t i cA c n 2 8 e t e qq B n e n E gyp t s P l c v l
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vo l

a u e is o r n ie n e, s u s a e, o
w h ic h D B i rch a d o p ts ii p 2 3
.
i p
.
,
( A ci e n t E g yp t p B n s en f o l Th e d i a d e m wa s o f g o ld a n d i ts
. .
, . .
n u 2 6
E ra t o s t h n e s bend i g roya l c h a r a ct e r w s ma k e d b y t h e
,
lo w i n g
.
, ,
and e n a r
M a n th o s n u mb e r i to ccor d a n c It i s n o w i n t h e L e y d e n M s e m
.
u r ae s

e s n a e u u u
r c k o n t he a c t u l le g t h of t l e i n t e va l
,
B irch A n c i n t E gyp t p 58 Th e
. .
e s a n i r 27 e
a t 1 6 6 y a r s ( E g yp t s P la c e v o l ii p p co hi n i s i t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m
, , . .

e n
S e t h e i n s cri p t io n u p o n h i s t o mb
, .
, . .
2 17 28 e
u e l d H i s to i r e A n c i en n e v o l i wh ic h i s g i v n b y M M a r i e tt e i n h i s
,
M 7
an e
p 34 6 M o u m n ts D i ve r s p l 4 9
, .
, .
n e
S e e t h e M o n u m n ts D i e
. . .
,
A ci n t Eg yp t
.
p l 49
8 n e 29
, e r rs ,
M a n u l v o l i p 34 7
.
A co p y o f t h i p la t e a p p e r d i
.
9
e . the s a e n
I b id
. .
, ,
10
Tr s an t i on s of the S oc i t y of B bli ca l
ac e i
M a e t h o s n u mb e r s a s r e p ort e d b y A hce lo g y vo l i v o p p p 1 72 a c c o m
.

11 n rc o
Afr i c a n u s a e v e r i s t r c t i v e c omme n
, , . . . . .
, r
pan i d b y e a y n u
Y a rs e t a r y t h wo k o f D B r c h e r r i
o r th e fo u r th d yn a s t y 2 74 A n ci en t M o rch i s v o l
.
.
3 1 p p 74 na e . 1 , .
,
f th
,
248 90 a n d 2 1 1 2 d e d
A n ci en t E
g p t p 58
. , .
s i x th
3 y
2 03
B ru g c h h i to r y f E gyp t vol i
. .
32 s s o .
.
p 1 1 1 1 t c d ; B i rc h l s c
.
,
T ot a l 72 5 s
B irc h A c i t E gyp t p 59
. .
. . .
, .
33 n en
i t e ms o f th e r e ig s i n t h e
,
B r g s c h Hi s tor y of E gyp t v ol i
.
, .
B t th
u e n 34 u
f t h d y n a s t y p r o d u ce t h e n mb e r 2 1 8
,
.
.
p 1 13 1 t e d
,
u s
i n s t a d of 2 4 8 T h s b s t i t u t io n f t h i s B r u g c h Hi s tor y of E gyp t v o l i
.
. .
e e u o 35 s
n mb e r w o ld b ri g t h mt o t a l W i th
, ,
.
,
u u n e su p 1 13 l s t e d
i n t h e p e rio d o f e v e n c e n t u ri e s S e e t h e R e cor d s of the P a s t v o l x
. .
s 36
S ee a bove v l i p 8
.
,
.
,
1 o
p
B ru g s c h Hi s to r y of E gyp t v ol i
. . . . .
13
Ib i d p 4
37
pp 1 1 2 15 l s t e d
. .
, ,
S e L e p s i u s K o n i gs b c h T a f x
. . .
1 38 e a
W i lk i s o n Top o g r ap hy of Thebes
.
.
, , , .
,
14 n , , N 1 56 o
B i r c h A ci t Egyp t p p 5960
.
39
pp n en
Ib i d pp 4 15 16 ; B ru s ch Hi s to ry O e o f t h co mmi io e r s y
. . . .
.
15 - g
n H is e ss n s a s :
of E g y p t v o l i p 1 12 l s t e d h oli n e s s o rd r e d m t o g o t o t h i b
,
. .
e e s ea u
W i l k i n o n p 4 20
,
.
, .
, .
16 s t ifu l mo t i w i th t h e o ld i r a n d u n a n, s e s
B irc h g i v t h e h i e ro glyp h i c f or m p r i n ci p a l p e r s o n s o f t h e
. . .
17 es h o le co n u
'"
l l0
t ry
D i t i o n a r y of Hi e ro
( B r g sc h Hi s tor y of E gyp t o l i
.
as c 4 0 v
u , , . .
g ly p hi cs i n Hn en E g yp t v l v p ns

s o p 1 10 l s t d e
R e co r d s of the P a t v l x p p 11
. . .
T he p h o t ic p r t of t h i s g rou p
. . . .
,
4 1 s o
ne a . . .
Len o r
,
w o u ld b p r o p e rly r e n d e r d b y A p t or 1 9: B irc h A n ci t E g yp t p
en
e e
ma n t M n el d H i s to i e A c n
, . .
vol

u r n ie n e,
Ap e t . a .
S o W i lk i n o n in t h e a u th or s H ro d
.
18 s

e 1 p 378 ; e t c
H i s tor y of E gyp t v o l 1 p 1 14 l s t
.
,
.
ot s v l i i p 3 n o t
u o e 5 4 2
, .
, ,
H r o d i i 1 6 6 : Pl in H N v 9; P t o l
. .
. . .
19 e
Ibi d
.
G og r ph i v 5 : etc
. .
,
.
.
4 3
e a
f ro m M a r i e t t e R co r d s of th e P s t v o l 3 p 14 ;
.
.
.
,
44 a
S e the pa ag
90 e ss e e , .
, .
q u o t d c h xv i n o t
e e 3
,
B ir c h A n c i t E gyp t l c en s
B r g c h Hi tor y of E gy p t v l i
.
,
. .
t h e t i me of A m i s i t w
.
aid
.
.
,
45 s o
I
2 1
n as as s u s .
pp 1 151 6 1 t d A t r a n s ri p t of t h e
.
. .
t h a t t h n mb r o f i n h a b i t e d ci t i i n
.
e es s e c
o r i g i n al w i ll b e fo u nd i n t h e D n kmti le
e u , .
E g yp t w ( H r o d i i 1 77 Thi

as e s, e r1
do bt i rh t o r ic l e xa g g r a t i o p t ii p l 1 50
.
,
n o u s a e a e n a
W i lk i o n To p o g r ap hy of Th b s
.
b t f r o m fty to i x ty w e ll k n o w n ci t i e s
. . .
.
4 6 ns e e
m
u s - ,
mi g ht b B o i c
.
m r te d e nu e a p e lz n R a h s ap o pp ese r e .
.
All t h e e p i t o me s a g r e e i n t h i s s t a t e
,
p 4 95
.
me n t O n t h e e a r l y co mme r c e o f B h ai n
,
47 a r ,
ma nt ( M s ee S i r H R a wli n s o n s No t e s o n Ca p
.

d H i s to i r e An
~
a n u el

*3 L e n or .
2 94 N OT ES TO H S T O R -
I Y OF A NC E N T E G I Y PT . [CH . ml .
cor d s of the P a s t v o l ii p 14
Re 4 1 b o v e v l i p p 154 6 a n d
S ee
15
1 a o
co mp a re W i lk i o Top o g r p hy
.
, , , . . .
.
,
f ns n, a o
R cor d s of the P s t vo l i i p 1 4
12 e a Th b s p p 1 77
e e
B r g c h H i s to r y of Egyp t o l i p
, .
,
.
, , .
10 u s v
Ib i d o l vi p 135 11 2 34 133: o l ii p 1 8 1 ; l t e d
, , .
, .
13 v v s
B r g s c h Hi s to r y of E g yp t v l i Ib i d o l i p 14 0
. . .
,
.
,
. . . . .
4 o 4 3 v
u
p 12 5 l st c d ; a n d co mp a r t h ma p Ib i d p p 1 4 1 2
, .
, .
. . .
, ,
e 4 4
e
w h ic h a cco mp n i s h i s e c o n d v o lu me W i l k i s o n i t h e a t h or s He ro d
. . . .
, .

4 5 n n u
a e s
I b i d p 12 4 ; a n d co mp a r e t h e ot o l ii p 34 8 3d
.
15 u s, v d e
B r g c h Hi s to i r d E gyp t p 91 ;
, ,
F r e n c h d i t i o n (p wh i c h i s f u ll e r
. . . . .
4 6 u

e s e e
L no m t
.
, . .
Ib i d
.
M l d H s to n e A n

16 e r an an u e t
'
ci n e o l i p 353
,
B i rc h An ci en t Egyp t p 6 1
.
17 en v
Bru g c h L e n o ma t p 350
.
, ,
B r u g c h Hi s tor y of E gyp t vo l i
. . . .
. ,
8 47 n
s s r
B i rc h A c i t E g yp t p 6 1 ;
, , . .
p 12 4 1 t ed
, , .
,
4 5 n
s en
B r g c h Hi s t o ry of Egyp t o l i p 1 33
,
B i rc h l s c
. . . , .
19 u s v
T h e W a d y H lf m mori a l i s
.
B r g ch l s c
. . .
. . . .
,
2 u s l st d e a a e
v o l ii pp 14 t h e M s e m of F lor e n c e
.
o d s of the P a s t
.
, . .
R91 n w io n u u
1 5 I:
c r
S p r p p 5 6 8
.
, .
, .
4 9 u a,
B r g c h Hi s tor y of E gyp t v o l i
.
R ecor d s f th e P a s t v o l
. .
50
p 14
9 u s o . 1 1, .
,
p 1 24 l s t e d
.
, , , ,
12
R c o r d s of th e P a t vo l ii p 14 n Th e s i n for
I
g o ld i n E gyp t i a n
, .
.
33 6 9,
e s , .
, .
, g
g 12 is w o IY I w h ic h i s r e a d a s r
S ee a b o ve o l i p 34
.
,
24
N bi a i s writt e n
v
Ib i d p 2 55 b o nu b
. .
, . .
ne r u
H
25
H ro d i i 70
. . .
J

6
Nu b i
3
e
R c o r d s of th e P a s t v o l ii p 1 3
S
.
, .
e IY I .
, .
, .
,
T h i s f a ct i s g la c e d a t w i th o t b e
28 n u 52
B r c h H tor of E gyp t vol i
u gs is y , .
,
i g d i t i n c t ly s t t e d i n t h e
,
pp 136 8 l t e d
,
I st u c
"
n s a n r -
s
t io ns I t i s e n v ry c lea r ly i n S c h i s t h e la t e t a d n g o f th e
. .
.

4 8 s e e 53
u s re l
S t o ry of S a n h w h e r th e o y l n a me ( B ru g sch p F or me r ly th y
, , .

t he e a, e r a s e
d i g n i t y o f b o t h fa th r a n d s o n d t h e ir w e r e r e d s S mi t H a C h aa t a n d
. .
e an a a e es a
joi n t p r t ici p a t io n i g o v r n me n t a l c t s
. .
A r qi ( e e t h e F r n c h v r s io n p
.
a n e a n s e e . .
a e r a p p a re t ( R cor ds of th P t n e e as B irc h A n c i
54 t E gyp t p 62 en
v o l v i p p 137 B r u g sc h Hi s tor y of E gyp t v ol 1 p
. . .
, ,
55
, .
, .
S o B r u g s c h Hi s to r y of Egyp t v o l
. . .
,
99
136 l s t e d
i p 1 2 7 l s t e d D B irc h ma k e s th e
, . .
B i rc h l s c
. .
r 55
joi n t r e i g n e o f t h e s e v e n y e a r s o n ly t h o t ep r e mp li s a i t a la fo i s
.
. . , . . . . .
on 5"
M en u - s
( A n c i t Eg yp t p en le s f o n c t i o n s d mi i t r e d e l ju s t ic e n s a e.
I s t r c t i on s h a v e b n
,
t r v a u x p b lic s d u
.
3
T he d l i nt i e d

n u ee e r u r es a u ,
tr a n s la t e d a n d p b li sh e d i n t h e R ecor d s c u l te e t p e t et r e s i c lle s d e
.
u u -
au s e
P a s t v o l i i p p 1 1 mi n i s t r d a ffa i r e s et r g ere t d e la
,
of th e 16 e es an s e

t e x t o f 15 of t h e I s t r u o r H
.
, ,
r B r c to
. .
d E t

31
Th e n g eu ( g s eh i i g y p e u s re
tio n s i s b o t h m t i l t e d a d corru p t ;
, ,

u a n
p
s o th a t i t s m a i g i ob c re ; b t to e n n s s u u B r g s c h Hi to y of E at/p t v l i
58
u s r o
me i t s m t o h v e h d t h e i n t en t io n p 14 1 l t e d C o mp r e E th e r i ii 2
,
. .
,
ee s a a s a s
e xp re se d bove
, .
B r g s c h sa y s th re e ( His to r y of
.
, .
59
s a u
Th e n a m Kh e p k a i s as s i g n e d i p 12 0 l t B irc h
.
Eg yp t
39 e, r- a -r ol v s
to h m b y t h a t h or of t h S t ory f fo r y r s
( A c i t E g yp t p
, . .
, .
,

i e u e o n en u ea
wh i l A me m h a t i s t i ll B irc h p a k s o f t h fo r ty fo r th
.
.
.

Sa h ne a e n e - -
s 60 s e e -
u
1i v i n g ( R e cor d s of th P s t v o l v i p y e a r of A m n m h a t II (i b p
.

e a e -
e -
th o g a v h i m t h i r t y e i g ht
.
, . . .
,
.
142 b t Mu a ne e -
D e R o u g R c h e r che s p 78
33 e y a r s o ly ;
e n d B ru g c h ( l n c ) o b t a i ns a s s
M o n u men t s D i ve r s p l m n mb e r f r o m t h e mo m t s
,
M a ri e tt
. .
, . .
34 e, th e sa e u nu en .
o m
.
,
50 M d H i to i e

L61 t en l r an anu e s r
Th e h i g h t o f t h o b e li s k o f An t f A n ci e l i p 35 0; B r g c h H i s
,
35 u s
e e e n n e , vo
i s n o mor e th a n 3% met r es or le s th a n
,
to r y of E g yp t v l i p 144 1 t e d
. , . . .
s o s .
e l v e n fe e t B i r c h A n c i e t E gyp t p 6 5
. .
, . . .
e n
D cr ip t i o A n tiq u i T h i k i g n t o th r wi se k n o w n S
. . . .
l E g yp t

36 d es n e 63 o e I
s n .
vol i p 2 29 t h o g ht t o h a v b lo g d t o t h e di s
, .

t s u e e n e
g o o d r e p r s e n t t io n of th i s b d t i me b t wee t h e e le v e t h a n d
. . . . .
37
F or a e a t u r e e n n
o b e li s k a nd i t i s cri p t i o n s e t he s n se t w lfth d y a t i e s n d t o h v b e en
e n s a a e
D e k mal p t i i p l 1 18 a mo g t h a ce t o r o f t h U ta e n s
. .
n T he t n l e r ra s a n e n s s e su r s
tio g i v i n t h e t x t i t a k n i n t h n d Am e m h t ( B r g c h Hi s tor y of
. .
.
.
.
n en e s e e a e n- - a s u s
ma i n f ro m D r B r g c h ( Hi s tor y of Eg yp t v o l i p 14 6 1 t
,
u s s
E gyp t ol i p Ib i d p
. . . . .
,
1 31 1 t v s 64
a b o v e v l i p 1 12 S e e t h e D n km ci le r p t ii p ls
.
, . .
, .
'
93
S ee o 5 123 e
1 Ki g vi i 2 1
.
, .
, . .
, .
,
39 n s
S e t he m e a su r e m B r u g ch Hi to ry of E gyp t vol i
.
en t s i n t h e D e n k
,
4 e s s
md le p t ii p l 1 19 whi c h a d d e d t o
.
. , ,
p p 1 4 8 a n d 1 50 l s t e d
ou nt t o 124 52 m

e h e r am
r,
Th e n a m e is g i ve
. . .
, . . . .
etre s or 41 ft 67 a s K ha kw ra 1n
gg the Englis h transla t io n of Bm
. n -
, ,
gsch a

C H xvn . .
] T H E T W EL FT H D Y NAST Y . 2 95
t (p b u t i t is K h a kh e y r a i M a n u e l d H zs to zr e A n c i en n e ,

i
:

9
Egyp - -
r n vo l
t h e F r n c h e d i t io n
.
f 1 8 75 a d a ls o i n
.
,
e o n p 1 51
B n ( Eg yp t s P la c e o l ii p
. .
u se n

v 93 As to M e n ka u - -
ra , Men -
k an h o r,
wh o f o llo w L p u ( K U i gs b c/ T a f me n c m h a t
. .
, .
s e si s It u i A - -
Ne f e r h o t e p -
a nd
v ii N
.
,
o O t he rs
k mi l i i p ls 1 31 1 33 st o r y i
. . .
3 Br u g sc h , H i of E gyp t , v o l

94
D pt en c e r,
C o mp r e t h d cr i p ti o n o f B irc h
,
.
.
, .
, .
a e es s p 1 71 , 1 s t e d
t E g yp t pp 6 5 7) n d B r u g c h b
. .
( A ci n en a s
95 I i d
( Hi s t o r y of E g yp t v l i p p 1 5 5 b i
.
, .
96 S e e a o ve v o l p 10
C o mp r B u s e n ( Eg yp t s P la c e
o
f m
. , . .
, . .
9 97
O n E g y p t ia n i n e s se e t h e D e

n a
m
a e .
v o l i i p 2 8 8 ; B irc h A n c i n t E g yp t p
, .

e s c r i p ti o n d e l E /p te , v o l v i i
6 5 : B r u g c h Hi s to r y of E g yp t v l i p m st r y
. .
. .
. . . ,
s o a nd co p a re B ru g s c h H i o of
1 5 7 l s t d ; C oo k i t h e S p a ke r s Co m i
. , . . . .

E gyp t v o l 2 6 34 , l st e d B i rc h ,
e n pp
~
e
m t l
, ,
v o l i p 4 50
. . .
,
en a ri A n c i e n t E g yp t p 6 8 : R a w i n s o n
Hi to r y of E g yp t v l i p 120
. . . , . .
70
s o to r zc o l I llu s tr a ti o n s of th e Old Te s ta
A n c i en t E g yp t p 6 7 m
, .
, . .
71 en t pp 51 2 -
Ap S y n c e ll Ch ro n o g r ap h v o l i p m b
. . . . . .
95
7?
C o p a re a o v e , v o l i p 8 5 ; a n d
st r y
,
. . . . . . . .
60 D . s e e B ru g s c h , H i o of E g yp t , v o l i ,
De R o g e R v A ch o lo g i q e for
.
73
u e u e r u p 16 5 1 s t e d ; B i rc h A n c ie n t Eg yp t , p
ol iv p p 4 78 e t e qq B u s n m
.
, . .
, .
v s n e 6 8 ; L e n o r a n t , M a n u e l d H i s to i r e A n
E g yp t P la ce v o l i i p 2 91 ; B i rc h i
.
, .
,

s c i en n e vo l , p 35 2
B r g s c h H i s tor y
. ,
A n c i e n t E g yp t p ll
,
. . . . .
.
99 T h e d e s e r t
u g e n e ra y i s c o n s i d e ra
of E g yp t v o l i p b l l ll
, .
,
1 62 4 1 s t d ; W 1 b ly a o ve t h e e ve o f t h e v a e y o f t h e
py
-
e 1
o m
. .
l r
. . .
lri n s o n , Tap o g i ap o f Th e bes , p p . 5 00 Ni e : t h e l we p a rt o f t h e F a y o u is

z f b l
130 e e t e o w i t
ru c Hi s tor y of E g yp t v o l i d i
.
74 1 01 H e ro d i i
p 1 B
gs h , 101 , 14 9; B i o S ic 66 ;
b x
. .
, , . . . ,
S t ra v i i 1 37 1 h e o ld n o t i o n t h a t

Ibi d p 160 S e e t h e D e n kmaler p t k

.
, , .
'
75 t he B i r e t e l- K e r o u n r e p r e s e n t s t h e -
ii p l 1 36 i
. .
,
L k
. .
a e M oe r i s t h o u g h s u p p o rt e d b y t h e
B r u g s c h p 1 61 ; D en kmd le p t ii m m
.
,
.
.
76
, r, . i p o rt a n t a u t h o r i t y o f Jo a rd ( D e
q
. .
131 1 A n t i u it s , v o l
?u n sen E gyp t s P la ce v o1 i i p p
h s c r i p t i o n d e l E gyp te
33
'
i ll
. .
77
i s n o w p r e t t y g e n e ra y

, , .
. p p 79
l
, .
2 90 1 -
e xp o d e d T h e i nv e st ig a t i o n s o f M
mb
.
B ru g s c h Histor y of Egyp t v o l i p L ll f d
. .
73 in a n t d e B e e o n s e o d ie d i n hi s
m
,
l x
.
, , . .
160 1 s t e d wo rk , M o zr e s ur lo lo c M oer i s ( A e

B irc h s a ys t h t h e s e t u p h is lk
. .
79 a a n d ri a , s a t i s e d W i i n s o n ( Ra w
s tatu e o n the s p o t ( A n c i n t E gyp t l

i n s o n s H e r o d o tu s , v o l ii p 2 2 6 n o t e 7 ,

e
p b u t t h e i n s cri p t io n q u ot e d b y
.
, . ,
3d e d i t ) a n d e ve n B u n s e n ( E gyp t s

B r u g sc h ( Hi t o i r e d E g yp te p 102)
.
P la c e v o l i i p p 32 8 an d his c o n

s
me r e ly s t a t e s th a t h e h a d g i v e n p e r mi s lm
,
l b
.
, . , .
e u s io n s h a ve e en a do p ted b y a o st
s i o n f o r i ts e r e c t i o n a ll re c e n t c ri t i c s T h e y a re h o we ve r ,
L e p s i u s D n hmd le p t ii p l 136 l m
. . .
3 e r, a c u ri o u s y i s re p re s e n t e d by De a n
C o mp a re B ru g s c h Hi s tor y of E g yp t l k l mm
, .
, . .
, ,
B a e s e y ( H e r o d o tu s wi th a Oo en
v o l i p 16 5 l s t d e ta r y v o l i , p p 8 03
l mci l p t ii p l 1 36 b m f ll
. . . . . .
a p F ig 1 6 w h i c h o o ws
'
D81 en c er . 1 01
S e e the
Ibi d p l 136 c L ll f m
. . . . . . .
8 2 M i n a n t ( le B e e o n d s a n d c o p a re
M a n th o s b s t i t u t e d t h e n a me o f l k
. . . . .
83 e u H e ro d i i , 14 9, w h i c h g i ve s t h e a e t h i s
Se s o s tr i s for t h a t of U s t a e n a ccor d k
.
u r s d i re c t i o n T h e B ir e t e l K e ro u n ru n s - -
i g to b o th E s b i u a n d A fric l f m
.
.
n u (a p u e s an s n e a r y ro e a s t t o we s t
S y n o c ll Ch ro n og a p h v o l i p 5 9 D L m ll f d
. .
ina nt d e B e e o n s , M o i r e,
p 3 ;

r
a nd p 60 C ) a n d a s s i g n e d h im t h e a o
.
, ,
. . .
t io n s wh i c h He ro d o t s cri b e t o t ha t I b id p 1 3
.
,
u as s 1 03
mo n a rc h ( i i 102 c a lle d t h e d i i 14 9 S t b x
. . .
H e H 1 04 e ro 1 $ 37 : ra vn
fa th e r o f R a me s e s n o t S e s o s t ri s l l ti f M Li B ll
. . .
, , .
Th e ca cu a t d ons o na n e e e
,
f d ( p p 2 2 2 4) h w th t t h w t
.
b u t S th o s e on s -
s o a e a e rs
B r g s c h Hi story of E gyp t vo l i f th l k b i d i ig t i g t h
. .
84 u o e a th e, es es rr a n e no r
p 1 6 1 l st e d
, , .
,
e rn d w t anp ti f th F y e s e rn or o ns o e a
m w ld h
.
,
Jo b x i x 2 4 f p p ly
.
8
ou d f th
ou a ve s u ce or e su
He ro d ii 1 10 f t h wh l b k f t h Ni l
. .
,
3"
o W t e o e es ern an o e e
W i lk i n s o n To p o g p hy of Th be f m B i S t t t h mb h
.
, .
8"

ra e s, ro en t -
ou e o e e ouc u re a
p 5 01 ; B n e n E g yp t Pl c ii h lf f th
,
vol i g

u s s a e, C an o
p d u s u r n o ne a o e ea r
p 2 91 ; B r u g c h H i t o r y of E gyp t vo l
. .
. .
.
s s T w d th
1 05 t h t h w id t
o f th ar s e no r e o e
mb k m t
.
M d B ll
.
, ,
i p 1 6 2 4 l st e d e an di t en a cco r n gr o e e e
i x t y met ly
,
M a n e th o a p S y n c e ll Ch ro n o g r p h f d (p
. . . , .
3 a on w s as s re s o r near
1 c 2 00 f ld b ly t th
. . . . .
s ; b t hi ee t u t s cou e on a e
H r o d i i 1036 T h e c u lp t u r s i n b
. .
9" e s e as e
A s i a M i n or a cr ib e d b y H e ro d o t u s t o m t b
.
. . .
s M L
1 00 w it h j enor an o se rv e s us
S e o t r i a re t h o g h t b y M S a vc e t o w k
. .
s s s u r ti th t
ce, h t t d by
a t e o r s c o n s ru c e
h e Hi tt it e T h e y a re c e rt a i n ly n o t Am m h III w
.
e n- e t th -
at e re a s v a s as o se
Eg y p t i n f th f bly
. .
a o th dy e y d id
ou r na s t an co ns e ra
' I b i d i i 103 m f l (M
. ,
0
l d Hi t i An

I b i d ii 108
. o re u se u a nu e s o re
i
. .
9
10 .
, . c i en n e , v o l .
, p .
2 96 N OTE S T O H IS T O R Y o r A N CI ENT E GY PT . [08 . xvn .
1 0" Di o d S i c i 52 2 ; S t ra b 14
b
I id p 1 pp er i ne u l
st o ry o i
. . .
l d d
. . .
1 08 B ru g s c h H i , f E gyp t , vo l .
,
14 1 A io n i sr e p re s e n t e d a s w o u n e
p ls t ed b y t wo a rro w s i n o n e o f t h e s c e n e s d e
b m
. .
A n c i en t p i o t e d u p o n t h e t o m o f Kh n u mh o t e p b
1 09
I id C o p a re B i rc h ,
( D e n k mate r p t i i p l
.
E g yp t, p 6 9
1 1 0 S e e vo l i
.
8 9 ch I
.
'
Tha t ing s . . . k
t h u n t e d t h e 110 11 a t t h i s p e ri o d a p p e a rs

n o e
f m m m
,
.
, . .
1 H e ro d i i , 1 4 8 ; M a n e t h o a p S y n ro t he I n s t ru c t i o n s o f A e n e
6 6
-
ll
. .
C hr o n o g r a p h v o l i 5 96 0; hat ( R ec o r d s of th e P o s t, v o l i i p

ce pp
b
. . .
, . . .
D i o d S i c i 6 1 : S t ra x v ii 1 38 ; e t c 2 B i rc h i n Tr
a n sa c ti o n s of t h e S o

. . . . , , .
2 S e e P li n H N x x x v i i 1 3 w h e re t h e c i e t y of B i bl i c a l A r c h aeo lo g y vo l i v , p
m m m m
p a re t h e D e n kmate r p t i i p l
. . .
, . . .
wo rk o f A e n e h a t is c o p a re d wi t h

-
1 77 Co
b
.
. .
, .
t h a t a s c ri e d t o Dae d a lu s i n C re t e 1 31 ; a n d f o r o t h e r va ri e t i e s o f t h e c a n i n e
lk
.
1 1 3 Wi

i n s o n i n t h e a u t h o r s H e r od o s p e c ie s s e e p ls 132 a n d 134
m
. .
t u s v 0 1 ii p 2 36 n o t e 2 , 3d e d . .
14 3
D e n k d ler p t i i , p l 126 Fo r a
b
. .
.
, . . .
1 1 4 He ro d i i , 1 48 r e p re s e n t a t i o n s e e a o ve , v o l i ,
p l 76 ,
b
. .
, . .
1 1 5 I id . g 1 95 . .

g yp t s P la ce , v o l i i , o p p S e e a b O T e v o l i p l 39 F i g 96 ;
1 1 Bu nse n E 144
a n d c o mp a re D e i i k m
. .
, , . , . .
p 6 34 i le i , p t i i , p l 12 6 , '
1 1 " D e n km l
. .
ci ler p t i i , p l 1 36 U p p e r i ne
st o ry st ory
. . . . .
8 B ru
g sch H i of E gyp t , v 01 i , . .
14 5
B r u g sc h H i of E gyp t, v o l i , , .
p 1 71 1st e d p 6 a n d 1 75 , l s t e d
b
. . . .
3 H e ro
9
I id d 1i , 14 8
l
. . .
y d a t e a t whi c h t h e
1 90 B i r c h A n c i e n t 69 1 4 7 O n t he e a r
Egyp t,
f m l
. .
1 2 1 R e co r d s
of the Pa s t v o v i i i, p 50 or o f t h e o b e i s k wa s k n o wn t o t h e
b
. . .
1 A
p S y n c e ll Ch r o n o g r a p h vo l i , . E g y p t i a n s s e e a o ve , p 31 .
l
. . . . .
14 8 H r
p 60 A e od i i , 1 4 9 It i s c e a r t h a t a
m m m m b
. . . . .
'
1 2 3 De n k aler p t i i , p l 14 0 C o p y ra id u s t h a ve e e n t ru n c a t e d t o
s to r y l ll m
. .
a o w o f t h e s u p e ri
p a re B ru g s c h H i of E g yp t , v o i, p o s i t i o n o f a 0 0 10 s
mb
, . .
p 1 74 l s t e d ; B i r c h , A n c i e n t E g yp t , p sal S ta tu e Th e co i nat i o n can

l b f
. . . .
73 s c a rc e y h a ve e e n v e ry sa t i s a c t o ry
m
. .
( S e e B u n s e n s a t t e p t e d r e s t o ra t i o n of

72 ; B u n s e n , E g yp t s

1 2 4 B i rc h
p
m m
.
,
P la c e v o l i i p 373 . . . . . t h e t w o p y ra id s o f B i a o , E gyp t s
1 2 5 H e ro d i i , 1 4 9 H e r o d o t u s p ro b a P la c e v o l i i p l
b l L k ro m t h e s i t e o f f
. . . . .
b ly e h e d a e M oe ri s 1 4 9 R e c o r ds o
f the P a s t v o l 11 p 1 5
L b b d
.
b bl b l
. . . .
t h e a y ri n t h At t h e h o r i z o n e t we e n 5 0 P r o a
y i t h a d e e n g re a t y a dd e
ml l m
,
l k
.
s e v e n a nd e ig h t i es h e wo u d s e e to by ate r i ng s b e o re t h e t i e o f f
t h e p y ra m
id s o f B ia o c ro wn e d wi t h m H e ro d o t u s s vi s i t
lk
.
151 Wi
t h e i r s t a t u e s ( B u n se n , E g yp t s P la c e

i n s o n i n t h e a u t h o r s B ero d o

l k
,
v ol ii p 1 xx o p p p Th e a e t n s v o l i i p 22 6 , n o t e 2 3d e d
l f m d b
. . . . . . . . . .
. .
wo u d o r h i s h o rizo n o n e i t h e r s i e o f 152
S e e a o v e v o l 1 p 1 03
m l bl
, . . . .
t h p y ra
e
id s a n d h e w o u d n o t b e a e 153
B ru g s c h H i s to r y of E g yp t, v o l i
m
.
, . .
t o s e e t h a t i t d i d n o t e xt e n d b ey o n d 1 34 1s t ed ; L e no r a nt M a n u el
m
. ,
d H i s to i re A n c i e n n e v o l i p 35 3

B ia o
ll mb m
.
, . . . .
1 2 6 B u n e n v o l ii 154
s p 354 S e e e s p ec i a y t h e t o o f K hnu
m
. . . . .
1 2 " Bir h
c A n c i e n t E gyp t p 73 h o t e p re p re s e n t e d i n t h e D e n k d ler ,
1 2 5 T h e ma lca o f t h e h ie ro l l
, . . .
,
f g y p h ic a in p t i i , p l s 1 2 6 1 32
m l
. . .
s c r i p t i o n s is re g a r d e d b y D r B ru g s c h a s 1 5 5 L e no r a nt s c.
q story
. .

the t u r u o is e
.
( H i s to ry of E g yp t, 1 5 6 B ru
g sc h , H i of E g yp t, v o l i , .
vo l i p 172 , 1 s t p 1 78 1 s t e d
m mm l
. . . . .
M a n u el d H i s to i re A o n ho d s the

p ra p 8 1
1 99 L e n o r ant 15" Su
l m m
, . . .
A n c i e n n e V o l i p 353 rs t p a c e i n t h e h ig h e s t c o p a rt e n t
m m
. . . . .
p ra , p 74 75 on t his
1 30 S u onu e nt
st r y story
. . . .
g sc h H i o of E g yp t v o l i g sc h , H i of E gyp t , v o l
1 3 1 B ru 1 5 3 S e e B ru
, , . . .
p 15 7, 1 s t e d ; B i rc h , A n c i e n t E g yp t , p
. . . 1 p p 1 35 1 4 6 1 s t e d : B i rc h , Gu i d e t o
, .
, . .
66 G a lle r i e s p p 2 0, 2 7 32 , 33 34 e tc
b
. . . . . . .
1 5 9 S a a k i s re
32
Ge n xxx v ii 2 5 p re s e n t e d i n t h e t h i rd
m li n e o f t h e F a y o u mo e i s , a n d i s p a c e b l k l d
. ,
'
1 33 S e e t h e D e n k ale r , p t ii , p i s 1 31
l bf
. .
3 T h e s i x-s t r i n g e d y re c a r ri e d b y o n e o n a p a r wi t h T h o t h , a n d e o re K n e p h ,
o f t h e i m ig ra n t s ( p l 1 33) i s o f a m or f m S ati, S h u A t h o r, K h e a n d H o r ns m
q m m
.
, ,
'
u i t e n e w i n Eg y p t a t t h e p e r i o d ( D en k aler p t i i p l 1 1 9) H i s n a e
m l m
.
l
. . . .
1 34 R e c o r d s o
f the P a s t, v o l i i , p p 1 4 b e c o e s a n e e e n t i n ro y a a n d o t h e r
ll
. .
15 13 a p p e a t i o ns ( B ru g s c h H is t o r y of
b
. .
1 35 I i d
p 12 6 E g yp t v o l i , p 1 74 1 s t c d ; B i rc h Gu i d e
ll f l
.
. . . . . . . .
.
1 3 H e ro d ii 1 4 8 A o w i n g o r a a rg e to G a lle r i es p p 25 , 2 6 2 7 31 ,
m m l m b
.
, . . . , .
a o u n t o f e x a g g e ra t i o n w e u s t st i l 1 6 0 Co
p a r e a o v e p 74
l f m
. . . .
t h e a c c ou n t g i v e n b y th i s g sc h , H i s to ry of E gyp t, vo l i , p
1 6 1 B ru
c o nc u d e ro
w ri t e r t h a t t h e n u m e r o f a p a rt me n t s
.
b
.
,
1 36 1 s t e d

l k L b
.
. ,
i n the p a ac e , n o wn as the a y 1 6 2 R e c o rds o

f the P a s t, v o l v i , p 137
b
. . .
rin t h wa s p ro d i g io u s 1 6 3 I id
p 14 5
m b
. . . .
,
1 3" D e n li l le r p t i i p l 1 34 , b , d , c 1 6 4 I id
p 14 8

b

. . . . . . .
1 38 I i d
p ls 12 8 a n d 12 9 . B r u g s c h H is to r y of E g yp t , vo l i, .
ll
.
,
d
.
1 Ib i l 9 3 2 75, 76 , l st ed
p s 12 1 . . .
p 150, . . .
2 98 N OT ES T O H I S TOR Y OF A N CIE NT E GY PT . ( on . X IX .
B i r c h An c i en t E g yp t , p 75
9 44 Th e on ly
t o t h i s wa s t h e e x c e p t io n
b m
. . .

31 A
p Jo s e p h Co n tr A p i o n Th e a n k ngd o w h i c h C o n t in u e d a
m
. . . . .
To n a nn y e o T L K a i n o cp ve g K a r d 7 3 d i s ti nc t tho u gh su b je c t o n a rc h y
' ' ' '
7v . .
K own v T h e r e i s n o e vi d e n c e u n d e r t h e H 3 k s o s ; b u t a s t h i s wa s t h e
t ha t M a ne L h o n e w a n y th i n g o f t h e k e xa c t p o we r w h i c h e x p e e d t h e b h e p ll
S h as u o r i n a n y wa y c o n n e c t e d t h e h e rd s a ll a u t h o ri t y ec a e at o nc e b m
k m l
, .
H y s o s wi t h t h e xe d i n a s i n g e c e n t re
J
. .
E s s a y o n t he 4 5 A
o se p h C o n t r Ap i o n i 1 4
22
S ee t h e a u th o r s p
l
. . . . . .
E a r y M i g ra t i o n s o f t h e Ph w u i c i a n s

in 5 S o t h e M a n e t h o o f Jo s e h u s It is
p

.
. .
h i s H e r o d o tu s v o l i v , p p 2 36 2 4 4 3d e d c e rt a i n t h a t A S s y I i a Pro p e r w a s n o t
m mk
. . . . .
S e e t h e a u t h o r s H er o d o tu s , v o l i v , a t t h is t i e i n a c o n d i tio n t o
2 3
. a e
pp . 40 - . e x i e d i t io u s i n t o S y r i a ( A n c ze n t M o n
l
24
On the H i t t it e w o rs h i p ofSet or a rc h i e s v o l i i , p p 4 3 4 9 2 d e d i t ); b u t
o f M a n e t h o ma y p e r

. . . .

S u t e c h s e e R e c o r d s of th e P a s t, v o l the A s s y ri a n s
3
i v p p 31 b l
. .
2 h a p s re p r e s e n t t h e B a y o n i a n s w h o
m m l fl
, . . ,
2 5 I b id v o l v i ii a d e th e e t i n S y ri a a n d
p 3 h ad se ve s
m l l b f m
. . . .
,
2 6 The na e s S e t ( S a i t e s), B n o n , P a c h Pa es t i n e o n g e o re t his ti e (See
l m
.
nan or A p ach nas S ta a n A rc h e s G e n x i v , 1 1 2 ; a n d c o p a re t h e a u t h o r s

-
b l b
.
, , .
Ap e p i, h a v e n o t h i ng B a y o ni a n a o u t H e r o d o tu s , v o l i p p 4 4 6 7 3d e d i t ) -
t h e m S e t o r S u t e c h h a s n o r e p re s e n t a
. . . . .
4 " B u n se n E P l a c e v o l v , pp 7 3 4 5;
g
b l
. . . .
.
,
t i ve i n t h e B a y o n i a n P a n t h e o n R e c o r d s of th e P a s t v o l i v p 36
b
. . . . .
2 7 IIa a S w ex
p f ; wp bg va T o Ahv p e p v 4 9 S e e a ove
p p 2 3 30 - 31 33 4 6
, .
m
. . .
,
i vo ; aa nu rb 4 9 D e R o u e R e che rc h es
a v6 w17 0 t p 45
'
p y , g ,
J
. . .
M a n e t h o a p S yn oc ll
5
en i T hu
X p a v a r p oi r e v a a v
'
Kai

pq oi wg o se ph .
Chr o n o g r a p h v o l i p 6 1 B
. . .
d u a x n 'r i 7 0 15a K a r ti
'
K p6 7 0 9 e i o ( Ma
ii
. .
, . .
i
.
J
. .
n e t no a p o s e p h C o n tr A p i o n . . . .
,
5 1 B u n se n E g P la c e v o l i i p 4 25 ; , . . . , .
2 8 Ib id
B ru g s c h , H i S tu l y of E gyp t, v o l i p '
m
. . . .
H am 7 0 25 N L p L e n o r a n t , h o we v e r p re

99 ZO L 9 exep r a r d 17 w;
.

2 2 9, 1 s t e d .
f
.
e rs t h e re a di n g A n o n ( M a n u e l d H is

e
xp ria a w o , u v o d o v7 6 g , 11 31/ 6 % K a i
7 a r em K a i 7 d;
y v v a fxa s 6 Z9 oo v h ei a v ayo u to i r e A n c i e n n e , v o l i , p
/o ' '
m
.
xxxv
. .
T 01; 77 6 1\6 L ; cli b s v n p na a v , K a i 7 6 L e pd 5 Ge n

, 18
b
. . .
6 6 5 w K a r m ca x a v U h )
p

.
5 3 Fo r t
y y e a rs a c c o rd i n g t o E u s e i u s ,
3
S e e t h e p re c e d i n g n o t e a n d e s p e ( a p S y n c e ll Ch7 0 n 0g 1 l i p ll v o l i p 6 2 ,

m m
.
f f J
.
, . . .
.
c i a lly t h e e p h a t i c W o l d K a r a K a tJ A ): o rt y - o u r a c c d ing t o o s e p hu s
'
Ja v
m l f
. .
31 L e n o r S y n c e ll
a nt sa y s : D i re c e q u e ( s o ) a n d A r ic a n u s ( a p .
d C hr o n O g r o p h v o l i p 6 1 B )
. .
a n s I Eg y p te e u t

u ra n t ces a
b b l m m l mb
. . . . .
su ir de o u e v e rse e nt s e s t i
p ossi
54
T he a t t e r n u e r wh i c h i s g i v e n
l f q l m J m f bl
,
'
b le L e se u a it u i soit pe r is d e by os e p h u s se e s p re e r a e
mm f m
.
d o n er c o i t s e xa c t n e s s b u t i s p e rh a p s t h e

n e c e rt a i n c e st q u e p as ro
mo n u me n t d e m
.
q l l l
, .
u h c ette ep o u e d so e ti e o f t h e s o e re i g n , w h i e t h e o t h e r
ju s q u l
i n c u d e s t h e p e ri o d o f a s o c i a t i o n

n e st v en u e nou s r nou s ap p ou s
b l
.
p re n d re c e q u e d e v i n t s o u s le s H y k
55
See e o w, p 1 08 Th e w a r o f
l lbi e ra t i o n a mo s t C e r t a i n y g re w o u t l l
. . .

s os i
l a n t q u e p e n d u r d e l Eg y p te
s e
m m
,
l a n u e t d H i s to zr e A n c i e n n e , v o l 1, p
'
a d e b y Ap e p i o n R a
g
g%
o f t he d e ands
l
. .
: S eke u en It w a s c o n c u d e d b y A a h v
b m
.
rs t k i n g o f t h e e i g h t e e n t h
3 S ee a ov
e , p 69 es th e
m l l
. . .
33 L e n o r a n t p 363 : L a c i vi is a t i o n d y n a s t y , i n h i s s i xt h y e a r U n e ss ,
g yp rie nn e d a h ma c o mm f
. . .

t h e r e o r e , w e s u pp o s e t h e w a r t o h a v e

e a n e a n ti e
'
l l
.
i n g e r e d o n t h ro u g h s e v e ra r e i g n s , we

p a r l i n va s i n n
"
e tc
m m u s t p a c e A p e p i a n d t h e Ha
l
. .
34 L e n o r 362 :
a nt p L e s Pa s t e u r s S e ken e n
d me le s T a r m m
h e s e n t h i s me s s a g e s a lm
. .
a n s la B a s s e E g y p t e co -
t o wh o ost
q m
i me d i a t e y e o re A a h e s l bf m
,
t a re s e n C h i n e s e la i s s a i e n t c o n u r i r
l l
.
.
p a r la c i v i isa t i o n s u p ri e u re d e e u r s 56 A
p S y n c e ll C h r o n o g ra p h v o l i ,
p 61 B
. . . .
va i nc u s
f m lf
. .
.
.
g s c h , H i s to r y of E gyp t , v 01 i , g a v e t h is a s t h e
35 B ru 5 7 A ri c a n u s h i se
ll b
.
p p 2 36 7 , l s t e d to ta e n g t h o f t h e d y n a s t y ( i id
-
m mm k
.
36 S e e
L en o r a nt s F ra e n to 5 8 A s a r e t h e re i n s o f t h e i ng s b e
di g
s ta t u a d t n n o d e i P a s to r z d i E g i t to , p
'
l o n g in
g t o t h e t we t h d y n a s t v i n t h e lf
l
.
11 a n d p at e T u r in p a p y ru s ( B ru g s c h ,
f m m
. .
37 T h i th e re
s a p p e a rs ro a in s , E g yp t v o l i p 1 1 9 1 s t e d
i i k
. . . ,
wh i c h a re o f S y e n i t e s t o n e ( b d 5 9 If e a c h i ng a s s o c i a te d a su c c es s o r
39 R e c m
d s of t he P a s t v o l v i i i p 3 f
a t er he h a d r e i g n e d t wo y e a rs t he
l l
.
, .
. .
g s c h , H i s t o ry of E g yp t , v01 i , e n g t h o f t h e so le re i g n s wo u d h e a s
39 B ru
f ll Y
.
o ws
p 2 37 i s t e d o e a rs
iv
. . .
4 0 R eco r d s o
f th e P a s t v o l p 36 ;
. . . . S e t ( S ai t e s) 19
B u n s e n E g yp t s P la c e , v o l v , p 734 Bu ou 27
b ml m
. . . .
o tto ine ( C o p a re B i rc h , A n c i e n t . P a c h na n 35
E g yp t p p 7 6 a n d S taa n 17
l
. .
4 1 B ru
g s ch 1 s o A rc h e s 34
l m )
. .
42
S t u a r t P o o e i n t h e C o n te p o r a r y A p e p i ( Ap o p h is 29
R e vi e w f o r F e b r u a r v 1 979, p p 5 8 0 1 . . .
3 S ee ab o v e ,
p 198 , 199 . . To ta l 16 1
cs . xx ] TH E M ID D L E E M PI R E . 2 99
Th e e n t i re d u ra t i o n wo u ld t h u s b e 16 1 man t . M a n u el d H i s to i re An c i e n n e

, v o l.
ye a rs i p 36 9
b l l y t he i
. . .
p 1 07 e s p ec i a n s c ri p t i o n th e
60 see a o ve 3 S ee on
m mb A a h me s
. . .
1 R e rd s o
f the P a s t v 01 v iii p 3 . to of h is of c e r, so n of
b
.
, . . .

g s c h H i s to r y of E g yp t , vo l i ,
32 B r u
. . A a na ( R e c o rd s of the P a s t, vo l . vi , pp .
p p 2 4 5 7 ls t e d i t
-
.
b
.
63 \
l C ha a s h a s a rg u e d t h a t t h e R a ~ B i rc h A n c i e n t E gy p t p 78
4
m d
.
k k
, . . .
S e k e n e n c o n t e p o ra ry wi t h A p e p i a n d 5
T ha t t h e Hy s o s i n g s i n t ro d u c e
m ll
.
e n t i o n e d i n the r a i e r p a p y ru s wa s t h e h o rs e a n d c h a r i o t i n t o Eg y p t i s g e n
m m l
,
t h e rs t o f t h e n a e ( s e e C o i t te p o ra r y e ra lly a d t n i t t e d No w h e e e d \ e h i c le s
b o n u me n t s p ri o r t o t h e m
.
R e vi e w fo r Fe ru a ry 1 8 79 p bu t I a p pe a r i n t h e
m l m
. .
a g re e w it h D r B ru g s c h t h a t i t i s b e t t e r e i g h te e n th d yn a s ty Th e e p oy e n t
m
.
lb
.
t o re g a r d h i a s R a S e k e u e u I II -
. o f c h a ri o t s i n t h e wa r o f i e ra t i o n a p
8 4 T h a t S u t e c h re
p re se n t e d t h e s u n i n p e a rs i n t h e R e c o r d s o f th e P a s t v o l v i ,
m f m l m
, .
t he H it t i te s y s t e a p p ea rs ro t he p Th e u s e o f c a va ry a t t h is t i e i s
m l
.
t e r s o f t h e t re a t y o f p e a c e C o n c u d e d u n c e rt a i n
m m b
.
b y t h e H i t t at e s wi t h R a e s e s 11 (S ee 6 T h is c a p t u re a y h a ve een th e
k
.
R ec o rd s of th e P a s t v o l i v p 2 8 , wo r o f R a S e k e n e n Il l T h e re i s n o
L
-
l
. .
, . .
5
u s h i n g t o n i n R e c o r d s of the P a s t a lu s i o n to it i n t h e i n s c ri p t i o n o f
m
,
vo l v i i i p 4 5 C ha a s t a e s t h e b k Aa h e s
m
. . .
. , .
e v i e w ( L es P a s te u r s e n E g yp te , p 7 Su
p ra p 109
g
s . . . .
l l .
8 R ec o rd s of th e P a s t9 v o l v i , p p . .
6
B ru g s c h H i s tor y of E gyp t, v o l i ,
i ch c
. .
p l s t edit 9
B r An t E g yp t, p L e
i en 80
ma n t e
. .
, .
I e c o r d s of th e P a s t, v o l v ii i p 4 , M a n u l d H t s to i re A n c zen n e ,
7
nor
i
.
. , .
g vo l p 36 8
co f the P a s t v o l v i
. . .
g s c h , H i s to r y of E gyp t, v o l i p 8
3 B ru 10 R e rd s o
vi
. .
, ,
co
. . .
p 2 4 5 l s t e d it ; B i rc h D i c t i o n a r y of R e rds of t he P a s t v 0 1
11
. . . . , .
, pp .
H i e r o g l yp hi cs , i n B u n s e n s E g yp t , v o l

c i
.
v, p 4 14

B r u g s h H i s t r y of E g yp t , v o l ,
12 o
b co i
. , .
9
B ru g s c h H i s to r y of E gyp t, v o l i , p 2 76 lst ed M Ch a a s n s d e rs
m o
. . . . . .
p p 24 7, 2 53 1 s t e d i t T e t a a h t o b e t h e n a e o f a p e p le
-
J f C h i e ta n ( L es f i
.
.
,
S o o s e p h u s , w h o p ro e s s e s t o f o l ra t h e r t h a n t h a t o f
7 a
l o w M a n e t h o ( Co n t r A p i o n i P a q te ms e n Eg yp te p
'
mb m m v
. . . , .
B u t th e n u e r i s s u s p i c io u s f o r p t n i pl
a ny 1 S e e t he D en k a le r v o l
c om
. .
ic gy t
, . ,
e
.
re a s o ns 3a and p a re B r h A n c i n t E p ,
J o a n d B ru g s h , H is t ry of E gyp t, c o
. .
71 h u s C o n tr A p i o n i 14
o sep

i
. . . . . .
79
R ec o r d s of th e P a s t , v o l vi , p 7 vo l pp 2 7 6 7 lst ed
Egy t i
. .
c
.
,
o
. . .
g s h , H i s t r y of v 01
7 3 l bit l
pp 7 8
1 4 B ru
, .
p .
J
.
.
,
74
Ap o s e p h C o n tr A p i o n l s c 77 l s t e d
i vi
. . . . . . . .
7 5 R ec
or d s of th e P a s t , v o l vi , p . . 8, 15 1 K n s
g , 18 ; v 11 , 1 3 4 5 ; 2 Ch r i i , .
14 13 16 : e tc
J e
. .
1 Ma n t h o
75 o sh x i x, 6 ap S y n c e ll Ch r o n o e
i
. . .
C h r o n o g r a p hi a
7" 62 B : vol i C a nd 69 C
p g r a p h v o l , pp
6 "
i
. . .
e
. . . . .
, , .
Jo s e p h C o n t r a Ap i o n , 15 J o s
3n rri

En i fi a t a v u n e tb u i v n r a t
' 17
p lms g e s t h e n a m fo m
.
iv wo
. . .
'
p g e v I w a hb !
t T i ; A iy v i r
'
rov Bun e t he r ng r
lm m c m m
.
se n i i t s t h is t o a ll C h ri s t ia n c h ro n o g o f Te l h o s is ; b u t le a r ly e a ns A a s is
ra p li e rs

( E g yp t s P la ce vo l i i , p

m
( Aa h es ), t h e rs t n g o f t h e ig h t n t h ki e ee
q l
.
,
b u t u i te a r b i t r a r i y d y na s t y
c i
. .
7 3 B i rc h A n c i e n t E g yp t, p 76 , L e 3 S h e i s a lle d 6 t h e d a u g h t e r s s t e r s
m m e
,
wi ki c
. . ,

a n t M a n u e l d H i s to i r e A n c i e n n e , th of a ( B ru g s h ,

no r f e a nd o r n g
Eg y t i
. .
v o l i , p 36 3; B r u g s c h , H i s to r y on yp t, H i s t r y of o p , v 0 1 , p 2 79 l s t
v o l i p p 2 6 0 I bi
. . . .
70 l s t e d 19
d p 278
m v
. . . . . .
7 9 B ru s c h 2 65 S e e t h e D e n k a le r vo l p t 11 1
20
g , p
c i i i w
,
b
. . , . .
30 S e e a o ve
p 1 05 pl 1 B ru g s h d e n e s th a t t h s s a l a ys
c
, . . . .
t h e a s e ; b u t W llk i n s n n ( i n t h e a u t h o r s

3
G e n x1, 2
ii ic c
. .
8 2 l b x li 4 0
Il e r n d o tu s v 0 1 p B r h ( An ie n t
o v c
.
f J
. . . . .

a n d C a n n T re o r ( A n i e n t
83
l b v e rs e 4 3 T h i s a c t a n d o s e p h s E a r/p t p
c h a ri o t s a n d h o rs e e n ( Ge n 1 m i
. . . . .

E oyp t p 77) a g re e i n re g a rd ng Ne f e rt
f l J a r i Aa h me s a s a b la ck
. .
,
su c ie n t y p ro v e t h a t o s e p h wa s n o t -
k ic vo
.
a n t e ri o r t o t h e H y s o s 2 1 So B r h Is o
( ) a n d T re r ( 1
ic
. .
3 4 l b x li
B r h 1s 0
l o m i
. . .
'
g s c h H i s t r y of E /p t v o l
35 Ge n x vi i 2 6 2 3 B ru
,
xl e x
. . . . .
p 2 79 \V ilk i n S H n r e n d e rs t h
36 l b vi i 2 2 e p re s
xl io G o d d e s s e o f A m
. . . .
37 1h vi , 34 s n u s ed by -
m wi o o o ii
. .
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on , .
p 335 2 d e d

Dr'n k mii le r , v o l v
.
XX pl 3
2 t
, p
C H APT ER
c
. . . .
.
35
B ru gs h
o o i
.
B ru g s c h H i s to r y of E g yp t
1
. , vol . i, 93 \
p S y n c e ll Chr n g r a p h v o l
.
, . . .
p 2 73 l s t e d p p 70 A A
i vi w k
.
Le
,
bd
. . .
9I i vo l i pp 2 52 3 l st ed ; . . . .
,
no r 27
Th s i s th e e g e n era lly t a en
300 N O T ES TO H S T I O RY OF A N C I E NT EG Y PT . [C a ss
( B ru g s h o y f Egyp t l i p
c Hist r o vo 1 B i chr t A n ci e n Egyp t p 83
B i ch A t Egyp t p
, ,
i
, . .
, , .
d 52
'
l st e r n c L en Ap b y n c e ll CIH O IL O QT U p h v o l

p
B t th e e i c of x ,
C
.
, . . . .
, .
u pp r s no a e a ra n e e 71
m yo thf l c o Egy t i
. .
tre e i th p u t u ness n e re re s e n a B ru g s h , H i s t r y of
53
p , vol , p
t io of Am op h i
. .
ns en s 2 96 l s t e d
k mi l l v p t iii p l 1
.
i
. .

T h e r e a d n g H a s h e p s o r H a s h e p su ,

54
D
38 en c er , vo
I bid p l 4 s e e ms g e n e r a lly p re e r re d b y E g y p t o lo
. .
, , . .
f
.
99 e
R co d 1 iv p 7; Egy t
.
ic c
. .
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f th P t
e r s o e as v0 g us t s (B r h An i en t p p 8 3;
l v i p 9 Am h t p l o mp lo y d Egy t
,
c i
.
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o
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vo e n- o e a s e e B ru g s h H i s t r y of p vo l pp
h i m lf i t h l g m of t h g t
. . . . .
, . . .
se n e en ar e ent e re a 301 14 , l s t e d ; C h a b a s E tu d e s p p 1 6 1
-
t mp l t K k of o m o v
.
, .
e e a a rn a 76 P r e s s r D ii i c h e n , h we e r
k md l l v p t iii i fo m
. .
,
Hata s u

31
S th D ee e en er , vo .
, .
, s t ll u s e s t h e r ( S ee R e c
o
.
p1 l r d s of th e P a s t v o l X p p 13
Th t h m m C h i ld of T h o t h co iv
.
, . . .

39 o es ean s 55 Re r d s of t h e P a s t , vo l p 8
q v l A hm
,
c o Egy t i
. .
, .
g s h , H i s t r y of
ly 5 3 B ru vo l
an d i s t
ne a r e ui a e nt o a es, p
C h i ld of th e M o i c l h th w , . .
'
o n, S n e o as a p 300 l s t e d
M oo g d ( l i p p 36 9 o i
.
.
,
n- o s e e vo 57
S e e a b ve v o l p p 1 04 , 106
ll Ch o og l i p m
,
iii
.
, . . .
ph
53
Ap Sy
33 n ce r n ra vo S e e t h e D e n k a le r , p t p l 17 ,
S ic t ly ki g i i C h b
. .
.
,
.
, . .
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wh i g i v thi ho t i g B Ch D en kma le r p t 1 n p ls 14 a n d 1 5
. . .
,
o s en s s r re n u t e 59
b o c o d k i g of h e ig ht e e t h c o Eg y t i
. . .
, . .
th g s h , H i s t r y of p , vo l
n n t n 6 B ru
r s, as e se e
ty m t t Am h t p I c
c
.
,
dy na s p u s re re s e n en o e p 302 l s t e d B i r h ( A n i e n t E g yp t p
m wh o
.
,
o b of vo
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E g Ch d l w x e o r- a o e r, se t o e 8 3) s a y s : P r b a ly o n e t h e s e re lt
m t i o d i t h fo c o i ci f mi q
.
of
.
p d it i
e o ns a re en ne n e u r i ng n s p ra e s a nd a ly u a rr e ls
tee n t h ch pt of G i ; d K d a er e ne s s an u u r c v
t h e p a la e i s e le d b e h n d t h e a t i i f c of
m b k w h c l l h i m lf Ap d M i
a u o a s se a ar n o i
t h e s h rt a n d ng l r u s re g n Th t h o io i of o
R v g of S y i ( b o t m om
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or a a er r a a u B C es (C p a re p
th o H od o t l i pp m
. . .

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, .
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S e e t h e D e n k ct ter , p t i i i , p ls 15 . .
4 4 7 4 30 3d d e an d 2 1
I b i d p p 4 4 89
.
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o d f th P t l i v I i
. . . . . .
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l v i p 10 C mp a r e C h a b a s E t u d e s p p 161 2
. .
o
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vo 34
p
g ch H t l i p O n r e ma r u e ra q u e e tt e r e i u e
.
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. .
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.
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.
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B 37 ru s LS O TZ o vo af
o l vi n t n u e lle me n t d e s e s e r
. .
,
co i vi
, .
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c ec rd s o e as vo fe cte r des
m
,
. .
,
i
.
p 10 t t re s a s c u h n s ; e lle e s t a p p e l e te r o i
g ch 1 q oiq o om
.
B 38 ru s s o e t n o n la r e i n e , u u e le s p r n s
g c h H i to y f Eg yp t
,
o
.
l i p

B ru s , s r o vo p e r s n n e ls e t p o s s e ss U s
q u i la r e p r
x oi
.
, ,
s e n t e n t d a n s le s t e t e s s e n t g n ra le
A 40
p t t i o of th m mo i l i
re re s e n a n e e r a s m en t du f mi i io m
n n : c es p r ten t ns as
g iv i th
en n p t iii p l 5 ;
e o i
c u li n e s d n n e n t l e u ad e s fo m r u le s t r es
of t h i c i p ti o p o c i i
.
,
q u e d an s l e x

s i n g u li ere s :

an d t l ti
a ra n s a on e ns r n u n es t a ns
i t wi ll b fo d i B g ch H i to y f io mm
.
p r e s s n S t t M aje s te e lle e e

e u n n ru s s s r o le s -
Egyp t l i p p 2 8 56 l t d m o o if
,
S a M o je s te s n t le p s s e s s

vo s e te r es
g c h H i t o y f Egyp t m c i o i vi o om
, .
. . . .
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i p 2 84 l t d f mi i mm i
.
, ,
n n e lle e e ; l a n g la s H is M ajes ty

s e -
R co d l iv p i c om c
, .
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ee f th P t e r s o e as vo he r s e lf r e n d b e n p te d e e tte ano
m i
, ,
. .
7 p 9 ar al e
A p J o p h Co t Ap i o i 14 26 c o Egy t i
.
, . .
49 se n r n 65
B ru g s h , H i s t ry of p , v 01 , p
Hyk o
.
i od c d th
. . . .
,
.
.
44
Th t t h a e s s ntr u e e 303 l s t e d
ho i to E g yp t t h o gh d o bt d b y I i om m
. .
rs e n u u e 6
b d p 302 C p a r e D ii i c h e n , .
e
. .
.
M Ch b l A t iq i t H i F lo tt e i n e r d g yp ti s c h e n K on i g i n , p 1 7

(E t d

a as u es sn r n n e s
l co cl io D e n k md le r p t iii
. . .
67
t iq
or p u ei th g s e e n e ra n u s n , p
i s 2 2 4
of E g y p t o log i t T h mp loy m t of m c o
.
. .
, . .
s s e e en
38 D ii iche n, B ru g s h , H i s t r y
ho E gyp t i Eg y t i
.
i w
rs e s b y th n arly e a n s a s ea r of p vo l , p
301 l s t e d
i g of A h m p p f om m iii
. . .
, .
6 9 D en k
as th e. r e n a es a e a rs r d le r , p t , pl 25 d, e
i c i p t i o of A h m of Ab I i c
. . .
th e ns r n a e
s, s o n an a 70 b d
p l 2 5 bi s q H e re s h e a lls
l v iii p 7 p f ov of i
. . .
,

( 1? deco r f th P t s o e as ,
vo .
, .
, ar . h ers e l th e b e l ed S a t a n d K hu rn u
6) ( t e K n ep h )
mp lo y m t of c v l y b y c o Ey t i
. . .
O 45 th n e e en a a r 71
B ru g s h , H i s t ry of g p , vo l , p
Eg p t i c t i e te t
. .
th e t y an s o a er a n x n see 302 l s t e d
m v w o k of m
. , .

M Ch b Et d a p p 4 2 5 30;
as d u es -
an co 72 Th e a lu a b l e r D r D ii i c h e n ,
b ov i o tt
. . . .
p a re a l pp 4 4 9 50 e vo Di e F l e e i n e r d g yp t i s c h e n K d n i g i n
1 K i g x 2 8 2 9: 2 C h L i zi h a s g i e n a C e le r t y t o
v b i
. .
, .
S 4 3
ee 1 1 6 17 n s r ( e p g
g ch H to y f Eg yp t 1 i
,
i i v m of
. .
. .
, .
B 47 ru s is r o v0 t h s ac h e e en t Qu e e n H a t a s u ,
w ic mi o wi v
. .
, ,
p 2 95 d e h h it g ht n o t th e r se ha e ob
g c h H i to y f Egyp t l i p i o im o
.
o
. .
B 9
T h s w rk
ru s s r o vo t a i ne d p rt a n t t h u g h i t
fo i c om v
, , .
, . .
,
296 l t d s e b e i s u n rt u n a t e ly n p le t e s e e ra l
b ov of e c c o c wi
. . . .
S 4 9
ee a l I p 1 08 e vo th s e n es nn e te d th t he ex p e
t tio of t h e e b i io i
. . . . .
5
F p or re re s e n a ns s o e d t n n o r b e n g re p re s e n t e d i n i t ( S ee
li k lli i M o me t S to i c i
.
C h a b a s E tu d e s s u r l A n t i q u i te H i s to r

s R
s see o se n nu n ; r
p l x x x xx x i v dL p i k md l c m of
. . .
s -
D an e s us, en er , iqne l s ) Th e r e su e D r D ii
v 1 v p t iii p l 6 m wo k
. .
. .
i n t he R eco rd s of the

0 .
, .
, . . ic h e n s r
302 N O T ES T O H I S TO R Y o r AN C I E N T E GY PT . [08 xx . .
1 9 B ru g s h , H i s t c o ry o f Egyp t vo l i, of th H ll of Th th m w e a o es as
q f t
.
,
p 333 1 s t e d s u a re ee
bd b ov vo l i pp 15 1 152 d
. . . .
121 I i s 1 37 ee a e, an
b of c o mp o H t o y f A ch
. .
, .
, ,
O ne o n th e e a st ank th e F g a re er u ss n is r o r i
l c of p g p vo l i p 1067 l t d
.
E u p h ra t e s , a t t h e p a e a ss a e. o t ec ut re , s e
t bl t g ch t o y f Egy p t vo l i
, , .
. .
1 3"
i t p by h i t h B
t
p os e a a e se u s at e r, ru s is r o
T h th m o th c i ty p 38 6 l t d 70
. , .
,
Io h th es t e er near e s e
c ll d Ni Ni i ( R c o d f th P t L t o b l i k which i
. .
.
,
1 39
A th a e ra n
a e or n e r s o e as s e e s s
vo l i i p o l y 1 05 f t h ig h h b n t i m t d
, ,
n ee as ee es a e
W i lk i o ( i t h th o w ig h 4 50 t o c ip ti o d
. . ,

A
12 3 s ns n n e au r s t o e (D ns es r n e
H od o ter vo l i i p 302 2 d d d u s e ) an

l E g yp t A ti q i t e, vo l i p 2 29 6
n u s,
B i c h ( A ci t Eg yp t p g ch n o t ) t h w ig h t of mo th h lf
. . .
. , .
, .
,
r B n en ru s e e e o ne re an a
c o mb t h o p i i o ( H to y f E g p t c o ld t b l t h
, .
.
a s t e n n is r o g
-
as h igh g i a a n u no e ess an
1 i p 35 8 l d v m i m c h g i ( 6 75 t o ) d wo l d
,
v0 d st e an e e n see s h h lf a as u a a n ns an u
pl co t y w t p o b bl y b c o i d b l y mo t h
. . .
. ,
c li d t ne Ni i h o ac e n t e u n r es r a e ns e ra re an
of h E p h t t B t w
e thi v u ra e s u as s e er th t a th i lw y c t i p
as e re s a a s a er a n ro ~
p o ti o b tw
. .
N h a i
a ra n r th n h ig h t d the e een e e an
124
B g c h H i to y f Egy p t vo l i
ru s s r o s iz t th
e a b e a se
i p 70
,
b l
.
ov vo
, , .
p lst ed S 14 0
B g c h H i to y f Egyp t vo l i
ee a e,
R e c md s 0f
. . . . .
,
95 ii p 25 th e P a s t, vo l 1
'
ru s s r o
S k d Sing b n d p 4 04 l t d
.
,
. , .
, ,
e n a ra h a s ee i e nti e wi t h ar s e
S j i n a r t h e p re s e n t n a me
of Ib id pp 38 9 90 T h i w i t
. . .
or t h e lo w 14 2 - s r er
c co r s s e s M e s p t a mi a i n
o o k of h i d c i b b l d ig i ty
. .
. .
ra n g e wh i h s p ea s t e n es r a e n
abo u t t he l d of
a t it u e v W lkNi n e e h ( i i n an d t h k i g l y mi of t h m i g
e n en e re ain n
s o n ) a n d a g a i n wi t h S e n a a r o r S h i n a r t
S ta u es of t d g i t ti g Ph s an in or s n a
t h e He re w t e r m f o r t h e
b lo o o d d i ti wi t h Th o t h
. ,

we r M e s p ra o h s wh an e es , e re
ta m ia n co c
u n t ry ( B r u g s h ); bu t it is m d o d t h g t t mp l ( i b i d p p
e s a rn e e re a e e
q bl mo d
. .
u it e p o ss i e tha t t he e rn b e n 38 7
k l m
a re i d d
a y b e in t e n e Bi ch A ci
14 3 t Egyp t p 103
r n en
lk o o o T h t w O b li k k o w Cl o
. . , . .
1 2 6 Wi

i ns n i n t h e a u t h r s H e r d 14 4 e o e s s n n as e
o tu s vo l p i vo l p
2 53; i i, 302 2 d e d p t a dl w o ig i ll y t p
ra s n e e

es
9
e re r na se u
C mp a re R e r d s of th e P a s t
o co vo l by Th th m t H l op ol i
. .
, . . .
, .
ii p III o A g es a e i s u us
no is dm d f d t h m t Al x d i
. .
, .
27 t e 1 , w h e re i t a it te tha t t u s t ra n s e rre e o e an r a,
b m is s p o k n of m i d t i ll c t l y At
,
it u en
"
t h e s u b ta n c e e as wh th y
e re e re a ne re en
f d t ( J l y 18 8 0) o m t th
.
u rn i s h e b y t h e As i p re s e n u one rn a en s e
m fo d T h m E mb k m t wh i l t h o t h
.
,
1 9" T h e Eg y p ti a n re a in s u n at a es an en e e er
b bo L i o n it w y t U i t d S t t s of
.
A r a n o n th e K h a u r ( a y a rd Ni n e ve h s th s a o - e n e a e
o c co A m ic
,
a n d B a b y l n pp 28 0 whi h nta in er a
c o c of m o b l i k b o ght t E gl d
, .
t he a rt u h e s T h o t h e s I ll a nd Th14 5
e e s r u o n an
m III d c mo s o b bl of No t h mb l d d
.
A e n op h is i n i ate t pr a y b y th D k e u e r u er an an
o l o d o cc of o lo g o m t of S io Ho
. .
,
a pr ng e u p a ti on t ha t p s t b y n an b r na en n u se, e
o
a n Eg y p t ia n g a r ri s n l o g d o ig i ll y t t hi l o c l i ty
n e r na o s a
o vo l W ilk i o i t h th o s
.

1 2 8 S e e R ec r d s o
f the P a s t ii p S 6
ee ns n n e au r
com c o H od o t vo l ii p 357 3d cd ; B g c h
. .
. .
6 2 ; a nd p a r e B ru g s h H i s t r y of er us ru s
gy H i to y f Egyp t vo l i p p 396
, . .
, .
, .
,
E p t V 0 1 1, p 355 l s t e d s r o 7 l t s
c c o d fo d x d B i c h A ci t Egyp t p 102
. . . . .
. . . .
,
1 2 9 D i s t i n t re r is u n of e pe i e d r n en
i o ns i n t h e t h i r t y u r t h t h i rt y f t h ,
fo A w i ll b s n b y c o l ti g th
, . . .
14 7
t -
s e ee nsu n e
kmal
,

t h i rt y - e i g h t h , a n d t h i r t y - n i n t h y e a rs D en
p t i ii p i 4 7 59 Oer ,th s -
n e
c o th h d l i t t l i l f t of t h t mp l
. .
, .
( B ru g s h , p p 335 337, 339 3 l 0): a n d er an e s e e e e

v b l on g d b il t by T h th m t El p h ti e
,
O
. . ,
t he rs a p pe a r t o h a e e e t o t he u o es a e an n
x v fo w h ic h i t im ch x ,
t h i r ty - s i t h , t h i rt y - s e e n t h , a n d rt i th f th nF e e O e re n e
m g ic t d ly
,
eth p di i e w t on. as a n en an nea r

1 30 F r t h e
o c l co
p a r t i u a rs s e e R e r d s of c o mp l t ( S B g c h H i to y f e e ee ru s s r o
st vo l pp c Eg yp t vo l i p 395 l t d )
. . .
th e P a ii, 2 1 5 2 , a n d B ru g s h , s e
Eg y t vo l W i lk i o i t h tho H od
.
, . . . . . .
i , p p 32 6 4 4 l s t e d

t of 14 8 ns n n r s
p ,
-
e au er
c Egy t vo l p ot 1 c
.
.
, .
g s h , H is t of i,
1 3 1 B ru
p , u s s
b ov p g 128
. . . . .
149
334 1 s t e d S ee a e, a e
c o Egy t vo l k md l vo l v p t i ii p l 4 0
. . .
g s h H i s t r y of i,
1 39 B r u D 1 5"
en
p , er, 1
d c d d wi of t h c i g i v n
. .
, .
, .
, .
p p 367 8 1 s t e d -
A re u e ra ng e s en e s e
m tho H od o t vo l i i p
. .
.
M a n u e l d H is

S ee th

1 33 L e n or a nt i n e au r s er us,
o c vo l
. .
, .
t ire An i e n n e , i pp 32 5 6 ; -
2 14 3d d e
c o Eg y t vo l f Egyp t
.
g c h H i to y
. . . .
B ru g s h , H i s t r y of p , i , p 38 7, B 151
ru OL s s r o V
i p 376
,
.
,
l s t e d ; De v ri a , N o n ve lle Ta ble d A by

p A R lli i M o m ti C i i li
. .
, .
d os 6 ( P a r is , e tc l
s o se n nu en v
c o Egy t vo l vo l i i p 2 4 9; H g t b g A g yp t
. .
, ,
g s h , H i s t r y of i,
1 34 B r u en en
p , en s e r e
t z H i to y
. . . . .
p 339 1 s t e d u n d M p 80 ( E T o se .K u r s r
b ov O ld C o t vo l i i p 1 52 ;
. . . . . .
1 35 S e
e a e p p 8 1 82 o f th e v en a n
v of d l K l i c h C o mm t p 9;
. . . . . . . .
a n t e rb u ry C a t h e ra Ex d

1 3 T h t a en on o u s
e na e s
P lm
.
f l x cl Ch o i l
. .
i s 1 34 e e t i n e n g t h a n d e u d in g t he a E gyp t e r. v l i ia n r n c es , o
l fo f b d I t d cti o p x ix ,
. . .
a is e s rt y e e t in re a t h , s o t h a t i t s n ro u n,
f lf
. .
,
a re a i s ee t Ad d o n e h a and 1 59
E x i 14
S e B i c h A nci en t Egypt p 98 ;
. . . .
,
l
t h e re su t i s s q u a re ee t Th e a rea. f .
1 e r , , .
on xx . .
] TH E NE W EM PI R E . 303
B ru g s h c H ist o ry o f E gyp t, v o l , p p i " 8 B ru g s h , H i s t c o ry o fE g yp t , vc ,

i
wi f
. .
k o oo k We
,
375 6 , e tc l st e d W il i ns n t t he p 4 05 l s t e d ll h e re b i d a re
w ki of i
.
me v i e w
.
wi o o
. .
,
sa (Ra l n s o n s H e r d tu s ,

e ll t o t h e g re a te s t ng Eg yp t a n
vo l ii p x v) hist o ry
f om
.
io
. .
.
,
S e e t h e re p re s e n t a t n i n t h e D e n k
1 55 i t a p p e a rs
'7 9 r h i s a n n a ls t h a t
m d le r , p t i i i p l 4 0 m i d o
T h o t h e s i n s s t e o n h is s ld i e r s t a n g ki
xx v i o o of m w o
. . .
1 5 6 De u t 5 an a t h t ha t n n e t he u ld p re
c m ck o s u p n t h e e n e my
.
,
1 5 " i s cxiv 1 ede hi i h hi s a t t a
ov v i fo ki
.
, .
159 See ab e , p p 1 10, 1 1 1 o r e en s te p a s d e b e re t h e ng ,
m cc o m fo m o c i
. .
so as to a f rd h i p r te t o n ( S ee

1 5 9 S ee B ru g s c h s ap a p a ny
i
.
i ng t h e s e c o d vo m of
n lu e th e E ng l sh i c o
B ru g s h , H i s t r y of E g yp t, v o l , p . .
i o of
t ra n s la t n h i s H i s t ryo . 32 2 , l s t e d )
ci i o ik
.
'6 0 G e n X l i 6 vi 3 0 V a le r
y a s r b e s th s be l s to
m II
,
o o o
. .
W Ma n e th ap S y n c e ll Chr n Tho t h e s ( Tr a ve ls I ta ly, p 537, .
o wo k
.
. .
b u t i t i s u n d u b t e d ly t h e
g ph p 61 B E
ra r
of cc o o
.
x lii 6
. .
G 162 en h is s u e s s r ( B r u g s c h , H i s t r y of
Ex i 7
.
, .
i
E g yp t , v o l , p 4 04 , l s t
i c m
. .
.
I b id v
,
.
8 e rse
5 1
B r h , G u id e to M u se u , p 76
i
.
G x v 13 en
. .
1 8 2 B ru c
g s h , H i s to r y of E g yp t, v o l
i h g
.
,
f o m Ap p i t
.
ti o
.
,
1 '
p 4 06
1 8 3 S e e th e n s r
e e n e ra ns r e o
I c i i o of m m
.
T h th m 11 1 w h ic h w o ld ve , pt n A en e .
a re u
i
o es
p o b b ly
r mo t i
a E g yp t t 1 25 a
.
u n n o

c
h e b i n t h e R e o r d s of th e P a s t, v o l ii , .
y e a rs Th t d i t i o l mb p t e ra na nu e rs u o i
p 6 3, 'l n e 36
cc i o of Th t h m II co cc
. .
.
o
th e a es s n o es a re
1 5 4 l h at i s t o sa
y u n t i n g ll l S a es
io v k c
.
.
25 13 21 12 0 y Th

n t o h a e t a e n p la e u p o n t h e d e a t h
(6 1 e a rs e s
i g of T h th m II w h o t p o b of o i c
.
re n o es as s r r h i s b r t h e r, a n d t h u s n lu d i n g i n h i s
t xc di g i
.
,
a b ly no i y e ee n ve o r s x e a rs o wn re g n a ll t h e y e a rs o r H a t a s u
ic c
.
l ii p 34
.
R co d
1 67
f th P t e r s o e as vo 1 5 5 B r h A n i en t E
gyp t , p 1 04
1 35 S e e t he D e n k m
. .
,
v
.
, ,
.
,
ar B l ru s s r o vo ct le r v o l pt
p
. .
, ,
i p 363 l t d
.
s e
, , .
p l 3 8 a , b ; w h i
e re H a t a s u M e ri ra s t s -
B 1 68
g c h H i t o y f E gyp t
.
ru
,
l i s
.
s r o vo i b
b e h n d h e r h u s a n d o n a t h ro n e a t t re d i ,
o wi
.
, , ,
a s a g ddess , t h wh i p , ( t n /t h , a n d t a ll
p 362 l t d
M
s e
A ci m
.
, .
l d H t

l p lu

16 a nu e zs o zre n en n e , v o es
i p p 38 6 I i L i
. .
7 18"
b d p t 111 p l 2 0 b , c ; ep s u s ,
xvi N o
. . . . .
,
H od ot 70
y o t h i g b o t th
er u s sa s n n a u e K o n i gs ou c h, T a f x 35 1
w o ki g of t h mi m o i m iv m
.
, . .
d do A e n p h s is t he n a e g e n hi

r n t e nes, an es no
e v o t th x i t c of mi
en n ice l e e s en e n e ra o o o
b y M a n e t h ( a p S y n c e l l C hr n g r a p h . . .
t re a s u re s i th C o lc h i t ioy n e an e rr t r vo l i p A D)
him t h of m o i
. . .
,
v
.
C lo y w h ic h
.
Acc o d i g r n to e o n
1 99 Th e s e
e n th ye a r A en ph s
S o t i l f t b h i d h i m c o i t d of m io o mo m
,
es s r s e e n ns s e II i s ent n e d u p n h is nu e n ts
o ld i wh h d cc o mp i d h im ic c
.
s e rs o a a an e on ( B r h , A n i e n t E gyp t, p H is
i o v mi
.
an x p d i t i o b y l d g i t S cy t h i
e e n an a a ns a r e g n i s s u pp s e d t o h a e t e r n a te d
an d Th c ( H o d ii ra e er o f i
s h r t ly a t e r t h s d a t e ; b u t i t s e a t x c
b ov d o mp io c i
. .
S 171
p 126 ; ee a e, an c a re d u ra t n i s u n e r t a n
c o
.
g c h H i to y f E gyp t l i pp i
.
g s h , H i s t ry of E g yp t v o l ,
1 9 B r u
B ru s . s r o ,
vo .
, . . .
336 d 338 l t d an s e p 4 07 l s t e d .
H o d ii p 1 8 2 ic c
. .
. . .
172 er 2 1 91 B r h A n i en t E g yp t, p
c i
.
o
.
A B i ch g c h wh k o w
, . .
173
d B s r an ru s o n B ru g s h , H i s t ry of E gyp t, v o l p
c h x t i v m i t i m d o mi i o
.
,
of
.
,
no su e e ns e ar e n n 4 08 l s t e d
Bi ch pp o t h t Th t h m x ci d c
, .
1 92
r su se s a o es e er se B ru g s h p 4 10
o m of t h i l d of
,
h o i t y ov f q o cc c of i
. .
1 93
au t r er s e e s an s O n t h e re u e n t u r re n e th s
th A c h i p l g o ( A ci
e r t E g yp t e a n en k ndi of r e re s e n t a t
p io n ov
se e a b e vol
g ch c o m iti m i o i m
, . .
B hi ru s n nes s ar e p 4 8 7 n t e 3 Th e e a rl e s t s p e c i e n
P h o ici I i v of m i
,
w y t C yp
. .
s a d th o ru s an e en an is , b e l e e , th at A e n op h s II a t
o t mm w ic iv
.
c as K ou eh, h h is g e n in the D e nk
m t M m v
.
l d Hi t

ci l e r v o l

174
L en or an ,
anu e s o zr e , p l 61
A ci l i p 38 5 c i
.
o
, . .
n en n e vo 1 94
B ru g s h H i s t ry of E gyp t , v o l , .
ho H od o t
. . . . . ,
175 th l p 4 11 l s t e d

S ee e au t r s er u s, vo
I i
. . . .
i v, p 2 02 2 d d
1 95 b d 4 12

e
l i p p 371 2 m
.
H i to y f E gyp t
,
v
. .
1 9"
17 3
s r o ,
vo .
, .
-
, S e e t e D e n k a ler , v o l , p t in , . .
l t d
s e p i s 6 6 67
of th fth m ii
.
v
. .
T h M th
" 7
M t 97 D en k a le r v o l '
e a en or a en e p t i i i , p ls 63
z B i ch
, , . . .
t
s an a g d d by D a re re ar e r r as a n d 64
ti g A i Mi o I i
. .
lly 98
re p re s e n g n s a n r e n e ra b d p] 6
(R o d l ii p 33 ot c o
.
99 B r u s h H i s t r
ec f th P t r s o e as vo n e g y of E g yp t, vo l i ,
; A ci
. . . . . .
,
9
t E gyp tn Th yen p e a re er p 1s t e d
f H od o t (i I i
, . .
h p th M ti
a s i e a en o er u s 00
b d p 4 16
dj o i C p p d o ci
.
i i ic i o ov
. .
wh o ad d P h yg ne on a a a an r 901
O n th s dent at n see ab e, 9
b t th i lo c l t y c ot t hi o
.
i t 58 n t e 5

a : u e r a i a nn a s
tim h v b i l d P b b ly c o
. .
e f a e een s o ar n an ro a 90 B ru g s h H i s t r y of E g y p t v o l 1.
m
.
t h y h ld p o i o n of t h Cili i n
. . .
e e ss e ss e c a p 4 15 1 7, l s t c d ; D e n k d le r , p t iii,
p68
-
. . .
coas t. p . .
304 N O T ES TO H S T I O RY O F A NC I E NT EG Y PT . [03 . xx .
903 c h p 4 18
B ru g s B ru g s h , H i s t r y of E gyp t, v ol i ,
221 c o
g c h p 4 13
. . . .
B 90 ru s p 4 2 7, 1s t e d
I b d p 4 14 c i io F
.
. . . .

12 ? s
90" i e e t h e d es r p t n in e rg u s
th i c i p ti o of Am h t p c i
. . .
S ee e ns r n en o e H i s t o r y of A r c h i te tu r e , v o l , p p 1 08
m
.
h B iti h M
.
on a t bl t wi a e no n t e r s u se u 9, 1 s t e d
km p t iii p l 6 9 c om
. .
D 2 0" dl en er e
2 93
B ru gs h , 0 C p a re t h e D e n k
g c h H i to y f E gyp t l i m iii c
.
. .
, .
'
B 2 03 ru s , s r o ,
vo .
,
al e r , p t p l 90 a b , .
, .
, .
g s c h p 4 37
2 2 4 B ru
p 4 15 1 t d s e
v th y of T h th m IV ik o o
. , . , . .
Th 2 09
e se en ea r o es . W l i n s n i n t h e a u t h r s H e r o d o
is re co d d b l t i t h i l d of
r e on a ta e n e s an tu s v o l i i p 36 0 3d e d
K o o o ( B i c h A ci m iii
, . , .
, .
2 2 6 S e e t h e P en k ale r , p t
n ss t E g yp t p r n en p ls 81
No l t y mo com i ki
,
.
, . . .
a er pp h ear a e a rs on t e nu g , h, 8 2 a , 8 9 e t c and p a re W l n
m t M th o h o w v m t ic
,
en s a ne e e r, s ee s o son , l s c B r h , A n c i e n t E gyp t , p p
h v giv him i 106 c o
.
i
. . .
a e y en ( p Sy ll n ne e a rs a nce 9; B ru g s h H i s t r y of E gyp t , v o l ,
Ch o l i p 72
. . , .
g ph
r n o ra ) vo A D p p 4 2 0, 4 2 1 e t c
g c h H i to y n l i c i
. . . .
.
, ,
. . .
gs h , vol
2 2 7 B ru
yp t p 4 29
B 2 1" ru s s r o vo
kmd l i i o c
, , . , .
, . .
2 2 8 W lk n s n
p 4 19 l t d ; D s p t ii p l 7
c en er, i, s ,
c
.
d 74 c
. . .
.
,
2 2 9 B ru
bi s, a n g s h , p 4 30
W i lk i o i t h th o I i o
. . .
H d 2 3 In t h e Q

2 11
ns n n e au r s e ro o b d p 4 26 , n t e u a r te r
l ii p 35 9 3 d ; B i c h A ci i
. . .
t u s, vo t d c r n en ly R e v i e w f o r A p r l, 1 8 75 ( NO 2 76 ) t h e
i i mo
.
.
, .
, , .
E g yp t p 107 h e g h t i s g ve n a s n o re t h a n f ty
p t iii p l 72 ; B i c h fo f
. .
D
'
3 k al en ni er , r u r e et
c fo c i
.
g c h H to y f E gyp t l i
.
.
, ,
g s h l s c
2 3 1 B ru
B ru s is r o vo Th e r ty u b t s
"
of m i c i io ck o i
, , .
, . .
. .
p 4 40 l t d ; t s c e c. A e n h o t e p s n s r p t n ( re -
n ng
mo i c bi wo
.
, .
Sh i p t de th s re re s e n e on e nu t h e Eg y p t a n u t a t 1 ft in ) u ld
m wi h p l p i ki h ki ch iv i of
. .
en t s t a a e n s s n , su as g e a he ght 68 ft 4 in
g iv w o k of
. .
932
is n e ve r en t o E g yp tia ns S e e the L e t ro n n e L a
A m op h i III i t i t t d
r
oc mo
.
.
w S ta tu e V a le d e M e n n , c o n s i d r e e

21 en s ns u e a ne
f t i v l i h o o of t h S o l D i k
.
es a n n r e ar s on d a rt s ses r p p o r ts a ve l Eg yp te e t la
u

c
i x t h of t h mo t h A t hy C m
,
(z r c e ; a n d o p a re Q u a r te r ly R e vi e w,
'
th e s ee n t e n r
( O c tob 4 ); d i g d p o mi t
er an ass ne a r nen I\ O 2 76 p 533 5 -
p oc i o t t h B o t of x v ii i
. .
i th 2 3 3 S t ra b 1 4 6 ; Pa u s a n
p a rt n e r ess n o e a 42;
S ol D k ( At l o ci ii xx x v i
. . .
, .
t h e ar f ) H is e n -n e ru e a s Ta t A n n 6 1 : Pli n H N 7,
p l c d ol di k d of h i xv L ci
,
J
. . . .
.
.
a e th
s h ar s s on e ea s s 11 ; uv S at 5; u a n , To x a r , 27 ;
c i o phi x i mi l ly d o d
. . .
r -
s d n es, an s ar a rn e e tc
of P h t S kh vid B w t i i d t h v
.
th e s t a tu e s (S as or e et ee 2 34 S ir Da re s er s sa o a e
g c h H i to y f l i p t g i v t h i xp l i o i t h Q
.
B ru s E g yp t
. s r o ,
vo .
, . rs en s e a na t n n e u ar
4 27 l t d ) s e t ly R
er i w f J ev eIt or an
d op t d b y M L t
,
1 c ot g w i th D B g c h
. .
91 5 ann a re e r ru s h b
as D
ee n a e e ro n n e r
i p l ci g A m op h i 111 g ch M L m t d o th
. . . .
n a n l l en s on a e ve B ru s e no r an an e rs
wi t h t h g t Th t h m b y H mb o ld t
.
, ,
. .
(H t
" 93 5
e re af o es is o A J d
s D u o n i ar e
l i p wi t h M L o Ro ie
.
, ,
E gyp t t

vo or en r s re , e c
m t t h t t L p oc h f g t w
. . . .
,
an a e e o r ea a r s re
93 Pa u xs an u dAt a r a 1 T bv ov

c w i h him ( M
. .

l d Hi t i e i xara e t 7 L 9 K t Odp a ; r

u rs t A anu e s o re h , Aup a ; pa ye t o ns Xo p bg
'
i
,
l i p
.
3
37 E a s t er n
i
c en n e , vo Th i i e re s no e v L if e , v o l p p 8 4 a nd
y mi li
.
,
c th t h g g d i
. . . .
d en e a y e en a e n an ta r 28
e xp di io e xc p i g t ow d t h
t ns e e t n ar s e 2 38 B ru

g s h , H i s t r y of E gyp t, v o l c o i
o t h ; d th h i g o l v h t
. ,
s u an e re s ne r s a e -
u n s pp 4 2 5 6 l st ed
c i
,
w c t i ly t g t w o
. .
g s h , H i s t ry of E gyp t, vo l
93 9 B ru
e re er a n no re a a rs
c i p ti o i t h t mp l of
,
hi i
.
91
S ee s ns r n n e e e p 4 36 , l s t e d
N b i q ot d by B i c h (A ic c
. .
2 4 0 B r h s a s 1 10 ( A n i e n t E
S l b i o e n u a u e r n y gyp t, p
ci t E gyp t p m k h c o
. .
en d an re ar t e oc B ru g s h 2 10 ( H i s t ry of E gyp t,
c c of h i m mi i
. . .
u rre n e th s na e on e re a ns vo l p 4 20 l s t e d )
fo d A b i C t l M o p o mi c i
. . . .
g s h , H i s tor y of E g yp t, vo l ,
2 4 1 B ru
un at t an n e n ra es ta a
( L y d Ni
.
a ar h d B byl p 2 8 1)
n e ve an a on p 4 37 l s t e d
l mal p t iii p l 8 2 ov i
. . .
, . .
'
D 2 17 eu c 87 d er, s a 2 4 2 S ee a b e , vo l p 1 95
94 3 S e e t h e D e n kmaler
g c h H i to y f E g yp t iii
. . .
.
, . .
, .
'
an d 88 B ; ru l s s r o vo , pt , p s
l 2 b,
1 p p 4 2 0 d ; B i ch 1 c
. . .
, .
3 l st c r s o 76 b , 77 c 100 b , e t c
ll f o ov i v iii
, .
, . . . . . .

y M L
91 3
t au av u e r, sa s enor 244 See ab e , vol , pt l
m t
o
o iv f ic ix
. . . .
l
" 2 4 5 He r d 1 91 ; L e o A r a n ,
an q , p ed i t i d ue es ex o ns e ses , p
t o p to jo fo t h io w
, .

r u t i es t p n a en as u u rs r c e 2 94 I t i s t ru e t h a t l n s e re a t n o
mb l t vo i im v
.
l
v a e re s q t u e s, e se en a r eu so u t e e ry a b u n d a n t i n E g y p t ; b u t t h e y
v t p o b t ( t o t c ll q l
en u r u su r u e e s ue

on w fo
e re t o b e u n d i n t h e d e s e r ts o n t h e
f i it d
a sa l So d ) l ans ch x e u an a asse au i o w
E g yp t a n b rd e r s a n d e re p e rh a p s
cl v A ci mo m o m
.
(M l d Hi t i
"
es a es a nu e s o re n re n u e r u s t h a n i s g e n e ra l ly i
ag in e d

en u e,
B 91 9
g c h H i t o y f E g yp t
ru s l i p s r o vo ov
3
xi v
S ee a b e pl
B i c h A ci c o c ii
.
, . . . . . .
p 4 21 1 t d s t Egyp t 1 06
e r n en A n i e n t M n a r hi es , v 0 1
m i o
.
w
. .
,
oc
. . ,
M L t ) b en o r th an c o S e rv e s 31 8 , 4 94 ; Tr a n s ac t i n s of S i e ty of
Am c oo v
.
t ruth : h t p d t en- o e u ra n son B i b l i c a l A r h ae l g y v o l pp 3 2 4-

5
lo g g f t n p ri c n ti ll mn t m
, .
, . .

n t

ne . u u n e es se e e 94 3 S ee t h e D e n k aler, p t iii , p ls 72.
e . .
bd ti sseu r .
"
74 a , 84 b . 8 5 b, a n d 86 a .
306 N O T ES TO H IS T O R Y o r A N I EN C T E GY PT . [011 .
and S o k a r i n e f e k a Amo n r u d a n d R u d -
r 9, 1 s t c d ; B irc h A n i en t
p 113. c Egy p t 0
o M t o t m d No t mm t a d m
. . . .
L en o r a n t, M a n u e l d H t s to t r e A n

a tu u u -
n e an e -
u n
t h li k c v ol
, ,
e e i en ne 1 p 397
B i rc h A c i en t Egyp t p 1 13 M c e b twe en T re a ty
. . . . . .
301 n 7
See t he
5 6
of Pe a e
m nt h ow v r p po s h im to Ram d t h H i tt i t p bli h d
.
, , . .

L e nor a e e su se II es es an e es u s e
hav h d a t l d u g h t r fro m t h e R cor d s of th P s t v ol
.
, ,
t o ne i v pp
2 9
e a eas a e r e e a i
w h o mh r g r d R me s l
, , .
, .
e de iv g
e a s a se as r ni -
cl a i m t o t h e e s io B r g s c h H i st o ry of Egyp t l c
. .
hi s (M nn t su cc s n a e
3 u s
A c v ol 1 p r a l r u l e of t h e A s
. . .
, .
'
l h is w s th g

d Hi t n
s o tr e n i en e, 9 a e e ne
B i rc h i s o B by l o n i n n d ve n t h e I
,
s y ri a
. .

n, a a a e er
sa y s M L e n o m n t mo rc h s ( S e A n c i n t M o n a rch
,
sia
.
,
303
ll y la
"
a r a n na e e
d e s o b s c u r i t e n core i n t b l s ,
i s vo l in 5 2 9; v ol i i i p p 4 96 7 : v ol
.
, .
n
i v p 4 4 8 ; !? o d i v 2 04 ;
p s ra e e
l ta t c t l d la s ci c
, , .
, . .

d a ns t q a ue e en e e ue 20 and er \l ,
l d co u r t e d o v x n o n u n n t Br g c h l c
, . .
,
I
a ve e n u ea u i it 1 u s s
s
p o u rr a s e u le u mjo r d i s i p l mal
. . . .
u s e r. D11
pt en cp l 124 er , 111,
Ib i d p i
. . .
12
b
I b i d p l 12 3
. . .
13 a
Ib i d
. . .
CH AP TE R XX I .
14
B r g c h H i st or y of Egyp t v o l ii
15
.
ma nt
o s e s h im t o h a v e u s , , .
,
1 L en o r su pp
p 23 l t d
b e e n a g r a n d o n of H or e mh e b t h ro g h
s e
b o v e p 12 3
.
, .
s u 16 s
mo t h r ( M
.
ee a
L eno m n t M an
.
, .
hi l d s

s t i
e A anu e o re n 1" l d H i s t o i e An
r a u e

r
ci en n e, l i p VoB i rc h l a y i t s c i n n e v ol i p 396 ; B r g c h H i s t o r y
,
u s
( An c i n t Eg yp t p 1 13) t h t H
.
e
.
of Egyp t v ol 1 i p 3 l s t
.
, .
, ,
do t/i n e a o
d
e mh b h d o f a mi l y
,
e
.
B r g s c h H i st o r y of Egyp t vo l i i
.
, , . . .
r e nd a
ay P n a s s : er 18 u
h p t h w if o f H o r vw e d t h t
,
, , .
,
a s e e u s su r a
p 11 lst ed
mo a rc h a n d R m m y h v i r i n s cr i p t io n q o te d b y
. . .
n a se s a a e na
Se 19 t he e u
r i d e i th r t h w i d ow f h i p d ces
,
so
e
r, r h e r d a gh te r
o
e
h da gh
e
u
"
o s
er
re e
u
B ru g c h ( H i st o r y of Egyp t v ol ii p 13
s , .
, .
,
lst
t er by s C d h s ba d ) a Br g ch e o ii u n u s '
30 Ex 2 0; Nu m xxxn i , 6 , 7
t th t R a me e s I w s t h X 1 11,
.
s t o r y Eg y t
. .
Br c
.
s u gg a a
gs h , H i
es s s s o n.
e 2 1
Of 1s 0
b r o t h r of H or mh b
u p
i l w o
o
o oc c
. .
s o n- n a r e e e
f S i e t y of B i b li a l
-
Tr a n s a c t i n s
( H i s t o y of E g yp t v o l i i p 8 l s t
,
r
rc o o v o l v i
A h ae l g y p 51 1
A ccor d i g t o W i l k i o ( n R a wl i n s o s
, .
, .
,
i d Co m r B i rc c
. . . . .

n ns n. i n 22 I
b pa e h, A n i en t
H r o d o t s v ol i i p 303) h w of a Ey t
.
"
e u e as
g p . 10 1 14
d i ff r n t f a mi ly fro m H o n
. . , .

B i rc
. .
e e nd e r s. a r 23 h , p 1 15
s t o r d t h e ori g i l a d p r li st o r y gy t v ol ii
.
Br c
.
e f t he na n u e ne o 24 u g s h, H i of E p
D i o s p o li t e t ra ci g h s d e c n t fro ms,

n i s e
p 14 1 s t e d Com r m
p a e t h e D e n k aler ,
, .
'
.
A m n op h i I a d Qu e n N f t a i
. .
e s n e e er r
p t i ii p l l 2 6 b
A a h me s
.
.
Br c r c o
. .
2 5
u gs h T a n s a ti n s of
me mes e s ma y v
.
o ty c
.
9
The na Ra ha e not
S ci e of B i bl A I c hoeo lo g y ,
r v i o u l y k n o wn i t B irc c Egy t
. .
b ee n p e s u n n E gyp : b u t 96 h , A n i en t p , p 1 15
i t w s a t a ny r t e n e w a ro y l n a me Br c
.
.
a a s a 2"
a u gs h l s c
It i s a n a l og o t o t h e e a rli r for ms
.
ov
. . . .
u s e 2"
S ee ab 12 6
A a h m s a d Th o th m s a d me n s
, e, p
r t i cl
. .
n
e o n t h e AM O R I T E S i n
e n e a 99
S e e the a
-
C h il d o f R a t h y me
.
mi t h s D i c ti o n my o f the B i b le v o l

e spe c as e an r S

i
C h il d o f t h M oo n Ch i l d
,

for ir occ t io
.
, .
t i v e ly d e an 6 1 2 ; a n d t he u pa n of
pp
T h o th ( S e C h a b s R ch rch

K i rio d Br c
.
of e a e e es a de s h at th s p e se e u gs h ,
p o r s r vi r ot l h i t i
.
,
s t ry Eg y t v ol ii
,
d l E gyp te a n

u e s o re e Hi o of p p 15, l s t e d
t mp s d e l E x d e p 76 ) m iii
. . . .
'
e o 30 D e n k ale r , p t pl 12 7
R me e s I t oo k t h e t h ro n e n me
a
.
.
Br c o ry Eg y t v ol ii
. .
3
u g s h, Hi s t
a s a of 15,
of R m n p e h ti or M e p eh t i a p , , p
.
. .
a e n- r 1s t e d
-
, ,
Br c c
.
A
q a a n a me mo d ll e d n t h e
31 u gs h 1 s
o M 3? D e n kma ler
. . . .
e o '
,
, p t i n , p l 1 30 a
t h ro n e n a me f Aa h m s w s R a n e b fol lo t r l t io
. . .
-
o e a - 33 I w t he a ns a n of Dr
l m nt Br c st o r y ii
.
,
r Ne b p h t i a Th u g s h ( s e e h is H i vo l
p e ht i o e r e e e e p
- -
L i o iv om t
, . , .
n a y t h ro n e
.
.
l ti
e i h a d n t b e n e d i o e u s n Dr u s h ng t n has g e n a s e wh a
p
i c e t h e t i m of A h m i r v r io c o
.
nam e s n e a es d ff e e n t e s n i n t h e Tr a n s a t i n s of
T h wor s h i p of S e t h a d b e e n d i co n c c oo
.
4 e s the S o c i e ty of B i b l i a l A r h ae l gy , v o l
vi
.
t in ne d U p o t h e e x p u l io of t h e H y k
n s n p 5 16
d e r T h th m s
. . .
It h ad r v i v d gsh,
34 B ru
so s e e u n o e
( D n kmoile p t i ii p l 33 g 34 c cor st
.
35
I II e r, s S ee the R e d s of the P a , v 01 i v
tc ) ; b u t h d r m i e d i n t h c o n
. .
. .
,
.
, ,
35 b e a e a n e pp 28 9
d i t o n o f a mi or a d li tt l e t e m d ix r r
. .
,
3
i n n e s e e S t y v e a r e ep e s e n t e d i n o n e
-
e n lt R a me e s I b y c a ll i g h i s s o n s n r li f
h a s e e ( D en k aler p t
-
m i ii , p
l
'
p l a c e d h i m u n d e r S t s p ro t o id iii
. . .
S ti
. .
,
37 I
b p l 128 a

e e e pt
Br c st o r y Eg y t v o l ii
. . .
ti
.
g ve t h g r a t s t p oss i b l e
.
o a d
n, n e e e e
38 u gs h, Hi of p
B irc c Eg y t , . .
s t i mu l u t o S e t wor h i p s -
s p 17 ; h A n i en t p p 1 14
o rc v ol ii
.
Co t r A ni c
, . .
i 15 T h i O f cou r s e
. .
39 A n i e n t M n a
5 n on s h i es p 527,
i t h e p i t o mi s t s o L r
. , . .
b co m
. . . . .
( S yn n a y a d , Ni n e veh a n d B a bylon
g
n ;
g
e
y e s a ear n e ,
C ll h o g mp h p 72 B )
.
e
"
/r o n . . .
p . i
f gyp t v01 11 p
,
3 B r u sc h H i s t or y o E

u
0 B ru sch l s c
g , , .
, .
g , . . .
CH . XX 1 .
] TH E N I NET EE NT H D Y N AS TY . 307
41 S e e R os e lli n i , M o nu men ti S to r i ci, s e ve n o t e 5 c h a p te r
(s e e b u t th i s n
n mb r
.
o l y e c h d by i cl d i g t he
.
p1 46 u e 18 n r a e n u n
B i rc h A c i t Egy p t p 1 15 g u r s d c r t o u c h e f S t i h i ms l f
.
42 an a s o
n en e e e
i cr i p t i o f S t i q o t d on R m wh i h also
. . . .
S 3 h ee t e ns on e u e a d h
n is s a e se s c a re
b y B r g c h ( H i s t o y of Egyp t v o l i i r p r s e te d
.
u s r e e n
p 1 7) C o mp r l f S o i ty
. .
.
,
75
1 5 2 6 4 2 a n d 54 60
'
ti
'
a e ra n s a c oh s o c e S pp ee
f B i bli c l A c h o lo g y v ol v i p 5 l 8 am giv n i B r u g ch s
. .
, . .

79 Th ar n
B r g c h H i s t o r y f Eg yp t
o a r ae e es e e n s
1 ii H i t y/ o n yp t v ol i p 1 10 v ol i i p
. . . . .
4 u o \0 s or
s , ,
p l c d fi r t
,
I h Kh i t
. . .
, , .
.
, ,
~'

19 l d t e a a re a e s 313 l t d s
Rh i i c o d
s e e
S p ra p
.
.
, . , .
T 8 0

a a ra n s se n u
p t ii i p l 1 2 7 b a b o v e p 129
. , .
31 S
'
D4 5 k il ei t iii c ee
B r g c h H s t o ry f Egyp t v ol i
er
kmc d der p t m p ls
. .
, . .
, . .
th

4 u s i o S D ee e en
p 5 ; v ol i i p 2 0 A mmo n i
.
,
r p r se t d t en
, , , . .
.
12 1 4 1 -
s e e n e
p r t i c l rl y b y Am op h i t i m ; H or s a d Is i s e t i m ; O i ri s
. .
. . . .
A47 s II a u a en s es u n v es s
( pr p a n d A t h or fo r ; S t T m Ma ab k
.
su a u e u s a
B irc h A c i t E g yp t p 1 1 7 M a u t t w i c e ; t h e re ma i n d e r o c
.
, , , ,
1 8 a d

n en n n e
B irc h ; B r g c h H is t o r y
.
, , .
4"
f c u s o ea h c
Eg yp t l C o mp r H ro d i v 1 91
.
8 u g sc h H i s to r y of E gyp t vo l
. .
,
t53
s c a e e 1 11 ,
c t o mo f t h i k i d i ig d
, , ,
wh r
. . . .
,
. .
e e a us s n s ass ne p 23
to th t io wh ic h h c l l th An i n s cri p ti o n q u o te d b y B r u g s c h
84
e na n e a s e
( Hi s to r y f E gyp t v o l i i p 2 4 )

M xy a es o ) : sa s
S t o r i i p l 55 l h o u wa t r i d t o b e g o v e r or o f
. . , .
'
R5 lli i M ose n on c s a se a n
B r g c h H i st o r y f Eg yp t l ii th i l a d wh e n t h o u wa t a y o t h a n d
, . .
, .
51
u s o vo , s n s u
f ll y ea r s B t B r u g s c h
.
, , .

c ou t d t te n e s n u u
B irc h A c i t Egyp t p h i m l f t h i k th a t w h e n R me
.
59
n en se II n s a se s
H r od i xv i 4 17 ; a c d e d t h e t h ro e h e m y h v b e n
. , . .
53
1 8 3; b t e b v, i a o, s en n a a e e
x v i i 1 53 a l i tt l e mor e
,
a b o u t t w l v e y e a r s o ld o
.
,

e r
B irc h A c i t Egy p t p 1 19 C m
,
(ib id p
, , .
5* n en o
p r th t ory t ol d b y H ro d o t of t h A t r s t R a me se sa y h e wa l ft
.
, . . . .
a e e s e u s e 8 5 s s, s e
t t to w g i t th i n t h e h o s e o f t h e wo m n a n d of t h e
.
P y lli wh w
s o en ou ar a a ns e u e
S o th Wi d ( iv ro ya l co n c b i e a ft e r t h e ma nn e r o f
,
u n u n s
B r g c h H ist o r y f Egyp t 1 ii t h e la m e ls o f t h e p a l c
. .
55 u s , o ,
v0 ,
( s ( Br g ch a e u s ,
H s to y of E g yp t v ol i i p Bu t i t
.
S
t r
b ov v ol i p 12 5 w a n t lo n g e e i mp o r t a n t f u n c t i o n s
, .
, .
5 ee a e. s o r
B r g c h H i st ory f Egyp t 1 ii d h i m( n o t e
.
,
W e re s ig
. .
5" u o v0 ne
s a s
H e w o u l d n o d o b t d o s o a s ea rl y
, , .
,
8 6 u
i58
Ib d p 2 8 as p o i b l e If h e ma rr i d T a a S n
ss e u o o
bi a ft r h i a cc s i o n h im
. . . .
59 I d e d he b
s e s an s o re
i rc c Egyp t p 118 R me s e s i t h co u r o f t h n xt y
.
.
6 B h , A n i en t a nr e se e e ea
s t r y of Egyp t l s c h e ma y h a v
,
s oci t d t h a t p ri n c e a
.
r c
. .
61
B u gs h H i o e as a e s
B Egyp t p 1 19 s h i e l e ve t h y a r
.
c e a rl y
. , . .
69 rc h A n i e n t a s n e
L e o m nt M
. . .
,
i
,
l d H i s to An

53
Ib d 37 n r a anu e zr e
st o r y of Egyp t v o l ii ci en n v 0 1 i p 4 02 ; B r g c h H i to r y
,
Br c
.
u gs h , H i
64 e, u s s
of E g y p t v ol i i p 15 ; B irc h A n c i e t
,
.
, . . .
,
n
B ru g s c h H i st o r y of Egyp t v ol i i
, ,
. .
,
65
E g yp t p 12 8
C o mpa r e W il k i n s o n i t h e u ,
th o s s t a t me n t s th at S et i
.
. , , . .
p 26 M 8 8 '
n a a ne e
t h or s H r od o t s v ol i i p 309 2 d e d
.

e u r e i g n e d f t y o n e o f t y v y a r ( p -
r -
e e s a
B r u g c h H i st o r y of Eg yp t v0 1 i i Ch ro n o g p h p p 72 B
. .
, . . .
65
S y n c e ll

s ra
B ) a n d R m s s II i xt y o or i x ty
, . , . .
,
.
a e e s -
ne s
S e e t h D e km aler p t i i i p ls 1 34 r h v b t l i tt l w ig h t
.
,
'
67
41 e n s ix y ea s a e u e e
Ib i d p l 1 37 H m y h owe v e r h v b e n ri g h t l y
. . . .
,
63 a
e a e e
p a p r b y M E d o u a r d Na ille i f o r m d wi t h r g a r d t o R me s s
. . .
, ,
69
S ee a e v n e e a e
Tr n c ti o s of th S o i t y of S e C h b a s R e ch r c h e e t c
. .
i n th e a sa n e c e 8 9 e p 79; a e s,
B i bl i c l A h wo l g y v ol i v p p 11 9; a n d co mp a r e L e p i u s K 6 i g b ch T f
, . . .
a rc o s 71 s u a
a d co mp r t h e R cor d s of th P st xxx i No Th n a m s w r p l t in
.
, , . . . .
n a e e e a e e e e s e
v o l i v p p 1 05 1 1 2 v a s t v a ri ty o f w y a m y b s e
, .
,
-
a e a s s a e e n
W il k i n o n i n t h e a u t h or s H ro d l a t q u o t e d wor k T a f e l n x x x i
. . . . .
70
s e i n th e s -
1
o t s v o l ii p 309 2 d d ; B r u g s c h a d xxx iii
,
u e n
H i s t o ry f Egyp t v ol ii p 32
, ,
.
, , .
S e B r u g s c h H i s tor y of E gyp t v o l
. .
90
o e
B irc h A c i t Egyp t p 1 19 ii i p 2 4
, .
. . .
, , .
'
71 n en
A ci Egyp t p 1 18 I n p roof o f t h i s
,
e s p ci a ll y
, .
, .
. .
72
B i rc h 91
t n en se e e
B ru g c h H i s t o r y f Egyp t v ol ii p 30 T c it A i i 60 T h e e n t ir e ri e of
.
, .
,
s o a n se s
ma n t M of co q u e s t s a i g n e d co mmo l y t o t h
. . , .
. . . .
,
l d Hi t i

79
L n e An or a nu e s o re n ss n e
c ie n e l i p 4 03: S et i o r d o n n my t h ic S e s o t ri w r a t t ri b t e d t o
.
n la Vo a, s s e e u
me R me e b y t h e i n for m n t s
. . , .
ne i ivi e d e s o n r eg i i e , d y f Ge r

an n e a s s a o
c r e i i s e r u n p u tts a r t s i e n ma mo u s
B irc c Eg S e e b l o w p 16 8
.
7
h An ie n t yp t ] s o
92 e
m B irc c B r g c h H i s to y of E g yp t v ol i i
. .
, . .
7 5 L eno r a n t, h , A n i en t 93 u s , r , .
,
E yi /p i p 1 17 .
p p 1 00
Egy t
.
il i r r
.
B i rc h A nc i t E g yp t p 1 19
.
M
St H a e, p a nd the G e a t 94 en
C W il k i o n i n t h u t h or s H r o d
.
, . . .

S u ez a n a l p 4 95 ns e a e
m r
.
I h a e g i venth e n u b e as se e n ty
.
77
v v o tu s v o l i i p 312 2 d ed
, .
, .
, .
308 NO T ES TO H IS T O RY or A N C IE NT E GY PT . lo a m .
9
Br or y of E g yp t v ol i i
u gs ch H i st i
th e e g h th ye a r e S h la ma ( S l e m i n ar a a
or d v ll e y ) T p r ( Da h ir t t h e
, , .
,
the J an a a u a
I b i d p 77 C o mp r e B i rc h A foo t of o T a b or ) M a m or M e
,
97 a h M u nt -
i a
om B th a t h e t c A s c lo
. .
. .
,
.
ci ent E g yp t p 12 0 r e -
na a n re
B r g c h H i s to r y of E gyp t v ol ii v o lt d a d w a s r e t a k e n a b o t t h s a me
.
, . .
, ,
98 u e n u e
s
tim
, , .
, ,
p 63 l t d s e e
f th P t o l i v p B r g s ch H i s to ry of E gyp t v ol ii
.
S e R cor d
. .
,
99 e as v 11 9 u
e e s o
R a me s e s d o e n o t g i v t h n m of
.
, .
,
. .
, ,
28 s e e a e p p 63 4 1 t d s e
-
hi adv r r i t h e g r t H i tt i t wa ; T ci t A ii i 6 0
. .
, .
'
120 n n
s e sa y n ea e r a
a d it i B r g c h H i sto y of E g yp t v ol 1
. .
p o i b le th t K h i t
. .
i h ad n ot a as r 12 1 u r 1,
n s ss s
c e d e d t h t h ro e
.
, ,
ye : as n e n p t 3 1st e d
1 2 2 L e n o rm
B irc h A n c i n t E gyp t p 12 5
. . . .
M a n u e l d H i s to i r e

1 0 e ant ,
B i rc h A c i n t E g yp t p 12 0 c v ol i
.
, , .
n e An i en n e, p 42 1
C o mp a r e B r u g s c h H is tor y of i
.
,
Br c or
,
. . .
. .

12 3
u g s h , H is t y of E g yp t , v o l 1 i ,
v ol ii p 5 0 1 t d ,
t r i d t ic t io of
.
s e p 65 1s t e d Th e ue en a n
P o e m of P e t a o i r ti l l c rt i v
.
,
. . . .
. .

1 02
S e th e s e n u r, a S ng a a i s s un e a n I ha e su p
o d i t to o t of B
.
g iv by D
en B r g s c h (H i s tor y of E g yp t r u p se b e S e n k a re h , s u h a by
v ol ii p 5 4 1 t r it m
.
,
s lo n ( s u p a p bu t a y b e t he
R co rd f th P t v ol i i p 6 9 mo d r i r i t r
.
. .
, ,
1 03 e s o e as e n S n ja I t h nk h e e c a n b e n o -
t h o g h t t b e t he p e o p l e do t t t i t o o t mi
, .
. . .
T h e Vl a a s u a . re u o u b ha wa s i n M e s p a a .
o f t h e M o s M s i ns t h e A i t t h o of
n a ra u se 124 B irc c
h A n i e n t E gyp t , p 1 2 9
m y p rh p b e m
. . .
.
A a d s : the P ta s 12 5 L a nt l s c
r
r u a u a e a s eno r
L ka e
. . .
A s s y ri n P t
.
12
th e ; th a a e na e e ar S u p a , p 1 64
t h o u g h t by D co cco of
. .
B r u g c h t b t he r s o e 1 2 7 Fo r a n d e n s ed a u nt the
L yci a ns K hi a b u i s p ro b a b l y He l b o n r t cor v ol
.
r t ea y, s e e R e d s of th e P a s t i v,
am f ll t x
. .
a n ci e t of i
.
0 r C h a ly b o n t he e n n pp 27 32 Th e u e t is g ve n b y
B r c or v ol
.
,
Al p po
.
e u g s h H is t y of E gyp t, 1i pp
mi t k
. .
,
S e e a b o v e p 12 3 o v r
. .
1 04 6 8 74 1 s t e d It i s a s a e , h we e ,
P o m of Pe n t a ou r of i ri t r t o c ll tr t
. .
, .
.

1 05Se t he e e th s w e a th e ea y an 0 en
( B r u g s c h H i tor y of E /yp t s f i v lli c

s i ve a n d d e e n s e a an e ,

is nc e u n io n
tory o f t h e p i i s t ol d i n a n for r o c r i l
, ,
1 06Th e s s es o if e n s i v e p u p s e s i s e ta n y n o t
i n s cr i p t io r p a t d v e r l t i m s n e e e se a e on co t m l t
n e p a ed
t he wa l l of t h t mp l o f Aby d o o r ic l o i i o
.
s and e e e s. 1 98 Th
e ge g ap h a p s t n o f t h D
t ro m
\
t ra s l te d b y D B r g c h H i to r y f
n a r u s s o i t i co t r
H t te un y c u t o ff E g yp f M es
E g yp t v o l i i p p 5 0 2 1 t d o t mi l li of m
. .
-
s e 0p a a u n e ss b y t he ne Da a s o
B r u g c h H i s tor y of E g yp t v ol i i d mor ic o l t to
.
, .
, . . .
10
c u s a n d Ta wh h is n y t ed
p 4;
s
c r v ro
, , .
, .
b e a a a an u te
R cor ds of th e P a s t v ol ii p 68 v ol ii
.
Br c
.
1 08 e . .
, .
,
1 99 u g s h , H i s to ry of E gyp t, , .
n 9 11 -
p 75 , l s t e d
B r g s c h H i s tor y of Egyp t v o l i i i cri i o iv
. . .
S ee the g en b y
1 09 1 30
u ns pt n
In d e s cr i b i n g t h b a tt l Br c i id
. . . ,
p 55 l s t e d e e u gs h ( b
Ka d e s h I h a v t h ro g h o t fol t i o l ro d i v
. . . .

of e u u 1 31
O n h s p e p e , s e e He , 19 1;
l o wed t h i s th ori t y D B irc h ta k e a co m r r t
.
,
au r s and p a e H ec a t F 304 a n d S e p h
s o m wh t d i ff r e n t v i e w o f t h e
. . . . .
e a g ag e en e B yz a d v o c
me t ( A n ci t E gyp t p p fr
. .
n en 1 3 ? In a p 77
R cor d s of th P s t vo l i i p 6 8 v ol ii
,
Br c or
.
. .
110 e e a , .
, .
,
1 33 u g s h , H is t y of E gyp t, . .
l 4 p 78 , l s t e d
T h i s s e e ms t o me t h e o n l y r e o n fro t i i c Br c
. . .

1 11 as 1 34
S e e th e n sp e e to u gs h s
ab l e cco t o f t h e p o s i t i o n i n wh ic h
a un or v ol i
H is t y, r
l s t c d , w he e t h s i c t as
Ra m s f o u d h i ms e lf ; b t i t mu s t b e co t c v r o t ic l
. . .
e es n u of u n e n a n e is e y n ea b e
co n fe s d t h a t Pe t a o u r s n rr t i v i s m
.
M a n u e l d H i s to i r e

e n a a e 1 35 L e no r a n t ,
s
h e r v ry h z y e e a c
A n i en n e v ol i , p p 423 4 -
B r g c h H i s tor y of E g yp t v ol i m
. . . .
,
1 1? u s 1 1 3" L
e no r a n t s a ys ( l s c th a t h e w a s
, ,
r t i ro d c tm
. . .
,
p 57 1 t e d th e t o nt u e t he s ys e ; bu t I
L e n o rm n t M a e l d H is t i
s s
v lr o r o for t i k i
. .
,
h a e a e a d y s h wn e a s n

3 a nu o re h n ng
An ci v ol i p 4 11 : B r g s c h H i t t t ici t d o t io
,
e en n u s h a h e wa s a n p a e i n t he a d p n
t or y f E g yp t v ol i i p 4 5 l t d of if r df t r r
,
. . .
,
by h is g a n a he ( su p a p
S e e t h e D k mal p t iii p l
o s e
o v ol ii
. .
Br c
, .
, . . .
M
u g s h , H i s t r y of E gyp t ,

4 en er s 1 37 11 ,
C o mp a r e B r g c h H i s tor y B irc c
.
.
, .
.
a nd 1 65 u s p 100, l s t e d ; h , A n i en t E g yp t, p .
of E g yp t v o l i i p 4 8 1 t
.
.
, .
d s e 12 4
r c x ix
.
B irc h An ci n t E gy p t p 12 1 ro or
.
, .
, . .
115 e 1 38
G t e H i s t y of G e e e , c h
Po e m o f P n ta o
.
ii d i t of
. . . .

116 S e t he e in e u r (vo l p 4 15 ; e
B r u g c h s H i tor y v ol ii p p 6 0 1 l s t r
. . .

1 39
s s -
S u p a p 28
A cc o r d i g t o t h i s w ri t r t h r e w v ol ii
, ,
co r
. . . . . .
ed n e e as 14 0
See R e d s of the P a st , pp
co m r
.
a s h or t r e w l of t h e b tt l ov
. . . .
o n t he ne a a e 1 1 12 ; a n d
-
pa e ab e , p p 14 6 7
morro w or r t h r a co n t i t io o f t h e
.
o ld r l tt r of
.
a e nua n 1 4 1 As w u a p p ea b y t he e e
b t c h ry a f t e r w h ic h K hi t a i A me n e ma n to q ot o
.
u e t t he s r a Pe n t a o u r, u e d a b ve
r e q t of h is t r 00 p s s e t t h mb y v ol i
. .
u es n e e ass ( p
B r g s ch H i tor y of E g yp t v ol i i r c o
. .
, .
.
1 1" u s 1 T a n s a t i o n s of S c i e ty of B i bl .
p 64 1 t e d ; B i ch A n i rc o o v ol i
. .
.
,
s t E g yp t t c en A h ae l gy , p p 35 7 35 9 a n d 36 7
p n o n w h h mu h h a s
.
i oi t ic c
. . .
, , . . . . .
1 4 3 T h s is a
:3 1 2 2
. .
1 1 The 8
p l ac es at t ac ked and t a ke n in ri
be en w tt en M C r r
ha b as e ga ds L 713 . .
310 N O T ES T O H IS TO RY or A N C I ENT EG Y PT . [011 . XXI .
Ab y d s t ra n s a t e o
b y B ru g s h ( H i s to r y l d c p les i n th e F u r te e n th a n d F if te en th o
of E g yp t v 0 1 pp 3 1 4 2 lst ii C e n tu r i e s bef o r e C h r i s t
h e re Ra me s e s s a y s h ms e l :

of i
.
w f
, , ,
co
.
iv
.
H is 2 1 rd s of t h e P a s t v o l
Re p
f i ow ic c b
, . , .
b re a s t h a d a t e n d e r e e l n g t a rd s h i s B r h , A n i e n t E g yp t , p 1 31 ; C h a a s ,
a re n t a n d h i s h e a rt b e a t f o r h i m wh o c c c o
.
R e h e r h e s e t c p 6 6 ; B r u g s h H i s t ry
o m i L o
.
ii
, . . .
,
r u g ht hi up
"
( p A nd a ga n : of E g yp t v o l p 1 18 , 1 s t e d ; en r
T h e m s t b e a u t u l t h n t o b e h ld
if i o o m
.
,
c
. . .
a n t , M a n u e l cl H i s to i r e A n i e n n e , v o l

g
i c i wi i
, .
t h e b e s t t h n g t o h e a r i s a h ld th a , p
4 29
kf b w o
.
c
. .
t ha n ul re a s t h se h e a rt b e a t s f o r 2 19
B r u g s h , H i s t r y of E gyp t , v o l 11 , o
f w fo h re m
, .
h i s a t he r ; h e re y e a r t u rg e s 4 l s t e d
pp
m w oo
.
c i
. .
e to d o ha t is g d fo r M e n ep ht ha h 2 2 0 D r B ru
g s h d e n t i e s t h e Ak a u s h a
wi m
.
(p t h t h e A c h a n s of th e C a u c a su s t h e
g c h H to y f E gyp t i i
.
,
l S h a r t a n a w t h t h e C h a r i a n t h e T u rs h a
O
B 1 97 ru s is r o vo 11 ,
L k wi
.
, ,
wi i
.
p 44 l t d s e t h the Ta u r a ns t he u u th t h e
b ov
.
o
.
. ,
S p p 1 72 7
1 98 L i gy e s H e a ls s u g g e s t s t h a t t he U a
"
ee a e, -
mes t h e t me Ra me s e s III a re t h e i
.
of of
.
1 99 As U s u rta s e n b y T ho t h s ha s h
O
.
I II ( s u p ra p Q
"
s s e t e s a n d t he a nq a s h a t he Ca u
S e e I h e D e n /cmci le r p t iii c i
. . .
.

p l 1 90c
2 00
a s a ns ! ( S e e h is H i s to ry of E gyp t,
901 L e n o rma n t s a s :
. . , . .
Ce n e s t q u a v e c

v o l 1i p
"
y
ii n v eri t a b le s e n t me n t d h o rr e u r q n o n i
.
, .
R e vu e A rc h eo lo g i q u e f o r 18 07, p p

p e u t s 0 n g e r a u x m ll e rs ( le c a p t i t s q u i i i qq
.
16 7 e t s e
o b o
.
d u re n t In o u ri r s u s le at n d e s g a rd e s 2 Th e d a te of o
M e n e p h t h a h i s p r b a~
h u rme s , o u
c io bi f i
e n V ie t n n e s d e s a t g u e s b ly a b u t o oj
T h e T r a n wa r
e x c iv t d e ss p i ti o d
es to t e es r va ns e u e too k c b op la e a ut B C a cc o i
rd n
g to
l v t q li t d f g t od o c o
. .
t
n a u re , e n e an en ua e or a s Her t u s , Th u y d i d e s , a n d t h e a u t h r
les g ig t q c o t c ti o an es xq l u es ns ru ns a u ue of t h L i f of H o m e e e r
pl i i l i ti b l o g il d
.
l An

A M Ch b
2 93
les se a sa t n sa a e r ue a Et d s a as. u es su r

mo q g y p t i mo h i to i q
.
na r D l en a ns es nu ti q i t e

1 8 ? 98 d R s an e
u e u pp r u e,
m t d eg d R m e I L il y c h ch p o
. .
d lH t i

en s u r ne e a s s n a er es d u r s e rv i r i s o re e
p as u ne pi po i i di q i it e rre u r a ns re , u n a

l E y yp t p 84; L m t Me, l e no r an a nu e
h mi
.
c o nt A ci i p 4 2 9;
.
,

i (M
u ne l v e u a ne anu e d Hi t i s o re l n en n e , vo
A ci l i p B i ch A ci
. .
,
d Hi t i

s o re n e n n e , vo r t Eg yp t p 1 30; t n en e c
Bi ch A ci G l d to
. .
, , . . .
02
t E g yp t n en S 22 M J t r a s ne s

u ve n us
r p ee
l ii p p H om ic S y
.
,
. .
B ru s s r o vo M d an p 14 4 ; d hi i an s er n
m t M i m p p 1 39
.
, , , .
, .
98 9 1 t d ; L s el l e no r an anu e s c c h ron s 43
R c h ch po l i c pt iv t
.
, .
. . . .
, , .
Ch b a as , i a th i e er es ur serv r s A 92 5
th
s d th e s a n an e a es o
to i d l E g yp t
re x t m p d l Ex d
e

e au e s e

o e, g th e x c d d 1S O O w h i l v y m y
er e ee e U e er an
c p d wi t h M m i t h m ll t i
. .
1 4 78 e tc ar a u e s a e r es
pp es a e
g c h H i t o y f E g yp t m t f t h t x t w o ld b t h l
. . .
.
2 03
S B o rul s s r o vo a e o p e e u e e e ast os
ii p 1 1 1 l t d B i c h ( A c t E gyp t ,
i b l w h i l t h l g w o ld b h ig h ly
.
,
s e r n i en s e e e ar er u e a
th i t p ob b l mb
, .
, .
, .

p 12 9) y th th
B g c h H i to y f E gyp t l ii
sa s e r ee n r a e nu er
ll Ch o o g p h p p 72
. . .
Ap S y
2 04 . nc e . r n ra . .
,
6
ru s ,
s r o ,
vo .
,
B d 73 an B p 1 18 1 3 l t d s e
Bi c I b i d p 1 17 4
, . . . . ,
.
905 h rc 2 7
M Ch b th i k o m of P o op i l y b tw
.
. .
, .
906 th t h w f a as n s a e as or Th e n e r s s a e een
m lly o ci t d ( R ch c h o p ic d S b y t i b c h
.
a a ss t p a e e er es , e c th C e an an e enn c ra n es
o l of R mm mg t t h p o i t of
,
of t h N i l
. .
2 07
I e s u a e e, co e nc a e n
B i ch A ci th i ti o
. .
2 03 t E g yp t
r p n en e r se
p a ra n
g c h H i to y f E g yp t l ii p R co d l iv p 41
.
.
, .
B ru s . s r o ,
vo .
, .
229
f th P t e r s o e as ,
vo .
, .
1 18 l t d s e
kmi l p t iii p l 200 g c h H i to y f E gyp t
.
,
909
S th D ee e en c er, a B 93 ru s s r o vo . 11 ,
R c h ch po
. . . .
, ,
21
Ch b a i d as, e er es ur s er v r p 1 19 29 l t d s e
l h i s to i r e d e l E g yp te a w: te m I b i d p 1 20 33 ; R c o d f t h
. .
.
,

31
p s de . . . e r s o e
Z E xo d e p 8 2

P tas l i p 44 vo v
c o i g c h H to y
. . . . . . . .
g s h H i s t ry of E gyp t v o l l i
91 1 B ru B f E g yp t
ru s is r o vo i
M C h a a s a t t e mp t t o o mi t h
.
, ,
b
, , .
, .
p 1 15 , 1 s t e d 35 l t d M Ch b

p 12 0 s e a as s t e
co n t ra e n e t h s s t a t e me n t ( R e he r h e s ,
v i c c ( R ch c h p
. . . . . . .

06
d lsan a s i t e er es o u r s e r v r, e c
mp le t e ly u s t e s i t
.
,
e tc p p 8 0 3)
-
co j i p Rs)
c g ch 1
. . . .
2 B r u s h Is 0 Ch b p 8 9; B
2 33 a as ru s s o
g
i o m d i f c lt i m ki g
.
c
.
o
. . ,
91 3 B ru s h
g H i s t r y of E gyp t v o l Th 934 i e re s s e u y n a n
C mp a re C h a b a s R e o mb of t h l i o wi g
. . .
,
p 1 16 l s t e d ou t th e nu er e s a n n to
o mi i o p tit i o B i ch ti
.
c c
. .
, ,
h e r he s e t c p 8 2 d
ss ns an re e ns r es
m t it t o (A ci t
.
c o
, . .
p 8 7 ; B ru g s h H i s t r y of
4 Cha b as e rs ns n en
a es p a
ii co mb of t h
. ,
E gyp t , v o l p 1 1 9, l s t e d ; R e r d s of E g yp t p B t th u e nu er e
iv d m mb b o g ht i i g i v
.
, .
. . .
th e P a s t v o l p 43 h and s an e e rs r u n s en
ii 8 48 1 o ly g c h H i to y f
,
o
. . . .
~c h H i s t r
y of E g yp t v o l B
91 5 B ru
g , , , . as (S n . ee ru s , s r o
1 2 1 8 1s t e d
7 Ea t l p 12 2 1 t d )
I i
pp r/p vo 11 s e
C mp a re C h a b a s , x ct mb i g i v
. .
o
. . . .
, . .
2 1 b d pp 7 -
Th 935 e e a nu er s en as
c c g ch l
. .
R e he r hes e t c p p 957 9376 ( B ) ru s s e
i c o l of R m
. . . . . .
,
9
1 7
O n t h s d a t e s e e B ru g s h H i s t r y S 2 3
th A ee III e n na s a es e s .
ii i P py ( R co d s
. .

of E g yp t vo l p 12 3 l s t e d ; a n d i thn G t H e re a a rr s a ru s e r
m f th P a s t o l v ii i p
.
, .
, .
w k
.
co p a re h is or O n the L i bya n P 6 0 o e ,
v .
,
.
TH E N I N ET EE N T H D Y N AS T Y . 31 1
2 37 ig hth y of M p h t h h i
Th e e e ar ene a s S o M a n e th , a
2 59 rd n g t o A r a o cc o i f ic
t h l t t foe a es d po th mo m t u n u n e nu en s n u s ( S y n c e ll C hr n g ra p h p 72 , C ) o o
H myh v i g d o m t i m lo g ; E u s e b u s g e s M a n e t h s n u mb e r a s 2 6
i iv
.
o
. . .

e a a e re ne s e e n er
b t th t w
u ty y e of A f ic en ( p e a rs r anu s a o
( Ch r n C a n p a rs , c h . . i xx . .
,
ll Ch o og p h p 72 p ob
.
95 3 S e e
Sy C h a b a s R e c h er c h es p 77
nce ) r n ra B a re r
i c . . .
, ,
xc
. . .
b ly i n e 25 B r h A n c i e n t E gyp t , p 1 36 ; D e n ic
Ex v 1
a e ss
mci le r, p t , p l 2 02 e iii
. , .
'
33
I b i d v 6 S e t II s m n u me n t s a r e
.
i
.
o
.
fo
. .
,
939 19 35 5 u nd at
Th e b e s , a t S ils i lis a n d a t p s a mb u l i n
. .
E x x ii 37 I
.
,
94 0
l b i d x i v 9
.
N i o v i c of
. . ,
9 u b a T h e re i s a ls e den e his
le d g e d i n t h e e t re me
.
ck o w i x
.
,
l h b li f of th Egy p t i i i di
.
'
94 " e e e e ans s n ru le b e n g a n
ca e t d b y Po ly h i t o wh q ot t h s r, o u es e o c
n rt h e a s t ( B ru g s h H i s t r y of E gyp t, o
o p i i o of t h m f l mp hi t h t l ii p 1 32 l t
.
n n e en o e s, a vo s
h A ci
. ,
Mo w t c h d t h b b of t h t i d w h ic h
.
se s a e e e e e 256 B t E g yp t p 1 35
ll C

n en
c o md o ly b I bid
.
, ,
o th i d of
.
th n e on e s u e rn s e 2 57
i t h m ( F gm H i t G l iii km l p t ii
.
p l 2 04
258D
th e s us ra s r vo en a er , n, e
w t d ti o p p
. . . . . .
,
Th H b

p e e re ra i n a e a rs 259
B i y i a i pti
sa th t h s, n an n sc r l ou a e
f c t th t t h Y m S p h i th w y f l h oo d d g v h o o
,
by h t e a a e a a n e p t u a a a se an a e n r
l t
a er S c ipt i lw y t h R d S
r u re s s a a s e e ea, to t h t th i e m ch hru t t h ki g na s u as e se e n
v p o ti of t h M d i t po f th th o g ch
,
hi

ne er a r on e e e rra n e a n u n s (B a er s r ne ru s
( 1 K g ix 26 ; J x li x 2 1 H i t o y f E gyp t l ii
,
in s It i er s s r o 134 l t d ; vo s e
l o f ci i fo m R c h ch
,
t ly p ov d b y t h
.
.
, , ,
.
. .
a s su en r e e u n r Ch b a a s, p 12 e er es,
re n d i g of t h L X X
er n e 2 60
B g ch l ru Ei l h i s th s c sen o r n e
g ch c ti o f th S c i ty f B bl c l
.
d b fo
.
,
94 3
D B r
p p ru s s a er re a e re T ra n sa ns o e o e o i i a
of O i t l A ch o l g y l i p p 377 3
.
th I t e t o l Co g
n e rn a i na n re s s r en a r ae o vo -
d p b li h d i co d
.
Ei lo h
, . , .
i t i 1 37 4
s s n h an u s e n t e se n 96 1
sen r,
vo l m of t h E g li h v i o of h i m t M
.

u e e n s e rs n s 96 2L nor e l d Hi t i an a nu e s o re
H i to y f E gyp t ( pp 333 6 8 l t d ) A ci l i p 4 34
,
s r o s e n en n e , v o
i b yo d d o bt x c d i g ly i g i
.
R ch c h
.
, ,
. . .
2 63
s e n a u e ee n n en Ch b a p 77 as, e er es ,
f i l d t c o v i c mo m c t g o ic lly
.
ou s. b t it h u as a e o n n e re 2 64L enor
y ant sa s a e r a
th l ct f w
a n a se e e S ip h t h p o l g i t i m
a p o vo i u r er s o n u r,
Ex x i v 2 1
.
p o
,
94 4 ll d M ppt h I l
l b i d x v 1
. , . u sa u ne e e re n a a
p i c i
.
,
94 5 5 T (M l l
K li c h ( Comm t , . r n e sse a o u se r anu e vo
E xo d B t th i i l v ti g
. .
,
94
p p 4 33
192
a s pp en on u s, u s s e e a n a c on
d o th f om E x x vi i to h i t o ic l f
.
3) j t t
S t h D kmal p t i ii p l 2 01
an g e rs ar ue r ec u re n an s r a ar
d xv
.
oh
. ,

28 , an 9 12 th t th Ph ,
-
, a e a ra 5
ee e en er, a
i h d; b t I w i t h W i lk i o ll C h o og p h p 73
, . .
266
er s e g u a re e ns n Ap Sy ; nc e r n ra C
A c l i p 5 4) t h t
.
b Ch o c
. .
,
n t E gyp t i
i en a ns , v o a E u se C r n an
t h o i ty i t h w i t i g of
. . . .
I bid
, .
th i 93 7
D km l p t ii p l 2 01
e re s no a u r n e r n s
Mo p p o i g t h t t h Ph oh
.
f d b
"
96
se s o r su s n a e a ra en a er 11 a an
d ow c o t y it th o i t i q o t d b ov
. . . . .

w as d rO th ne n e n ra r 96 9S th ee e au r es u e a e
m t m t h t t h o mi i o of y d c o mp
,
g ch H i
. .
s ee s o e a e ss n an ( ot
n e B an a re ru s s
f c t t h P h oh d t h i t h t o y f E g yp t l ii p 1 37 l t
,

re e re n e o e ara s ea s e r o d vo s e
A mi d m c h d i v
.
,
t o t po i b l i d ic t i o t h t h d t il th
, , .
s r ng es ss e n a n a e ty i u i e rs i n e a s e re s
vi v d m t t h t t i m of
.
su r e a g l g
e n e ra a re e en a a e ah
l ii c h y d c o f i o i d c i b d wh
.
g c h H i t o y f E g yp t
9
B vo an n
ru s s r o ar us n s es r e en
mo m t l v c t l t h o i ty d t h
. .
, .
,
p 1 30 l t d Th s e e nu en s ea e th w
e re a s no en ra au r an e
t h h i t o y of t h i i od i m c h h g od w t d w i th gl c t
.
. .
,
e s p r s er n u o s t e re re a e ne e
d it m t b N ly t w c t i cc o d i g t
.
t d t 2 7
sc u r it y ; g an b u s e ra n e o e ea r o e n u r es, a r n o
u n c t i w h th Amo mer a n vo lt d e er n- es re e th M e t h o of E ane bi ( Ch o C u se us r n an
g i g i ll C h o o g
. .
a t M
a ns ph t h h t hi
e ne a or a a ns s so n , l s c p Sy a p h p 7 C );nce r n ra :
b t t h i i c t i ly tim t
. .
S t i II I h v b i d c d t pl c n ov
. .
, , .
e a e een n u e o a e u s s er a n a e re s a e
A mo m d i c t ly ft M p h t h h b ov
. .
n- es re a er ene a (S ee a p e, .
c h i y b y h i p o i t i o i M th o li t
e s s n n an e

s s s F g o H i t o y f A c hi t c t
er u ss n, s r o r e
Sy ll Ch o og p h pp 72 d l i p 1 08 l t d
S
ig )
o
n
B
nc e . r n ra . .
, c, a n u re
97 2I b i d p 106
. vo , .
, s e .
I b i d p 1 13
.
Ei lo h i c ti o f
. . .
94 8 th T
se n r n e ra n s a ns o
2 73
W P lm
. .
o c i t f B i bli c l A h o lo g y l Ch o
.
S

th e S e o a rc ae vo 2 74 ee E g yp ti a er s an r n
m t M
.
i p 377 ; l i I t od c ti o p x v S t
. .

ld Hi t i

. . no r
'
an . anu e s o re i l
o es , v o .
,
n r u n, . : an
A i n c en n e, v ol i p 4 33 l y
e S nai i d P l ti I t d an a es n e, n ro uc
t h o o mi t S ti M tio xx v x lii t
. , . .
,
M
249 a ne p h th h s e -
ene a pp
n
"
X - e c
m i om tim mi d of Gh i z h
. . . .
a lt g t h o eHi er s na e s s e es 97 5Th G t Py e re a ra e
fo d w i t h m k of q
.
un po hi ar s e ra s u r e u n s c ov of
e rs a n a re a f t s u a re ee
m m t ( S B i c h A c i t E gyp t S c o d Py mi d of
,
en s n en th n o ne
p a
ee
g
u r e e ra
q c ov d b y t h
.
f t Th
, ,
s u a re ee e a re a e re e
i P py P l c T mp l of K k i ti m t d t
.

95
S th G t H
ee e re a a rr s a ru s a a e- e e a rn a s es a e a
R co d f t ( F g o H i to y
.
t ra n s al t d i th f th P t n s n
f A h ig t
e e e r s o e as u a re ee er u ss s r
l v iii p 4 6 d c o mp l i p p 85
. .
vo 3; T d 1 06
D
an a re ra n s o rr ec u r e , vo an
c ti o f th l y q oti g
. . .
i t y f B i bl i c l A h
.
, .
, .
a ns o e oc e o a rc ce 97 St ea n H d an e u n e ro o
lo g y l i p p 359 d oth th o i t i
,
60 d Ch b hi "
o vo an a a s, t u s an x e rs as s au r es e
moo t h t
. .
R c h ch p o b li f t h t t h
. . . ,
e er i t es
p 9 15 u r s er v r , e c -
p re s s e s a e e a e s ou
si d es of the Pyram
.
6 2 1 Ap Synoc ll Chro nograp. . .

p 73, B . . ids were co vered
312 N OTES T O H I S T O R Y o r A N C IE N T E GY PT . [03 . xxx .
w th i c lp t s u (Si i d P l ti
u re s

na an a es n e, B ru g s h , H i s to ry of E gyp t, vo l iiii ,
8 4 c
I t o d c t i o p li ) B t t h t o
.

n r u ns v u e s ne p 90 l s t e d
c i g of t h S c o d Py mi d w h ich I
. . . . .
as n e e n ra b i d p 91
i l i p t x i t how c of m
, . . .
2 8 6 D en k ale r , p t i n , p ls 63 a , 64 a ,

st l n ar t e s s, s s no ra e
ch o m t t i o ; d H d c
. .
an y su rn a en a n an e ro o 7 6 b 77 , e t c
k of o t h i g b t h o t l g d
. .
t us s p ea s n n u a s r e en 98 7 I i
b d p i s 12 6 a , 130 a , 145 c 1 54 ,
i t h h i o g ly p h ic c h ct of
. . .
n e er a ra er o n o n e 1 55 1 5 8 , e t c
mi d ( ii
. .
t h Py e ra s 288
S ee a b e , v ol i , p l l T h e re p ov v ii
E gy p t i p i ti g
, .
iv
.
97 7 O n b id an a n n a s su s r e s e n ta t i o n g e n i s o n ly a b u t o n e o
j y t
ar c hit ct
o ar b ov e l i u re , se e a e , vo fo u rt h c of o
t h e a tu a l sc e n e u p n t h e
mo m
.
,
pp 1 1 7 1 18 d p 1 34 an nu en t
F g o m t i S to i c i p l
. .
of lli i M o
. .
97 8 Wh t M a y r er u ss n sa s 98 9
R o se n nu en r
Eg y p t i c hi t ct
.
c xxxi Th d t of t h i c i li t l
, , .
an ar
g lly i e u re e n e ra n e a e s s ene s a t e
mmi g c h c t i t ic i h ti m h ig d t i t
.
,
su p it
n u s a ra er s s, s l t
a er th an t e e e re a ss ne o
p ci lly t of t h p i o d h i t b lo g t t h ig of R m
,
er e re

l ll c e n n
il l
es e a ru e e e s o e re a e se s
s pok of
en T k :lt o g t h w a en a e e r, e
my p h pa er f ly a t t h t th
s sa e a s se r a e B i ch A
2 9"
i t E gyp t p 12 9; L
r n c en e
mo t m t M
,
Egy pt i w t i l ly A ci
. .
ld H t i

a ns th e re e s e s se n a no r an anu e i s o re n enn e
b i ld i g p o p l of ll t h o l i p 4 26 w it
,
a u n e w e a se e a re vo Th l tt y e a er r er sa s
c q i d wi t h d t h mo t g mo m t d R m e II o
.
, . .
a u a nte an e s ener L es nu en s e a es s n us
cc f l i ll t h y t t mp t d fo t i t a d ic l
.
,
a lly su es s u n a e a e e n a ss s e rde d u ne ca en ce r a a e
in thi w y Ths G a k i i t e re e s, t s ru e , d l e c lp t g y p t i
a s q i u p u re enn e , u se r
th m i m t d v c i c oy b l p i d i a
.
su r p d asse e n re ne en an c ip it e a e u ne n r a e ra t
b ea u t y of d i l d i t h c l of e ta an n e ass m q o
e s u re d lo g u

n

s a va n c e an s ce n
c lp t wi h w h ic h t h y o m t d 11 d b t p v d ig
.
s u u re t e rn a en e r eg ne d u e ar e s oe u re s nes
t h i b i ld i g w h i l t h Go h ic c h i d to t d mi io q i o t l
.
e r u n s, e e t ar e u e a pl ra t n, u s n e n ec us
t f x c ll d t h m i c o t c t i v lt d l t gy p t i ; m i bi t ot

t ee s ar e e e e n n s ru e u ra e ar en a s en
cl e ve r ne s s ; b t wi h h xc pti o
u t t ese e e ns , l pp

o i i v ll q i p e
ress o n u n e rs e e, u se su r
o t h ty l b p t i t o c o mp to t l co t c o mm j o g d f
.
no er s es can e u n e u e a n r e e nu u e e r,
t itio wi t h h m A t t h m t i m
n t e e sa e e, t ari t l o c d l g d i pi ti oa s ur e e a ra n e ns ra n
i t h G ci G o t h ic chi t c
.
ne er re an no r ar e ts d es t ar s A l d eg l de a n u r ne , a
t oo d mo f c t ly ll t h c d c t c o mp let
.

u n d e rs p re er e a e a en e es e
d tio of t d t h x c t c h B i c h G id t G ll i
.
p 17
ra a ns ar an e e a ar 2 9 er es ,
g r u e o a
m
. .
c t h t h o ld b g i v t v y
,
992
a te r a s u e en o e er L e nor ant l s c
f m v y d t i l W h th it
. . . .
or d an e er e a e er 2 93 S u
p ra p 14 2
pl i t i d d p y mi d t h
.
ov i
. . .
w as th e a n a -
s e ra e 994
S ee a b e , vol , p 18 4
o wd d d m i v h yp o ty le h ll
. . . .
2 95 S u
cr e an a ss e s a p ra , p p 4 6 a n d 65
p l y f l p v i li o l x i o If xc io
.
, .
th e a u th a n, or e u ur us 2 96 t h e r e is a n y e ept n , i t i s in
d w lli g ie n ll t h th
h Eg y p t i
a e se e an th e re g n i of
Th o th e s wh o s e e s m m
u n d t oo d p
e rs f c tly b o th h w t m k er e o o a e t o ha e ha d a v n s d e ra b le re g a rd f o r co i
th g e l d ig
e ne ra xp x c t ly w h t
es n e re s s e a a S e t a n d re p re s e nt s h i n o t u n re u e n t m f q
w t d d t m k v y d t il mo m m
,
'
h e an e an o a e e er e a ly o n h i s nu e n t s ( D en k ci le r , p t
io m t i l co t ib
.
an d ll t h v a e ar us a er a s n r u te iii p ls 33 g 34 35 b 36 b ) c
l ff c t t oo d ov i o
.
. .
, , ,
t o th g e e n e ra Th y d e e e u n e rs 2 97
S ee a b e vo l p 2 99 n t e
l o b tt y o th tio m iii
. . . .
, .
th h w , pl 1 25 a

998 D e n k
a s e er an an e r na n o ci le r , p t
c lp t c o mb i t i o wi th I i
. . . . .
i 2 99 b d p l 12 4 d
t o u se s u u re n na n
ch i t ct d t m k t h i c o lo i i II i
. . .
ar e u re . a n o a e e r ss 900 A s
Set S e t n e kh t S e t a n d S e t
v of p h i x g o p t h m m o of m II o
. ,
an d a enu es S n es r u e e na s ns
-
Ra e s e s and t h e rs
m iii
.
lv i t o p t of ig
. .
,
30 D e n k
t d ci le r p t p ls 30 a 33 b

se es n g ar s one re a es n,
m tim t
.
,
h i t o ic l c
. . . .
an d t th a e sa e e o u se s r a 4 6 a , 55 b 5 6 a , 58 , 6 5 d , 72 , 74 a , 8 2 , 124
p i ti g f di g by i ibl d g
.
a n n s, a n n s e ns e e re e s d , 15 1 a e tc
i t o h i g lp yh i I i
. .
n e ro th h d d cs o n e one an an 30? b d p l 36 b
c lp t o th l i ki g I i
, . . .
i t
n o s u th u re on e e r, -
n n 3 03 b d
p ls 37 a a n d 1 6 9
w h o l t o g th w i th th h i g h t co ii
. . .
th e e e er e es 304 R e r ds of the P a s t , v o l p p 43, .
of p h o t ic t t c W i th t h
.
,
l
c as s ne u e ra n e e 7 1 72 75 7 6 , e t c
mo t b i lli t c olo i g t h y t h h I i ii
. . . . .
s r an r n e us ar 3 05
b d vol , pp 38 , 4 0, 4 3, e tc , v o l
m i d ll t h
. .
,
i to iv
. . .
o n ze a t g t
ese ar s n o ne re a p 4 4 et c
w h ol ythi g th ov
, . . .
e, p d by
u ns u r a sse an n e 3 06 S e e a b e p p 94 95
w o ld h i g th t h i ty o xc io
. . . .
r d as see n ur n e r cen 3 07 T h e n ly e ept n s o fa r a s I

of t g g l pi t io k ow o i m of i
.
t i
u r es d s ru th t e an as ra n a n wa s t h e a p p n t e n t p r e s ts
h v l p d i c t h b i lli t d y of f om v e ry e a rly d a t e f o r t h e . u lt o f
,
a e e a se s n e e r an a s r a
t ki d o m of t h P h oh ki co c io wi i
.

th e g rea ng e a ra s the ng s , in n ne t n t h the r
(F g er o H i to y f A c h i t c t
u ss n, s r o r e u re , i c i -
m v
b u r a l p la e ; b u t t h s s e e s t o h a e
vo l i p 126 l t s b e en a d o m ic es t m a r ra ng e e nt and to ,
v o wo i
. . . .
7 9 S l y Si ta n e i d P l ti I na an a es n e, n h a e b e l n g e d t o t h e g e n e ra l rs h p o f
p xx x v i c o of w ic ok
,
t ro d uc ti o n,

a n e s t rs vh h we h a e sp en
I b i d p xx xv i
.
.
,
33 - 2 01
s u p ra v o l p 20 0
b ov m iii
. . . . . . . .
'
, p ls
S ee a p 144 1 45 e, - 308 D e n k ale r p t 4 7, 59 .
I i
. . . . .
999 St l d P l ti
Si an e i In na an a es ne , 3 09 b d
p ls 54 a a n d 5 7 a
y
t od c ti o p x xx v i
.
I i iii
.
, .
p l 67

31 0 b d
pt
I i
r u n, .
'F
. . . .
o H i t y f A hi t c t
. .
93
g er u ss n . s or o rc e 3 b d p ls 1 4 7 a , 15 1 b, 199( 1, e tc . .
u re, vo l 1, .
p 113 . . I
3 b i d
pl 143 c .. . .
31 4 N OT ES TO H I S T O RY OF A N CI E N T EG Y PT . [03 . n il .
vo l .
ii pp
135- 6 , l s t e d , a n d E s e n l h r
. i o S o R a me se s i n t h e
36 i c i p ti o t
ns r n ra n s.
c o c
.
o y f E g yp t
. .
in Tr a n sa t i n s of S o c of B i b l i ca l la t e d b y B r u g s h ( H is t r o vo l
c oo i ii pp 1 4 7 8
.
, .
A r h ae l g y v o l , p 376 -
l st
o i i bid p
. . .
, . .
,
4 B ru s c h H i s t r
y of E gyp t , v o l
37
g 14 8
p
,
i o of t h
. .
, . .
1 33, l s t e d 38 S ee the r e p re se n t a t n e eu
co v iii g g m i t h D c i p ti o d l E g yp t
. .
R e r d s of th e P a s t , v o l
15
, p 47 ; a e ent n e es r n e e,
o i A tiq i l ii p l x C o mp
. .
5
3ru g s c h , H i s t r y of E gyp t vo l , p 1 38
n u t s, vo a re
m ti t i p l c xxx i
.
ll i M o
. . .
, .
,
.
st e d R o se in nu en TZC
1 5 S e e t h e D e n km iii l ii
g c h H i t y f E g yp t
.
, , .
p l 206 d

ci le r , p t 39B ru s s or o vo
L e t h e s le m n u me n t c o o of p 14 9 l d
. . . .
, , ,
.
1" h i s e re s t e
io T h e re i s a t mb a t A b y
o d o w ic l b id p 1 50 C o mp B i ch A
. .
.
,
t n s h h 40 a re r n
c i w ic c i t E gyp t p 14 3 ,
. . . .
wa s s u lp t u re d i n h i s re g n a n d h h en
i c i io co i i n t a n n g h i s n a me , b ov p 18 0
, . . .
h as a n ns r p t n S
4 1
ee a e,
o wi of wi f B i ch A c t E g yp t p p 1 4 2
. .
h is l ii

t g e t he r t h t ha t e 42 r 3 n i en
m i i o o wi I b i d p 14 4 ; B g c h H i t o y f
.
.
, . .
4 3
e r h e s , a p e rs n a g e the r se u n ru s s r o
k ow ( S e e M M a ri e t t e s M n u me n ts
o l i pp 15 0 1 1
. .
,
E g yp t Th

n n d vo -
st e e
p k g of t h mi b l l d of K h ,
. . .
.
, . .

d A b yd o s

439 in e se ra e an u s
ii d of i f fo
.
o
.
g s c h , H i s t r y of E g yp t , v o l t th h
1 8 B ru a ea a se r e s o ur
pp e a rs a e
p c c p t d p i c i t h c lp t
.
,
139 1 s t e d B ru g s h s a y s t h a t t h e teen a u re r n es h e s u u re s
f c ov by t he m n u o m t A b o (D k mi l
. .
,

2n
'
a t is pr ed e n ts , o di e p i i pl
ne -
u en c er , t i , .
c oof N o o
.
b u t a dd u e s n o p r d u b t Ra
m III of i
.
g c h H i to y f E gyp t
e ses h as f or o n e h i s t t le s .
44
B ru l i s s r o vo n
p 152 1 t d ; R c o d f th P t l
. , .
17
s c e r s o e as vo .
m
,
vi p 20
.
, .
f
n e er t b t th i t i tl i
n e er , u s e s co
W i lki o i t h th o
, . .
'
45 H d ns n n e au r s e ro o
m t ll th ki g f om v y ly
on o a e n s r a er ear tu s l ii pp 372 3 3d d
vo -
e
B i ch A ci p 1 45 ;
. . . . .
p er i od 4 " t E g yp t r n en , .
g ch H i to y f E gyp t
,
H o d ii 12 1
.
19
1 er B ru s l p s r o vo 1 1,
g c h p 1 4 0 C o mp
. .
. ,
B i ch
.
, , .
B 9 ru s a re r 14 3 l t d s e
g c h H i to y f E gyp t l i p
. .
A ci t E g yp t p
.
, .
,
n en d Ch b an a a s, B
47 ru s s r o ,
vo .
, .
R ch ch
. .
e pp 2 8 30
er es , 100 . l t d s e
D c ip ti o
.
v i d t t h t th c l ic ti o
. .

I t i
9
s e en a e a ss a n
48
S d eel E g yp t A es r n e

e,
6
n
of R m c o mp i t h w h o l a eses a nn t co r se e e t iq i t u l ii p i 9 1 0; R s lli i
1 ,
vo s os e n
m t i b t i p l c xxx i
. . . .
, ,
of t h p o p l t i o i c t x c l d t h
e u a n s n e i e u es e M o nu en

o r c z,
m H i t o i ch I c h if t
. .
ti g ic lt ti
.
en re a l d th r u u ra an e en re er
Di 9
i h

u n c en , s r s e ns r en
c an ti l c l It w e I t hi k l i
a ss as n a c a ss p t i v p l 3 04 ; B ch l s ir , . s c .
g c h H to y f E gyp t
. .
, .
c t i o f t h o wh w
. . .
a n o g d d i se o e re re ar e as n 5
B ru 1 i s is r o v0 i,
om
,
.
,
s f c tio i
e se nse un na r es p 156 1 d st e
l b i d p 1 55
. .
. ,
92 51
G xl 8 en v,
I b i d p p 154 5
. . .
g ch I h o ld i c li
. .
23 59
B ru st s u n ne o
-
wid m i g d I b i d p 15 7
. .
g i v t h wo d
.
,
53
e e r a er ean n an re
l v i i p 49
.
R co d
.
i c l d i g ll h i gh f c i o
.
g ar d i t as n u n a un t n
54
f th P t e r s o e as vo . 1i 1, .
,
i of w h t v ki d
,
ar e s a e er n 7
t Eg yp t p 1 38
.
B i c h A ci
.
4
r Ch n en a B i c h A ci
55
E g p t p 14 4 r n en t y
R c h ch p 31 l l mb l q
.
l ii
, . .
. . .
b g c h H i t o y f E g yp t
"
56
as, e er es , : se e u e B ru s s r o vo
R me oi i to
.
.
, .
,
les g d u e rre s e a s s s ent n r

p 14 1 l t d s e
od b o g c h H i to y l ii
. ,
d it u p e d s l no n as a ns eu r r re e r 57
B f E gyp t
ru s s r o vo
mi l cl id l C o mp
. .
, ,
o d f th
.
no o l g iq ne a s c a ns e u e e u rs r 0 d R e a re ec r s o e
i t t g lo i x
.
l v iii p 50 8
. .
,

su zi s r eu P t
a s vo
B i c h l
.
l v iii p p
.
R co d
.
, ,
.
2 r
f th P t e r s o e as vo
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. . .
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96
f th P t e r s o e as vo 5 1

H i to y f E gyp t l ii p 14 0 l t
.
, , .
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.
s r o vo s 59 6 Th e re e re
m mo c h
.
, .
, ,
b o ght t
.
,
. .

d th
G xx x v i 8 9
e r u y o e. sa s e nar
m v l of m
,
2 en ar l t q oi i e s re a u r u se s n nu er
T h hi og lyp hic m i i d b fo m
.
, . .
99
e d by er na e s re a ou s b g c a t t s b arr e e re e no o e
g ch g i w h il th ki
.

D rB A hi t ru b y M Ch b s as s a, a as se e n a g a n e e re a re n s
( R c h ch p 52) A hi
.
l v iii p 50
. .
S b t R co d
e er es , as a a a s ta 50
f th P t e r s o e as vo
w o ld w ll x p
,
. . .
, .
,
u th A by t whe e re s s e s s a o g 51
c ll d b y P l i y ( H N v 5 ) H I b i d p 49 8 C o mp
, .
a re a e n as 61 13 are
b it
. .
,
l ii p
.
. .
,
sa .
B ru s s r o vo
o ig i l H w h ich i
.
. , .
,
I 3 th n e r na a sa s 14 l 2 d s t e
] c o mp d wi t h A od i v c t l g of t mp l g i ft f
. . .
i (H
gg;
i ar e u se s er , Th62 e a a o ue e e s o
d by R m o cc p i f t y
.
f e re a e se s u es - one
R co d
31
f th P t e l v iii p 4 8 r s o e as vo
p g a i th R co d
es f t h P t vol n
-
e e r s o e as s
R ch c h
,
v i d v iii
. . . .
, ,
' Ch b 2
p 54 a as e er es. an
R co d l v iii p 4 9; l v iii p 51
. .
R co d
. .
93
f th P t e r s o e as vo f th P t e r s o e as vo
g ch H i t o y f Egyp t l ii p
.
, , .
, .
, .
,
B ru s , s r o , vo .
, .
14 1 1 t d s e I b id 5
m t M Am
,
Bi c h A ci
. .
:4
t E t p 138 C h
r n en
'
a L 5 l d Hi t i
e no r an a nu e

s o re
R ch c h C o mp
, i
ci l i p 4 42
. .
,
b as. p e er es , en n e . Resal
vo a re
uni, Mon Ci m
. .
e
, . .
8 5 See No te B i n t he 4

9999613

. 1 li vsl ii pp 1 32 4 . . . . .
.
03 . mt ] TH E T W E NT I E T H D Y N AS T Y . 31 5
6
S e e V rg Ec l i v, 8 0; H o r Ep od 9 B ru g s h , H i s t r y of E gyp t , v o l ii , c o
x v ii vi ci m
. . . . .
Ju v S a t . . 6 1 1 ; Ta t A n n pp 178 , 1 91 , l s t e d ; L e n o r a n t M a n u e l
c i
. . .
, . .
,
ii , 6 9; d H i s to i re A n i e n n e , v o l , p p 4 4 6

e tc 7
c ii
.
o c o
. .
7 B r u s h H i s t r B ru g s h , H i s t ry of E g yp t, vo l 11 , p
y of E gyp t , vo l
91
g
om
,
of
.
, . .
p 1 6 1 , 1s t e d M a ny t h e f r u lae a re 1 72 l s t e d
iv co
.
vi p
. .
I i i
.
g e n i n t h e R e r d s of th e P a s t , vo l 1 67 ; L ep s u s , K o n i g s b u ch ,
99 b d
pp x
.
,
xxx v ii xxx i x
. .
1 2 1 6 a nd vo l , pp
-
1 37-
58 Ta f i , a n d Ta f , h os 504
i ic x of i
, . . . . . .
68
T h e h e ra t t e t t h e Tu r n p a p y a n d 504 b i s
w ic c o i cc o of i
.
ru s h h nt a n s t he a u nt th s 93 B r
u g s h , H i s t ry of E gyp t , v o l

c o ii
i i oF c c c
.
,
t r a l wa s rs t t ra n s la t e d n t re n h b y pp 1 6 7 7 1 , 1 s t c d ; Bi r h , A n i en t E gyp t,
v i o
. .
M De er a i n t h e J u r n a l A s i a t i q u e f o r p 14 7
m
.
i c io i o
.
9
1 8 65 S n e t h e n a t ra n s la t n n t En g D e n k a ler p t l l i , p ls 2203 2 2
li h h m d b y M L P g :R m om
. .
xc
,
o
. .
95 W e
s b as e en a e e a e e u st e e p t a ls h is t b in
o f ( R co d of th P t l v iii p p 57
.
h u e r s e as vo t h e B b a n e l M lu i h h i s a wo rk - -
o k w ic of
i to G m by D B g ch s me m
, .
,
i c L i
.
o o
.
d an o ne n er an r ru s p rt a n e ( S e e e p s u s Gr a n d
do i t o E g li h b y m
. . .
.
Th l t t e h ba er as een ne n n s p la n d es G r a be s K n i g R a ses I V ,
b y S y mo d w i ll i
.
th l t Me D a e r . an e u r, a n B e rl n
fo d i t h t l tio of D
,
b e un n e ra n s a n r 96 e p s u s, LK o n i g s bu c h , T a f i xx x i x
of t q o t d i
.
g ch wo k No
.

B ru s s r so en u e n 505
vo l m ( l ii pp 1 58
.
c o
.
th ese u es vo 97
B ru g s h , H i s t r y of E g yp t, vo l i i ,
l ii ii of vo m
.
,
. .
B 69 ru s s r o vo T a b le a t e nd lu e
I i m
, ,
.
, , .
p 1 65 l d b d p p 1 71 2 ; D e n lc a le r , p t i n
st e 93 -
l b i d p 1 64
.
, . . . .
70
p l 22 3 b
l ii
.
g c h H i t o y f E gyp t c
. . . .
B71 ru s s r o vo 99 B r u
g s h H i s t r y of E g yp t , v o l 11 , o
pp 15 8 9 l t d C o mp
. ,
od f
, ,
c i
.
O
.
R s e a re ec r s o p p 1 72 3, l s t e d t h e rs p la e M e r
-
l v iii p p 57 8 m m m
. . .
,
th P e t as vo -
Tu w
b e t e e n R a e s e s V III a n d R a e
N o d o b t it w i ti t ti
, ,
l o ic c
. . . .
s e s I X ( B r h , A n i e n t E gyp t, p
72 u as a s an ns u on
d m y cl i m ic c
. .
a t At h ens , a n f t b a a so a r, o e B r h, A n i en t E g yp t, p 1 47 ;
c o mp t i b l w i t h ci v i li z t i o c ii p
.
a de a n an en B ru g s h H i s to r y of E g yp t , v o l
m t
.
o
. .
,
lig h t en en 1 73, l s t e d T h e d a t e re s t s u p n t h e
mp lo y m t of p i h m t F c o om
.
c c i o of
.
73 h
O n t e e en un s en s a l u la t ns t he re n h a s t r n e r,
of t h i k i d i ci t t i m
s th
n n an en es, see e io
B t
th o A ci t Mo ch i l iii p
.
au r s

n en nar es , v o .
, .
1 01 B ru c o
g s h , H i s t ry of E gyp t, v o l .
24 7 2 d d , e . i i , p 1 74 7 l s t e d -
l v iii p 65
. .
R co d I i ii of
.
74
f th P t e r s o e as ,
vo . .
,
1 0? b d Ta b le a t e nd v o l ii
. .
d o i x No
. .
,
, K dn i g s b
1 03 L e s u s u ch, Ta f
1 an n te p ],
I b i d 2
. . .
75 7 5 12
l ii i of m
.
. . .
7" 1 04 T h e n n e t e e n t h R a ese s
B ru s s r o vo y ea r
mo m
.
,
fo o
, ,
p 1 66 I t d s e IX is u nd u p n t he nu en ts
m q i t lik A y i ic c p
. . . .
Th 77 e na e s a re u e u n e ss r an ( B r h A n i e n t E g yp t,
m
.
d h v v y cl c o
.
g s h , H i s t r y of E g yp t, v o l i ,
1 05 B ru
na es. t an a e no e en an ea r
S mi t ic d i v t i o p om
.
e er a n 2 4 7, l s t ed C p a re C h a ba s ,
m
.
g ch l c i
. .
'
B 78 ru s s M ela n ge s E g yp to log i q u es , 3 e s r e ,
L p i K ti ig b h T f x x x v iii
. .
,
'
79 e s u s, n s uc a v o l 1, p p 60 1 06
c ii
.
,
. .
No 504
.
,
g s h , vo l p 18 2
1 06 B ru . . .
c i p ti o d l Eg yp t A ti ic c c
. .
1 07 B r h A n i e n t E
gyp t ,

D 80 es r n e, n
e
k md l
,
l ii p l c o
.
q it u s,

vo 10 1 2 ; D s en er , 1 03 B ru
g s h , H i s t r y of E gyp t , v o lii
p t iii p l 2 10 2 1 1 om
.
. , .
, ,
s p 1 78 , l s t e d C p a re Ch a b a s M la n ~
m i
. .
b ov p l t x ii g 2 7 ii
. . . . . .
S 8 1 ee a d e a e an g e s E g yp to lo g i q u e s , 3 e s r e vo l pp
p l t x v fi g
,
ic L o
. . .
, , . .
a e 1 2 ; B r h , A n c i e n t E g yp t, p 15 3; e n r
-
B ch A ci m c
. . .
a n t , M a n u e l d H i s to i re A n i e n n e , v o l

89 t Egyp t p 14 5
ir n en
m t M i o i i o of i of
. . . . .
S 9 l d Hi t i 4 46 Th e p s t n t he p r e s ts

L ee enor an a nu e s o re , p
A ci l i p 443 mmo i im c om
. . .
n en n e vo A n at t h s t e has b een p a re d
g c h H i t o y f E g yp t l ii of o of c
. . . . .
B 8 ru s s r o vo to that t h e M a y rs t h e P a la e u n
ov i i i
.
of
, , ,
p l t d s e d e r t h e lat e r M e r ng a n k ng s
Th c l t p by R m III F c
. .
85 d e a en a r se u a e se s ra n e
t M di t Abo tho ght t p ov
.
g ch
.
a e i ne -
u s u o r e B
1 09 ru s
b i d p 1 79
.
th t h c d d t h t h o i B C 131 1 I 1 10
I b i d p p 18 0 1
a e as en e e r ne n
m t M A ci
. . . .
(L l d Hi t i 1
e no r an an u e s o re n -
l i p I f thi b
. . . .
enn e vo d h s e s o , an e S p p 2 11 u ra ,
di d i h i t h i ty c o d y h i d th L p i K i g b h Tat X] No
. . . . . .
e n s r -
se n ear s ea e s u s, n s uc .
w o ld f ll i t o B
.
, .
,
12 8 0 Th
I b i d T f xli N o 518
u a n c or e as
mi l d t of i
. .
t 12 4 0 t h 4
I b i d T f xli N o 5 19
ro n o ca a e B C re e r e g n s a , . .
f t t h i ( B i c h A c i t E gyp t p
. . . . .
5
a er s r n en a
cc o c R m k ow
, . . . . . .
,
i i d 11 X III w M n n as en
S
s n a r an e a e ses as
bo p 85 m m
. .
p ht h h Sh
8 S t p
e e a ve a - ra o e e n- a as ae u as,
H o d ii 179 L p i
. .
N t h k
. .
er an d as S K6
e e r- a -
on ee e s u s,
R co d l ii p p 109
. . . .
8 9
f th P t vo nig b h T f x li N
R c o d f th P t l i v p 60
e r s o e as s u c a O
v l
. .
. , , , .
1 16
"
O th d t f th n T 7 vo
e a e o e ra e s. se e .
e r s o e n s
l ii p
.
l ii
,
.
, ,
2 8 B g c h H i to y f E g yp t
. .
B ru s . s r o ,
vo .
,
. z ru s , s r o . vo ,
p 18 6 l t d ; B i c h A c i
.
1 04 1 d . st e . t E gyp t p
s e . r ,
n en , .
Ari t ot R h t ii 15
,
.
8" s
s . e .
, .
31 6 N O T ES T O H IS T O R Y or A N CI E N T E GY PT . [ca m
B ru gs ch
8 H is t o ry o f E gyp t, v ol ii tu r e , v o l , p 2 44 Th e t i b S et o m of iI
c m
.
i
. .
, .
, .
p 1 8 9, l s t e d h a s ve p lla r e d h a b e rs , a n d o n e
f iv c o h a mb e r i c wi
.
.
1 1 9 For t he u l l n a rra t e , see R e rd s la rg e a n d s p le n d d th a

of th e P a s t v o l i v, p p 5 5 60; o r c ov ed o r a r he d r ( i b p p 2 4 3 c oof
L e n o rma n t
. . .
ii
. .
c
B ru g s h , H i s t ry of E gyp t , v o l pp o 14 " M a n u e l d H i sto i r e
18 4 c
, . . ,
7, l s t e d A n i e n n e v0 1 1 p 4 2 6 , . . . .
ic c
.
'
12 So B r h A n i e n t E g yp t , p 1 4 9 1 4 3 S e e t h e D e n krn aler
pt p ls 2 1 2
f om i c
. .
,
I co c
.
wo
.
,
a , 2 19 b 2 2 0 b , e , 2 2 1 d f , g , 2 2 3 and

n lu d e r th s t h a t t he rd
c o mmo c om o m m e n t i di
. ,
u se d i s n o t t h a t n ly ( a n d r g h t i p a re Ro s e lli n i , M n u li ,
ly ) r e n d ere d b y Na h a ra i n , h h is w ic pl c xx v w ic
No s 4 5 , 6 , o h h b e l ng s t o
i of m
.
, .
,
t h e re g n R a e s e s IX
ic
.
144 B r h
Gu i d e t o Ga ller i es , p 1 7 .
ov
.
,
14 5
S ee ab e p 19 3
c o ii
, . .
g s h , H i s t ry of E gyp t, vo l
1 4 B ru

i
i c of p
, .
12 1
Th s is t he e a rl e s t a se os p 1 72 1 s t e d
io c o d Th t of S l ( 1 c vi i
. , .
'
se ss n on re r a au 147
S e e R e or d s of the P as t , v o l i ,
S m x i 14 ) w
.
b ov a o
.
a v t y l t as a e c en u r a er 5 7 6 5 ; Ch a b a s M la n g es E gyp t
t y i xt h ye a o f R m p p
m i
.
I th t w pp
. . .
,
12 2 n e en -
s r a e o gi q u es, 3 e s r e , v o l 1, 4 7 1 73; vo l -
XII ( b o t
.
ii
.
3 26 ; etc
R q t f g o d w n ot
ses a u B C , p p
ii
.
c o
. . . .
9 e u es s or s e re u nu 5
B ru g s h H i s t r y of E gyp t, vo l
ci t w o ld ( H od v 6 7 : , .
,
su a l i th n e an en r er . , p p 1 58 1 6 9, 1 79, e t c , 1 s t e d
v iii 6 4 t ) T h g d w i d t i d vi
.
,
co
. .
e c e o as en e 14 9 Re r d s of th e P as t v o l , pp
24
w i th hi i m g
.
pp o d
, , . .
v iii
,
t sy t a e, o r a an ra e s u se 70, v o l , p p 14 4 5
W o k t h o gh i t p ci l p o w c
.
o
. .
to r A r u s e a er 150
B r u g s h , H i s t ry of E gyp t, v o l ii ,
w tho ght t t t ch t o m i mag 1 7 1
.
pp co
.
2 , 18 8 , 1s t e d ; R e r d s of th e
v iii
as u o a a o s e es

.
t ti o vi
. .
F 94 D n. s ee r P a st , v o l 2 2 4 l 6 14
, pp
p or a re re s e n a v o
.
pp .
B ch A ci
.
c c
.
, .
, .
6
t E g yp t p 1 5 1 a lls t h e s e t a b le s the

ir s n en 151
B ru g s h
l i v p 59 mo v o om
. .
R co d co i io
,
f th P t e r s o e as vo st a l u a b le n tr bu t n t o a str n
im
, .
, .
,
ic ci c
al s e n e f o r a ll t o es

( H i s t ry of
Ib id 2 2
12
E gyp t v o l 1 i p 1 73 l s tI m bu t a
g c h ( H i to y
. .
w v b of
,
.
, .
,
S127 B o f E g yp tru s s r o , no t a a re t h a t t h e y h a e e en a ny
vo l ii p 1 8 6 l t d ) D Bi ch i th s e r r n e se rv ic e a s ye t
l i v p 60
. ,
R co d
.
, . . .
c o
.
f th P t 24 g s h , H i s t r y of E gyp t, v o l i i,
e r s o e as vo 1 5 9 B ru
m k t h p i od
,
.
, .
of t h y
.
. .
a es e er o ne re e e a rs ,
pp 1 74 -5 l st e d
fo mo t h I i
.
.
,

u r d d y n s, an ve a s 153 b d p p 1 80 a n d 1 8 9
d m oo k of
. .
c
. .
Th p h
129 h h 1 5 4 Th e B H ades
3,
a s re e n t ly
lik
e ra s e u se e na ne -
ne
p ely z d i d o b tf l
one It a ra e

s u u set fo co
rt h ( R e r d s of th e P a s t v o t
,

l m
.
g it o k
,

h asb t l t d
e en ra n s a e a e a a pp 85 t h u g h t a e n p ri n c i p a y
git t d d co v l d f om om of i
.

t d
e a t a e an n u se e c r t he t b S e t I , i s i n p a rt d e
A cc o d i g t t h g of h i v f om of m
. . .
r l n o e e n e ra u se n e no r ed r t hat R a e s es V I It i s
w o m ic m
.
p h y ic l ff c t i o w o ld b i t o
.
d d
5
h lly yst a l S o a ls i s t h e a gi
0
s a a e n u e n en e .
R co d w ic o o c
.
f th P t e l i p 60
r s o e as , vo . v, .
, c a l P a p y ru s , h h i s p r n u n e d to b e
w o k of
a r i
t h e n n e t e e n t h o r twe n ti e th
1 30 So L e n or ma n t ( M a n u e l d H i s to i r e

d y n a s t y ( ih

p
c i p
. .
An i en n e vo l p 155 Su
p ra , 204
o
, .
, .
c
. .
B a g i s t a n b y M d e R u g e, E c b a t a 1 5 B ru
g s h , H i s tor y of E gyp t, v ol ii, .
c w i
.
n a b y Dr B ru g s h ; b u t t h e la t t e r r te r
p 1 64 , 1 st e d
c co j c o m
. . .
n e t u r e ( H i s t r y of d H i s to i re

h as r e t ra t e d h i s 15"
L e n o r an t , M a n u el
E g yp t v o l , p
1 8 7, 1 s t ii c
A n i e n n e v o l 1 p 4 43 .
c o
, . .
ov
.
, . ,
g s h , H is t r y of Egyp t, vol ii ,
1 32 B ru 1 5 3 S e e ab
. e , p p 2 11
p
. .
1 8 7, I s t e d C h a b a s M e la n g es E gyp to lo

1 59 See
i m i
. .
,
1 33 M r D Ha
g h i n t h e Z e i ts chrif t f ii r i
g g u e s 3 e s r e , pp
4 7 1 73
c p i ki o c
. . . . .
d gyp ti s che S p r a he f o r 18 74 65 1 60 W l n s n A n i e n t E g yp ti a n s v o l .
c i ci of p
, .
,
i
.
x
.
1 34 Th e a p tal ty Ti g la th - Pi le s e r L 1 ( O p p t t le p a g e ), a n d 4 1 9,
8
.
I c w
. .

wa s a lle d A ss h u r, as e ll as h i s 18
co o m
.
16 en ti C i vi li p ls
u n t ry R o s e lli n i , M n u , .
c o c v N o c v ii c v iii v
.
1 35
In s ti n of Ti g la th P iles er I i n
r ip -
2; a nd T h e s e e s s e ls ,
v p i m of m
.
co w ic b o
. . .
,
R e r d s of the P a s t v o l 1 9, p a r 2 7 h h e l n g to t he t e R a e se s IV , .
q io ow v
.
w v i i c i
, , . . .
It i s u e st n ed h e e r, he the r th e h a e g a y ly p a t t e rn e d s a ls g ld e d a b n s
of i o m wi of m
, ,
M iz r o r M u zr t h s p a ss ag e rea lly re p rn a e n te d th g u r es en a nd
mi
.
r e s e n t s E gy p t o
s t e e ra g e i
a rs g a y ly p a n t e d a n d t e r
ov i of o
.
1 3 t h e g o d H ru s , o r
See a b e p 19 5 n a t ng i n t h e h e a d
iii of t h ki g
. . .
1 3? J u d 8 n
g e
L i W i lki o A c i t E gyp ti
. .
, .
1 3 e p s u s , K ii n i gs bu c h , Ta f x1i , No 162 ( d ns n, n en ans e .
ic i xi
. .
52 2 ; B ru g s h , H i s t ry of E gyp t, vo l c o ii B r h ) v ol pl bis ( o p p p
p m
.
,
iii
. . . . .
,
.
'
1 8 7, l s t e d D e n k ale r p t p l 236
m iii m
. . . . . . .
S e e t h e D e n k aler , p t i1 i i1 , p ls 2 14 ,
' '
1 39 D e n ic ci le r p t p l 238 .
o cc k i i
. . .
, . .
1 4 Th e u r at K ar n a ( b d pl 233 2 34
y
w oo c
. . . .
El K a ( ih p l 2 36 b ) Ab d e l Qu r n a
- - - 1 S e e t he d u t g 64
m
.
i i i
. . .
,
aler , p t iii , p l 24 0
'
1 5 5 S e e t h e D en k
{ b d p ls 35 a n d t h e B b a n al
.
-
. .
o k i i
.
,
M lu ( b d p 1 d
.
mci ler
.
p t iii , p l 2 86
'
1 F e r u s on
g s , a n d boo k of A rchi te c 36 6 S e e th e D en k , . . .
31 8 NO TES TO H I T S O RY o r A N IE C NT EG Y PT . [011 . xxrv .
s ma ll brochu re of L e p s iu s , d ie U e be r 4 1 c
B r u g s h , H i s t r y of E gyp t , vol ii, o .
K o n i sd n a g y s ti e , p p 2 65 e t s e q p 2 13 l s t e d
4 i bd
.
k o x
. . . ,
1 H er is s h wn b y t h e p r e I
ra n p 2 12
3 D e n kmd le r
. . .
,
p t 1 11 , p l 2 57 b , c .
o cc
, .
.
ch be p S y n c e ll l
4 4 A
su te n sa t u rs
v of c
. .
4 5 Th i
s was t h e ie w D r H in ks M
L e n o rma n t p a e s t h e e p e i t i n i n t h e l c x d o
. . .
me (L 2 68 , li
fl
ci re her na e p si u s , p ne
of o
.
r e ig n O s a rk o n I , b u t wi t h u t i d e n t i
m
.
L pi th t B g ch t h wi t h Z e ra h ( M a n u e l d H i s
15 e s u s u s es e rs ru s e t y i n g hi
c o d of t h fo m M h t l
,
to i r e A n i e n n e c
i p vo l
se n ese r s e en iou t
o
.
, .
,
p o b bl y d g ht of M k h p
.
,
w as r a a au er en e r
4 6 2
C h r n xi v , 9 13
J m S k oo f
. .
4 7
ra o r P b h (P ase ) ens a s u s e nn e s e ro b o a e d t o h is ha s n a t er
S o W i lk i o (i h th o S o l o mo b b ld ll o
.
1 ns n n t e au r s

n eg a n t o ui Mi ( 1 K ings
c fo
.
H od o t
er vo l ii p 374 3d d ) d u s, e an xi wh i h w a s i n t h e t we n ty u rt h -
of
,
m t (M
. . . .
,
L eno r l d Hi t i
an A anu e

s o re h ye a r h is re ig n ( i b v i 1 ; i x , 10, He
m u s t h a e r e ma i n e
v d c o of
.
,
i
c en n e , vo l i p at the u rt
kmall
4 ; Ro l S h i s h a k s me
o fo f
. . .
1" D t i i i l 2 5 2 s se u rt e e n o r t e e n y e a rs
en p p er,
x d o ll mo
.
l i i M S to i ci p i x lwii
. .
n on r c T h e e p e i t i n wa s n o t t i re t h a n
fo f d
.
, . . .
13
1 K i n g s xi 2 8 u r y e a rs a t e rwa r s ( i h x i v , Thu s
c c l v b l
.
, .
19 1
Ki n g s x i 4 0 i t c a n s a r e y ha e e e n e a r i er t h an
l d o oc
.
,
S he s h o n k s e ig h t e e n t h y e a r

7
S e e the a p ryp h a a di ti n s t o t h e
4 3 D en k m c
.
F oo k of
i rs t B co
K i ng s d nt ain e in t he
4 9 M on u m
d le r p t i i i p l 2 57 b ,
o c
.
J obo m
. .
, .
Se p t u a g i n t wh e re er a i s sa i to d e n t i s t r i i , p l xi i No 4 6
vo l
c o
. . . .
v m d of
,
g s h H i s t r y of E g yp t,
u
ha e a rr i e a d a u g ln e r S h e sho nk
5 B ru i 1i ,
1
mo n u me n t s a r e s o
.
,
C o mp S y c ll ( Ch o o g
.
a re n e u s r n r ap h p p 2 14 1 s t e d T he
c od
. , .
. .
18 4 A ) f e w a n d s a n t y I o r t h i s p e ri t ha t h is
t o r ia n s a r e t e mp t e d
, .
91 6- 20
1 K in g s x ii t o S p i n t h e i r n a rr a
2 2 Se
e a b v
o e c h xx v oi n t e 7
. .
c
t i ve s res p e t i n g t h e d y n a sty o u tof v e ry
93 S e e 2 C h r n o xii 3
,
The
lv
t we e
, . .
b
u ns u s t a n tia lm l
a t e ri a s I c o n f e s s I s ee
c o d c
.
d c o of
. . .
,
f o r D r B ru g s h s
h u n d re h a ri t s
"
t h i s p a s s a g e a re n o su f ie n t g r u n
co b bo
.
a nu mb c d bl
e r n o t i n re i e ; b u t i t i s d if nt e s t e t we e n t h e t wo r t h e rs

v m o ll o d
.
c l l v
u t t o b e ie e t h a t E g y p t e e r u s v
o l
5 1 M anet h a we t we n t y ve y e a rs
k fo ll o d
-
t e re d x o
s i t y th u sa n d o mh rs e en

One
f
n y f o r t h e t h ree i ng s w h o
o o
we
cl d c co o of
.
i s in i ne to su sp e t a r ru p t i n a t e r O s a r ko n I ( a p S y n c e ll C h r n
D of m O
. . .
"
s ix in t
"
o
s i xt y

g ra p h p 73 ) As on e t he ( sar
d l
. . . .
c c
.
9* B i r h A n i e n t E k o n II ) re ig n e at e a s t t we n t y t w o
g yp t, p 1 5 6
-
v l l m d d l f
.
o om K
.
. .
95 2
C h r n x ii , 4 C i ng s y e a rs e ry i t t e t i e in e e is e t for
p a re 1
o O f co o
. .
.
xi v 2 5 t h e t wo t h e rs u rse , M a n e t h
m v b m k
.
o
, .
96 2
C h r n xi , 5 12 ay h a e ee n i s t a e n ; b u t t h e wa n t
oc o S oc o d ll m of mo n u me n t s f o r t h e r e i g n s of
. .
97 A s Sh (or h ). A u a , T a k e lu t
z k ko a n d S h e s h o n k 11 d co m
Ifm
A e a h G a t h , M a re sh a h , Z ip h , T e a, te n s to n r .
bo
.
H e r n e tc i
L p i U b d i XXII K o i g
.
o
. .
98 2 C h r n x ii 4 52 er n
e s us e e s
9 C o mp
. .
o
. .
,
99 1 K i n s xi v 2 6
g ; 2 Ch r n x i i , 9 dy tina spp 2 6 8 e. M i tt a re ar e e,
S e p e md Ill m
.
ml d
.
.
x o
.
,
3 0 T h is i s i
p i e i n t h e e p re s s i n s L e ra p hi p 22
u e e s,
Ap i d i d ft h h d t d
. .
t h e
.
y s ha ll b e hi s s er va n ts

tha t
53 A n
t y t hi d y
s e a er e a e n e re
th e y m k o m
ay n w vc
y s e r" i e , a n d t h e on hi t w s ( M i tt
en S -
r ear ar e e,
c
s e r vi e of th e k i n g d om s o
( 2 Ch r n x ii , ra peu mp
kmal p l 2 54 c
. .
.

54
Den pt e r, 1 11
p oof of t h i
. . . .
2 Ch o Th d it i
31 55 i s. an
x i 13 1 4 r n - e re s no r s
m k of M R S t t o ly th ow c o j ct ; b t
. . .
32 S th ee e re ar s r u ar n t r n ou as a n e u re u
l i S mi t h D i t o me
. .
P

t he n a i s a n e w a n d s t ra n g e o n e , c e r
oo e n y f th B i bl s c i na r o e e,
vo l i i i p 12 94 t a i n ly n o t E g y p t l a n
vo l dc d
.
I b i d p 1 2 93
. . .
33 5 A s a s re t i s i n i a te b y h i s f o r
kmi l 2 53 b c 2 54 of o o o ld
. . .
t i c a t i o n h is s t r ng h s (2 Ch r n
p t i ii p l
3*

D en c er , .
, s .
, ,
.
t e c xi v 6
o c
.
Ib i d p l 2 5 3
.
2 Ch r n x i v , 9 13 A s Z e ra h s h a r
57
35 (2
C o mp o l lk l
. .
I b id p l 2 5 2
. . .
3
R lli i a re o se n i o t s we r e n y 300, i t i s u n i e y t h a t h i s
m ti S to i c i p l c x l v ii i
,
m m o of
. . .
M o n u en r ar y wa s a s n u e r u s a s t hat S hi
3"
G mm i c l o b j c t i o
ra my b at a
,
e ns
.
a e s hak o c o
wh s e h a ri t s w e re 1 200 T h e
o d o d of o of
.
,
t k
a ten b o t h t h p op o d t l t io
o e r se ra n s a ns t h u sa n th u sa n t he a u t h r
of Y h M lk uJ d h re ki g -
a

u a a n o cl
Chr ni es p r o b bl m a o l v
y e a ns n y
6
e ry
d m ki g B t M m o
.

d l d h nu er
"
o an u a s n u r us
S t t P oo l h h o w t h t t h fo m L p i K i g b h T f x l v No
.
. . . .
u ar e as s n a e r er e s u s. on s uc , a .
, s .
re n d i g er n l t i p o ibl at e as s a ss e one 58 9 591 d 597 an
g c h H i to y f E gyp t v o l ii
.
, ,
( S mi t h D i c ti o y f th B b l vo l i i i
.
W B
,

s nar o e i e, .
ru s , s r o , .
,
p 2 15 1 s t d e
p
m mp hi s
.
. .
g c h H i to y f E g yp t vo l ii M a ri e t t e , S era p eu de M e
31'B ru i,
00
s , s r o . .
.
p 2 1 0 1 d st e
D k mi l p l 2 54 c o
.
3
pt i S ee 2 C h r n x i v , 9 13 Th e a rg u
"1

en c er n, -
m
. .
ll Ch o og p h pp 73 D d l q ll
. . . .
4 Ap S y n ce r n ra e n t s t h er e u s e a p p y e u a y t o t he
of
. . . .
, ,
74 , D . re ig ns Ta k e lu t I a n d S h e sh o n k II . .
on xv . TH E E T H I O PI A N I H A R AOH S

. 31 9
9 S ee L e p siu s . U e ber die X XII Bi7
S ic ii i 6 od "
o l m
. . . . .
K on i gs d yn a s ti e T a f i a t t he e n d the of 9 T h is i s e ry s t r ng y v
ark ed i n t h e
c ll c l
. .
o v
,
t re a t i s e D r B i r h h we e r , s u gg e s t s E gyp t i a n wa s u p t u re s , wh e re t he
d d k
. .
,
t h a t T a k e lu t II wa s t h e n e p h e w, a n d E g y p t i a n s a re p a in t e a r -re d , the
of c o bl c
.
no t the so n S h e s ho n k l I ( An i e n t E t h i p i a n s je t a k -
.
x
, .
E g yp t, p 9
Ge n 6
e , p p 14 3 b ov
.
,
p D
. .
03 A
p S y n c e ll C h r o n o g r 73 14 4
10
S ee a

L e n o rma n t ,
.
c
. . . . .
vo l
. .

4
M a nu el d H i s to i r e 1 1 B ru
g s h , H i s to r y of E g yp t , ii,
c c p
.
A n i e n n e , v o l i , p p 4 5 4- 6 ; B r u g s h , 2 2 7 1s c e d
o b t i cl
. . .
vo l
. .
H i s t ry of E gyp t, i i , p p 2 19 ls t Mr See B u n u ry s ar e on

O m o
. . .
M ER E i n S i th s D i c ti n a r y of Gr e e k

65
B ir h , An i en t c c Egyp t, p 157 ; a nd R
'
om
a n ( e o g ra p li y ii p v vo l
vo l k
.
. .
, .
ru g s h , H is t r y of c o N i le
B
13 Ba
E g yp t, ii , p er T ri bu ta r i e s p 25
b of ll d
,
o
. . . . .
17 O n e t ri e E t h i p i a n s wa s c a e th e
T h i d y t y p p
5
t h v s na s a e a rs o a e con C h e l n
e op h a i
g , o r T u t e e a te s
r r

l -
i t d of t h ki g P t i b t ( P t
.
s s e 1 4 B i o C a s s li v 5
re e n s, e -
s -
as e u
vo l
. .
,
b t ) wh i g i v b y M t h o fo ty
a s es o s en a ne r 1 5 B ru
g s h , H i s t r y of E g yp t c ii o
xc m
, .
wh i g v
. .
y O
e a rs : k i y sar on , o s i e n n ne e a rs , p 226 l s t e d E e p t t he n a e Pia n k h i
a d P im t ( P m ) wh i g i v c o mmo o
.
, .
,
n s u sa in us o s en n t o th e E t hi p ia n s wi t h t h e
th o dd Z t ( S t i ?) of a mi y
f l of c l d vo
.
ten M a ne a s a e e H e r h o r, a n d t h e s p e i a e -
wh o m t h c i t h mo mmo of
.
i t e re s no ra e n e nu o
ti n to A n t he o
E t h i p ia n
me n t s, a nd a s s ig n s hi m t h i r ty-o n e l l
P i a n khi , t h e re i s i t t e t o p r ov e a ny
ye a rs c o c o of k d o l d
nn e ti n t he i n p s tu a t e Bu t
mo m l f co j c
.
o of v of
.
T he
67
st i p rta n t t h e re i e s e e n the n e t u re s v
exp e r ts h a e a
a re g i ve n i n t h e D e n k aler p t i i , w h e re m '
v l a ue
mo I i h xi x 13; E z k x xx 1 3 16
.
o cc of
. .
t hey u py no re t h a n s i s: t he 1 sa a e ,
l
.
, .
,
p a t e s ( p ls 2 52 t
e c
m m C o mp
.
g ch l T bl i
.
'
8
S e e M a ri e t t e S er ap eu de M e 17
B ru s s c a re a e v,
qq m
.
d of h i c d l
. .
o vo
. .
p h i s p is 2 3 e t s e a t h t e en n e
S M i t t M o m t D i
s se u
o l b lo
. . . .

59
T wo s t a t u e s n y e n g i ng t o t h e 5
ee ar e e, nu en s ve r s
m m o d
t i e a re en t i n e i n t h e D e lt k d l i
m
p l 1 ; R co d f th P t vo l i i p 8 1
e r s o e as ,
d g c h H i to y f E g yp t vo l i i p
.
, .
, .
( p t i ii p ls 2 5 6 h a n 2 5 9 c ) T h e B r i t i s h B ru s s r o
m k o
. . . .
, , .
, .
Mu < e u h a s I t hi n n ne 231 l t d s e
of k C o mp d th
. . . . .
70 A
s o ne a i n g ( No 2 2 77) i n t h e 19 th t t gi a re e s ra e u n er e
F oo m of y t m wh q it i d
.

i rs t Eg y p t ia n R t h e B r it i s h P i
e rs a n s s e o a re u e n e
m
,
Mu s e u a n d a s t a t u e t t e r e p re s e n t e d p en d t of t h en t p ( R wl i o e s a ra s a ns n s

m H od o t vo l i i p p 556
,
'
by L e p s i u s i h t h e D e n k d le r , p t i i i , p l er u s,
t ff o of w l i k p i c
. . .
.
,
2 56 e 20
Th g e re a e r ts ar e r n es
l mo t l w y m d i t h i
.
71
S e e B ru g s h H i s t r y of E g yp t, vo l c o w e re a s a a s a e n e r ear
Yo t h i t h t i m f
, .
i i p p 2 101 3, a n d 2 2 0 2 1 s t e d -
ly y e a rs ig u s e e or v
l d ffo t ; d t h d i of mi l it y
.
c l
.
, . .

72
Th e M a g i a P a p y ru s , t ra n s a t e o ro u s e r an e e s re ar
c co
b y Dr B i r h i n t h e R e r d s of th e P a s t, g l o y i thr o g t U p t tp i c
s e n s tr n es s ar r n es
p c i l t mp t i o t
d
. .
vo l v i , p p 1 15 2 6 v
a p p e a rs t o h a e w e re u n er a s h e a e at n o ru s
b b i to w wi t h t h o b j c t of c o o l id t i g
. . .
e e n wri t t e n e t we e n t h e t we n t v rs t -
n ar e e ns a n
a n d t h e t we n t y s i t h x d
bd p
y n a s t ie s ( i i
-
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ll o mb of Th i d t m t d d
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2 1
T he s p e s i n t he t Bok t b
s g a e u s no e re ar e as
e n ra n f
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e b lo
ng t o th e s a m fo m of
e r e x ct b a pp oxim It d p
u t a d r ate e en s on
o c com fo ll o wi g c o id t i o S b
, .

li t e ra t u re , a n d a pp r a h t o , o r e th e n ns e ra ns : a ac o s
wi t h i n, t h e p e ri od t y m t b y h i y c h o i mwi t h
rs ear us s s n r n s
co o vo l Ho h (2 K i g x v ii h v b
.
,
73
Re rd s f th e P a s t v i p 1 15 s ea n s a e een as
c o l y B 72 3 72 4 B h i wh
. ,
vo l
, . . .
74 Br
u gs h H i s t r y of E gyp t, ii , ear as c or o cc or s o
p c d d h i m ig d ( t l t ) i x
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. 2 12 l s t e d p re e e re ne a ea s s
bd p
. .
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y B
75 I i 2 2 1, 1 s t e d y e a rs 730 72 4
-
sa Pi khi h d C -
an a
b fo h
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re ig d twne ty y en -
o ne e a rs e re t e re
vo l t d m t b p an md t h v us e re s u e o a e
C H AP T E R XXV C ti d th o om y
.
o n nue th on e r ne s e e a rs
1 S eei p p 37 8 a n d 1 14 15vo l - a f t i t A mod t t im t f h i
er e ra e e s a e or s
c o Sm
. ,
i g w o ld b t w
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9 S e e Dr
i t h s D i t i n a r y of Gr ee k re n ty u y Th i e en - ve e a rs s
om o vo l w o ld m k h i t y
.
1nd R a n Ge g r a p h y i p 57 u a e s rs e ar B C
od i ii 1 9
S b xv f th P t vo l
.
R co d
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3 He r ii 3; p 82
22 ; t ra 22 e r s o e as ii
D io d S ic i 303 : i i i 32
. , . .
, . .
,
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3; e t c 3
od o b k ( C o c od il o p o l i ) i m
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lm m d oo d
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of t h t p l c wh ic h
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5
T h e s e i i t s u s t b e u n e rs t as ti one d as o ne e rs a es
dc o x
i n i a t i ng a b u t t he e t e nt of t he T f a kh ne o cc p i d ( i b i d 4 ) A cc o d
t u e r .
k dom o c l g c h H i to y f E g yp t vo l
.
i ng o f M e r e, n o t a s i t s a t u a i g t B
n o ru s s r o
l m
i mi t s a t a ll t i e s , o r i n e e
d d
,
ii p of t h l t
.
,
p e rh a p s a t 1 t it w s a s o ne e as
m t m k it b mi i o t Pi kh i
. .
au v ti e o a e s su ss n o an
t i cl
.
R co d
.
S 6 th ee M d c ar es on a s o n: an 24
f th P t
e r s o e as
i t h D i c ti o g c h H i to y f E g yp t v l 11
,
NA A P y f G
TA k d n e na r o r ee a n 25B ru s s r o o
B m d c o mp
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o
p hy ; an V il e ra an a re V
p 8 32 5 1 t d s e
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.
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I b id 3 7
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ki

ns n n e au r s er o u s, 9
o t 3d d p t by C
,
Ca ll d W
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o C ook
.
,
pp 41 2 .
-
, n e 5 , e .
9" e ua a an n ,
32 0 N O TES T O H I TO R S Y OF A N C IENT EG Y PT . [011 . xxv .
U ap u b y Dr B i r h , b u t t h e s a e
t c m 24 o ity of E b i s i l ways
Th e au th r u se u s a
m w k c o mp d wi t h t h t of Af i c
.
ld
.
na e wi t h t h a t t he e es t s o n of of ea a re a r anu s
c c o mmo l d mb ( fo rt y fo ) i x p
, .
S h e s h o n k I , wh i h is n y re a as H hi
e re s nu er -
u r s e ce
p i ci o f o mi t p i i o
.
Au p o t ti lly
o na su s us r s re et t n
o vo l m Sh b k S h b t k T h
.
.
9a R e c r d s o
f the P a s t i i p 8 3, 4
Th e na es a a a a o a
c vo l Eth i o p i mi t i g
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8 ; B ru g s h , H i s tor y of E g yp t, ii , p ra k g i a re t en u ne an , er na n
i t h E t h io p i c t i cl Sh b k i
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2 32 l s t e d n e th ar e a a s e
t m
,
bd p of t h
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Sh b t k
1
99 I i 324 , 2 2 , 1s t e d o t; ca
-
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d t m S h b k h as l o g i
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90 I b i 3,
p 235 o t ca a a a s e nu
-
a ne
vo l E t h io p i co t c p og t h o
. .
c
. .
3 1 B ru s h
g H i s to ry of E g yp t , ii an u n e n an e, r na u s,
mp a re R e c o r ds of th e
Co d wit h l i p t h i ck l t
, .
,
2 36 , 29 an th n t h s er a e a er
vo l p l t xx i v g
.
a st, i i , p 88 Eg yp ti (S an s ee a e
S om d o b d d H od H od ot
.
. . .
, .
39 t wh e t h e r t h i s i s i n t e n e 17
ii 1 37

e u er y er us sa s
wh o m h t h mp l oy d w
,
l ll bo c c th o
. .
i t e ra y b u t t h B ru g s h a n d B i r h s o se e u s e e e re
d t d th p g c i mi l s ; b t t h fo c d l b o of
,

un e rs a n e a s sa e r na u e r e a r
Mo m t Di lly c imi l p op l ti o wo l d
.
33
S M i tt ee ar e e, nu en s ve r s , th e re a r na u a n u
p l 1 f o m wh i c h t h cc o mp y i g c c l y h v l d t i
r e a an n s ar e pi
a e su ce o ra s e c o n s cu
w oo dc t i t k km t of ll t h
.
,
u s a en ou s ly ll t h b a e e ni an en s a e
R o d f th P t vo l i i p 93 t ow S h b k p ob bly dd s
.
34 ns a a
8 5
ec r s o e as g r a re ar e a
kh i p o mi d i d
,
d c i mi l ll t h d i ff c t d
.
, . , .
,

6 Pi th t
an r se n ee a r na s a e sa e e
o l th b l g i t th g d ( i
.
th o ll Ch o
.
y n e re e s a a ns e o e M49
p Sy a ne g ph a nce r n o ra
h i m l f) t h vil wo th l
. . . . .
se d th e e, an e r ess p 74 B
h o ld b x c t d; b t c o ld
.
,
S o B e Egyp t P l c vo l i p
.
.
49
s u e e e u e u n o o ne u u ns n, s a e i
t ll t h t h mig h t n o t b i cl d d i d St t P oo l i S mi t h D i c t f
.
,
.
597
e a e e n u e n an u ar e n s o
t h i wi d c t g o y vo l i i i p 1337 R c t w it
, .
s e a e r th B i ble e, e en r e rs
C omp B g ch
.
Ib i d p 95 E g yp t d o o ti c t h f c t ; d D
.
, . .
35
92 a re ru s on t no n e e a an r.
H i to y f E g yp t vo l i i p 2 4 1 l t d B i ch v k of h i b i g
. .
, .
,
s e en s ea
r o s e r p p s s e n su
po d d o l y ig h t y s
.
t h v
,
f th P t vo l i i p 98
.
, .
,
:g
R d e co r s o e as se ig o a e re ne n e ea r
( A c i t E gyp t p
b
, .
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,
O . n en ,
B i ch p 1 62 H o d i i 1 39 P i kh i h d i t i
.
3"
A i n t E gyp t
r nc e
5
er an a s
B g c h t hi k th t h h d m l y d
,
vi d t i d d t N p t
, , . . . .
,
ru s n s a e a ere e e en re s e a a a a
m i fo d
,
of h Ni l i l d ( H i to y f
.
51
Sh b k th
b 6
t o o ne t e e s an s s r o a a s na e s un on e
E g yp t vo l i i p 2 4 6 12 9 l t d s e mo m t of K nu k ( B i c h A ci t
en s a rn a

r n en
g c h H i t y f E g yp t vo l ii I t o cc l o i th S
.
, , .
, , .
38B E g yp t

ru s s or o u rs a s n e e ra
m of M mp hi ( M i tt S e p m
, ,
.
, ,
pp 2 46 7 1 t d -
s e p eu e s ar e e. ra eu
m
,
l b of t o
.
i c i p ti o of
.
,
39Th e Pi k hi tns i r n an er p 2 6) d an w i th
on a s a s ne n o n e

fo ll o w W h h i M j ty m w h ic h m t h v b
.
n t a es as s: en s a es B iti h M
r s u se u u s a e e
s il d iv gl d; l o g d t t h g t t mp l of Ph th h t
,
a p th
e uhi h t w e r er s ear as a n e o e re a e e a a
ll i t b o d d wi t h m i c Th M mp h i ( Ch b
.
a k s an s re s un e u s e e M l g s E g yp t l a as, an es o o
i h bit t of t h w t t oo k t 3m vo l i p Ro l
.
n a t
an s d e es an ea s o gig u es , i e s r e, se
m k m l ody a t hi M j ty p p o c h li i h om p t tio of h i
.
, .

a e e s a es s a r a n as s e re re s e n a ns s
T o t he n o t of t h m i c t h y g c lpt (M o m t i s to i ci p l li
.
es e us e sa n : s u u re s nu en r , c
b t do
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0 ki ng t h o c o q o ! O Pi khi u n u er r an N os 2 d an o t sa y wh u es n e re
,
i g ki g i T h o h t c o m
,
th o c o q
.
,
u n u er n n u as e th y w e t p e re s e u
d mi t te L o w Egy p t ; t h o m d mb y c ot h v b n
.
H h

52
an s n t er u a es os ea s e ass a nn a e ee
th m n e wo m e Th h t of t h y
as en e ear s t l t
en th B 72 3 i c i t p c d e d
a er an c s n e re e
mot h j o i c wh b o ch t h c o mm c m t of t h
. . .
e r re : e s, o re s u a so n e i g o f Sa
en e en e s e e
f or h wh b g t t h e d w ll i th v l
o e a ee e s n e a e m i by S h l m
ar a wh i c h w s t a a n e s e r, a a
f d l t t i h t y It w s mo st
,
o th H p pi
ea b t th O w a ne s s e o ee , co th e a es , n t a e ar a
wh h t b o b ll : T h o h l t p o b bl y 724 wh i c h I i c l i n e
. .
o thas rn e e u u s a r t i a se n n B C n
l i v f v i f t g Th y v i c t o y g d of S b ac o acc e s
. . .
th y

e or e er n a er a es r to re ar as e ear a s
h ll d 0 ki g d f i d of m
.
s a en u re n an r en on
S
. .
Th b e ( B g ch
es D Ro ge ru s e u
53
p p 127 u ra ,
I c i p ti o H i t o i q
,
th o
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ns r d R i Pi n hi s r u e a o anc S 5
th ee An i t M on a e au r s

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n hi en ii pp nar es ,
ll Ch o og p h p 74 1 4 2
,
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. . .
ce r n ra B 5 2d d e
t t m
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ff c t ( i 4 5 c iv om m 7 .
,
e e 2) re e es s e con r a 156
t io f o m t h t el e of Pi khi wh ic h
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A ci t Mo chi vo l ii pp
.
n 5"
r e s an n en nar es ,
m k T f k ht k i g of S i l i t t l b
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fo t h t i m f B h i
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re e e o occ or s 58
Is a i a h , 1 xx
m of B h i ( B k c
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Th2
e na e occ or s e -
eu 59
O p p e r t , I n s r ip ti n s d es S a r g o
ra n f) h b fo d o wh b t t
as ee n un n e re u a n i d es p 2 7
mof M mp h i wh
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o
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It i s n o t u e c e ss a ry t o su p p s e t h a t
p e a re d v l t l i o n se of t h e ra s e a
e n o ne e ll
h e re a y we n t t o A s s y r i a T h e A s s y r i a n
A p i t o mb lo t c d i k of ld c x
.
s d w s, an as a s ra e n i ng s te n h e o u rts f or t he e
p re s s
bl ck a of t h w ll ( M i t t
on o ne e a s ar e e, p u rp se o of c v
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S er a p eu md e M e p h i s , p 2 4 a n d p l m o
c i a l t wn s i n t h e ir dom o
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ld c c o m c
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3 S e e D i o d S ic i 79 1 3 ; 94 $ 5 -
P i le s e r h e su h a u rt a t Da a s u s,
o o p B m
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A p S y nc e ll Chr n gr ap h 74 , A h az d i d gh o a g e ( 2 K i n g s x vi ,
m m
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p
. .
5 M a ri e t t e S er a eu
,
, p d e M e p hi s , . 1
32 2 N O TES TO H I T R S O Y O F A N I E NT EG C Y PT . [oa , XX VI.
Asd b y H o d ot ( ii 151) d
re a te l er us an r w i th M r Gro te t h a t
a g ee e s ta b
t h e
l hm t
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,
f t h e G r e k f c t o ri
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Di d o (i o ru s is en a d o e a es n
G S mi h H i to y f A h m rc h n t s a t N u cr t i m y b e r a t he r
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7
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p 6 6 ll 2 4 7
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co i d e r d a s d t i g i n t h r i g n of
,
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9
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k ow o t h i g of h i h v i g b
,
H ro d ii 179
. . . .
n s n t n t e r a n ee n sen 31 e
S t r b xv ii p 8 01
.
, .
b y G yg es 32 a
h d t k t h Io i c i ty of
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H e ro d ii 1 78
.
, . .
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G yg 33
es a a en e n an
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t h e b ro t h e r of S a pp h o
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o n d h d h er an a t u s C h a a x
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Io i b j c t wh o mh c o ld fo c t Le s b o a d ,
,
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n a n su e s, e u r e o t ra d e d wi e b e t x in n x ee n s n
ser v H C i e oo p w p o b bl y
is ar an tr s e re r a N u cr t i ( S t r a b x n p
a a O t he
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35
L p i U b d i XXII d gyp ti h
. .
, . .
. .
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1 35
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504
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of P m ti k
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37
(H od ii 7 d ) T h e l a t s t d a t e a s s ig n e d t o P am
.
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me t ic h s b y mo d e r n w ri t r s i B o 6 10
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p p 1 79 1 98 2 00 2 01
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S ee a e s a en es e
f o m vo t v t bl i h B i t i h
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B r g c h ( H i s t f Egyp t v ol ii p
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p 302 d T f l ii t th
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19
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th t th bl h d d t o g
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s e , .
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s s u e rs e e e
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vo l i p 4 97 i d of B t t hi i e u s s
owh t t d
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.
n e re s a e Th e t e n y e a s S e ge s
40
T y and
l t t w it iod v r c d im o i l
.
Th
2 0
e th i p a e s r er on s er V8 h a e b e e n e je t e a s o f p ss b e
( D Wi d m
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e th e ti ann r n u n es e en re d r t io
u a n (G ro te H i s t or r c v ol
y of G e e e ,
t o y of t h vo l t d d t io of i r o o m v ol
. . .
s r e re an e se r n p 2 4 8 ; Ni e b u h H i s t r y of R e
io h i o ic l ii lo r
. . , . .
th ew a rr b rs to e u n st r a , p
4 68 , E b u t the far ng e and
P sa m eti c h I m mor i cr d i i zo t
. .
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m i t r d cc t c ro t
.
b i s o u f A lexa n d e r d e n G r o s w n p et w h ea y a ep an e (G e H is
o ld m x of or r c v ol L or
. . .
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s e p t i i s m T h e n a r ra t i e i n i t s g e n e ra
c c v l m t c
. . .

an JU J H M e l d H i s to i r e A n i e n n e '
o l cc d W lk i Wi m o v r
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History of Ancient Egypt

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History of Ancient Egypt

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ARL Y EGYPTIAN S TATU ES momMmouy

m n EN P ROF ESS OR O F ANC I E NT H I S T ORY I N T H E U N I VE R S I T Y O F OX F OR D ; C ANON

D i f cu ltie s o f th e S u bje ctwh en ce ari si n g C h ro n o l ogi c al D e .

c ien c ies O f the M on u m en ts S c h e me s O f M a n e t h o O f H e r o

TH E O L D EM PIR E TH E FIR S T B EGINNING S .

M e n e s R e mark s o n th e n a me A th o t hi s H ese p ti men ti on e d

i n t he R i t u a l D is ti n c ti o n a tta c hin g to M eri b ipu Va ri a

t i o n s i n t h e Li s ts G e n era l C h ara c ter O f t h e Name s Th e

Re ign s O f S en e feru , K hu fu S ha f ra , M e n k au ra , an d Aseskaf , o f

THE S I X TH D Y NA S TY C U LM INATION A ND D EC INEL .

M arked D ivi s i on bet we en t he Fif th a n d S ixth Dyn a stiesS hift o f

Ne ferk ara P ro b a b l e Po si tion O f A t i R e i gn O f Te ta R e ig n

t he C l os e o f t h e S i x t h D y n as ty C u lmi n ati on o f the earl y .

Egypti an Art and Adva n c e O f C i vi li zat i o n u nd er i t

TH E D YNAS TIES BETW E EN THE SI XTH AND THE TW ELF TH .

NO M o n u men ts l e ft b y a n y Dyn asty b et ween t h e S i xth a n d t he

C l os e o f t he D yn asty Featu res o f the Early Theb an Ci vi li

THE TW E F TH D YNA STY

Peri od O f D istu rb an c e A c c ess io n O f Amen-emhat I Hi? -

M il i tary E xp e di t i o n sH i s great W ork sH is Addi c ti o n to

U su rt as e n III . C on qu es t o f E thi op i a a n d c on stru c ti o n o f ,

Fo rts at S emu e h a n d K o o mme h U su rt a s en III th e O rigi n a l

C i v i l i z a t i o n o f t h e P eri od Arts O f Lif e Arc hi te c ture

T HE DY NA S TIES B ET W EEN TH E T W E F TH AND T HE S E .

Me mo ri al s O f t h e K i n g s Perman e n t S e i ti c P res s u reOn t he

No rthe a s tern Fro n t i er In v a s i o n b rou g h t a b ou t b y prev i bhs

THE M I DD L E E M P IR E C ONQUE ST OF E G YPT BY T HE HY xso s .

men t a mon g t h e E a stern Tri b es Qu e sti o n O f t he Na t i o na l ity .

THE NEW E M PIRE EGY PT UND ER TH E E I GHTEENTH DYNASTY

R e ig n O f A ahmes hi s W a r w i th t h e H y k sos hi s Exp edi ti on

Z a hi t h e K h ita t h e R u ten t he Na h i ri , R e d u c ti o n o f S yria .

Li on H u n ts Rei gn O f Amen ho t ep H is W if e ITaI a;

C ommen cement D i s k W o rs hi p H i s W ars H i s

Old Reli gi o n R e i gn O f H or e m heb

THE NI NE TEENTH D YNASTY (A B O UT B C 14 00 . .

ta n c e O f i t H e marri e s a H it ti te Pr i n ces s H i s l a ter Afri

c an W ars La rge n u mb er O f h is C a p t i v e s Pl a n pu rsu e d i n

u s e f u l a n d o rn a men t al H i s P erso n a l App ea ra n c e D o

mest i c R el ation s a n d C h ara c t er A c c essi o n o f h is S o n

Monu men t s Pa c i c C hara c ter O f his Fore ign P o l i c y S u d

po s e d Ide n tic at i o n o f t hes e All i e s w i t h Eu ro p e a n Na t i o n s .

w i th th e Israe l i t es u n d e r M o se s Tro u b l e s O f hi s l a t er yea rs . .

B ri ef R eign s o f the s e M o n arc h s R e ig n O f

S i p htha h P erio d o f An arc hy Ci v i liz at i o n O f Egyp t u n der

tu re Dra w bac k s on the g en era l Prosperi ty

n e w Arr a n g e me n t O f t h e Ofc i a l C l a s s e s H i s W ars w i th

the S h as u t he g rea t Co n fed eracy

of the TRn au n a , S hart an a , S he k lu s ha , Tu lsha , U ash esh , Pu r

W or k s . Pl an ti n g o f Trees H i s En c oura ge men t of

mestic H istory H is Pe rso n al App earan ce an d C harac ter

a n d Mer i Tu m R a mes e s V II a n d V III

Peri odD ec l in e O f Arc hi tectu re Art a n d Li tera t u reD ete

H ab its of Life , 195

THE T WE NTY FIR S T D YNA S TY (A B O UT B c -

App eara n c e a n d C hara c t e r , D ou bt f u l R e ign O f Pi a n kh . .

Tran qu i l ity a t Th e b e s U n e v e n t f u l R e i g n O f M e n khe pr ra

a n d P ros p e ri t y D ura ti o n of t h e Dyn a sty

THE T W ENTY S EC OND AND C ONT EM P O R AR Y D Y N -

The Twen ty s e c on d D yn as t y n o t As syri a n b u t B u b a stit e

Li teratu re u n der the S hesho n ks , 2 23

C HAP TER XXV .

THE ET HI O PIAN P H AR A O H S ( A B O UT B c 750 . .

Geogr aphy O f E t hi p i a a n d C o n di ti o n o f t he Et h i op i a n s a b out

750 Posi ti on an d Importan ce Of Napata C onnec ti on