[Water Pump]

[1st September 2014]

BADULLA Muhammad Twaaha 1311150

CHINAPEN PARAMASEEVEN 1242689
JUGGURNAUTH ASHVIN 1317559
Table of Contents

Introduction...2
History of water
pumps......2
Literature
review......3
Objective.....4
Analysis & methodology....5
Calculation and results..8
Conclusion10
Referencing...11

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Introduction

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical
action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they use to
move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to
perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources,
including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, come in many sizes, from
microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial pumps.
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from wells,
aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling and fuel
injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for operating cooling towers.
In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in developing and
manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial
heart and penile prosthesis.

History of water pumps

In 1854, a machinist in Connecticut (USA) named Daniel Halladay was asked by a travelling
salesman to invent a windmill for pumping water and for other uses. At first, he was skeptical
that there was a market for such a device, but his work went well and he began manufacturing
his new invention in Connecticut in 1854 achieving success.
Early advertisement for Halladay windmills showed the greatly improved quality of life that
came from having an abundance of good water and from the extra time available for profitable
activities when pioneering farmers were freed from the tiring work of pumping water with
physical labor.
Later on more sophisticated water pumps were invented by great mathematicians namely
Ctesibius, Frenchman Nicolas Grollier de Servire and Pappenheim, a German engineer.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The reverse of this would be the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy and is
done by an electric generator

Types of water pumps

1. Velocity pumps
Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic energy is
added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is converted to a gain
in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump
into the discharge pipe.

Dynamic pump

2. Positive displacement pump

A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and
forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a
decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the
suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The
volume is constant through each cycle of operation.

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 Positive displacement pump

3.0 objective
3.1 To evaluate the different heights where the water needs to be pumped.
3.2 To vary the temperature of the water to be delivered.
3.3 To study the relation between the different speeds of the motor with other parameters.

4.0 Analysis & methodology

In order to proceed with the idea of constructing such a water pump, it is essential to understand
all the basic equations involved as well as all the requisite parameters which we need to consider.
We have used the principle of flow rate of water; Positive-displacement flow meters accumulate
a fixed volume of fluid and then count the number of times the volume is filled to measure flow.
Other flow measurement methods rely on forces produced by the flowing stream as it overcomes
a known constriction, to indirectly calculate flow. Flow may be measured by measuring the
velocity of fluid over a known area.

Figure 1
Firstly, we need to consider the pump flow rate of water which is associated with the motor of
the pump. It involves all the characteristics of the pump, for e.g the number of poles, the
synchronous speed, the actual speed, and its associated torque.

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The pump flow rate is given by the following equation.
Pump flow rate = (3960* water horse power/ H)
Note: WATER horse power is the energy imparted by the pump to the water
Torque is also given by P/ wsyn
wsyn = Ns . 2 / 60
motor % slip = 100 (Ns- Na)/ Ns
Secondly, we need to understand the basic principles of thermodynamics which involves the
mass flow rate of water.
The mass flow rate of water is associated with the density of the water, the velocity with which
the water density moves out and the area of the pipe.
Mass flow rate= p.V.A
Where p is the density of water, V is the incident velocity and A is the area of the pipe.

Cross-sectional area, A

Figure 2

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4.1 Study Plan

BUILDING
PIPE

GROUND LEVEL
Figure 3

Figure 3 shows our site, where we have conducted our experiment. We have targeted a 9 storey
level building where we can easily study the distribution of water from the water pump which
will be placed on the ground level.
The building is about 48 meters high, and each storey is approximately equal to 5 meters in
height.
4.2 study sample
4.2.1 height consideration.
the study sample comprises of 3 different values of height which we will be considering.
X1= 15 m,
X2= 30 m,
X3= 45 m,
4.2.2 Area of pipe
Different areas of the pipe, measured externally and internally, have been considered and from
the table 1 below, 3 pipes have been chosen( 24, 36 and 48 inches).

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 Table 1

4.2.3 The characteristic of the motor

the synchronous speeds of the motor have been considered for two different frequencies, at 60Hz
and at 50 Hz. The number of stator poles also have been varied from 2 to 12.

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The slip of the motor is calculated from s= {Ns- Na}/ Ns ) to be 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6.

4.2.4 The velocity of the water

The velocity of the water has been kept constant in our experiment, speed gates have been used
in order to record the velocity and alter it till it is constant for (V= 0.6 m/s)

5.0 Calculations and results

Equation the mass flow rate with the pump flow rate
Mass flow rate= pump flow rate
p.V.A = (3960* water horse power)/ H simplifies to
{ p. V.A= (792 Na.P) / 35 Ns. . H }
Where p is the density of the water,
V= velocity of water
Na= actual speed
Ns= synchronous speed,
P= number of stator poles
H= height
Evaluating the different values of H( height) against the slip of the motor, allows to alter the
value of the density of the water.
The density of the water is inversely proportional to the temperature of the water.

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As described by the figure below, as the temperature increases, the density decreases.

Figure 4
A graph of power (horse power of the water) is plotted against the flow rate of the water with
the diagonal lines indicating the different heights.

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Different values of the density of the water has been evaluated for different values of the number
of the stator poles(P), s( slip) which relates the actual speed and the synchronous speed.The
velocity is kept constant at 0.6 m/s.

Table 2
P s NA/NS V(m/s) A(m2) H(m) (kgm-3)
4 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.292 15 8.77
0.6 0.657 30 1.95
0.6 1.167 45 0.73
6 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.292 15 9.87
0.6 0.657 30 2.19
0.6 1.167 45 0.82
8 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.292 15 3.16
0.6 0.657 30 1.95
0.6 1.167 45 0.73

Conclusion
In order to deliver hot water to different levels of a building, a synchronous motor has been used,
relating the synchronous speed, other characteristics of the motor with the height H, and the
density of the water. The slip of the motor has been varied in order to alter the density of the
water. A user at a specific storey level may wish to have water at a specific temperature. The
ratio of the actual speed and the synchronous speed is used as the slip ratio to simplify the
equation. The velocity of the water is kept constant.

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 Reference
1. Australian Pump Manufacturers' Association. Australian Pump Technical Handbook, 3rd
edition. Canberra: Australian Pump Manufacturers' Association, 1987. ISBN 0-7316-
7043-4.
2. Hicks, Tyler G. and Theodore W. Edwards. Pump Application Engineering. McGraw-
Hill Book Company.1971. ISBN 0-07-028741-4
3. Pump classifications. Fao.org. Retrieved on 2011-05-25.
4. Submersible slurry pumps in high demand. Engineeringnews.co.za. Retrieved on 2011-
05-25.

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