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Concrete Technology
MIX
PROPORTIONING
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Objective
To determine the most economical
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Cohesiveness, slump
Placement conditions
Strength
Durability
Appearance
Economy
Minimize the amount of cement, Minimize w/c ratio
Minimum amount of water, to reduce cement
content
do not sacrifice the quality
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Proportioning
Absolute volume method
Most commonly used method
Other methods
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Air Content
Entrained air must be used in concrete that will
be exposed to freezing and thawing and can be
used to improve workability even when not
requires.
The amount of air required in concrete depends
on:
Maximum aggregate size (MSA)
Level of exposure
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Air Content
Requirements of ACI 318 Building Code and ASTM C 94
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Strength
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Procedures
Slump table 9-1
Max size of aggregates
Estimate mixing water and air content
Tables 9-2, 9-3, 9-4
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Slu m p (in.)
Typ es of Constru ction Maximu m * Minim u m
Reinforced fou nd ation w alls and footings 3 1
Plain footings, caissons, and 3 1
substru cture w alls
Beam s and reinforced w alls 4 1
Bu ild ing colum ns 4 1
Pavem ents and slabs 3 1
Mass concrete 2 1
* May be increased 1-in. for methods of consolidation other than vibration.
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N on-air-entrained concrete
1 to 2 350 335 315 300 275 260 220 190
3 to 4 385 365 340 325 300 285 245 210
6 to 7 410 385 360 340 315 300 270 --
More than 7* -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ap p roxim ate am ou nt of 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.3 0.2
entrap p ed air in non-air-
entrained concrete, p ercent
Air-entrained concrete
1 to 2 305 295 280 270 250 240 205 180
3 to 4 340 325 305 295 275 265 225 200
6 to 7 365 345 325 310 290 280 260 --
More than 7* -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Recom m end ed average
total air content, p ercent
for level of exp osu re:
Mild exp osu re 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5** 1.0**
Mod erate exp osu re 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.5** 3.0**
Severe exp osu re 7.5 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5** 4.0**
* These qu antities of m ixing w ater are for u se in com p u ting cem ent factors for trial
batches. They are m axim a for reasonably w ell-shaped angular coarse aggregates
grad ed w ithin lim its of accepted specifications.
The slum p values for concrete containing aggregate larger than 1" are based on
slum p tests m ad e after rem oval of p articles > 1" by w et-screening.
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Thin sections
(railings, curbs, sills,
ledges, ornamental
work) & sections 0.45 0.40
with less than 1-inch
cover over steel
All other structures 0.50 0.45
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Specific Gravity
Gradation of aggregate
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Example
For a residential street Paving in Boston, MA,
6 thick pavement, unreinforced, subjected
to freezing and thawing and deicing agent
anticipated. The required fc = 4000 psi.
Vibration will be used.
Sand FM = 2.7
Aggregate available = 1
BSG (FA)= 2.58
BSG (CA)= 2.6, = 105 lbs/ft3
BSG (cement)= 3.15
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Example
1) Nominal Max size- 1/3 * 6 = 2
since 1 MSA is available, use 1
2) Air entrainment, definitely used, max
Table 9-2 5.5% (%vol. of conc.)
Table 9-1 (since vibrating) Slump 1 2
3) W/C Table 9-3, 9-4 0.48
4) Estimate water content Table 9-2 250 lbs/yd3
5) Calculate the cement content 250 /0.48 = 521
lbs/yd3
6) Estimate the coarse aggregate
Table 9-5 0.72 ft3/ft3 of concrete
0.72 (27) = 19.44 cu.ft. of CA (OD condition)
Weight of C.A. = (19.44 cu.ft.) (105 lbs/ft3) = 2040 lbs/yd3
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