Radiated & Conducted Emissions

Lee Hill

Founding Partner
SILENT Solutions LLC
10 Northern Boulevard, Suite 1
Amherst, New Hampshire, USA 03031
Member Adjunct Faculty
Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI)
LHill@silent-solutions.com or LHill@wpi.edu
www.silent-solutions.com
+1 (603) 578-1842
 Presentation Outline

1. Radiated Emissions Clear Mathematical Distinctions.

Practice Using the Noise Model
2. Antennas Theory for Radiated Emissions from Electronic
Products
- What to look for
3. Conducted Emissions
a) Differential-mode (DM) & Common-mode (CM) Models
b) DM & CM Typical Causes & Solutions

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC

Slide 2
 Disclaimer on Content

Conducted emissions deserves a full day

Radiated emissions deserves three days
Easily use 40 hour university course on both
Please ask questions on specific slide topics
that interest you

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC

Slide 3
 Part 1: Radiated Emissions

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC

Slide 4
 The Noise Model 3 Requirements for RE

LISN
Noise
Source Path Antenna

If A Product has Radiated Emissions.

1) NOISE SOURCE periodic or transient signals with dv/dt and di/dt

2) PATH to connect the source to the antenna
3) ANTENNA cables, portions of PCBs, metal enclosures
2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC
Slide 5
Radiated Emissions & The Four Noise Paths
Noise "Path" Victim
Source Must have
Antenna Must have
this
this
electrical
physical
thing
thing
The four possible, different paths

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC Slide 6

 How Strong is the Radio Wave at P?
Math to Describe 3 of the 4 Noise Paths
P
R
Current Y Distance from source = R
Observation point = P
J
X Point current source = J
Z

|E| = + +
|H| = + +
2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC
Slide 7
Near Field Probes - Demonstration

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC

Slide 8
 Types of EMI tests - EMISSIONS cables

Definition: Emissions directed OUT of the EUT EUT enclosure

PCB

1) Radiated Emissions, often F> 30 MHz (e.g. EN 55022 Commercial)

Use an antenna to detect E or H!

2) AC or DC Power Line Conducted Emissions, usually F< 30 MHz

Use an inductor + capacitor circuit (LISN) to detect I

Radiated Emissions Always Start as _______

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC
Slide 9
Standardized EMI Tests Do NOT Always
Measure Radiated Electric Field

Parameter Commercial Auto./MIL-STD/ DO-160E

|R| = ?
Stupid test distance?
Lowest required level?
Sensitive to antenna
type & manuf. model?
3 or 10 meters 1 meter
Yes, R = /10 for 30 MHz Yes, R= /2000 for
0.15 MHz
30 dB uV/m for R = 10m 0 dB uV/m @ R = 1m
[Automotive GPS]
Most important with Important at all frequencies
GHz horns

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC

Slide 10
 Standardized EMI Tests Do NOT Always
Measure Radiated Electric Field

1) In Far Field, antenna factor is good enough, if using linearly polarized

antenna, can neglect size/shape of measurement antenna

2) In Far Field, can linearly extrapolate test limits, |E|, |H| vary as 1/|R|

3) In Far Field, can ignore inductive and capacitive coupling

to the measurement antenna

4) In Far Field, small electrical objects (acting independently) can be ignored

In the NEAR FIELD, replace CAN with CANNOT
2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC
Slide 11
 Part 2: Antennas

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC

Slide 12
 Antennas That Create Radiated Emissions

DIPOLE ANTENNA: Made of two pieces of metal

Good antennas must have both pieces > ________
/2
= c/f
/4 = (3x108 m/s)
+ - (freq. in cycles/sec)

EMI TALK:
Too short = Bad Antenna (each piece /10
< /20 )
or
Right length = Excellent Antenna - you fail the EMI test
Too long = Good enough - you still fail the EMI test!
2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC
Slide 13
 Dipole Antennas

+
Easy to see
antennas -
+ -

Conductive enclosure
Antenna that makes electronic wire
PCB
products fail emissions and
immunity tests
+
-
2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC
Slide 14
 How Much Dipole Current Will Cause RE Failure?

Antenna is a ___________
current

+ Radio + +
- I Wave - -

Radiated Emissions:
Input to the antenna is a ___________________
Output of the antenna is a __________________

EN55022 Class B Limit @ 10m: 30 dBuV/m (30-230 MHz)

About 8 uA @ on a 1 meter long cable
2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC
Slide 15
 It is Very Difficult to Accurately
Predict Radiated Emissions WHY?
Good math exists (Friis Path Loss) to predict 2-way radio performance
But we have trouble predicting in advance whether a new electronic
system will pass or fail a radiated emission test

R
+ +
- -

EUT Lab antenna &

Receiver
2 P rad
Prad = Power radiated by antenna
E R = Source to antenna distance (m)
4 R2 E = Electric field strength (V/m)
= 377 ohms (far field)
2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC Slide 16
 Why Do Electronic Products Fail
Radiated Emissions Tests?
"When I look at a circuit schematic, if I see two or more
different ground symbols, I know I have [EMI] consulting work."
Dr. Tom Van Doren, Professor Emeritus,
Missouri University of Science & Technology

Round up the Usual Suspects [Which things make trouble

Captain Renault, Casablanca, 1942 most often]

Split PCB ground planes

Poorly implemented or non-existent I/O filtering
Poorly implemented enclosure or cable shielding
2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC
Slide 17
Part II: Power Input Conducted Emissions (CE)

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC

Slide 18
 Power Input Conducted Emissions (CE)
1) Measures the impact of noise current flowing OUT of a devices input power
conductors
Example: EN 55022, EN55011 [150 kHz 30 MHz]
MIL-STD-461 CE102 [10 kHz 10 MHz]

2) Most CE regulatory tests measure the noise voltage induced by an EUT noise
current that flows through an impedance provided by the line impedance
stabilization network (LISN) or artificial mains network (AMN)
AMN |Z} vs. Frequency
LISN / AMN Power
+ 50
LISN / AMN
-
Return or
Reference Plane

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC

Slide 19
Part II: Power Input Conducted Emissions (CE)

3) A few tests measure the noise current directly using a current probe.
Example: MIL-STD-461 CE-101

EUT LISN / AMN

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC

Slide 20
 Part II: Power Input Conducted Emissions (CE)

4) A measure of the potential of the system to create a conducted

noise problem by transferring noise to another device that
shares a power network

5) A measure of the potential of the system to create low

frequency radiated emissions by putting noise current into a
power network with long(er) wires a good antenna at low
frequencies

6) Large amplitude conducted emissions can cause:

a) Regulatory CE test failure b) malfunction of other equipment
that share a power network
2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC
Slide 21
 Voltage Method for Conducted Emissions
Most international conducted emissions test measure the noise voltage
between each EUT power conductor and the reference plane, with the
LISN / AMN impedance between the two

This LISN / AMN has Power

two identical sections Source
and two 50 ohm ports
LISN
LISN / AMN

DC or AC
power input
Spectrum
Analyzer
2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC
Slide 22
 The Artificial Mains Network
LISN Power
LISN Source

Input Power
Cable
Spectrum
Analyzer

1) A known, repeatable impedance to the EUT

Results are independent of lab/location/test operator
Results are independent of power supply impedance
2) LPF Insertion loss between the EUT and the power supply
At F>>100 kHz, isolation from a shared, noisy power supply
3) A port to connect the measurement receiver/spectrum analyzer
4) A port to connect a mode separation device
2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC
Slide 23
 LISN /AMN Equivalent Circuit for DM + CM
Differential-Mode:
VLISN= Vdm /2
EUT
Power Idm

Can we use a Vdm+ Vdm sees

~ 100 @ F>= 300 kHz
Ret.
current probe to
distinguish + +
between them? LISN / AMN
equivalent circuit

Common-Mode:
EUT Icm/2
Power
Vcm
+
Icm/2 Vcm sees
Ret.
~ 25 @ F>= 300 kHz
+
?
Grounded
2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC Reference" Plane
Slide 24
 The Artificial Mains Network

Power

Vdm/2 Vcm V1 + AMN 1

-
Reference Power
Plane
Supply
Vdm/2 V2 - AMN 2
+

Power Return

Vdm/2 = EUT Differential-Mode Noise

Vcm = EUT Common-Mode Noise

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC

Slide 25
Conducted Emissions DM & CM Circuits
AMN 1
Power Vpower

EUT
50 termination or Receiver

Icm Idm
Idm
? Icm Power
Icm AMN 2 source

50 termination or Receiver

Idm
Icm VReturn
Return

Grounded Reference" Plane

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC
Slide 26
Different AMNs / LISNs 1 AMN circuit for each EUT power conductor

50 / 50 H Power Source EUT

CISPR-16 50 ohm receiver

ANSI C63.4 or 50 ohm termination
0.15 MHz 30 MHz

50 / 50 H +5 Power Source EUT

MIL-STD-461E,F
10 kHz 10 MHz 50 ohm receiver
or 50 ohm termination

ANSI C63.4 Power Source EUT

10 kHz 150 kHz 50 ohm receiver

(10 kHz 30 MHz or 50 ohm termination
if carefully constructed)
2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC
Slide 27
 How Much Current, Voltage to Fail The Test?
EUT + EUT V1 +-
V1
Vcm - Vdm V2 +
-

Example: EN55022/EN55011 Class B Limit: 60 dBuV @ 0.5 MHz

The current must be approximately _______________

50

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC

Slide 28
 Differential-Mode CE Typical Causes
EUT V1 +-
Vdm V2 +
-

Source: Large Power Bus Voltage Ripple

Filter
LISN

Root Causes:
Excessive loop inductance
Not enough bus capacitance
Low quality bus capacitance
Underdamped (ringing) switching loop

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC

Slide 29
 Differential-Mode CE Typical Solutions
EUT V1 +-
Vdm V2 +
-

Reduce loop inductance

Increase bus capacitance
Use $$ low ESR bus capacitance
Critically damp the switching loop
Spread spectrum clock generation
Filter: Shunt (X) capacitance or series inductance
Filter
LISN
x2

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC

Slide 30
 Common-Mode CE Typical Causes
EUT +
V1
Vcm -

Source: Vcm between input or output power conductors

and chassis metal or nearby wires
Root Causes:
Excessive capacitance between switch and chassis metal
Transformer inter-winding capacitance
Lack of bridging capacitance
Filter
LISN

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC Slide 31

 Common-Mode CE Typical Solutions
EUT +
V1
Vcm -

Reduce capacitance between switch and chassis metal

Reduce dV/dt
Reduce (shield) transformer inter-winding capacitance
Add bridging capacitance
Spread spectrum clock generation
Add shunt (Y capacitor) or series (inductor) filtering
Filter
LISN

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC Slide 32

 Input Power Filters
Goals:
Mismatch power to LISN
Dont cause SMPS to become unstable
Avoid resonances within the filter

EUT V1 +- +
EUT V1
Vdm V2 + Vcm -
-

D-M L C-M L

X X + V Y
- 1 EUT Y +
+ V2 V1
Vcm -
-

2015 Lee Hill, Silent Solutions LLC

Slide 33
THANK YOU!

Slide 34