Theory of Structures PDF

Theory of Structures
.

Rev. 3

textbook

i

1
1.1 ................................................................................................................................................. 1-1
1.2 (Classification of Structures)............................................................................ 1-2
1.3 (Loads) ...................................................................................................................... 1-6
2 Statically Determinate
2.1 ............................................................................ 2-1
2.2 superposition (Principle of Superposition) .......................................................................... 2-7
2.3 (Equations of Equilibrium) .................................................................................... 2-7
2.4 Determinacy Stability.................................................................................................................. 2-9
2.5 (Application of the Equations of Equilibrium) ............................................. 2-12
3.1 (Types of Trusses)......................................................................................... 3-1
3.2
(Classification of Coplanar Trusses).................................................................................................. 3-4
3.3 (Method of Joints) ................................................................................................. 3-9
3.4 Zero-Force Members......................................................................................................................... 3-9
3.5 (Method of Sections) ....................................................................................................... 3-10
3.6 (Compound Trusses) ....................................................................................... 3-11
3.7 (Complex Trusses) ............................................................................................. 3-16
4
4.1 (Internal Load) ................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 (Shear and Moment Functions) ................................................... 4-1
4.3 (Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam) ................. 4-5
4.4 (Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame) ..... 4-17
4.5 moment diagrams superposition
(Moment Diagrams by the Method of Superposition) ....................................................................... 4-20
5 Cables Arches
5.1 Cables................................................................................................................................................ 5-1
5.2 Cable Concentrated Loads
(Cable Subjected to Concentrated Loads) ....................................................................................... 5-1
5.3 Cable
(Cable Subjected to Uniform Distributed Loads) .............................................................................. 5-7
5.4 (Arch) ...................................................................................................................................... 5-15
5.5 Three-Hinged Arch ............................................................................................................................ 5-16
iii
6.1 (Influence Lines) ....................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 (Influence Lines for Beams) ......................................................................... 6-8
6.3 Qualitative Influence Lines................................................................................................................. 6-11
6.4 girder (Influence Lines for Floor Girders) ......................................... 6-15
6.5 (Influence Lines for Trusses) ............................................................ 6-21
6.6 (Live Loads for Bridges) ............................................................ 6-24
6.7

(Maximum Influence at a Point Due to a Series of Concentrated Loads)......................................... 6-24
6.8 ()
(Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment).......................................................................................... 6-32
7
7.1 (Deflection Diagram and Elastic Curve) .............................. 7-1
7.2 Elastic Beam Theory ......................................................................................................................... 7-3
7.3 The Double Integration Method ........................................................................................................ 7-6
7.4 Moment-Area (Moment-Area Theorems) ............................................................................... 7-12
7.5 Conjugate-Beam .......................................................................................................................... 7-18
7.6 (External Work and Strain Energy) .......................................... 7-27
7.7 (Principle of Work and Energy) ............................................................ 7-30
7.8 (Principle of Virtual Work) .................................................................................... 7-31
7.9 Virtual Work ..................................................................... 7-32
7.10 Virtual Work ......................................................... 7-40
7.11 Virtual Strain Energy ....................................................................................................................... 7-47
7.12 Castigliano ...................................................................................................................... 7-52
7.13 Castigliano ...................................................................... 7-53
7.14 Castigliano .......................................................... 7-56
8 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

8.1 Statically Indeterminate Structures ................................................................................................... 8-1
8.2 (method of consistent deformation).............................................................. 8-4
8.3 Maxwell (Maxwells Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements) ....................................... 8-12
8.4 Statically Indeterminate Force Method .................. 8-13
8.5 Moment Diagram Statically Indeterminate ......................................................................... 8-14
8.6 (frame) .............................................................. 8-18
8.7 (truss) .............................................................. 8-21
8.8 (Composite Structures) .................................... 8-25
iv
8.9 (Method of Least Work) ........................................................................................... 8-27
8.10 least work ....................................................................................... 8-28
8.11 least work ............................................................................ 8-31
v
Theory of Structures .. SUT 1-1
1

1.1
(structure)
(structural member) (load)

(structural engineering)
4
(planning) (analysis) (design) (construction)

(safe)
(aesthetic) (economic)

(structural
idealization)

(load)
(Design code) (Design specification)

(Internal force) (displacement)
(connection)

(strength) (stability) (deflection) (vibration)

1.2 (Classifications of Structures)

(Structural engineer)

(form) (function)
(Structural Elements)

Tie Rod Strut
tie rod (tensile
force) 1-1
P C AC BC P
tie rod (slender)
tie rod (buckling) tie rod
1-1
strut
(compressive force) 1-1
P AC BC P
AC
BC AC BC (buckling)
(load)
(Bending moments)

1.2
1.3 Wide-flange beam
(top flange) (bottom flange)
(couple) (Moment) M (web)

(shear force) V
(concrete beam)
(tensile strength) 10% (compressive strength)
(steel rebar)
1-4 (reinforced concrete beam)
1-2
1-3
1-4
(Columns)
(axial compressive loads)
1-5 (steel columns)
wide-flange (reinforced concrete column)
1-5
Beam-column
1-5
(Structures)
(structural system)

(Trusses)
(span)

1-6
2 2 (planar truss) 3
(space truss) planar truss
space truss
3 tower cranes (derricks)
span 3 m 120 m
1-6
Cables Arches
(cable) (arch) span
cable (flexible) cable
cable (sag) 1-7 cable
cable span
45 m span
cable cable
(anchorage) cable
arch (curvature) 1-8 arch
(compressive forces) arch arch
(rigidity) (shear) (bending moment)
arch arch arch
dome
1-7 1-8
Frame ()
(frames)
(pinned joint) (rigid joint) 1-9
2 (planar frame) 3 (space frame)
(bending)
(rigid joints) indeterminate
moment interactions

1-9
Surface Structures
surface structures 3
1-10a tent
membrane surface structures

folded plate cylinder Thin plates Thin
shells 1-10b
(a.)
(b.)
1-10
1.3 (Loads)
load (code)
code 2 (building code)
(design code)
(building code)
(minimum design load)
Uniform Building Code International
Conference of Building Officials American National Standard Building Code American National
Standard Institute (ANSI)
(design code)
...
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standard
Specifications for Highway Bridges American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO) Manual of Steel Construction American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

(foundation)
(floor slab)
(Dead Loads)
dead loads

1-1
(minimum design dead loads)
1-1
23.6 kN/m 3
77.0 kN/m 3
18.9 kN/m 3
6.0 kN/m 3
5.7 kN/m 3
25.9 kN/m 3
50-180 N/m 2
100-200 N/m 2
140-250 N/m 2
1.8-3.5 kN/m 2
1.0-2.0 kN/m 2
1.0-2.4 kN/m 2
120-300 N/m 2
300 N/m 2
1-1
dead load 1-11
1-11
dead load
1 m
1 m
0.1 m (0.55 m )+0.15 m (0.40 m ) = 0.115 m 3
1-1 1 m
0.115 m 3 (23.6 kN/m 3 ) = 2.714 kN w0 = 2.714 kN/m
(Live loads)
live loads (magnitude)
(location)

(Building loads)
(floor slab)
1-2
1-2 minimum design live loads

0.5 kN/m 2
1.0 kN/m 2
1.5 kN/m 2
2.0 kN/m 2
2.5 kN/m 2
3.0 kN/m 2

3.0 kN/m 2

4.0 kN/m 2

4.0 kN/m 2

5.0 kN/m 2

5.0 kN/m 2
6.0 kN/m 2
8.0 kN/m 2

(minimum concentrated live loads)

.. 2522

1-3
ANSI A58.1-1982
(influence area) 400 ft 2
15
L = L0 0.25 + (1-1)
A f

L =
Lo = ANSI
A f = 4 (effective load-carrying
floor area) 2
L 50% Lo 1
40% Lo 1

1-3
0
1 0
2 0
3 10
4 20
5 30
6 40
7 50
(Bridge Loads)
(Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges) American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
(wheel loads)
1-12 (maximum live-load stress)
1-12

(impact loads)
AASHTO
(impact fraction) I
50
I= 0.3
L + 125
L spans foot
(Wind Loads)
(Kinetic energy)
(potential energy) (wind loads) (density)
(velocity) (stiffness)
.. 2522

- 10 0.5 kN/m 2
- 10 20 0.8 kN/m 2
- 20 40 1.2 kN/m 2
- 40 1.6 kN/m 2
(static) (dynamic)
static (Mean
wind pressure) (windward) (leeward)
q
1
v2 q =
2
= = 2.376 10 3 slug/ft 3 = 1.2244 kg/m 3
v = (miles/ /)

q (psf)=0.00256[v(mph )]2
q (N/m 2 )=0.04724[v(km/h )]2
q (kg/m 2 )=0.004816[v(km/h )]2 (1-2)
q
100 mph 160 km/h (low-
rise structure)


p
1. (exposure) (wind
gust) Ce
2. I w
3. (pressure coefficient) C q
p
1-2

1-13 Uniform Building Code
1.

2. (Wind-zone map)
160 km/h
1-13
Uniform Building
Code
1. (wind pressure) 160 km/h
2
q = 0.04724 (160) = 1.21 kN/m 2
2. Ce (height)
(exposure) (wind gust) 1-14
(7+4)/2 = 5.5 m 1-14
Exposure C
= 4.6 m , Ce = 1.06
= 6.0 m , Ce = 1.13
= 6.0-4.6 = 1.4 m
Ce = 1.13-1.06 = 0.07
= 5.5 m
C e = 1.06+0.07(0.9)/1.4 = 1.105
1-14
1-4 Ce
( m ) Exposure D Exposure C Exposure B
0-4.6 1.39 1.06 0.62
6.0 1.45 1.13 0.67
7.6 1.50 1.19 0.72
9.1 1.54 1.23 0.76
12.2 1.62 1.31 0.84
18.3 1.73 1.43 0.95
24.4 1.81 1.53 1.04
30.5 1.88 1.61 1.13
36.6 1.93 1.67 1.20
48.8 2.02 1.79 1.31
61.0 2.10 1.87 1.42
91.4 2.23 2.05 1.63
122.0 2.34 2.19 1.80
3. I w (importance factor)
1-5
I w = 1.0
1-5 Iw
Importance factor
I. Essential facilities 1.15
II. Hazardous facilities 1.15
III. Special occupancy structures 1.00
IV. Standard occupancy structures 1.00
4. C q (pressure coefficient)
1-6 C q
C q
0.8 inward
0.5 outward
0.4 inward
0.7 outward
1-6 C q
C q

- (Windward wall) 0.8 inward
- (Leeward wall) 0.5 outward

(Ridge)
- (Leeward roof)
(Flat roof) 0.7 outward
- (Windward roof)
1:6 0.7 outward
1:6 3:4 0.9 outward
0.3 inward
3:4 1:1 0.4 inward
1:1 0.7 inward
(Ridge)
(Flat roof) 0.7 outward
5. p
p = Ce Cq I w q
p ( kN/m 2 )
p = 1.105x0.8 x1.0 x1.21 = 1.07 kN/m 2 inward
p = 1.105x0.5x1.0x1.21 = 0.67 kN/m 2 outward
p = 1.105x0.4x1.0x1.21 = 0.53 kN/m 2 inward
p = 1.105x0.7x1.0x1.21 = 0.94 kN/m 2 outward
6. p
6 m (
) 1-15
( kN/m )
p = 1.07 kN/m 2 (6 m ) = 6.42 kN/m inward
p = 0.67 kN/m 2 (6 m ) = 4.02 kN/m outward
p = 0.53 kN/m 2 (6 m ) = 3.18 kN/m inward
p = 0.94 kN/m 2 (6 m ) = 5.64 kN/m outward
1-15
(high-rise building)
dynamic (wind-tunnel)
(scaled model)
(pressure transducer)

(Earthquake Loads)
(interaction)
(ground motion)
(ground acceleration) (stiffness)
1-16
1-16 block m1 (lumped mass)

k1 (lumped stiffness)

&y&s (t ) (Shear force) y1 block
block block block
block
block
block
block

(earthquake response spectrum)
structural dynamics
computer
(earthquake design)
nuclear power
plant
seismic map ANSI A 58.1-1982
(static)
(static loads) ANSI A58.1-1992
(base shear )
V = ZIKCSW (1-3)
factor ANSI code
Z earthquake zone
I
K
C vibrational characteristics
S
W
(Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure)

(retaining wall)
hydrostatic

Load Combinations

load factor load combinations
D = Dead load L = Live load W = Wind load E = Earthquake load
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
1.) 1.4 D + 1.7 L

2.) 0.75 [1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.7 W ]
3.) 0.9 D + 1.3 W
4.) 1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.7(soil pressure)
5.) 0.75 [1.4 D + 1.7(temperature load) + 1.7 L ]
6.) 1.4( D + temperature load)
1.) 1.4 D
2.) 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5(roof live load)
3.) 1.2 D + 0.5 L ( 0.8 W ) + 1.6(roof live load)
4.) 1.2 D + 0.5 L + 0.5(roof live load) + 1.3 W
5.) 1.2 D + 0.5 L + 1.5 E
6.) 0.9 D -1.3 W ( 1.5 E )
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
1.) D + L + [roof live load]
2.) D + L + [ W E ]
2
Statically Determinate
2.1

1.
(behavior) (mechanical properties)

E (modulus of elasticity)

(stress)
2.

3.

(Idealized Connections Supports)

4
- (pined joint)
- (rigid joint)
- (Pinned support)
- (Fixed support)
2-1

(Steel structure)

(Stiffness)
(Friction)

2-1
2-1
(reaction)
(Displacements)
2-1

- (Translation)

-
(Bending moment)
(Pin) Fx
Fy (Fixed support)
Fx , Fy M

(distributed loads) 2-2

2-2
(Jib crane) 2-3a

trolley A
B (Rigid joint) 2-3b

2-3
(Beam) (Girder) girder

2-4a (Floor slab) (Joists)
2 girder AB CD
roller
girder roller top

view 2-4a 2-4b
2-4
(Cast-in-place reinforced concrete beam)

2-5a top view
2-5b
2-5
(Tributary Loadings)


2
1. (One-way action)
2. (Two-way action)
(One-Way Action)
2-6
2-6a AB CD EF
(One-way action)
(One-way slab) AB
CD EF girder AE BF girder
AE BF girder
(uniformly distributed load)
0.50 kN/m 2
1. CD (tributary area) 2-6b
( 0.50 kN/m 2 )( 2 m ) = 1.0 kN/m
2-6c
2. CD 2.0 kN span girder AE BF
(Concentrated load) 2-6d
3. CD 2.0 kN AB EF
1.0 kN girder AE 2-6d 2.0 kN
A E

(One-way reinforcement) corrugated metal deck
2-7
(Two-way reinforcement)

2-7 L2 L1 2
L1 AB CD EF
(Two-Way Action)
2-8
2-7 L2 / L1 < 2 girders

(Two-way slab) 2-8a
L2 / L1 = 1.5 AB CD 45 o
AB CD AC BD
AB CD AC
BD 0.50 kN/m 2
( 0.50 kN/m 2 )( 2 m ) = 1.0 kN/m 12-8b 12-
8c AB AC
2.2 Superposition (Principle of Superposition)
superposition
superposition
" (displacement) (stress)
"
superposition
1. linear elastic

P =
P / A ( P ) A
= PL / AE ( P ) L E
(Modulus of elasticity)
2.

2-9 (Bending moment)
P P1
P2 P1 + P2 = P P1 P2 span d d 1 d 2
( P d P1 d 1 + P2 d 2 d d 1 + d 2 )
2-9
2.3 (Equations of Equilibrium)
(engineering mechanics)
(equilibrium) (balance of force) (balance of moment)
(acceleration) F = 0
o M o = 0
(equations of equilibrium)
Cartesian (orthogonal Cartesian coordinate) 3 x , y , z
Fx = 0 Fy = 0 Fz = 0
M x =0 M y =0 M z =0 (2-1)
(coplanar)
Fx = 0 Fy = 0
=0 M o (2-2)
Fx Fy x y
M
o
x y ( z ) o

1. free body diagram
2.
3.
method of sections
1.

3.
2 N (normal
force) V (shear force) M (bending moment)
2-10
2-10
2.4 Determinacy Stability

Determinacy

Statically determinate structures
Statically indeterminate structures
statically determinate statically indeterminate
free body diagram ( )
(coplanar structures)
3 n r
r = 3n Statically determinate
r > 3n Statically indeterminate
statically indeterminate

(compatibility equations) degree of indeterminacy
2-1
r =3 n =1 r = 3n Statically determinate beam
r =6 n =1 r > 3n Statically indeterminate beam with 3 degrees

of indeterminacy
r =7 n =2 r > 3n Statically indeterminate structure with 1

degrees of indeterminacy
r =3 n =1 r = 3n Statically determinate frame
r = 12 n =2 r > 3n Statically indeterminate frame with 6 degrees

of indeterminacy
(Stability)

(constraints) 2
(Partial constraint)

2-11 free body diagram Fx
0
2-11
(Improper constraint)

2-12 free body diagram
M o = Pd 0 o
2-12

2-13 P Fx 0
n
r
r < 3n unstable
r 3n unstable

2-13
2.5 (Application of the Equations of Equilibrium)
statically determinate

2 free body diagram
2-2
A C Internal hinge B
(wind load) 2-14a
(a)
2-14
2
ADB BEC 2-14b A C (joint) B
(pin) 2-14b 6
- Ax Ay A
- Bx B y B
- C x C y C
2
2(3) = 6
(b)
(c)
free body diagram 12-14c Ay

C y
+ M A = 0; (25.68+16.08)2+(15.90+28.20)( cos 53.13 o )5.5+15.90( sin 53.13o )2
-28.20( sin 53.13o )6- C y (8) = 0
C y = 14.89 kN
+ Fy = 0; - Ay -15.90( sin 53.13 o )+28.20( sin 53.13 o )+14.89 = 0
Ay = 24.73 kN
free body diagram ADB 12-14b Ax Bx
B y
+ M B = 0; Ax (7)-24.73(4)-25.68(5)-15.9(2.5) = 0
Ax = 38.15 kN
+ Fx = 0; -38.15+25.68+15.90 cos 53.13 o - Bx = 0
Bx = -2.93 kN
Bx
+ Fy = 0; -24.73-15.90 sin 53.13o + B y =0
B y = 37.45 kN
free body diagram BEC 12-14b C x
+ Fx = 0; - C x +16.08+28.20 cos 53.13 o -2.93= 0
C x =30.07 kN

Bx B y B AB
A BC
C Bx B y
AB BC
3
3.1 (Types of Trusses)
(truss)

3-1a (bolting)
(welding) (gusset plates) 3-1b
3-1c
3-1
(Roof Truss)
roof truss 3-2
(purlin) roof truss
roof truss Bent (rigidity)
bent bent (bay)
4.5 roof truss span 18 6
roof truss span 30 bent (diagonal
bracing) bent
3-2
roof truss span

(slope) 3-3 roof truss 3-3 a 3-3c
Howe Pratt truss (span) 18-30 span

Fink truss 3-3f Warren truss 3-3d
Sawtooth truss 3-3e Arched truss 3-3g
span gymnasium
3-3
(Bridge Truss)
3-4
3-4 bridge truss (bridge deck)

(stringer) (floor beam)
bridge truss bridge truss
(top cord) (bottom cords) bridge truss (lateral bracing)

(lateral forces) (sidesway)
bridge truss portal bracing sway bracing

Web
3-5 bridge truss span Pratt, Hawe, Warren truss
3-5a 3-5d span 60
span 60 90 Bridge truss Parker truss 3-
5e 3
3-5
bridge truss (diagonals)

45 o 60 o span
bridge truss panels bridge truss

(tolerable limits) Subdivided truss Baltimore truss 3-5f
K-truss 3-5g
(Assumptions for Truss Analysis)

3
1. (Joint) (frictionless pin)

2.

3. linear elastic
1 (tensile axial force)
(compressive axial force)
2
3

(buckling)
3.2 (Classification of Coplanar Trusses)
3
(simple truss) (compound truss) (complex truss)
(Simple Truss)
3-6a 4
AC BD
(rigidity) (stability) 3-6b
3-6
3-7a abc 2
ad cd 1
Simple truss 3-7a 3-7b 3-7b

3-7
(Compound Truss)

span
3
1: 3-8a
a bc
2: 3 3-8b
ad , bd , ac
3: secondary simple truss main simple truss
3-8c abcdea main simple truss secondary simple truss ab , bc , cd de
main simple truss
3-8
(Complex Truss)

3-9
3-9
Determinacy
(coplanar truss)

2 Fx = 0 Fy = 0 j
2 j
(unknown forces) b
r
( b + r ) determinacy
(b + r ) = 2 j Statically determinate
(b + r ) > 2 j Statically indeterminate (3-1)
degree of indeterminacy ( b + r ) - 2 j
(Stability)
( b + r ) < 2 j
(External Stability)
(parallel reactions)
3-10a (concurrent reactions) 3-10b
3-10
(Internal Stability)

(rigid body) 3-11a
3-11
3-11b
A B C D

3-12
AD , BE , CF o A ,
B , C ABC
3-12 3-13

(force analysis) 3-13 d = d

(b + r ) < 2 j unstable
( b + r ) 2 j unstable
(concurrent)
(parallel)
3-1
b = 23 r =3 j =13 23+3 = 2(13) Statically determinate compound truss: type 2
b = 13 r =3 j =8 13+3 = 2(8) Statically determinate truss
b = 20 r =3 j =10 20+3 > 2(10) Statically indeterminate truss with 3 degree of

indeterminacy
b = 15 r =3 j =9 15+3 = 2(9) Externally unstable truss
b =8 r =3 j =6 8+3 < 2(6) Internally unstable truss
b = 17 r =5 j =10 17+5 > 2(10) Internally unstable truss

3.3 (Method of Joints)

method of joints Fx = 0 Fy = 0
(support reactions)
free body diagram
(unknown forces) 2

3-19b free body diagram B 3-14a FBC
B FBC sin 45 o 1000 N
( Fx = 0) 3-14b FBC cos 45 o FBA

3-14
3.4 Zero-Force Members
method of joints zero-force members
zero-force member
1. 2
D 3-15
3-15
2. 3 2 3
(collinear)
zero-force member BE 3-16 AB BC
B
3-16
zero-force members
3.5 (Method of Sections)

method of sections

2
(
)

3 3
EC 3-17 1-1 free body
diagram 3-17b 3-17c 3 FBC FEC FED
3

3-17b FBC B FBC
E 2 kN A
FEC FEC
2 kN
3-17
3.6 (Compound Trusses)
method of joints method of sections
3
1:
3-2
(a)
3-18
1.
free body diagram
Ax = 0 kN Ay = 5 kN E y = 5 kN
(b)
2. method of sections

section a a free body diagram
M C = 0 FHG FHG = 3.46 kN (C)
(c)
3. method of joints method of sections
2:
3-3
1.
(a)
3-19
2. method of sections 3
free body diagram 3
section a a free body diagram
3 FCE FBH FDG
FCE = FBH = 2.675 kN (C) FDG = 3.783 kN (T)
(b)
3. method of joints method of sections
3:
3-4
1.
(a)
3-20
2. secondary simple trusses secondary simple trusses

"" main simple truss
(b)
3. free body diagram secondary simple trusses

(c)
4. main simple truss main

simple truss
(d)
5. 4 secondary simple trusses

3.7 (Complex Trusses)

method of joints
2 1 j
2 j (simultaneous equations)

method of substitute members
superposition ( 3-21 )
3-21
1.
2.
2
3-21a AD EC 3-21b
3. 2 method of joints 3-
21b i P E Si
4. 1

3-21c i 1
AD si
5. 1 x
i xsi superposition
3 4 i ( Si )

Si = Si + xsi
EC 3-21b
S EC
+ xs EC
0 = S EC
x x = - S EC / s EC ( Si )
Si = Si + xsi
3-5
complex truss 3-22 P = 20 kN
3-22
3-1
Members S i(kN) si xsi Si
AB 25 -1 25 50
BC 25 -1 25 50
CD 0 -1.4 35 35
DE 0 -1.1314 28.283 28.283
EF 32.325 -0.97 24.25 56.57
AF 40 -1.2 30 70
BE -30 1.2 -30 -60
CF -28.571 0.857 -21.425 -50
CE 7.693 0.3077 -7.693 0
1. complex truss 1 4 3-21b 3-21c

Si si
column 2 3 3-1
2. unknown x S EC = S EC + xs EC = 0

S EC 7.693
x=- =-
s EC 0.3077
x = -25.0 kN = S AD
3. xsi column 4 3-1
4. Si = Si + xsi
column 5
4

4.1 (Internal Load)
(internal load)
method of sections
(coplanar structure) N (normal
force) V (shear force) M (bending moment)
(stress distribution)

3
1. (support reactions)
3.
Sign Convention
sign convention 4-1

4-1
4.2 (Shear and Moment Functions)

x method of sections x

(concentrated load) C
D 4-2 (distributed load) B
4-2 (discontinuity)

4-2 3 AB
(coordinate) x1 BC x 2 CD x3
A 4-2a 4-2b
V M
4-2
4-1
4-3a w0 = 10 kN/m
P = 2 kN

1. A C
(a)
4-3
+ M C = 0; R A (5) + 2(2) - 0.5(3)10(2+3/3) = 0

R A = 8.2 kN
+ Fy = 0; R A + RC - 0.5(3)10 2 = 0
RC = 8.8 kN

0 x1 3 m;
(b)
10
w( x1 ) w( x1 ) = x1
3
10 5
V ( x1 ) = 8.2 0.5( x1 )
x1 = 8.2 x12 kN
3 3
10 x 5
M ( x1 ) = 8.2 x1 0.5( x1 ) x1 ( 1 ) = 8.2 x1 x13 kN - m
3 3 9
3 m x 2 5 m;
(c)
B x 2 3 m
V ( x 2 ) = 8.2 0.5(3)10 = 8.8 kN
3
M ( x 2 ) = 8.2 x 2 0.5(3)10( + ( x 2 3)) = 6.8 x 2 + 30 kN - m
3
(d)
0 x3 2 m;
V ( x3 ) = 2 kN
M ( x3 ) = 2 x3 kN - m
shear diagram moment diagram

V ( x1 ) x1 V ( x1 )
V ( x1 ) = 0 V ( x1 )
5
0 = 8.2 x12 x1 = 2.218 m
3

5
M ( x1 = 2.218 m) = 8.2(2.218) (2.218) 3 = 12.126 kN - m
9
(e)
4.3 (Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam)

V M x
4-4 shear diagram moment diagram
4-4
(Regions for Distributed Loads)
AD 4-4a free body diagram
x x x + x A 4-4b
(couple) w( x ) w( x ) x
x o 0 << 1

+ Fy = 0 ; V - w( x ) x - ( V + V ) = 0
V = - w( x ) x
+Mo = 0; - V x - M + w( x ) x [ x ] + ( M + M ) = 0
M = V x - w( x ) x 2
x limit x 0
dV
= - w( x ) (4-1)
dx
( shear diagram = )
dM
=V (4-2)
dx
( moment diagram = )
4-1 4-2 V ( x ) x
w( x ) M ( x ) x
V ( x ) 4-2 V = 0 dM / dx = 0
shear diagram
shear diagram
4-5
4-1 4-2 dV = w( x ) dx dM = V dx
shear diagram (integration)
V = w( x ) dx (4-3)
( = )
M = V ( x) dx (4-4)
( = shear diagram)
4-3 4-4 4-5
4-2
shear diagram moment diagram ACB
(Uniformly distributed load) w 4-6a
(a)
4-6
C
free body diagram
wL
R Ay = RBy = R Ax = 0
2
x A free body diagram
4-6a function
wL
+ Fy = 0; V ( x) wx + =0
2
wL
wx V ( x) =
2
x wL
+ M = 0; M ( x) + wx x=0
2 2
wL wx 2
M ( x) = x
2 2
V ( x) M ( x)
dV ( x) d wL
= ( wx) = w
dx dx 2
dM ( x) d wL wx 2 wL
= ( x )= wx = V ( x)
dx dx 2 2 2
(4-1) (4-2) V ( x) M ( x) shear
diagram moment diagram 4-6b
(b)
x = L / 2 shear diagram
shear diagram
A C
wL wL
VC A = 0
=
2 2
A C (4-3)
L/2
wL wL
VC A = wdx = wx 0
L/2
= ( 0) =
0
2 2
moment diagram A C
wL2 wL2
M C A =
0 =
8 8
shear diagram A C (4-4)
L/2
wL wL wx 2 L / 2 wL2 wL2
M C A =
0
(
2
wx )dx = [
2
x
2
]0 =
8
0 =
8
4-3
(linearly distributed load) 4-7a
x w(x)
10 kN w( x)
=
4m 4 x
w( x) = 10 2.5 x
(a)
4-7
free body diagram x

1
+ Fy = 0; V ( x) [10 (10 2.5 x)]x (10 2.5 x) x = 0
2
5
V ( x) = x 2 10 x kN
4
1 2 x
+ M = 0; M ( x) + [10 (10 2.5 x)]x( x) + (10 2.5 x) x( ) = 0
2 3 2
5
M ( x) = x 3 5 x 2 kN - m
12
(4-1) (4-2)
dM d 5 5
V ( x) = = [ x 3 5 x 2 ] = x 2 10 x
dx dx 12 4
dV d 5 2
w( x ) = = [ x 10 x] = (2.5 x 10) = 10 2.5 x
dx dx 4
shear diagram moment diagram 4-7b
shear diagram A B
VC A = 20 kN
A B (4-3)
L 4
4
VC A = wdx = (10 2.5 x)dx = (10 x 1.25 x 2 ) = 20 kN
0
0 0
moment diagram A B
M C A = 53.33 kN - m
shear diagram A C (4-4)
L
5 5
M C A = ( x 2 10 x)dx = [ x 3 5 x 2 ]04 = 53.33 kN - m
0
4 12
(b)
(Regions of Concentrated Force and Couple)

4-8
free body diagram x

4-8a
+ Fy = 0; V - F - ( V + V ) = 0
V = - F (4-5)
4-5 F (+) V (-
) shear diagram F
o free body diagram 4-
8b
+ M o = 0; M + M - M - V x - M = 0
x 0, M = M (4-6)
4-6 M M
moment diagram M
4-4
shear diagram moment diagram ABC P 4-
9
free body diagram A C
3P P
RA = RC =
4 4
shear diagram moment diagram 4-9
x A
0 x L / 4;
3P
V ( x) =
4
3P
M ( x) = x
4
L / 4 x L;
P
V ( x) =
4
P
M ( x) = ( L x)
4
(a)
4-9
shear diagram P () ( B )
P w
AB BC shear diagram (4-2)
dV
=0
dx
moment diagram AB slope moment diagram
3P L 3
=
16 4 4
(4-2)
dM 3
=
dx 4
A B
3 3
PL 0 = PL
16 16
4-4
L/4 L/4
3P 3P 3
M B A =
0
4
dx = x
4 0
=
16
PL
4-5
shear diagram moment diagram ABC M 0
4-10
4-10 shear diagram moment diagram
1. 4-1 shear diagram

2. moment diagram M 0
M 0
3. slope moment diagram

4-10
4-6

(a)
(b)
(c)
4-11
free body diagram

4-11a
1. A 8.20 kN
+ 8.20 kN A (pin)
10
2. AB w( x1 ) = x1
3
dV ( x1 )
4-1 = w( x1 ) shear diagram
dx
V ( x1 ) polynomial
x1 A 4-3
x1
10 5
V = V ( x1 ) 8.20 = x1 dx1 = x12
0
3 3
5
V ( x1 ) = 8.20 x12
3
5
x1 = 3 m V ( x1 = 3 m) = 8.20 (3) 2 = 6.80 kN shear diagram
3
AB 4-11b
AB polynomial
dM ( x1 )
8.20 kN A 6.80 kN B 4-2 = V ( x1 )
dx
moment diagram A B
M ( x1 ) polynomial x1 A
4-4
x
1
5 5
M = M ( x1 ) 0 = [8.2 x12 ]dx1 = 8.2 x1 x13
0
3 9
5 3
M ( x1 ) = 8.2 x1 x1
9
5
x1 = 3 m M ( x1 = 3 m) = 8.2(3) (3) 3 = 9.6 kN - m moment diagram
9
AB 4-11c
dM ( x1 )
x1 = V ( x1 ) = 0 x1
dx
5
8.2 x12 = 0 x1 = 2.218 m
3
5
M ( x1 = 2.218 m) = 8.2(2.218) (2.218) 3 = 12.126 kN - m
9
dV ( x 2 )
3. BC w( x 2 ) = 0 4-1 =0
dx
shear diagram V ( x 2 )
x 2 B 4-3
x2
V = V ( x1 ) + 6.80 = (0)dx1 = 0
0
V ( x1 ) = 6.80 kN
shear diagram BC 4-11b
dM ( x 2 )
BC 6.80 kN 4-2 = 6.80
dx
moment diagram slope 6.80
B C M ( x 2 ) x 2 B
4-4
x2
M = M ( x 2 ) 9.60 = [6.80]dx 2 = 6.80 x 2

0
M ( x 2 ) = 9.60 6.80 x 2
x 2 = 2 m M ( x 2 = 2 m) = 9.60 6.80(2) = 4.0 kN - m moment diagram
BC 4-11c
4. C 8.80 kN
6.80 + 8.80 = +2.20 kN shear diagram 4-11b
dV ( x3 )
5. CD w( x3 ) = 0 4-1 =0
dx
shear diagram V ( x 2 )
x3 C 4-3
x3
V = V ( x1 ) 2.0 = (0)dx1 = 0
0
V ( x1 ) = +2.0 kN
D P = 2.0 kN
2.0 2.0 = 0 kN shear diagram CD
4-11b
dM ( x 2 )
CD 2.0 kN 4-2 = 2.0
dx
moment diagram slope 2.0 C
D M ( x3 ) x3 C
4-4
x3
M = M ( x3 ) (4.0) = [2.0]dx 2 = 2.0 x 2

0
M ( x 2 ) = 4.0 + 2.0 x 2
x3 = 2 m M ( x3 = 2 m) = 4.0 + 2.0(2) = 0 kN - m moment diagram
CD 4-11c
4.4 (Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame)

shear diagram moment diagram shear
diagram moment diagram
method of sections shear
diagram moment diagram
4-7
shear diagram moment diagram Gable frame 4-12a
(a)
4-12
A C 2 4-12a
free body diagram AD Gable frame 4-12b

0 x1 4 m
(b) (c)
+ F y = 0 ; N ( x1 ) = 24.73 kN
+
Fx = 0 ; V ( x1 ) + 6.42 x1 -38.15=0
V ( x1 ) = 38.15-6.42 x1 kN
x1
+ M o = 0; M ( x1 ) + 6.42( x1 )
2
-38.15( x1 ) =0
M ( x1 ) = 38.15( x1 ) - 3.21 x12 kN - m

x1 = 4.0 m N ( x1 = 4 m) = 24.73 kN
V ( x1 = 4 m) = 38.15-6.42(4) = 12.47 kN
M ( x1 = 4m) = 38.15(4) - 3.21(16) = 101.25 kN - m
free body diagram BD Gable frame 4-12c
0 x2 5 m
+ Fx = 0 ; - N ( x 2 ) + 2.93 cos 36.87 o +37.45 sin 36.87 o =0
N ( x 2 ) = 24.81 kN
+ F y = 0; V ( x 2 ) -3.18 x 2 +37.45 cos 36.87 o - 2.93 sin 36.87 o = 0

V ( x 2 ) = -28.20+3.18 x 2 kN
x2
+ M o = 0; M ( x 2 ) + 3.18( x 2 )
2
+2.93 x 2 sin 36.87 o -37.45 x 2 cos 36.87 o =0
M ( x1 ) = 28.20( x 2 ) 1.59 x 22 kN - m
x 2 = 5.0 m N ( x 2 = 5 m) = 24.81 kN
V ( x 2 = 5 m) = -28.20+3.18(5) = -12.30 kN
M ( x 2 = 5 m) = 28.20(5) 1.59(25) = 101.25 kN - m

D M ( x 2 = 5 m) BD
M ( x1 = 4m) AD

BEC (normal force diagram)
(shear diagram) (moment diagram) 4-12d-f
(d)
(e)
(f)
4.5 superposition (Moment Diagrams by the Method of Superposition)

moment diagram
superposition superposition moment
diagram
1.

2. moment diagram
3. moment diagram (Algebra)
4-8
moment diagram 4-13 superposition
4-13
superposition 4 4-13
Case 1: 5 kN/m AB
Case 2: 20 kN B
Case 3: 40 kN - m A
Case 4: 40 kN - m C
moment diagram
moment diagram B
20 + 40 20 20 = 20 kN - m
moment diagram
moment diagram
Structural Steel Designers Handbook
5
Cables Arches
5.1 Cables
(cable)
(concentrated load) (distributed load) cable
(suspension roof) (suspension bridges)

hangers
(flexible)
(shear force) (bending moment)
(tension forces) (tangent)

5.2 (Cable Subjected to Concentrated Loads)

5-1
joint method
(sag)
5-1 5-1
(chord) AB L span
L1 , L2 , L3 P1 P2 9
3 AC , CD , DB ,
4 A B , y C y D
A , B , C , D 8
(geometry) 1 y C y D

5-1
cable 5-2a h
(a)
5-2
cable unknown 8 Ax Ay D x
D y cable T AB TBC TCD h Fx = 0
Fy = 0 A B C D 8 unknown
(b)
(d) (c)
free body diagram cable 5-2b CD cable

13 m sin CD = 3 / 13 cos CD = 2 / 13
3 2
+ M A = 0; TCD (
13
)6 - TCD (
13
)1 - 10(2) - 5(4) = 0
TCD = 9.014 kN
free body diagram D
D x = 9.014(2 / 13 ) = 5 kN
D y = 9.014(3 / 13 ) = 7.5 kN
free body diagram C 5-2c TBC BC
+
Fx = 0; 9.014( 2 / 13 )- TBC cos BC =0
+ Fy = 0; 9.014( 3 / 13 )- TBC sin BC -5.0 = 0
BC = 26.565 o
TBC = 5.590 kN
free body diagram D 5-2d TAB AB
+
Fx = 0; 5.590( cos 26.565 o )- T AB cos AB =0
+ Fy = 0; 5.590( sin 26.565 o )+ T AB sin AB -10.0 = 0
AB = 56.31o
T AB = 9.014 kN
TAB = TCD Ax = D x Ay = D y
h tan AB = h / 2
h = 3.0 m
cable
2 2
L = (2) + = 9.447 m
cos 56.31 cos 26.565 o
o
(Cable Theorem)
5-3
P1 , P2 , , Pn 5-3

H = A B
M B = P1 , P2 , , Pn
M m = m P1 , P2 ,
m
P1 , P2 , , Pn B
H ( L tan ) + R Ay L - M B = 0 (a)
R Ay M B
H tan m x
L
A P1 , P2 , m m
H ( x tan y m ) + R Ay x - M m = 0 (b)
R Ay (b)
x
MB Mm
H ( ym ) =
L
(c)
y m m AB
m 5-3b
(simply supported beam) span m
x H

cable
5-2
cable 5-4 y max = 1.5 m
1. A B
2. sag y C , y D , y E , y F
3. cable
(a)
5-4
A B
cable R Ay RBy cable
simple beam 5-4a R Ay = R Ay RBy = RBy
+ M A = 0; R By (30) = 500(6) + 250(12) + 1000(18) + 1500(24)
R By = 2000 kN
+ Fy = 0; R Ay = 500 + 250 + 1000 + 1500 2000 = 1250 kN
R Ax = RBx = H cable cable
x
H ( ym ) =
L
MB Mm
H cable y max
simple beam free body diagram
AC AD AE AF C D E F '
M C = 1250(6) = 7500 kN - m
M D = 1250(12) 500(6) = 12000 kN - m
M E = 1250(18) 500(12) 250(6) = 15000 kN - m
M F = 2000(6) = 12000 kN - m
M max E cable
H (1.5) = 15000
H = 10000 kN
sag y C , y D , y E , y F
sag cable
M C 7500
yC = = = 0.75 m
H 10000
M 12000
y D = D = = 1.2 m
H 10000
y E = y max = 1.5 m
M F 12000
yF = = = 1.2 m
H 10000
cable
(b)
free body diagram cable 5-4b
cable
cable Ti
H i ( kN ) Vi ( kN ) ( kN )
AC 10000 1250 10000 2 + 1250 2
= 10077.8
CD 10000 1250-500 = 750 10028.1
10000 750-250 = 500 10012.5
DE
10000 500-1000 = -500 10012.5
EF
10000 -500-1500 = -2000 10198.0
FB
5.3 Cable (Cable Subjected to Uniform Distributed Loads)
5-5

5-5a (origin)
x y
x y cable
5-5b free body diagram x

s
T free body diagram
wo x x / 2 o
+ Fx = 0 ; - T cos + ( T + T ) cos( + ) = 0
+ Fy = 0 ; - T sin - wo x + ( T + T ) sin( + ) = 0
+ Mo = 0; wo x ( x / 2 ) - T cos ( y ) + T sin ( x ) = 0
x limit x 0 y 0 0
trigonometry
cos( A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B cos( + ) cos
sin( A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B sin( + ) sin
d (T cos )
=0 (5-1)
dx
d (T sin )
= wo (5-2)
dx
dy
= tan (5-3)
dx
5-1 (boundary condition) x = 0, = 0 o T = FH
T cos = FH (5-4)
5-4
5-2 boundary condition x = 0, = 0 o T sin = 0
T sin = wo x (5-5)
5-5 5-4 5-3
dy wo x
tan = = (5-6)
dx FH
5-6 boundary condition x = 0, y = 0 y
x
wo 2
y = x (5-7)
2 FH
(parabola)
FH boundary condition x = L , y = h
wo L2
FH = (5-8)
2h
FH 5-8 5-7
h 2
y = x (5-9)
L2
5-4 T = FH / cos cos
90 o x = L 5-4 5-5
Tmax = FH2 + ( wo L) 2 (5-10)
FH 5-8 5-10
Tmax = wo L 1 + ( L / 2h) 2 (5-11)

() catenary (
) span catenary
5-6a (girder)
P (moving loads) hangers P
girder girder simple support 5-6b
statically indeterminate 1 (statically indeterminate to the
first degree) girder (internal hinge) 5-6c
P w
5-6c 5-7
C BC RBy = wL / 4
R Ay = P 3wL / 4 B
4 Px
w= 0 x L/2
L2

5-6
5-7
5-3
P 5-8a cable
Tallow = 500 kN
1. P ( Pmax ) girder girder
Pmax
2. cable max
Pmax
cable P girder
4 P(12.5) P
w= 2
= kN/m
25 12.5
(a)
5-8
x y cable slope
wo 2
5-8a cable y = x
2 FH
P
y= x2
25 FH
coordinate A B cable x
x y
P
A; 10 = (25 x) 2
25 FH
P
B; 15 = x2
25 FH
x = 13.76 m
coordinate B ( 13.76, 15 ) cable FH
P x2 P 13.76 2
FH = = = 0.505 P
25 y 25 15
Tmax B max
Tmax = FH2 + wx 2
13.76 Pmax 2
500 2 = (0.505 Pmax ) 2 + ( )
12.5
Pmax = 412.8 kN
cable max
max Tmax cos max = FH
FH 0.505(412.8)
max = cos 1 ( ) = cos 1 = 65.4 o
Tmax 500
hanger 1.25 m hanger
w hanger
P 412.8
w= = = 33.0 kN/m
12.5 12.5
Fh = 33.0(1.25) = 41.25 kN
shear diagram moment diagram girder 5-8b
(b)
Cable Theorem
5-9a
x y A
H
5-9
w B 5-9a
wL2
H ( L tan ) + R Ay L - =0 (d)
2
wL
R Ay H tan p x
2
A p p
wx 2
H ( x tan y p ) + R Ay x - =0 (e)
2
R Ay (e)
wL wx 2
Hy p = x (f)
2 2
y p (sag) 5-9a (f)
p simply supported beam
5-9b span
w
y p x y p = h x = L / 2 5-9a
H (f)
wL2 wL2 wL2

H ( h) = H= (g)
4 8 8h
H (f)
4hx
yp = ( L x) (h)
L2
y = x tan y p w
4hx
y = x tan ( L x) (i)
L2
x
5-4
5-10a
1. cable
2. anchorage cable
3. cable
(a)
5-10
cable
cable x y B 5-
10a cable y p = 12 m x = L / 2 H
wL2 16(120) 2
H= = = 2400 kN
8h 8(12)
4hx
y = x tan ( L x)
L2
cable chord x 0 o
1
y= ( x 2 120 x)
300
dy x 60
tan = =
dx 150
cable max cable x = 0 x = 120 m x = 120 m
max = 21.8 o
H 2400
Tmax = = = 2585 kN
cos max cos 21.8 o
anchorage cable
free body diagram 5-10b
(b)
+
Fx = 0; Tmax cos max T A sin 45 o = 0
H
TA = = 3394 kN
sin 45 o
BC cable
+ Fy = 0; FBC 3394 cos 45 o 2585 sin 21.8 o = 3360 kN
cable
2
ds = dx + dy = dx 1 +
dy
2 2
cable
dx
L 2
x 60
s= 1+ dx
0 150
2
2 Binomial expansion 1 +
x 2

150 5

120 1
1 x
1
2
s = 1 2 + (1) 2 ( ) 2 dx
0
2 150 5
120 2
x 2 32 632
s = 120 + 0 150 5 dx =120 + 5 = 5 m
5.4 (Arch)
arch arch
(compressive forces) arch arch
arch
(parabola) arch
arch
5-11
5-11 arch
Fixed arch 5-11a (reinforced concrete)
arch arch
arch indeterminate 3
arch (stress)
(differential settlement)
Two-hinged arch 5-11b indeterminate

1 arch
arch
two-hinged-arch determinate
roller arch
arch (curved beam)
arch tie rod arch 5-11d
Three-hinged arch 5-11c two-hinged arch
determinate arch
5.5 Three-Hinged Arch

three-hinged arch 5-12a arch arch
2 hinge C free body diagram arch 5-
12b 3+3 = 6 6
A B C x C y
4 A B method of sections
(normal force) (shear force) (bending moment) arch
5-12
5-5
three-hinged arch 5-13a
D x coordinate x y
12.5 2
arch parabola y = x arch
25 2
D BC arch
C free body diagram arch 5-13a
C y
+ M A = 0; C y (50) 10(50)25 = 0
C y = 250 kN
C x B x B y free body diagram BC arch
5-13b
+ M B = 0; C x (12.5) + 10(25)12.5 250(25) = 0
C x = 250 kN
+
Fx = 0; B x = 250 kN
+ Fy = 0; B y + 250 10(25) = 0
By = 0
free body diagram BC arch 5-13c
D x coordinate x y
x x2
+ M D = 0; M D + 10 x( ) 250( ) = 0
2 50
MD = 0
+
Fx = 0; 250 VD sin N D cos = 0
V D sin + N D cos = 250
+ Fy = 0; 10 x VD cos + N D sin = 0
V D cos + N D sin = 10 x
5-13
VD N D matrix
sin cos VD 250
cos =
sin N D 10 x
V D 1 sin cos 250
= cos
N D sin + cos
2 2
sin 10 x
V D = 250 sin 10 x cos
N D = 250 cos + 10 x sin 25
dy x
tan = = x
dx 25
x x 2 + 625
sin =
x + 625
2
25
cos =
x + 625
2
sin cos VD N D
250 x 10 x(25)
VD = =0
x 2 + 625
250(25) + 10 x( x) 6250 + 10 x 2
ND = =
x 2 + 625 x 2 + 625
arch parabola
arch arch
250 kN
B 353.6 kN C 5-13d
400
350
300
Normal force (kN)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20
x (m)
(d)
girder girder
wL2 10(50) 2
M max = = = 3125 kN - m
8 8
arch girder
arch girder
6
6.1 (Influence Lines)

6-1 (fixed load)
6-1

(moving load)
6-2
(a) (b)
6-2
6-2b 50 kN
A

(influence line) 2

1. 1 x1
2. sign
convention 4 6-3 (
)
6-3
3. x1
4. 1 x 2

x
(influence line diagram)
50 kN A
50 kN
6-1
6-4 R A
RB
6-4
1 A B free body
diagram
RA = 1
1 A 2 m B
free body diagram
R A = 18 / 20 = 0.9
1 A 4 m
R A = 16 / 20 = 0.8
1 2 m
R A 6-1 R A 1
R A 6-4
6-1
x 1 RA RB V11 M 11
0 1.0 0 0 0
2 0.9 0.1 -0.1 1.6
4 0.8 0.2 -0.2/0.8 3.2
6 0.7 0.3 0.7 2.8
8 0.6 0.4 0.6 2.4
10 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.0
12 0.4 0.6 0.4 1.6
14 0.3 0.7 0.3 1.2
16 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.8
18 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.4
20 0 1.0 0 0
R A RB 1
RB RB = 1 R A 6-1 RB
6-4
6-2
6-5 1-1
6-5
1 A 1-1 1
R A 1 A 2 m
R A = 0.9 RB = 0.1 1-1 free body diagram A 1 1 B
free body diagram A 1
V11 = R A 1 = 0.9 1 = 0.1
free body diagram 1 B
V11 = RB = 0.1
free body diagram 1 B free body diagram
A 1
1 A 4 m 1-1
free body diagram 1 B
V11 = RB = 0.2
1 A 4 m 1-1
free body diagram A 1
V11 = R A = 0.8
1 A 6 m free body diagram
A 1
V11 = R A = 0.7
1 V11 6-1
V11 1
V11 6-5
6-3
6-6 M 11
6-6
free body diagram V11

M 11
1 A 1-1 1
R A 1
A 2 m free body diagram 1 B
M 11 free body diagram A 1
M 11 = RB (2 x8) = 0.1x16 = 1.6
A 1 1 B M 11
M 11 = R A (2x 2) = 0.8x 4 = 3.2
M 11 = R B (2 x8) = 0.2x16 = 3.2
A 1
M 11 = R A (2 x 2) = 0.7(4) = 2.8
1 M 11 6-
1 M 11 1
M 11 6-6

1. 1 x
2. x
3.
6-4
R A RB VC M C
(simple beam) 6-7
6-7
1. R A RB
B R A
1(l x) x
RA = = 1
l l
R A 6.7a
B RB
1( x) x
RB = =
l l
RB 6-7b
2. VC M C

1 AC
6-7 free body diagram CB
6-5 C
1 AC free body diagram CB

VC = RB
VC 1 AC
RB a / l C
M C = RB (b)
M C 1 AC
RB b ab / l
1 CB free body diagram AC
VC = R A
VC 1 CB
R A b / l
M C = R A (a )
M C 1 CB
R A a ab / l
a = 4 m b = 16 m L = 20 m
R A RB V11 M 11 x
6-1
6.2 (Influence Lines for Beams)

(Concentrated Force)
1 (unit load)
F 1
F
F
AB 6-7 A ( R A )
6-7a F x A R A
x
F (1 )
L
B
(Uniform Load)
w (uniformly distributed load) 6-8a
w dx dF = w dx
x y
6-8b
dF ( y ) = ( w dx ) ( y )
dF x1 x 2
x2 x2
w y dx = w y dx
x1 x1
x2
y dx 6-8b
x1
6-8
6-5
6-9 C
(Concentrated live load) 50 kN
(Uniformly distributed live load) 10 kN/m 2 kN/m
6-9
C 6-7
C 6-9b 6-9c
C
a 4
= = 0.4
L 10
C
b 6
= = 0.6
L 10
C
ab 4(6)
= = 2.4
L 10

C
1.
2.
CB 6-9b
6-9c
C
(VC )max = 50kN(0.6) + (10kN + 2kN)0.5(6m)0.6 2kN(0.5)4m(0.4)
= 50 kN
(M C )max = 50kN(2.4) + (10kN + 2kN)0.5(10m)2.4 = 264 kN - m
6.3 Qualitative Influence Lines

Heinrich Muller
&& - Breslau
M&u&ller - Breslau
( )
(
) (
)
6-10a A ( Ay )
(pin) A roller guide 6-10b roller guide
A
6-10b Ay
Ay 6-10c
6-10
C ( VC ) 6-11a C
roller guide 6-11b roller guide
VC
C
6-11c
6-11
C ( M C ) 6-12a
C internal hinge 6-12b M C

C 6-12c
6-12
M&u&ller - Breslau virtual work (principle of virtual

work) (work) (linear displacement)
(rotation)
(rigid body)
(virtual displacement)
6-13
Muller
&& - Breslau
1 6-13a virtual displacement y A
B 6-13b virtual work
2 A ( Ay ) 1 Ay virtual work
y 1 virtual work -1( y )

y Ay 1( y ) = 0
y = 1 Ay = y A virtual displacement
1 A 6-13b
Muller
&& - Breslau C
C C roller guide C virtual displacement y
6-13c AC BC virtual work VC 1

y VC 1( y ) = 0
y = 1 VC = y C 6-13c
Muller
&& - Breslau C
C internal hinge C virtual rotation 6-13d
virtual work M C 1
M C 1( y ) = 0
= 1 M C = y C 6-13d
6-6
Muller
&& - Breslau R A
V D M D V E M E 8-14a
R A A A
1 ACB ACB
8-14b R A CB
C hinge B
VD D ( D1 )
( AD1 ) ( D2 ) (
D2 C ) ACB
AD1 D2 CB 8-14c V D
DD1
a a 1
= =
L 2a 2
DD2
b a 1
= =
L 2a 2
6-14
M D D
ACB
AD CB 8-14d M D
DD
ab a (a ) a
= =
L 2a 2
VE E
C E BE
8-14e VE
M E E
BE BE
B ACB
AC EB 8-14f M E
E = 1 CE a CC a
6.4 girder (Influence Lines for Floor Girders)

6-15
(floor beam)
girder girder girder
(one-way slab) simple support
girder simple support 1 (unit load)
girder girder A B C D
6-15
girder 6-16a
P
6-16
1. 1 (slab) 6-16b
FB FC
2. FB FC girder F1 F2
3. method of sections P 6-16c
4. 1 3
5.
P
(internal moment) M P P
6-16c
M P = F1 ( d ) - FB ( d - s )
d girder (internal shear) V P
P BC
V P =( F1 - FB )

girder 1 girder

6-7
girder 6-17a R A
RE BC AB girder M B M C M P
1
R A RE BC
AB girder M B M C M P 6-17b 6-17h
girder
1. R A RE 6-17b 6-17c

2. VB C 6-17d
R A RE
A B RE
C E R A
B C
B C
3. V A B 6-17e
R A RE
B E R A
A B
A B
6-17
4. M B 6-17f
1 A M B = 0
1 B E M B
A B
M B = sR A
kN s = 2 m
M B = (2)0.75 = 1.5 kN m

M C 6-17g
5. P
B C B 0.5 m
1 A B M P
C E
M P = (2 s + 1.5) RE
1 kN s = 2 m
M P = (2(2) + 1.5) R B = 5.5 RE
M P = 5.5(0) = 0 kN - m A
M P = 5.5(0.25) = 1.375 kN m B
1 C E M P
A B
M P = ( s + 0.5) R A = (2.5) R A
B M P = 2.5(0.5) = 1.25 kN m
A MP = 0

6-8
CD girder
M F girder 6-18a
VCD M F
1. 1 A 6-18a girder
VCD M F statics VCD
M F
(a)
6-18
2. 1 B 6-18a free
body diagram FG sign convention
statics
VCD = G y = 1 / 7 M F = 6G y = 6 / 7
3. 1 C 6-18a free
body diagram FG sign convention
statics
VCD = G y = 3 / 7 M F = 6G y = 18 / 7
4. 1 statics
VCD M F
5.
6-18b
(b)
6.5 (Influence Lines for Trusses)

1 (unit load)
method of sections / method of joints
6-8
6-19a R A
RG AH BH BI CI CD
1 (joint)
R A RG
AH BH BI CI CD 6-19b 6-19g

1. R A RG 6-19b
2. AH ( FAH ) 6-19c
1 A FAH = 0
1 B G FAH
A FAH = ( 2 ) R A ()
FAH B G
R A
A B
A B
3. BH ( FBH ) 6-19d
FBH 1 A B B C
1 A C FBH = 0 1 B FBH = 1
FBH A B C
4. DI ( VDI ) 6-19e
1 A C free body
diagram D G
V DI = RG
0 A 1/3 C
1 D G free body diagram
A C
V DI = R A
1/2 D 0 G
FBH

DI ( FDI )
FDI = 2 VDI
6-19
5. CI ( FCI ) 6-19f
I FCI = VDI
6. CD ( FCD )
6-19g method of sections
1 A C C
D G
FCD = (4 x 6) RG / 6 = 4 RG
0 A 4/3 C
1 C G C
A C
FCD = (2 x 6) R A / 6 = 2 R A
4/3 C 0 G

6.6 (Live Loads for Bridges)
(live load)
(critical load)
American Association of State and
Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) 6-20

6-20
(Impact Loads)

AASHTO
impact fraction, I
15
I= 0.3
L + 38
L span
6.7
(Maximum Influence at a Point Due to a Series of Concentrated Loads)

1. (trial-and-error)
2.

simply supported beam C

6-21a (maximum positive shear) C
B A
C
C

3
6-21b
6-21
1: (VC ) 1 = 5(0.75) + 50(0.667) + 30(0.5) = 52.1 kN

2: (VC ) 2 = 5(-0.167) + 50(0.75) + 30(0.583) = 54.2 kN
3: (VC ) 3 = 5(0) + 50(-0.083) + 50(0.75) = 18.3 kN
2 50 kN 3 m A
VC
3 (VC ) 3 (VC ) 2

V 1 2
2 3 V
V V V
V
6-22
C 6-22a P
(continuity) x1 6-22b x 2
6-22c V P
2 ( y 2 y1 ) 6-22d
V = P ( y 2 y1 )
s
( y 2 y1 ) = s ( x 2 x1 )
V s
V = P s ( x 2 x1 ) (6-1)
P (discontinuity) jump
C 6-22d V
V = P ( y 2 y1 ) (6-2)
6-21a
0.75 1
s= =
12 3 12
jump C
0.25 0.75 = 1.0
1 2 6-21b 5 kN
jump down C 1 5 kN 50 kN 30 kN
s V
1
V12 = 5(1) + [5 + 50 + 30]( )(1) = +2.1 kN
12
V12 2 VC 1 (
V12 = (VC ) 2 (VC )1 = + 2.1 kN )
2 3 50 kN jump
down C 1 50 kN 5 kN 30 kN s

1
V23 = 50(1) + [5 + 50 + 30]( )(2) = 35.8 kN
12
V2 3 2
C
6-8
C P1 P7 6-23
6-23
P1 P7 P1 C
P2 C
s = 0.625 / 10 = 0.0625
P1 C P7 1.2 m P2
C P7 B 1.2 m (VC )1 2
(VC )1 2 = 10(-1) + [10 + 20 + 20 + 15 + 15 + 20](0.0625)2.4 + 20(0.0625)1.2 = 6.5 kN

2 ( P2 C ) 3 ( P3 C )
(VC ) 23
(VC ) 23 = 20(-1) + [10 + 20 + 20 + 15 + 15 + 20 + 20](0.0625)2 = - 5 kN
P2 C
(VC ) max = 10(0.0625)(3.6) + [20(10) + 20(8) + 15(6.4) + 15(4.4) + 20(2.8) + 20(1.2)](0.0625)
(VC ) max = 35.375 kN
M
M 6-24a
M P x1
6-24b x 2 6-24c
P ( y 2 y1 ) 2 6-24d
s
( y 2 y1 ) = s ( x 2 x1 )
M
M = P s ( x 2 x1 ) (6-3)
6-24
simply supported beam

C 6-25a
3 6-25b
1 2 5 kN
M 12 AC
2.25
s AC = = 0.75
3
50 kN 30 kN M 12
BC
2.25
s BC = + = +0.25
9
M 12
M 12 = 5(0.75)1 + [50 + 30](0.25)1 = 16.25 kN - m
M 12 2 3
M 23 = [5 + 50](0.75)2 + 30(0.25)2 = 67.5 kN - m
M 2 3 2
C 6-25c
( M C ) max = 5(1.5) + 50(2.25) + 30(1.75) = 172.5 kN - m
6-25
6-9
C P1 P7 6-26
6-26
P1 P7 P1 C
P2 C
3.75
s AC =
= 0.625
6
3.75
s BC = + = +0.375
10
(M C )12
(M C )1 2 = 10(-0.625)2.4 + [20 + 20 + 15 + 15 + 20](0.375)2.4 + 20(0.375)1.2
(M C )1 2 = 75 kN - m
2 ( P2 C ) 3 ( P3 C )
(M C ) 23
(M C ) 23 = [10 + 20](-0.625)2 + [20 + 15 + 15 + 20 + 20](0.375)2
(M C ) 23 = 30 kN - m
3 ( P3 C ) 4 ( P4 C )
(M C ) 3 4
(M C ) 34 = [10 + 20 + 20](0.625)1.6 + [15 + 15 + 20 + 20](0.375)1.6
(M C ) 3 4 = 8 kN - m
P3 C
( M C ) max = [10(1.6) + 20(4)]0.625 + [20(10) + 15(8.4) + 15(6.4) + 20(4.8) + 20(3.2)](0.375)
( M C ) max = 278.25 kN - m
6.8 () (Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment)

(absolute maximum shear) (absolute
maximum moment)
(cantilever beam)
(fixed support)
6-27a
6-27

6-27b

6-28
6-28

simply supported beam 6-29a
moment diagram

F2 F1 F2 F3
x F2 x
1. FR F1 F2 F3
2. x FR F2
3. B Ay 6-29a
1 L
+ M B = 0; Ay = ( FR )[ - ( x - x )]
L 2
6-29
4. method of sections F2 free body diagram

6-29b M 2
L
M2 = Ay ( - x ) - F1 d 1
2
1 L L
= ( FR )[ - ( x - x )] ( - x ) - F1 d 1
L 2 2
F L F x F x 2
F x x
= R - R - R + R - F1 d 1
4 2 L L
dM 2
5. x M 2 = 0
dx
dM 2 2F x F x
=- R + R =0
dx L L
x
x=
2


6-10
6-30a span L = 18 m F1 = 25 kN
F2 = 100 kN F3 = 100 kN d1 = 2 m d 2 = 6 m
6-30
1. FR F1 F2 F3
FR = 25 + 100 + 100 = 225 kN
2. x FR F2
F2
225 x = 100(0) + 100(6) 25(2)
x = 2.444 m
3. x / 2 6-30a
4. M 2 F2 free body diagram
6-30a
L / 2 x / 2 = 18 / 2 2.444 / 2 = 7.778 m
+ M B = 0; Ay (18) 225(7.778) = 0
Ay = 97.225 kN
+ M 2 = 0; M 2 + 25(2) 97.225(7.778) = 0
M 2 = 706.22 kN - m
5. F3
FR F3 span
FR F3 6 2.444 = 3.556 m A
FR 9 3.556 / 2 = 7.222 m
B B y
+ M A = 0; B y (18) 225(7.222) = 0
B y = 90.275 kN
free body diagram B F3
M 3 = 90.275(7.222) = 651.97 kN - m
M 2 = 706.22 kN - m
7

7.1 (Deflection Diagram and Elastic Curve)
(deflection) (forces)
(loads) (settlement)
(stresses)
(slope) (deflection)
(design code)

(deflection diagram)

(elastic curve) (centroid)

7-1
1. (pin support) roller support

2. (fixed support)

3. (fixed-connected joint)

4. (pin-connected joint)

7-1

y = 0
x = 0
y = 0
x = 0
y = 0
=0

7-1a (frame) 7-1b (
)
(a)
(b)
7-1
moment diagram sign

convention 7-2
(concave upward) 7-2a
(concave downward) 7-2b (inflection
point) 7-3a 7-3b moment
diagram
7-2
(a)
(b)
7-3
7.2 Elastic Beam Theory
(Cantilevered beam) x - y A
7-4a

7-4b
7-4d

(Curvature of Differential Element)
7-4b 7-4c dx m1 (
x A ) m2 ( x + dx A ) P
(neutral axis) ds = d dx
1 d
= (a)
ds
m1 m2
dv dv
= tan = arctan (b)
dx dx
(Calculus) s x
1 d dx
= . (b)
dx ds
1 d dx d dv dx
= . = (arctan ) . (c)
dx ds dx dx ds
7-4
7-5c
ds 2 = dx 2 + dv 2
ds = dx 2 + dv 2 (d)
(d) dx
ds dv
= [1 + ( ) 2 ]1/ 2
dx dx
dx 1
= dv
(e)
ds
[1 + ( ) 2 ]1/ 2
dx

d 2v
d dv dx 2
(arctan )= (f)
dx dx dv
[1 + ( ) 2 ]
dx
(e) (f) (c)

d 2v
1 dx 2
= (7-1)
dv
[1 + ( ) 2 ]3/ 2
dx
(Moment Curvature Relationships)
7-5d
M (internal moment)
: y
dx = ds
: dx = d (
) y ds ds
ds = ( - y ) d
(normal strain)
ds ds ( - y )d - d y
= = =-
ds d
1
=-
y
(isotropic) (homogenous)
linear elastic Hookes Law, = E flexural formula, = Mc / I
y = My / EI
1 M
= (7-2)
EI
(radius of curvature)
M
E (modulus of elasticity)
I moment of inertia
EI Flexural rigidity
M M M
7-5
7-5
(Differential Equations of the Deflection Curve)

7-1 7-2
d 2v
M dx 2
= dv
(7-3)
EI
[1 + ( ) 2 ]3/ 2
dx
(nonlinear second order differential equation) Elastica
v
L / 360 L span
dv dv
1 ( ) 2
dx dx
7-3
M d 2v
= 2 (7-4)
EI dx

dv 2
ds = dx 2 + dv 2 = ( 1 + ( ) ) dx dx
dx
7.3 The Double Integration Method
M x
7-4 (successive
integration) (constant of integration)
(boundary conditions) (continuity
conditions)
(boundary conditions)
(pin) roller
(fixed support)
M
7-8 2 AB BC x1 x 2
(2 1 ) 2
A C 2
(continuity condition)
AB B x1 =
a BC B x 2 = a
1 (a ) = 2 (a ) v1 (a ) = v 2 (a )
7-6
Sign Convention
7-7a sign convention 7-7b
7-7c sign convention
x
sign convention dx
dv x v d x
7-7
7-1
slope B C P flexural
rigidity EI 7-8a
7-8
7-8b
0 x L coordinate x A
M ( x) = Px PL = P( L x)
elastic beam
d 2v
EI = Px PL
dx 2
dv x2
EI =P PLx + C1
dx 2
x3 x2
EIv = P PL + C1 x + C 2
6 2
slope integration 2
dv
boundary condition v = 0 = 0 x = 0
dx
C1 = 0
C2 = 0
slope
dv 1 x2
= = (P PLx )
dx EI 2
1 x3 x2
v= ( P PL )
EI 6 2
B , x = 2a , = 2 Pa( L a)
PL3
C , x = L , vC =
3EI
coordinate x C slope
B C coordinate x
7-2
simply supported beam P a A
flexural rigidity EI 7-9a
1. slope P
2. slope A B
3. a = 2b
7-9
slope P
7-9b
coordinate x1 x 2
Pb
0 x1 a; x1 M1 =
L
Pb x
a x 2 b; M2 = x 2 P ( x 2 a ) = Pa (1 2 )
L L
elastic beam 0 x1 a;
d 2 v1 Pb
= EIx1
dx12 L
dv Pb 2
EI 1 = x1 + C1
dx1 2 L
Pb 3
EI v1 = x1 + C1 x1 + C 2
6L
elastic beam a x 2 b;
dv 22 x
EI 2 = Pa(1 2 )
dx L
2
dv x
EI = Pa( x 2 2 ) + C 3
dx 2L
2 3
x x
EI v = Pa( 2 2 ) + C 3 x 2 + C 4
2 6L
slope double integration

integration elastic beam 4
boundary condition
v1 = 0 x = 0;
C2 = 0
v 2 = 0 x = L;
PaL2
0= + C3 L + C 4
3
continuity condition
v1 ( x1 = a ) = v 2 ( x 2 = a );
Pb 3 a2 a3
a + C1 a = Pa( ) + C 3 a + C 4
6L 2 6L
dv1 dv
( x1 = a ) = 2 ( x 2 = a );
dx1 dx 2
Pb 2 a2
a + C1 = Pa(a ) + C 3
2L 2L

Pb 2
C1 = (L b 2 )
6L
Pa
C3 = (2 L2 + a 2 )
6L
Pa 3
C4 =
6
integration slope
0 x1 a;
dv1 Pb
1 = = ( L2 b 2 3 x12 )
dx1 6 EIL
Pbx1 2
v1 = ( L b 2 x12 )
6 EIL
a x 2 b;
dv 2 Pa
2 =
= (3 x 22 + 2 L2 + a 2 6 Lx 2 )
dx 2 6 EIL
Pa
v2 = ( x 23 + (2 L2 + a 2 ) x 2 3Lx 22 a 2 L)
6 EIL
slope A B
A , x1 = 0
Pb Pb Pab
1 = ( L2 b 2 ) = ( L + b)( L b) = ( L + b)
6 EIL 6 EIL 6 EIL
B , x 2 = L
Pa Pa Pab
2 = ( L2 a 2 ) = ( L + a )( L a ) = L + a)
6 EIL 6 EIL 6 EIL
a = 2b
a = 2b
A C 7-9b slope
C slope 1 L = 3b
(3b) 2 b 2 3x12 = 0
x1 = 1.633b
C x1 = 1.633b v1
Pb 3
v max = 0.48385
EI
7.4 Moment-Area (Moment-Area Theorems)

moment-area (semigraphic) (slope)
(deflection) (bending moment) Otto Mohr
Charles E. Greene .. 1872 moment-area 2 1
2
moment-area

7-10
7-10a moment diagram

moment diagram (flexural rigidity) EI
M / EI M / EI diagram 8-10b 1 moment-
d 2v M
area 7-4 2 =
dx EI
d M
=
dx EI
d 2 v d dv d
2 = ( ) =
dx dx dx dx
M
d = dx
EI
d dx
M / EI A B 7-
10b
B
M
B / A = A
EI
dx (7-5)
1 moment-area
A B
M / EI A B
B / A B A
(radian) A B M / EI
M / EI
2 moment-area
( A ) ( B ) 7-10a
dt dt = x d d = M / EI dx
dt A B
B
M
t A/ B =
A
x
EI
dx (7-6)
x dA = x dA
M / EI dx M / EI
B
M
t A/ B = x
A
EI
dx (8-7)
x A M / EI A B
7-10b 2 moment-area
B A
M / EI A B A
t A/ B A 7-8b
A B A
A B
7-11 moment-area
7-11
7-3
7-12a E = 200 GPa
I = 34.4(10 6 ) mm 4 ( W200x36 )
1. slope B
2. C
7-12
1. moment diagram
2. AB moment of inertia 1.5 moment of inertia
BC M / EI diagram 7-12b
3. moment diagram (elastic curve)
7-12c A
elastic curve A slope

4. slope elastic curve B B
A B / A 1 moment-area
M / EI diagram A B
6.667 1 13.333
B/ A = B =
(2) + [ ](2)
EI 2 EI
26.667 kN.m 2
B =
EI
E = 200 GPa I = 6.84(10 ) mm B
6 4
26.667kN.m 2
B = = 3.88(10 3 ) rad
[200(10 6 ) kN/m 2 ][34.4(10 6 )m 4 ]
5. elastic curve C C
A C t C / A 2
Moment-Area M / EI diagram
A C C
6.667 1 13.333 4 1 10 2
t C / A = C = [
(2)](2) + [ ](2)(1 + ) + [ ](1)( )
EI 2 EI 3 2 EI 3
3
60.944 kN.m
C =
EI
E = 200 GPa I = 6.84(10 ) mm C
6 4
60.944 kN.m 2
C = = 0.0089 m = 8.9 mm
[200(10 6 ) kN/m 2 ][34.4(10 6 )m 4 ]
C
337 linear elastic
7-4
W360x64 ( E = 200 GPa I = 179(10 6 ) mm 4 )
40 kN 7-13a
C
7-13
A B free body diagram

C
R A = R B = 20 kN
moment diagram 7-13b
moment of inertia I 2 = 1.5I 1 = 1.5I M / EI

50% M / EI diagram 7-13c

C slope
tan C 7-13e
t A/ B
=
2
tA/ B
C = tC / B
2
2 moment-area t A / B t C / B
160 8 28 53.33 213.33 3520
t A/ B = ( + )+ + (6) =
EI 3 3 EI EI EI
53.33 2 213.33 160 10 657.78
tC / B = ( )+ (1) + ( )=
2 EI 3 2 EI EI 3 EI
3520 657.78 1102.22
C = =
2 EI EI EI

1102.2 kN.m 3
max = = 0.0308 m = 30.8 mm
[200(10 6 )kN/m 2 ][179(10 6 )(10 12 )m 4 ]
L 12000
span = = 389.6 > 360
30.8
linear elastic
40.2 mm
L 12000
= = 298.5 < 360
40.2

7.5 Conjugate-Beam
conjugate-beam (slope) (deflection)
Otto Mohr .. 1860 moment-area
(static)
double integration moment-area
conjugate-beam
w
dV d dM d 2 M
= w = = w
dx dx dx dx 2
Elastic weight M / EI
d M d 2v M
= 2 =
d dv
=
dx EI dx dx dx EI
integration
V = ( w) dx
M
= dx
EI
[
M = ( w) dx dx ]
M
v = dx dx
EI
7-14
7-14a 7-14d
( w ) M / EI
7-14b 7-14e
( V ) ( )
7-14c 7-14f
( M ) ( v )
(conjugate beam) elastic weight M / EI
conjugate-beam
1: (Real beam)
2:

w L 7-15a
wL
A B
2
7-15
w
x V A
x A
x
V = V ( x) V ( x = 0) = w dx
0
sign convention x = 0 boundary

condition integration
wL
wx V ( x) =
2
M A x A
x
M = M ( x) M ( x = 0) = V dx
0
A (pin) M ( x = 0) = 0 boundary condition integration

x
wL w
M ( x) = ( wx )dx = ( Lx x 2 )
0
2 2
7-11b 7-11c
double integration slope deflection

7-11e 7-11f conjugate-beam
conjugate-beam w elastic weight
M / EI conjugate beam M moment diagram
7-11c flexural rigidity EI w
elastic weight conjugate beam 7-11d
elastic weight M / EI
A x A
x
w
= ( x) ( x = 0) = ( Lx x 2 ) dx
0
2 EI
w
( x) =
(6 Lx 2 4 x 3 ) + ( x = 0)
24 EI
(x) (x) double integration
wL3
( x = 0) =
24 EI
boundary condition integration A
conjugate beam
elastic weight M / EI
v A x A
x
w
v = v( x) v( x = 0) = (6 Lx 2 4 x 3 L3 ) dx
0
24 EI
w
v( x) =
(2 Lx 3 x 4 L3 x) + v( x = 0)
24 EI
v(x) v(x) double integration
v( x = 0) = 0
boundary condition integration A
conjugate beam A
(Conjugate-Beam Supports)
slope conjugate-beam
integration V M
w v elastic weight M / EI
double integration
(boundary conditions)

wL3
1. ( x = 0) = A
24 EI
A conjugate beam
2. v( x = 0) = 0 A
A conjugate beam

7-2

7-2
(real beam) (conjugate beam)
Simple support: 0, = 0 Simple support: 0, = 0

Fixed end: = 0, = 0 Free end: = 0, = 0
Free end: 0, 0 Fixed end: 0, 0
Internal hinge: 0, 0 Internal support: 0, 0
Internal support: 0, = 0 Internal hinge: 0, = 0
7-16
statically indeterminate M / EI

7-16
7-5
W150x14 10 kN 7-17a
E = 200 GPa I = 6.84(10 6 ) mm 4
(a)
7-17
A B 10 kN free
body diagram
R A = 7.5 kN R B = 2.5 kN
(b)
conjugate beam
moment diagram elastic weight moment diagram flexural rigidity EI
conjugate beam 7-17c elastic weight M / EI
moment diagram
(c)
A B conjugate beam
8.75 6.25
R A = R B =
EI EI
slope
conjugate beam (shear) conjugate beam
(e)
CB free body diagram

conjugate beam 7-17e w(x)
w( x) 7.5 1
= ( )
x EI 3
2.5
w( x) = x
EI
1 2.5 x 6.25
+ Fy = 0; ( )x =0
2 EI EI
x = 2.236 m
x M conjugate beam

6.25 1 2.5(2.236) 1
+ M = 0; M+ (2.236) - ( )2.236( (2.236)) = 0
EI 2 EI 3
3
9.317 kN.m
max = M =
EI
10 kN

9.317 kN.m 3
max = = 0.0068 m = 6.8 mm
[200(10 6 )kN/m 2 ][6.84(10 6 )(10 12 )m 4 ]
L 4000
span ( = = 588.2 )
6.8
linear elastic
7-6
W360x64
40 kN 7-18a E = 200 GPa I = 179(10 6 ) mm 4

7-18b A B 40 kN
free body diagram C
R A = RB = 20 kN
(a)
7-18
conjugate beam moment

diagram elastic weight conjugate beam 7-18c
moment of inertia I 2 = 1.5 I 1 = 1.5I elastic weight
50% sign convention elastic weight M / EI
moment diagram
(c)
(d)
A B conjugate beam free

body diagram conjugate beam 7-18d conjugate beam elastic weight
C
160 53.33 213.33 299.33
R A = RB = + + =
EI 2 EI 2 EI EI
M conjugate beam
free body diagram AC conjugate beam 7-18e
293.33 160 10 106.67 26.67 2
+ M A = 0; M C + (6) ( ) (1) ( )=0
EI EI 3 EI EI 3
1102.2 kN.m 3
max = M C =
EI
sign convention C
(e)

1102.2 kN.m 3
max = = 0.0308 m = 30.8 mm
[200(10 6 )kN/m 2 ][179(10 6 )(10 12 )m 4 ]
7-4 moment-area
7.6 (External Work and Strain Energy)

moment-area conjugate-beam (slope)
(deflection) (energy method)
(truss)
(frame) (principle of
conservation of energy)
(external work) ,
U e , (strain energy), U i ,
(elastic limit)

Ue = Ui (7-8)
(External Work Force)
F dx (external
work) dU e = F dx x
x
Ue = F dx
0
(7-9)
7-19
7-19a
P
7-19a 13.5 mm
0.5 m linear elastic 7-3
7-19c B P = 6 kN
= 0.105 mm F
P x
F = ( P / ) x
F 7-9 0
P
1
Ue = P (7-10)
2
ABF P x 7-19c
7-3
F (kN) (mm)
0 0
2 0.035
4 0.070
P=6 = 0.105
P ' = 10 ' = 0.175
P
P + P + 7-19b 7-3
P = 10 6 = 4 kN ' = 0.175 0.105 = 0.070 mm 7-
19c 2
1. P P
U e = P (8-11)
BDEF 7-19c
2. P +
1
U e = P
2
BCD 7-19c
P P
ACE
(External Work Moment)
7-20
M
dU e = d


M
Ue =
0
d
1
Ue = M
2

M
U e = M
(Strain Energy - Axial force)
7-21
L A (modulus of elasticity) E
7-21 N N

(isotropic) (homogenous) linear elastic
Hookes law = E N
N
=E
A L
NL
= (7-15)
AE
7-15 7-10 P = N
N 2L
Ui = (7-16)
2 AE
(Strain Energy Bending Moment)
7-22a P P M x
A dx d = ( M / EI ) dx ( 7-1)
7-13 dx
M 2 dx
dU i = (7-17)
2 EI
L
M2
Ui = dx (7-18)
0
2 EI
7-22
7.7 (Principle of Work and Energy)
7-23
(Cantilevered beam) 7-23 A

P U e = U i 7-10
U e = P / 2 x A M = Px 7-18
L
( Px ) 2 1 P 2 L3
Ui = dx =
0
2 EI 6 EI
U e = U i
P 1 P 2 L3
=
2 6 EI
1 PL3
=
3 EI

1

virtual work castigliano
7.8 (Principle of Virtual Work)

virtual work (principle of virtual work) John Bernoulli .. 1717
(principle of conservation of energy) unit-load
7-24
7-24a C ( C )
real loads P1 P2 P3
P1 P2 P3 7-24a
MN F dL
P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3
1 1 1
P1 1 + P2 2 + P3 3
2 2 2
1
2
F dL
1 1 1 1
P1 1 + P2 2 + P3 3 = F dL (a)
2 2 2 2
virtual loads P 1 C C
7-24b 1
MN u dl 1
real loads
P1 P2 P3

1 1
(1.0) C = u dl (b)
2 2
real loads P1 P2
P3 virtual loads P 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
P1 1 + P2 2 + P3 3 + (1.0) C = F dL + u dl (d)
2 2 2 2 2 2
virtual loads P 1 real
loads P1 P2 P3
1 1 1 1 1 1
(1.0) C + [ P1 1 + P2 2 + P3 3 + (1.0) C ]= u dl +[ F dL + u dL ] (e)
2 2 2 2 2 2

(e) (d)
Virtual
(1.0) C = ( u ) dL (7-20)
Actual
virtual work virtual loads P 1 ( C
) virtual work virtual u
dL real loads P1 P2 P3
(Slope)
virtual moment M 1
virtual moment virtual u real loads
dL virtual work
Virtual (1)
(1) = ( u ) dL (7-21)
Actual (2)
7.9 Virtual Work

Virtual Work
7-25
7-25a P
7-25b L dL
dL = NL / AE
N P virtual work
B B
1. P
7-25a N
2. 1 B
1
7-25c n
3. 7-20 B
nNL
(1) B = (7-22)
AE
1 = virtual 1 (virtual unit load)
n = virtual 1
B =
N = (real load)
L =
A =
E = (modulus of elasticity)
7-7
P = 30 kN 7-26
A = 300 mm 2 modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa
1. B
2. B
7-26
B
1. 7-26a
P = 30 kN 7-26d
(d)
2. virtual unit load 1 kN B B 7-26b
7-26e
(e)
3. 1 2
Member L (m) N (kN) n(kN) nNL (kN 2 .m)

AB 3 20 0.667 40
BC 3 10 0.333 10
CD 3 10 0.333 10
DE 4.243 -14.142 -0.471 28.262
EF 3 -20 -0.667 40
AF 4.243 -28.284 -0.943 113.168
BF 3 20 0.667 40
BE 4.243 14.142 0.471 28.262
CE 3 0 0 0
nNL = 309.692 kN 2
.m
4. unit-load method B
nNL 309.692
(1) Bv = =
AE AE
309.692 kN 2 .m
(1 kN) Bv = 6 2 6 2
= 5.2(10 3 ) m = 5.2 mm
300(10 m )200(10 kN/m )
Bv = 5.2(10 3 ) m = 5.2 mm
Bv Bv virtual unit load 7-
26f P = 30 kN
B

P = 30 kN 7-26d virtual unit load 1 kN
B 7-26c 7-26g
(g)
N AB
nNL (nNL) AB
(1) Bh = =
AE AE
(1 kN)(20 kN)(3 m)
(1 kN) Bh =
300(10 6 m 2 )200(10 6 kN/m 2 )
Bh = 1.0(10 3 ) m = 1.0 mm
Bh B virtual unit load
Virtual Work
7-27
FE
7-27 30 o C FE
F E

(coefficient of thermal expansion)
7-4 T

L = LT virtual work
(1) = n T L (7-23)
1 = virtual (virtual unit load)

n = virtual
=
=
7-4
( 10 6 / o C )
(Steel) 12
(Cast iron) 12
(Stainless steel) 17
(Concrete) 11
(Aluminum) 24
T =
L =
7-8
7-27 = 12(10 6 ) / o C
B FE 30 o C
1.
2. virtual unit load 1 kN B n FE
7-6
n FE = 0.667
3. B FE 30 o C
(1) B = n T L = (n T L) FE
(1 kN) B = (0.667 kN)12(10 6 / o C )(30 o C )(3 m)
B = 720(10 6 ) m = 0.72 mm
B B virtual unit load
Virtual Work
7-28
(fabrication errors)

7-28 BF
0.01 m BF
BF 0.01 m
BF
B F
virtual work
(1) = n(L) (7-24)
1 = virtual (virtual unit load)

n = virtual
=
L =
7-9
7-28 B BE
0.01 m
1.
2. virtual unit load 1 kN B n BE
7-6
n BE = 0.471 kN
3. B BE
0.01 m
(1) B = n L = (n L) BE
(1 kN) B = (0.471 kN)(0.01 m)
B = 4.7(10 3 ) m = 4.7 mm
B B virtual unit load
P T
L 7-7 7-9
superposition 7-7 7-9

B
( B ) total = ( B ) P + ( B ) L + ( B ) T
= + 5.2 - 0.7 + 4.7 = 9.2 mm
7.10 Virtual Work
7-29
P 7-29a
D virtual unit load D 7-29d
virtual moment m 7-29e M
P 7-29b 7-29c P dx
A x M d
7-1 d = ( M / EI ) dx
virtual work virtual unit load
(1)
virtual work virtual moment m d
dx d
m d = m ( M / EI ) dx
(integration) m d L virtual work
7-20
L
mM
(1) = dx (7-25)
0
EI
1 = virtual unit load
m = virtual moment virtual unit load
=
M =
L =
I = moment of inertia
(slope) D 7-
29a unit couple moment D virtual moment m virtual
work virtual moment m d dx
d m d = m ( M / EI ) dx (integration) m d
L virtual work virtual work unit couple
moment (1)
L
m M
(1) = dx (7-26)
0
EI
8-10
cantilever beam EI P 7-
30a unit-load method C
7-30
1. coordinate function M P 7-30a
m virtual unit load 1 kN C 7-30b
M ( x) = Px
m( x ) = x
2. C 7-25
L
( x)( Px)
(1 kN) C = dx
0
EI
PL3
C =
3EI
C C 1 7-
30c
7-11
W360x64 40 kN
7-31a E = 200 GPa I = 179(10 6 ) mm 4 unit-load method
1. C
2. slope A
7-31
C
1. 7-31a
A B
R A = RB = 20 kN
2. coordinate function M 40 kN m
1 kN C m 1 kN - m A
coordinate 2
x1 x 2 7-31b function M m m free body
diagram 7-31b 7-31d functions
Coordinate Range I M m m
x1 0 x1 4 I 20x1 0.5 x1 x1 / 12 1
x2 4 x2 6 1.5 I 20x 2 0.5 x 2 x 2 / 12 1
3. 7-25 C
4 6
(0.5 x1 )(20 x1 ) (0.5 x 2 )(20 x 2 )
(1 kN) C = 2 dx1 + 2 dx 2
0
EI 4
1.5 EI
426.67 675.56 1102.2 kN.m 3
C = + =
EI EI EI
C C virtual unit load 7-31e
C
1102.2 kN.m 3
C = = 0.0308 m = 30.8 mm
[200(10 6 )kN/m 2 ][179(10 6 )(10 12 )m 4 ]
slope A
7-26 m
4 6
( x1 / 12 1)(20 x1 ) ( x / 12 1)(20 x 2 )
(1 kN - m) A = 2 dx1 + 2 2 dx 2
0
EI 4
1.5EI
2 5 x12 5 x 22
4 6
2
A =
EI 0 3
20 x1

dx1 +
1.5 EI 4 3
20 x 2 dx 2

2
293.33 kN.m
A =
EI
A A virtual unit moment
7-30e
A
293.33 kN.m 2
A = = 0.0082 radian
[200(10 6 )kN/m 2 ][179(10 6 )(10 12 )m 4 ]
B = A
function M m coordinate x B
integration slope A
7-12
W360x64 10 kN A 7-
32a E = 200 GPa I = 179(10 6 ) mm 4 unit-load method
1. A
2. A
3. slope A
7-32
A
unit-load method virtual unit load A 7-32b
function mv mv free body diagram
1 2
mv1 = x1
mv2 = 3 kN - m
function M 1 M 2 free body diagram 7-32c

M 1 = 10x1
M 2 = 30 kN - m
7-25 A
3 3
( x1 )(10 x1 ) (3)(30)
(1 kN) Av = dx1 + dx 2
0
EI 0
EI
90 270 360 kN.m 3
Av = + =
EI EI EI
Av Av virtual unit load
Av
360 kN.m 3
Av = = 0.010 m = 10 mm
[200(10 6 )kN/m 2 ][179(10 6 )(10 12 )m 4 ]
A
unit-load method virtual unit load A
7-32d function mh mh free body diagram
1 2
mh1 = 0
mh2 = x 2
8-25 A
3 3
(0)(10 x1 ) ( x )(30)
(1 kN) Ah = dx1 + 2 dx 2
0
EI 0
EI
135 135 kN.m 3
Ah = 0 =
EI EI
Ah Ah virtual unit load A
Ah
135 kN.m 3
Ah = = 0.0038 m = 3.8 mm
[200(10 6 )kN/m 2 ][179(10 6 )(10 12 )m 4 ]
slope A
unit-load method virtual unit moment A
7-32e function m m free body diagram
1 2
m1 = 1
m 2 = 1
7-26 slope A
3 3
(1)(10 x1 ) (1)(30)
(1 kN - m) A = dx1 + dx 2
0
EI 0
EI
45 90 135 kN.m 2
A = + =
EI EI EI
A
135 kN.m 3
A = = 0.00377 radian
[200(10 6 )kN/m 2 ][179(10 6 )(10 12 )m 4 ]
7-32f
7.11 Virtual Strain Energy

(strain energy)
(axial loads) (shear)
(torsion)
10

Virtual Strain Energy
7-16
nNL
Un = (7-27)
AE
n = virtual unit load
N =
L =
A =
E = modulus of elasticity
7-33
dx 7-33 dy
real load dy = dx linear elastic
(Hookes law) = / G dy = ( / G ) dx
= K (V / A) K (form factor)
A dy = K (V / GA) dx virtual
virtual (virtual shear force) v dy dU i = v dy = v ( KV / GA) dx

L
vV
Us = K ( GA )dx
0
(7-28)
v = virtual
V =
K =
K = 1.2
K = 10/9
K = 1.0 I W A = web
L =
A =
G = shear modulus of elasticity
3
(warping) virtual strain
7-34
dx 7-34
(shearing strain) = c d / dx
linear elastic Hookes law = / G = Tc / J
d = dx / c = ( / Gc ) dx = (T / GJ ) dx virtual
virtual t real loads
virtual
tTL
Ut = (7-29)
GJ
t = external virtual unit load
T =
J = polar moment of inertia
= c 4 / 2 c
L =
G = shear modulus of elasticity

L L
nNL vV m M tTL
(1) = + K ( )dx + dx +
AE 0 GA 0
EI GJ
7-13
unit-load method A W360x64
7-35a E = 200 GPa G = 75 GPa I = 179(10 6 ) mm 4 A = 8150 mm 2
7-35
unit-load method virtual unit load A

7-35b function free body diagram
7-35b function
free body diagram 7-35c function
virtual
unit load
mh1 = x1 M 1 = 10x1
mh2 = x 2 M 2 = 13 x 2 x 22
n h1 = 1 kN N 1 = 7 kN
nh2 = 1 kN N2 = 0
v h1 = 1 kN V1 = 10 kN
v h2 = 1 kN V2 = 13 2 x 2
7-25 A
3 3
( x1 )(10 x1 ) ( x )(13 x 22 )
[(1 kN) Ah ]b = dx1 + 2 dx 2
0
EI 0
EI
90 117 81 186.75 kN.m 3
[ Ah ]b =
+ =
EI EI 4 EI EI
3
186.75 kN.m
[ Ah ]b = = 0.005216 m = 5.216 mm
[200(10 )kN/m 2 ][179(10 6 )(10 12 )m 4 ]
6
7-27 A
nNL (1 kN)(7 kN)(3 m) (1 kN)(0)(3 m)
[(1 kN) Ah ] n = = +
AE AE AE
21 kN.m
[ Ah ] n = -6 2 6 2
= 12.9(10 6 ) m = 0.013 mm
[8150(10 )m ][200(10 )kN/m ]
7-28 W
K = 1.0 A
L 3 3
vV (1 kN)(10 kN) (1 kN)(13 2 x 2 )
[(1 kN) Ah ]v = K ( )dx = dx1 + dx 2
0
GA 0
GA 0
GA
30 39 9 60 kN.m
[ Ah ]v =
+ =
GA GA GA GA
60 kN.m
[ Ah ]v = = 98.2(10 6 )m = 0.098 mm
[75(10 6 )kN/m 2 ][8150(10 6 )m 2 ]
A
Ah = 5.216 + 0.013 + 0.098 = 5.327 mm 5.3 mm

A 2.1%

7-35d
moment diagram 7-35e
7.12 Castigliano
Alberto Castigliano
Castigliano (Castiglianos second theorem) .. 1879
(Elastic structure) i Pi
Pi
7-36
7-36 P1 ,
P2 ,, Pi ,, Pn 1 , 2 ,, i ,, n

1 1 1 1
Ue = P1 1 + P2 2 + + Pi i + + Pn n
2 2 2 2
Pi dPi P
d 1 , d 2 ,, d i , , d n
1
dU e = P1 d 1 + P2 d 2 + + dPi d i + Pi d i + + Pn d n (7-30)
2
1 1 1 1
U e + dU e =
P1 1 + P2 2 + + Pi i + + Pn n +
2 2 2 2
1
P1 d 1 + P2 d 2 + + dPi d i + Pi d i + + Pn d n (7-31)
2
P1 , P2 ,, Pi + dPi , , Pn
1 + d1 , 2 + d 2 , , i + d i , , n + d n
1 1
U e + dU e = P1 ( 1 + d1 ) + P2 ( 2 + d 2 ) ++
2 2
1 1
( Pi + dPi )( i + d i ) + + Pn ( n + d n ) (7-32)
2 2

superposition (principle of superposition) (7-31)
(7-32)
1 1 1 1 1
P1 d 1 + P2 d 2 + + Pi d i + + Pn d n = (dPi ) i
2 2 2 2 2
P1 d 1 + P2 d 2 + + Pi d i + + Pn d n = dPi i (7-33)
1
7-33 7-30 dPi d i
2
(principle of conservation of energy)
(strain energy) dU e = dU i
dU i = dPi i
dU i
i =
d Pi

partial derivative
Ui
i = (7-34)
Pi
7-34 i Pi
Pi
superposition
Castigliano
Ui
Pi =
i

7.13 Castigliano

7-16 U i = N 2 L / 2 AE 7-34
N 2 L
=
P 2 AE
(differentiation)

N L
= N ( P ) AE (7-34)
P = imaginary force
=
N= P
L=
A=
E= (modulus of elasticity)
7-22 virtual work n

N / P
P (unit load)
7-14
B D
7-37a Castigliano
A = 300 mm 2 modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa
7-37
B
1. B Castigliano
P B 30 kN P 7-37b
P 30 kN
30 kN
2. P method of joints
method of sections
Member L (m) N N N N
N L
P ( P = 30 kN) P
AB 3 0.667 P 0.667 20 40
BC 3 0.333 P 0.333 10 10
CD 3 0.333 P 0.333 10 10
DE 4.243 -0.471 P -0.471 -14.142 28.262
EF 3 -0.667 P -0.667 -20 40
AF 4.243 -0.943 P -0.943 -28.284 113.168
BF 3 0.667 P 0.667 20 40
BE 4.243 0.471 P 0.471 14.142 28.262
CE 3 0 0 0 0
N
N P L = 309.692 kN.m
3. Castigliano B
N L 309.692 kN.m
Bv = N =
P AE AE
309.692 kN.m
1 kN Bv = 6
= 5.2(10 3 ) m = 5.2 mm
300(10 m 2 )200(10 6 kN/m 2 )
Bv = 5.2(10 3 ) m = 5.2 mm
Bv Bv P
D
D Castigliano P
D 7-37c
Member L (m) N N N N
N L
P ( P = 0 kN) P
AB 3 20+ P 1 20 60
BC 3 10+ P 1 10 30
CD 3 10+ P 1 10 30
DE 4.243 -14.142 0 -14.142 0
EF 3 -20 0 -20 0
AF 4.243 -28.284 0 -28.284 0
BF 3 20 0 20 0
BE 4.243 14.142 0 14.142 0
CE 3 0 0 0 0
N
N L AB BC CD
P
N
N P L = 120 kN.m
Castigliano D
N L 120 kN.m
Bh = N =
P AE AE
120 kN.m
Bh = 6 2 6 2
= 2(10 3 ) m = 2 mm
300(10 m )200(10 kN/m )
Bh Bh P
7.14 Castigliano

7-18 U i = M 2 dx / 2 EI ) 7-33
L M 2 dx
P 0 2 EI
=
(differentiate) (integrate)
M dx
L
= M( ) (7-35)
0
P EI
P = imaginary force
=
M = P
L =
I = moment of inertia (neutral axis)
(slope) imaginary moment M
partial derivative M
imaginary moment imaginary moment
M dx
L
= M( ) (7-36)
0
M EI
7-35 7-36 7-25 7-26
virtual work m m M / P M / M

N L L
V V
L
M dx
L
T T
= N( ) + K ( )( )dx + M ( ) + ( )( )dx
P AE 0
GA P 0
P EI 0 GJ P
7-15
C slope B 7-38a
Castigliano E = 200 GPa I = 179(10 6 ) mm 4
C
1. Castigliano C P
C 7-38c
2. 7-38c
M 1
M 1 = Px1 = x1
P
M 2
M 2 = P( x 2 + 1) 10 x 22 = x2 1
P
P = 0 M 1 = 0 M 2 = 10x 22
3. Castigliano
L
M dx
C = M
0 P EI
1 2
(0)( x1 ) (10 x 22 )( x 2 1)
C = dx1 + dx 2
0
EI 0
EI
200 200 kN.m 3
C = 0 + = = .00186m = 1.9 mm
3EI 3[200(10 6 )kN/m 2 ][179(10 6 )m 4 ]
C C P 7-38d
7-38
slope B
1. Castigliano slope B M ' B
7-38c 7-38a coordinate x1 x 2
2. 7-38b M '
M 1
M1 = 0 =0
M '
M 2
M 2 = M '10 x 22 =1
M '
M ' = 0 M 1 = 0 M 2 = 10x 22
3. Castigliano
L
M dx
B = M
0 M ' EI
2
(10 x 22 )(1) 80 kN.m 2
B = dx 2 =
0
EI 3EI
80 kN.m 2
B = 6 2 6 4
= 0.74(10 -3 ) radian
3[200(10 )kN/m ][179(10 )m ]
B B M '
slope BC B
7-16
W360x64 10 kN A 7-
39a E = 200 GPa I = 179(10 6 ) mm 4 Castigliano
1. A
2. slope A
7-39
1. Castigliano slope A
P M ' A 7-38b
Member Limits M M M M
P M ' ( P = 10 kN, M ' = 0)
AB 0 3 M 1 = Px1 M ' M 1 M 1 M 1 = 10x1
= x1 = 1
P M '
BC 0 3 M 2 = 3 P M ' M 2 M 2 M 2 = 30
= 3 = 1
P M '
2. 7-38b P M '
M M
column 3 column 4 5
P M '
P = 10 kN M '= 0 M
column 6
Member Limits M M M M
P M ' ( P = 10 kN, M ' = 0)
AB 0 3 M 1 = Px1 M ' M 1 M 1 = 1 M 1 = 10x1
= x1
P
BC 0 3 M 2 = 3 P M ' M 2 = 3 M 2 = 1 M 2 = 30
3. Castigliano
A
L
M dx
A = M
0 P EI
3 3
( x1 )(10 x1 ) (30)(3)
A = dx1 + dx 2
0
EI 0
EI
90 270 360 kN.m 3
A = + =
EI EI EI
C C P
Av
360 kN.m 3
A = = 0.010 m = 10 mm
[200(10 6 )kN/m 2 ][179(10 6 )(10 12 )m 4 ]
slope A
L
M dx
A = M
0 M ' EI
3 3
(1)(10 x1 ) (1)(30)
A = dx1 + dx 2
0
EI 0
EI
45 90 135 kN.m 2
A = + =
EI EI EI
A
135 kN.m 3
A = = 0.00377 radian
[200(10 6 )kN/m 2 ][179(10 6 )(10 12 )m 4 ]
8
Analysis of Indeterminate Structures by Force Method
8.1 Statically Indeterminate Structures
statically indeterminate (reactions)
(internal loads)
(reinforced concrete structures)
(fixed joint)
statically indeterminate (Advantages of Statically Indeterminate Structures)
1. statically indeterminate
statically indeterminate statically determinate
8-1 8-1a 8-1b statically indeterminate (fixed-supported
beam) statically determinate
roller
roller
8-1
2. statically indeterminate statically

determinate
statically indeterminate (internal loads)

8-1a P
() (yielding)
(hinge) plastic hinge
hinge hinge

8-1b P plastic hinge

3. statically indeterminate cantilever
cantilever 8-2

8-2
statically indeterminate (Disadvantages of Statically Indeterminate Structures)
1. statically indeterminate

approximate analysis
exact analysis

2. statically indeterminate statically
determinate (steel structure) statically indeterminate
(supports) (connections)
indeterminacy

3.

4. stress reversal
statically indeterminate statically determinate
statically indeterminate stress reversal
Statically Indeterminate (Methods of Analysis of Statically Indeterminate
Structures)
(compatibility equation)
(force-displacement relationships)
overlaps

linear elastic statically
indeterminate 2 force method displacement method
force method
1. statically indeterminate statically determinate
(redundant force) (unknown)
(displacement)
2. ()

3. degree of indeterminacy
(simultaneous equation)
4. shear diagram moment diagram
(method of consistent deformation)
force method (method of least work) Castigliano
displacement method
1. (unknown displacement) (joint)

2.
3.

4.
5.

statically indeterminate -
(slope-deflection method) (moment distribution method) matrix displacement method
geometry degree
of indeterminacy
8.2 (method of consistent deformation)
8-3a 1 (statically
indeterminate to the first degree) A B 4
3
8-3
1. (redundant force)
B
(cantilever beam)
statically determinate (primary structure) 8-
3b
2. B P B
3. superposition B ( B y )
B BB 8-3c subscript
( B ) subscript ( B )
8-3b 8-3c
(compatibility equation) B
+ 0 = B - BB
B ( B y ) 1
B f BB f BB linear flexibility coefficient 8-
3d subscripts subscripts BB
linear elastic P BB f BB
BB = B y f BB
8-3b 8-3d B
0 = B - B y f BB
B
B
By =
f BB
8-1
8-3a L P
L / 2 A 8-4a
1. B
3. C
8-4
B
1. B superposition
8-3b 8-3c BB = B y f BB f BB B
1 B y
2. compatibility condition B
+ 0 = B - B y f BB
conjugate beam 8-3b
PL2 5 5 PL
3
B = L =
8 EI 6 48 EI
conjugate beam 8-3d
L2 2 L3
f BB = L =
2 EI 3 3EI
compatibility
5P
By =
16
B y Ay M A
11P 3PL
Ay = MA =
16 16
3. shear diagram moment diagram 8-4c
4. C conjugate beam free body

diagram C ' B' conjugate beam 8-4d
7 PL3
M C' = C =
768 EI
redundant
8-3a A redundant 8-5
8-5
1. A redundant (primary structure)

(support) A 8-5b
2. (rotation) A P A
3. angular flexibility coefficient A 1 A
redundant M A AA (compatibility
equation) A
+ 0 = A + M A AA
A
A
MA =
AA
M A M A 1
8-2
B 8-3a
L P L / 2 A 8-4a
1. A redundant superposition
8-5b 8-5c ' AA = A + M A AA AA slope A
1 M A
2. compatibility condition A
+ 0 = A + M A AA
conjugate beam 8-5b
PL2 1 PL2
A = =
8 EI 2 16 EI
conjugate beam 8-5d
L 2 L
AA = =
2 EI 3 3EI
compatibility
3PL
MA =
16
M A Ay B y
11P 5P
Ay = By =
16 16
degree of indeterminacy 8-6a
1. B C redundant
statically determinate 8-6b
2. P1 P2 B C B C
3. superposition 1 B
B C f BB f CB 8-6e
1 C B C
f CC f BC 8-6f
B C
+ 0 = B + B y f BB + C y f BC
+ 0 = C + B y f CB + C y f CC (8-1)
B y C y
8-6
8-3
8-7

1. A B redundant
superposition 8-7
+ 0 = A + M A AA + M B AB
compatibility condition B
+ 0 = B + M A BA + M B BB
8-7
conjugate beam
2
1 2 wL wL3 1 2 wL
2
wL3
A = L= B = L=
2 3 8EI 24 EI 2 3 8 EI 24 EI
L 2 L L 1 L
AA = = BA = =
2 EI 3 3EI 2 EI 3 6 EI
L 1 L L 2 L
AB = = BB = =
2 EI 3 6 EI 2 EI 3 3EI
slope compatibility
wL2 wL2

MA = MB =
12 12
Ay B y
wL wL
Ay = By =
2 2
4. 8-7d
conjugate-beam
8.3 Maxwell (Maxwells Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements)

Maxwell force Method
(displacement) B b
1 A a A a
1 B b f BA = f AB
Maxwell force Method
9-1 f BC
f CB f BC = f CB
8-8
Maxwell virtual work unit load

8-8 B ( f BA ) 1 A
1. 1 8-8a
m A
2. 1 virtual force 1 B 8-8b
mB
L
mM
3. B ( f BA ) 1 A = dx
0
EI
M = m A m = m B
mB m A
f BA = EI
dx
virtual work A ( f AB ) 1
B 8-8b
m A mB
f AB = EI
dx
M = m B 1 B m = m A
virtual force 1 A 8-8a
f BA = f AB
(slope) Maxwell B
b 1 (unit moment) A a
A a 1 B b
BA = AB 8-9
8-9
Maxwell
(radian) B b 1 A a
A a 1 B
b BA = f AB 8-10
8-10
Maxwell Bettis Law

virtual work U AB PB
PA virtual work U BA PA
PB U AB = U BA
8.4 Statically Indeterminate Force Method
n
(redundant force) n Rn force method
n
1 + f 11 R1 + f 12 R2 +L+ f 1n Rn = 0
2 + f 21 R1 + f 22 R2 +L+ f 2 n Rn = 0
M
n + f n1 R1 + f n 2 R2 +L+ f nn Rn = 0
1 ,..., n

(matrix)

f 11 f 12 L f 1n R1 1
f f 22 L
f 2 n R2
21 = 2 (8-2)
M M M

f n1 f n2 L f nn Rn n
fR =
Maxwell, f ij = f ji f (symmetric matrix)
8.5 Moment Diagram Statically Indeterminate
8-11
8-11 moment diagram (continuous beam)

internal hinge
span
(concentrated load) moment diagram
(uniform distributed load) moment diagram
parabola
8-4
(continuous beam) 8-12
B 0.10 m E = 200 GPa I = 179(10 6 ) mm 4
8-12
1. B C redundant
superposition 8-12b 8-12d
2. compatibility condition B 0.10 m
+ 0.01 = B + B y f BB + C y f BC
compatibility condition C
+ 0 = C + B y f CB + C y f CC
conjugate beam 8-12e
conjugate beam 8-12f 8-12b
8-12d
elastic weight x = x1 x = x 2 free body diagram 8-
12g
Pb Pa
x1
w'1 = w' 2 x2
L L
conjugate beam x = x1 x = x 2
1 Pb x1 Pab( L + b) Pbx1 2
M '1 = x1 x1 x1 = ( x1 aL ab)
2 EIL 3 6 EIL 6 EIL
1 Pa x 2 Pab( L + a) Pax 2 2
M '2 = x2 x2 x2 = ( x 2 bL ab)
2 EIL 3 6 EIL 6 EIL
B ( +) a = 2.5 m b = 10.5 m x 2 = 8 m
(10 kN)(2.5 m)(8 m) 253.205 kN.m 3
B = [(8 m) 2 (10.5 m)(13 m) (2.5 m)(10.5 m)] =
6 EI (13 m) EI
B ( +) a = 2.5 m b = 10.5 m x 2 = 4 m
(10 kN)(2.5 m)(4 m) 188.141 kN.m 3
C = [(4 m) (10.5 m)(13 m) (2.5 m)(10.5 m)] =
2
6 EI (13 m) EI
f BB ( +) a = 5 m b = 8 m x 2 = 8 m
(1 kN)(5 m)(8 m) 41.026 kN.m 3
f BB = [(8 m) 2 (8 m)(13 m) (5 m)(8 m)] =
6 EI (13 m) EI
f CB ( +) f BC a = 5 m b = 8 m x 2 = 4 m
(1 kN)(5 m)(4 m) 32.821 kN.m 3
f CB = f BC = [(4 m) 2 (8 m)(13 m) (5 m)(8 m)] =
6 EI (13 m) EI
f CC ( +) a = 9 m b = 4 m x 2 = 4 m
(1 kN)(9 m)(4 m) 33.231 kN.m 3

f CC = [(4 m) 2 (4 m)(13 m) (4 m)(9 m)] =
6 EI (13 m) EI
f CC ( +) function coordinate x1
a = 9 m b = 4 m x 2 = 9 m
(1 kN)(4 m)(9 m) 33.231 kN.m 3
f CC = [(9 m) 2 (9 m)(13 m) (4 m)(9 m)] =
6 EI (13 m) EI
compatibility
253.205 41.026 32.821
0.01 m =+ By + Cy
EI EI EI
188.141 32.821 33.231
0= + By + C
EI
EI
y EI
EI = 200(10 6 kN/m 2 )179(10 6 m 4 ) = 35800 kN.m 2
B y C y
C y = 39.00 kN
B y = 33.753 kN
Ay D y
Ay = 16.848 kN D y = 12.093 kN
3. shear diagram moment diagram 8-7h
4. 8-7i
Conjugate-beam
8.6 (frame)

gabled frames
8.5
8-13 EI
8-13
1. 8-13a statically indeterminate 1 degree

A redundant superposition
8-13b 8-13c
+ 0 = A + M A AA
castiglino 8-13b 8-13d slope A
x3
L 5 (40 + 12 x3 4 x32 )( )
M dx 5 dx = 75
A = M = 0+0+
0
M ' EI 0
EI EI
member M M M M '= 0
M '
BD M1 = 0 0 M1 = 0
DC M 2 = 20x 2 0 M 2 = 20x 2
CA M ' x3 x3 M 3 = 40 + 12 x3 4 x32
M 3 = 40 + 12 x3 4 x32 +
5 5
castiglino 8-13e slope AA
menber M M M M '= 1 kN - m
M '
BD M1 = 0 0 M1 = 0
DC M2 = 0 0 M2 = 0
CA M ' x3 x3 x3
M3 =
5 5 5
5
x 2 x 2 dx 5
AA = 0 + 0 + =
0
5 5 EI 3EI
compatibility
75 5
0= +MA
EI 3EI
M A = 45 kN - m
M A
M A Ay B y
Ay = 37 kN B y = 3 kN
3. shear diagram moment diagram 8-13f 8-13g
4. 8-13h E = 200 GPa I = 179(10 6 ) mm 4

B 11.6 mm
8.7 (truss)
8.6
8-14
8-14

AD redundant superposition
8-14b 8-14c
2. compatibility condition AD
0 = AD + FAD f AD AD
unit-load 8-14b AD

AB 4 10 -0.8 -32
AC 3 7.5 -0.6 -13.5
BD 3 0 -0.6 0
CD 4 10 -0.8 -32
AD 5 0 1 0
BC 5 -12.5 1 -62.5
nNL = 140 kN 2
.m
140 kN.m
AD =
AE
unit-load 8-14c f AD AD
nNL = 17.28 kN 2
.m
17.28 kN.m
f AD AD =
AE
compatibility
140 17.28
0= + FAD
AE AE
FAD = 8.102 kN
FAD ()

AB 4 -0.8 -0.8 2.56
AC 3 -0.6 -0.6 1.08
BD 3 -0.6 -0.6 1.08
CD 4 -0.8 -0.8 2.56
AD 5 1 1 5
BC 5 1 1 5
FAD 8-14d
(d)
8.7
8-15
8-15

B redundant superposition
8-15b 8-15c
2. compatibility condition B
0 = B + R By f BB
unit-load 8-15b B

AC 3 0 -0.75 0
BD 3 -7.5 -0.75 16.875
CD 4 -10 -1 40
AD 5 12.5 1.25 78.125
BC 5 0 1.25 0
nNL = 135 kN 2
.m
135 kN.m
B =
AE
unit-load 8-15c f BB
nNL = 23 kN 2
.m
23 kN.m
f AC AC =
AE
compatibility
B 135
RBy = = = 5.87 kN
f BB 23
RBy ()

AC 3 -0.75 -0.75 1.6875
BD 3 -0.75 -0.75 1.6875
CD 4 -1 -1 4
AD 5 1.25 1.25 7.8125
BC 5 1.25 1.25 7.8125
RBy 8-15d
3. unit-load Castigliano
8-15e
8.8 (Composite Structures)

(axial force)
(bending moment)
8.8
8-16
W250x80 E = 200 GPa I = 126(10 6 ) mm 4 AC E = 200 GPa
A = 126 mm 2
8-16

AC redundant superposition
8-16b 8-16c
2. compatibility condition C
+ 0 = C FAC f AC AC
unit-load free body diagram 8-16d 8-16e
M = 10x 2
m=x
C
L 5
Mm (10 x 2 )( x) 1562.5 1562.5
(1 kN) C = dx = dx = =
0
EI 0
EI EI EI
1562.5 kN.m 3
C = = 0.062 m
200(10 6 kN/m 2 )126(10 6 m 4 )
AC
L
m2 n2 L
(1 kN) f AC AC = dx +
0
EI AE
5
x2 (1 kN) 2 (3 m) 125 3
(1 kN) f AC AC = dx + = +
0
EI AE 3EI AE
125 kN.m 3 3 kN.m
f AC AC = 6
+
3(200)(10 kN/m )126(10 m ) 126(10 m 2 )200(10 6 kN/m 2 )
6 2 4 -6
= 0.001653 + 0.000119 = 0.001772 m

compatibility
C 0.062
FAC = = = 35 kN
f AC AC 0.001772
FAC B y M B
B y = 65 kN M B = 75 kN - m
3. shear diagram moment diagram 8-16f
8.9 (Method of Least Work)

least work (consistent deformation)
statically indeterminate (truss)
(composite structure) Castigliano
8-17
(continuous beam) degree of indeterminacy 2

8-17a B C
(redundant) (primary structure) 8-
17b B y C y
(compatibility condition) B C
Castigliano
U

B B y 0
= = (8-3)
C U 0
C y
U (strain energy) function
B y C y n ( X 1 , X 2 , K, X n )
8-3
U U U
= =K= =0 (8-4)
X 1 X 2 X n
Catiglianos compatibility equation
statically indeterminate least work

1. statically indeterminate statically determinate
2.

3. 9-4 (differentiation)
4.
6.
8.10 least work
(strain energy)
N 2L
Ui =
2 AE
least work U i X i
N (N X i ) L
AE
=0
degree of indeterminacy n Catiglianos compatibility

equation n
U N (N X ) L
X 1 0
AE
1

U N (N X 2 ) L
0
X 2 = AE = (8-5)
M M M

U N (N X n ) L
X AE 0
n
8-5 X 1 X n
8.9
8-18 (Method of least work)
AE
8-18

AD redundant
8-18b
2.
Member L (m) N (kN) N N

N L
FAD FAD
AB 4 10-0.8 FAD -0.8 -32+2.56 FAD
AC 3 7.5-0.6 FAD -0.6 -13.5+1.08 FAD
BD 3 -0.6 FAD -0.6 1.08 FAD
CD 4 10-0.8 FAD -0.8 -32+2.56 FAD
AD 5 FAD 1 5 FAD
BC 5 -12.5+ FAD 1 -62.5+5 FAD
compatibility condition AD castigliano

U N L
AD = = N =0
FAD FAD AE
140 + 17.28FAD
=0
AE
R By = 8.102 kN
FAD ()
3. 8-6
8.10
8-19 (Method of least work)
AE
8-19

B redundant B
RBy 8-19b
2.
Member L (m) N N N
N L
RBy RBy
AC 3 -0.75 RBy -0.75 1.6875 RBy
BD 3 -7.5-0.75 RBy -0.75 16.875+1.6875 RBy
CD 4 -10- RBy -1 40+4 RBy
AD 5 12.5+1.25 RBy 1.25 78.125+7.8125 RBy
BC 5 1.25 RBy 1.25 7.8125 RBy
compatibility condition B castigliano

U N L
By = = N =0
RBy RBy AE
135 + 23RBy
=0
AE
R By = 5.87 kN
RBy ()
3. 8-7
4. unit-load castigliano
8-7
8.11 least work

(strain energy)
( 7-18)
M2
Ui = dx
2 EI
least work U i X i
M (M X i )
EI
dx = 0
degree of indeterminacy n Catiglianos

compatibility equation n
U M (M X )
X 1
dx 0
1
EI

U M (M X 2 )
X 2 =
dx 0
EI = (8-6)
M M M

U M (M X n ) dx
X EI 0
n
8-6 X 1 X n
8.11
8-20 (method of least work) EI
8-20

B redundant B RBy
8-20b
2. 8-20c
wx 2
M = RBy x
2
M
=x
RBy
L
U M dx
By = = M =0
RBy 0 RBy EI
L
wx 2 dx
( RBy x
0
2
)x
EI
=0
L
x 3 wx 4
By 3 8 = 0
R
0
3wL
RBy =
8
3. shear diagram moment diagram 8-20d
4. (elastic curve) 8-20e

Conjugate-beam
B redundant A
redundant A M A redundant
M A 8-21b
8-21
8-21c
wLx x wx 2
M= +MA
2 L 2
M x
=
M A L
compatibility condition A castigliano
L
U M dx
A = = M =0
M A 0 M A EI
L
wLx x wx 2 x dx
0 2 + M A
L

2 L EI
=0
L
wx 3 M A x 3 w x 4
6 + L2 3 2 L 4 = 0
0
2
wL
MA =
8
8-8
8-22 (method of least work)
EI
8-22

C redundant C
RCy 8-22b
2. coordinate 8-22b
M 1
M 1 = RCy x1 = x1
RCy
M 2
M 2 = 2 RCy 5 x 22 =2
RCy
compatibility condition C castigliano
L
U M dx
BCy = = M =0
RCy 0 RCy EI
2
dx1 3 dx
( RCy x1 ) x1
0
+ (2 RCy 5 x 22 )2 2 = 0
EI 0 EI
270
RCy = = 6.136 kN
44
4. 8-22d
unit-load castigliano
8-9
8-23 (method of least work)
EI
8-23

B redundant B
RBx 8-23b
2. coordinate 8-23b
M 1
M 1 = 20 x1 + 0.8 RBx x1 4 x12 = 0.8 x1
RBx
M 2
M 2 = RBx x 2 = x2
RBx
L
U M dx
Bx = = M =0
RBx 0 RBx EI
5
dx1 4 dx
(20 x1 + 0.8RBx x1 4 x1 )0.8 x1 + ( RBx x 2 ) x 2 2 = 0
2
0
EI 0 EI
5 4
16 x13 16 RBx x13 4 x 4 R Bx x 23
+ + =0
3 75 5 0 3 0
166.667
R Bx = = 3.472 kN
48
4. 8-23d
unit-load castigliano

1. Hibberler, R.C., Structural Analysis, 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, NY, 1997
2. McCormac, J.C., Structural Analysis, 3rd Ed., Harper & Row, New York, NY, 1975
3. Wang, C.K., Intermediate Structural Analysis, 1st Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1983
4. Hsieh, Y.Y., Elementary Theory of Structures, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, NY, 1982
5. West, H.H., Fundamentals of Structural Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1993
6. , ,
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Theory of Structures

8 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

1.2 (Classifications of Structures)

(couple) (Moment) M (web)

membrane surface structures

1-2 minimum design live loads

1-16 block m1 (lumped mass)

1.) 1.4 D + 1.7 L

(Jib crane) 2-3a

(Beam) (Girder) girder

girder roller top

(Cast-in-place reinforced concrete beam)

2-7 L2 / L1 < 2 girders

2.4 Determinacy Stability

r =3 n =1 r = 3n Statically determinate beam

r =6 n =1 r > 3n Statically indeterminate beam with 3 degrees

r =7 n =2 r > 3n Statically indeterminate structure with 1

r =3 n =1 r = 3n Statically determinate frame

r = 12 n =2 r > 3n Statically indeterminate frame with 6 degrees

free body diagram 12-14c Ay

roof truss span

Howe Pratt truss (span) 18-30 span

3-4 bridge truss (bridge deck)

(top cord) (bottom cords) bridge truss (lateral bracing)

bridge truss (diagonals)

b = 23 r =3 j =13 23+3 = 2(13) Statically determinate compound truss: type 2

b = 13 r =3 j =8 13+3 = 2(8) Statically determinate truss

b = 20 r =3 j =10 20+3 > 2(10) Statically indeterminate truss with 3 degree of

b = 15 r =3 j =9 15+3 = 2(9) Externally unstable truss

b =8 r =3 j =6 8+3 < 2(6) Internally unstable truss

b = 17 r =5 j =10 17+5 > 2(10) Internally unstable truss

3.3 (Method of Joints)

3.5 (Method of Sections)

3. method of joints method of sections

Theory of Structures .. SUT 3-13

3. method of joints method of sections

Theory of Structures .. SUT 3-14

2. secondary simple trusses secondary simple trusses

3. free body diagram secondary simple trusses

4. main simple truss main

5. 4 secondary simple trusses

3.7 (Complex Trusses)

1. complex truss 1 4 3-21b 3-21c

+ M C = 0; R A (5) + 2(2) - 0.5(3)10(2+3/3) = 0

2. free body diagram

4.3 (Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam)

free body diagram x

(Regions of Concentrated Force and Couple)

free body diagram x

free body diagram

M = M ( x 2 ) 9.60 = [6.80]dx 2 = 6.80 x 2

M = M ( x3 ) (4.0) = [2.0]dx 2 = 2.0 x 2

4.4 (Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame)

M ( x1 ) = 38.15( x1 ) - 3.21 x12 kN - m

+ F y = 0; V ( x 2 ) -3.18 x 2 +37.45 cos 36.87 o - 2.93 sin 36.87 o = 0

4.5 superposition (Moment Diagrams by the Method of Superposition)

5.2 (Cable Subjected to Concentrated Loads)

free body diagram cable 5-2b CD cable

5.3 Cable (Cable Subjected to Uniform Distributed Loads)

5-5b free body diagram x

5-1 (boundary condition) x = 0, = 0 o T = FH

wL2 wL2 wL2

Two-hinged arch 5-11b indeterminate