Professional Documents
Culture Documents
6
Tel.: 55 (21) 2516-4479
conapra@conapra.org.br CONAPRA toma posse
www.conapra.org.br no Rio de Janeiro
New directorate of the Brazilian
diretor-presidente director president Maritime Pilots Association
Gustavo Henrique Alves Martins takes office in Rio de Janeiro
11
diretores directors
Joo Bosco de Brito Vasconcelos
Marcus Vinicius Carneiro Gondim
Porthos Augusto de Lima Filho
Vitor Cabral Turra Entrada e sada dos portos: tempo de reao de
diretor / vice-presidente da IMPA
quem realiza a manobra deve ser considerado
director / vice-president of IMPA Harbor entry and exit: reaction time of whoever
Ricardo Augusto Leite Falco is maneuvering should be considered
planejamento planning
Ricardo Augusto Leite Falco /
Flvia Pires / Claudio Davanzo Tcnicas avanadas para
edio editor
avaliao da eficincia de
Ricardo Augusto Leite Falco rebocadores e dimensionamento
redao writer
de bollard pull
Advanced techniques for
14
Maria Amlia Parente (jornalista responsvel)
(journalist in charge) MTb/RJ 26.601 assessing tug efficiency and
bollard pull dimensioning
reviso revision
Maria Helena Torres
26
Aglen McLauchlan
verso translation
Elvyn Marshall
Praticagem da Holanda:
projeto grfico e design
layout and design
Nederlandse Loodsencorporatie
Katia Piranda e Loodswezen
pr-impresso / impresso
Dutch pilotage: Nederlandse
pre-print / printing Loodsencorporatie and Loodswezen
DVZ/Davanzzo Solues Grficas
35
capa cover
foto / photo: Ricardo Falco
foto detalhe / photo detail: Daniel Werneck
5 Congresso da CMPA
0
acontece em Montreal
5th CMPA Congress held in Montreal
Paper produced from responsible sources
38
As informaes e opinies veiculadas
nesta publicao so de exclusiva
responsabilidade de seus autores.
No exprimem, necessariamente,
pontos de vista do CONAPRA. Biblioteca do CONAPRA tem acervo
The information and opinions expressed
in this publication are the sole responsibility diversificado para associados
of the authors and do not necessarily
express CONAPRAs viewpoint. CONAPRA Library has a varied collection for associates
Editorial
Ao longo de dois anos um apaixonado debate institucional com autoridades e comunidade martima tem sido travado pelo presidente do
CONAPRA, o prtico Gustavo Martins. seu hbito ouvir o que pensam os envolvidos na questo aquaviria, opinar, esclarecer e mudar
percepes. Essa tem sido a saga ao longo do primeiro mandato da diretoria do Conselho Nacional de Praticagem sob sua batuta, que se
encerrou h pouco. Antes de sua reeleio, foram incontveis idas a Braslia para participar de seminrios, audincias pblicas e reunies
com autoridades da rea federal e do Congresso Nacional. A Federao Nacional de Prticos, cuja diretoria foi reeleita no final do ano
passado, tendo frente o prtico Otavio Fragoso, tem sido a parceira de todas as horas.
O dilogo sempre foi a via de soluo da praticagem, consolidada pelo exerccio contnuo de nossos prticos em contribuir com a sociedade.
Temos sido chamados para debater questes importantes para o pas, como as relativas infraestrutura e logstica. Estamos convencidos
de que os prticos do Brasil so atores fundamentais para opinar, por exemplo, em questes ligadas ao acesso hidrovirio a nossos portos,
a rebocadores, assim como a dragagens. Afinal, somos os responsveis por auxiliar na conduo dos navios com segurana, com respeito
vida humana e ao meio ambiente e, na maioria das vezes, por canais de acesso inadequados, principalmente diante do aumento
exponencial do tamanho dos navios.
Nas discusses em Braslia temos tido duros embates e, ao mesmo tempo, mostrado premissas equivocadas que a Comisso Nacional de
Assuntos de Praticagem vem adotando em seus trabalhos, na errtica tentativa de fixar os preos mximos para os servios de praticagem.
Em simples palavras, o decreto que criou a comisso supramencionada no pode ir contra uma lei, e agentes pblicos somente podem
seguir ordens executivas que estejam no estrito limite da legalidade, princpio que juraram defender e que est calcado na Constituio
Federal. Em um pas que precisa fazer economia de recursos para ajustar suas contas pblicas e que j dispendeu milhes de reais em
estudos, deslocamentos, dirias e reunies que concluram apenas a alta qualidade do nosso servio de praticagem, prestado ao longo
de mais de 208 anos de administrao da Marinha do Brasil necessrio, no mnimo, uma reavaliao da deciso de permanncia da
Comisso e do rumo adotado por seus integrantes.
De resto, os problemas ora apontados so os comuns a qualquer cidado que esteja na iniciativa privada: as questes comerciais to
afeitas s mesas de negociao e nas quais uma eventual interveno fatalmente favorecer, economicamente, apenas um lado, sem
ganhos para os brasileiros. Esclareamos: isso tambm constitucionalmente vedado, porque o Estado brasileiro tem o dever de promover
o desenvolvimento econmico do pas e o bem-estar dos que aqui vivem.
Nossa luta passar sempre pelas atitudes de cada prtico que sobe a bordo de um navio. A cada servio prestado com eficincia estaremos
dando ao Estado brasileiro a mola mestra da complicada engrenagem intermodal, essencial ao desenvolvimento de nossas riquezas e que
precisa estar permanentemente disponvel. A excelncia em cada manobra tem que ser o fogo sagrado vibrando no ntimo de cada
prtico; no podemos ser jamais negligentes ou complacentes! E a falta de notcias sobre ns significa que acidentes no esto ocorrendo;
sabemos que o silncio o segredo do nosso sucesso.
Nesta edio temos duas matrias que corroboram nossa viso de mundo: a primeira sobre a praticagem da Holanda, mundialmente
reconhecida pela qualidade tcnica, e a segunda, um artigo sobre rebocadores, agregando valorosa contribuio ao reconhecido livro sobre
o tema publicado pelo CONAPRA h muitos anos. E esperamos que cada um
de nossos prticos sinta-se convidado a frequentar nossa biblioteca, fonte
tcnica de literatura especializada, motivo de orgulho de nossa categoria
profissional.
Dialogue has always a solution for pilotage, consolidated by our pilots ongoing contribution to society. We have been invited to
discuss major nationwide issues, relating to infrastructure and logistics, for example. We are convinced that the Brazilian pilots are
key figures in expressing opinions on, for example, questions relating to waterway access to our ports, to tugs and dredging. After
all, we are the ones responsible for safely moving the ships with regard to human life and the environment, and most of the time
through inappropriate access canals, principally given the exponential increase in the size of ships.
The discussions in Brasilia involved tough arguments and, at the same time, revealed the mistaken premises that the National
Committee for Pilotage Affairs has been adopting in its work, in an erratic attempt to fix maximum prices for pilotage services. To put
it simply, the decree that created the aforementioned committee cannot run counter to a law, and public agents can only follow
executive orders that are strictly within the law, a principle that they have sworn to defend and which is based on the Brazilian
Constitution. In a country that needs to economize resources to adjust its public accounts, and that has already spent millions of reais
in studies, travel, day-rates and meetings only to reach the conclusion of the high quality of our pilotage service provided over more
than 208 years of Brazilian Navy administration it is at least necessary to review the decision of permanence of the Committee and
the direction taken by its members.
Incidentally, the problems mentioned here are common to any citizen who works in private enterprise: the trade issues so common
at negotiation tables and in which a possible intervention would inevitably be more economically advantageous to only one party,
without gains for the Brazilian population. Let us explain: this is also constitutionally forbidden, because the Brazilian State has a duty
to further the countrys economic growth and the well-being of those living here.
Our struggle will always involve the views of each pilot who boards a ship. For each service provided efficiently, we will be giving
the Brazilian State the mainspring of the complicated intermodal machinery, essential for the development of our wealth and which
needs to be constantly on hand. The excellence of each maneuver has to be the sacred fire burning in the heart of each pilot; we can
never be neglectful or complacent! And it is a fact that no news about us means good news without accidents; we know that silence
is the secret of our success.
There are two articles in this edition that corroborate our worldview: the first about Dutch pilotage, famous worldwide for its
technical quality, and the second, an article on tugs, adding a valuable contribution to the renowned book on the topic published by
CONAPRA many years ago. And we hope that each one of our pilots feels invited to visit our library, a technical source of specialized
literature, and also a source of pride for our professional category.
GUSTAVO MARTINS DISCURSA NO CLUBE NAVAL GUSTAVO MARTINS SPEAKS AT NAVAL CLUB
6
diretoria
directorate
Impossibilitado de comparecer cerimnia, o diretor da DPC, vice- The ATPR is a motive of great pride for CONAPRA, created to meet
almirante Wilson Pereira de Lima Filho, enviou discurso lido pelo a requirement from the Directorate of Ports and Coasts (DPC) to
contra-almirante Jos Lus Ribeiro. Nele, Lima Filho fez aluso comply with Resolution A.960 of the International Maritime
ao baixssimo ndice de acidentes e a fatos da navegao Organization (IMO). The IMO resolution listed recommendations
observados no servio de praticagem, o que, segundo avaliao do for training, certification and operating procedures for pilots.
representante da autoridade martima, permite atestar o apreciado DPC delegated to CONAPRA the jurisdiction of creating and
managing a pilot training course that would comply with IMO
standards, and the Brazilian Maritime Pilots Association delivered
the ATPR, approved by the maritime authority in 2003 and now in
its third phase.
BRUNO ROCHA (PRES. DO SYNDARMA), GUSTAVO MARTINS Gustavo Martins went on to emphasize the Brazilian pilots concern
E FERNANDO FONSECA (DIR. DA ANTAQ) with ongoing enhancement for providing a service with
BRUNO ROCHA (SYNDARMA PRESIDENTE), GUSTAVO MARTINS
AND FERNANDO FONSECA (DIRECTOR OF ANTAQ) increasingly high levels of safety and efficiency. For example,
7
diretoria
directorate
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
1 GUSTAVO MARTINS
2 ALEXANDRE TAKIMOTO
3 JOHANN HUTZLER
4 VITOR TURRA
8 EVERTON SCHMIDT
8
diretoria
directorate
grau de profissionalismo e o adequado preparo de nossos he mentioned the significant procurement of courses with
prticos, em que pesem eventuais dificuldades que deveremos manned models in centers of excellence in France and Poland,
enfrentar juntos. by which Brazilian pilots intend to be equipped with the worlds
best-established practices.
Pesquisas mostram que no houve acidentes de monta
9
diretoria
directorate
acrescentou que acredita em novo ciclo virtuoso de crescimento The Brazilian port infrastructure, a frequent topic in pilotage
econmico no pas. Basta fazer as reformas necessrias meetings, was also mentioned in the statement by the CONAPRA
afirmou o parlamentar e economista, que atualmente trabalha na president, who stressed the efforts made to offer ongoing advisory
reforma tributria nacional. and consulting services, based on pilots expertise, in order to find
solutions for its improvement and a more feasible safety operation
of new classes of ships in Brazilian ports.
congressman who is
currently working on
Brazilian tax reform.
CINCO DOS PRESIDENTES DO CONAPRA/ FIVE OF THE CONAPRA PRESIDENTS : MAURO DE ASSIS, OTAVIO FRAGOSO,
MARCELO CAJATY, RICARDO FALCO E/ AND GUSTAVO MARTINS
10
navegao
navigation
11
navegao
navigation
12
navegao
navigation
Na situao real, como j mencionado, teremos uma equipe de the simulation, unlike the first situation where the automatic pilot
passadio interagindo, e, assim, deve ser considerado o tempo would promptly accomplish the navigation.
de reao do ser humano, quer seja para o prtico assessorar
o comandante ao sugerir o rumo a ser seguido, quer seja para o Considering the relevance of the matter and to encourage
timoneiro executar a ordem recebida. continuing research and upgrade of the model under the guidance
of Prof. Sphaier, in 2016, I presented at the IX Pianc Copedec
Dessa forma, de simulaes que no consideram o fator humano (Coastal and Port Engineering in Developing Countries) the paper
obtm-se modelos no correspondentes situao de fato, com A Procedure for Evaluation of the Technical Feasibility of a Vessel
resultados, portanto, no representativos. O objetivo do trabalho Approaching a Harbor Entrance, which was the winning article
foi considerar, nas atuaes do piloto automtico, o atraso natural presented by developing countries.
inerente ao ser humano para realizar a manobra. Com os resultados
obtidos possvel identificar que a probabilidade de uma embarcao In my masters dissertation, the results of the simulations
sair ou no do canal de navegao depender do tempo de atraso presented the estimated probabilities of the ship leaving the
utilizado na simulao, diferentemente da situao inicial em que channel as a result of a predetermined time delay for undertaking
o piloto automtico executava a navegao de forma precisa. the simulations. However, it was not possible to define the time
delay benchmark that could represent the reaction time of one or
Considerando a relevncia do assunto e para incentivar a continuidade more human beings when maneuvering a vessel.
das pesquisas e o aperfeioamento do modelo, sob a orientao do
Prof. Sphaier, apresentei na IX Pianc Copedec (Coastal and Port Assessing the time delay is complicated and requires specific
Engineering in Developing Countries), em 2016, o trabalho A studies to address it accurately. The study of the human factor
Procedure for Evaluation of the Technical Feasibility of a Vessel must consider that in maritime or river navigation several aspects
Approach Harbour Entrance, que foi premiado como o melhor artigo could influence the psychological factor of whoever is in charge of
apresentado por pases em desenvolvimento. maneuvering (expression used for whoever is responsible for
giving the helmsman the necessary orders).
Em minha dissertao de mestrado, os resultados das simulaes
apresentaram as probabilidades estimadas de a embarcao sair The time taken for the maneuver, channel visibility, noise and/or
do canal, em funo de um tempo de retardo predeterminado para vibration in the vessel, the language of the crew, failure to comply
realizao das simulaes. No foi possvel, porm, definir o tempo with the rest times (fatigue) and density of harbor traffic are some
de retardo referncia que pudesse representar o tempo de reao de of the factors influencing the reaction time of whoever is in
um ou de diferentes seres humanos, ao manobrar uma embarcao. charge of maneuvering. This is why new studies are being carried
out to discover the time in the different navigation situations for
A avaliao do tempo de retardo complexa e requer estudos entering and leaving the harbor.
especficos para que se possa tratar esse tempo com preciso. O
estudo do fator humano deve considerar que na navegao marti- For the time being, I hope to have helped bring to the fore the
ma ou fluvial vrios aspectos podero influenciar o fator psquico importance of assessing the skill and expertise of the person who
de quem est com a manobra (expresso utilizada para designar will effectively navigate a new ship in a certain port, since the time
quem o responsvel por dar as ordens necessrias ao timoneiro). delay for this individual to react is a decisive factor in the success
of the maneuver.
O horrio da realizao da manobra, a visibilidade no canal, o rudo
e/ou a vibrao na embarcao, o idioma da tripulao, o descum-
primento do perodo de descanso (fadiga), a densidade do trfego
do porto so alguns fatores que iro influenciar o tempo de reao
de quem est com a manobra. Por essa razo, novos estudos
esto sendo realizados para a identificao desse tempo nas diver-
sas situaes de navegao para entrada e sada do porto.
13
rebocadores
tugs
A Figura 1 mostra o resultado obtido por CFD (Computational Fluid Influence of the current and advance speed
Dynamics) da fora resultante de uma corrente de dois ns sobre
um rebocador ASD tpico (caractersticas principais indicadas na The presence of currents in the maneuvering area affects
figura). Para incidncia de corrente de travs, verifica-se a fora de the behavior of the tugs, due both to their hull force, which must
10T, ou seja, 15% de seu bollard pull utilizado apenas para be compensated by their propellers, and to the influence on the
compensar a fora corrente no prprio casco. Esse efeito cresce thrusters performance.
proporcionalmente ao quadrado da velocidade da corrente, ou
seja, se a corrente for duplicada (quatro ns), essa fora seria Figure 1 shows the result obtained from Computational Fluid
quadruplicada (40T). Dynamics (CFD) of the force resulting from a two-knot current on a
14
rebocadores
tugs
When pushing, it was found that the net force decreased slightly
(from 90% to 85%) with the increase in the ships speed from two
to six knots. In theory, therefore, the tug is able to impose on the
ships side a bollard pull force, even at high speed. This is due to
the fact that the tug hull force helps push the ships hull, as
illustrated in Figure 6. However, attention should be paid to the
difficulty in maintaining a position and the risk of overturning, not
assessed in the experiment.
15
rebocadores
tugs
Brandner (1995) realizou um conjunto de experimentos em tanque the net force stays close to 100%, and may even be amplified, since
de provas para calcular a influncia da velocidade de avano do the drag force on the tug contributes to the force on the ship.
navio no desempenho de rebocadores ASD. A Figura 3 mostra o
aparato experimental utilizado, com um rebocador em escala redu- All performance losses shown on previous page must be correctly
zida (1:60) dotado de propulsores azimutais e clulas de carga para modeled in maneuver simulators. A recent experiment illustrated
medir a fora lquida aplicada ao navio, tanto no modo puxar (com was performed in the USP Numerical Offshore Test Tank Maneuver
cabo) quanto no empurrar. Simulations Center, focusing on mooring a Valemax vessel in an
environment with strong currents.
Os resultados so resumidos em grficos polares da fora total
lquida exercida sobre o navio, em funo do ngulo de atuao e In this case, given the need for detailed assessment of the mid-
da velocidade do navio. As figuras 4 e 5 mostram resumos dos bow tug behavior, which is crucial during mooring, it was decided
resultados para velocidades de dois e seis ns, respectivamente. to use simulations with a manned tug, that is, in which the tug is
also modeled and commanded by a skilled tug master. Figure 8
No modo empurrando, verificou-se que a fora lquida sofre illustrates the simulation architecture adopted. All forces acting on
pequena degradao (de 90% para 85%) com o aumento da velo- the tug hull are calculated in detail, since the mathematical model
cidade do navio de dois para seis ns. Em teoria, portanto, o rebo- used for the tug has the same degree of refinement as that of the
cador consegue impor no costado do navio fora da ordem de seu model used for the ship.
bollard pull, mesmo com velocidade elevada. Isso se deve ao fato
de que a fora hidrodinmica no casco do rebocador "ajuda" a The assessment of some simulations allowed the construction of
empurrar o casco do navio, tal como ilustrado na Figura 6. Deve-se, the graph in Figure 9, which compared the efficiency of the tug
entretanto, levar em conta a dificuldade em manter posio e risco pulling the prow perpendicularly with the experimental results of
de emborcamento, no avaliados no experimento. Brandner (1995). Although the simulations only cover currents of up
to 2.8 knots, it can be seen that there is good adherence, with a
J no modo puxando de travs, a Figura 7 resume os resultados loss of efficiency of approximately 20%. The figure on the right
obtidos. A perda de eficincia causada pelo aumento da velocidade shows the force on the tow cable at the moment when the tug is
bastante significativa, devido elevada fora de arrasto sobre o driven with full astern force, with a current of 2.8 knots on its
rebocador, associada dificuldade, na prtica, de ele conseguir perpendicular. It is noticeable that on average the tug is able to
manter-se perpendicular ao navio. Da mesma forma, no modo apply 65T to the cable, which is equal to 81% of its bollard pull
puxando avante (incluindo a operao centro-proa), a perda de (80T).
eficincia com a velocidade bastante significativa. J no modo
puxando a r (incluindo a operao centro-popa), a fora lquida The effect of the current and advance speed in conventional tugs
mantm-se prxima a 100%, podendo at ser amplificada, pois a is more accentuated. Figure 10 was based on the data presented
fora de arrasto sobre o rebocador contribui para a fora imposta in Tug Use in Ports (Hansen, 2003), and the major difference can be
ao navio.
Empurrando
(Pushing)
Efic./Effic. = 90%
FIGURA 4: RESULTADOS DE BRANDNER (1995) PARA V = 2 NS FIGURE 4: BRANDNERS RESULTS (1995) FOR V = 2 KNOTS
16
rebocadores
tugs
Empurrando
(Pushing)
Efic./Effic. = 85%
FIGURA 5: RESULTADOS DE BRANDNER (1995) PARA V = 6 NS FIGURE 5: BRANDNERS RESULTS (1995) FOR V = 6 KNOTS
17
rebocadores
tugs
FIGURA 8: SIMULAO COM REBOCADOR TRIPULADO FIGURE 8: SIMULATION WITH MANNED TUG
FIGURA 9: (ESQ) EFICINCIA DO REBOCADOR PUXANDO A PROA; (DIR) FORA NO CABO DE REBOQUE EM INSTANTE COM CORRENTE DE 2,8 NS
FIGURE 9: (L) EFFICIENCY OF TUG ADVANCE PULL; (R) FORCE ON THE TUG CABLE AT MOMENT WITH 2.8 KNOT CURRENT
O efeito da corrente e da velocidade de avano em rebocadores When pushing: high loads on the fenders, with strong stresses
convencionais mais acentuado. A Figura 10 foi feita com base nos on the ships side.
dados apresentados em Tug Use in Ports (Hansen, 2003), e pode-se Effect of water on deck may affect the tugs stability and crew safety.
ver a grande diferena entre a eficincia de rebocadores azimutais e Influence on teamwork capacity.
convencionais quando empurrando o casco com velocidade de Rocking motions may cause ventilation in the propeller and
avano. O caso de seis ns ilustrado direita. O rebocador conven- reduce efficiency.
cional possui menor capacidade de gerar esforo lateral para
compensar o arrasto induzido sobre seu casco, alm de, em geral, Therefore, it is mandatory to use tugs designed to operate with
possuir dimenses maiores e, portanto, mais fora de arrasto. waves in such situations. These tugs (also called escort-tugs) have
18
rebocadores
tugs
FIGURA 10: EFICINCIA DE REBOCADORES AZIMUTAL (ASD) E CONVENCIONAL (ADAPTADO DE HANSEN, 2003)
FIGURE 10: EFFICIENCY OF AZIMUTH STERN DRIVE (ASD) AND CONVENTIONAL TUGS (ADAPTED FROM HANSEN, 2003)
Influncia de ondas traction control equipment for the cable, a naval layout less likely
to have water on deck, and a different behavior in waves.
Com a tendncia de aumento do porte de navios e construo de
portos em reas sem abrigo completo, a demanda de uso de rebo- The publication Pianc (2012) provides the estimated efficiency of
cadores em reas com incidncia de ondas crescente. tugs against the waves (Figure 11).
Diversos problemas associados a essa operao so relatados por From this graph we can conclude that the operation with a tug
comandantes de rebocadores, a saber: pushing the side is very affected by wave actions. With a signifi-
Ao puxar: tenses extremas no cabo, resultando rompimento ou cant height of over one meter, efficiency is extremely reduced. In
perigo de emborcar quando tais cargas so aplicadas na transver- addition to efficiency, care must also be taken with the integrity of
sal ao rebocador. the ships hull and fenders, and with the difficulty of operating and
Ao empurrar: cargas elevadas nas defensas, com grandes ten- maintaining the tugs position.
ses no costado do navio.
Embarque de gua no convs pode afetar a estabilidade do Another conclusion is the great advantage of using a winch with
rebocador e a segurana da tripulao. traction control, which adds approximately 25% to the tugs
Influncia na capacidade de trabalho da equipe. efficiency. Also worth mentioning is the major benefit of reducing
Movimentos ondulatrios podem causar ventilao no propulsor the risk of breaking the cable.
e reduo de eficincia.
The graph also shows that the tugs operating indirectly only
Assim, o uso de rebocadores projetados para operar com ondas perform better in waves at tug speeds of over eight knots.
mandatrio nessas situaes. Esses rebocadores (tambm chama-
dos de escort-tugs) possuem equipamentos de controle de trao The experimental work of Buchner et al (2005) demonstrated
para o cabo, arranjo naval menos propenso a embarque de gua e the problems associated with waves in the tugs operation,
comportamento em ondas diferenciado. focusing on the operation of LNG terminals installed in unsheltered
A publicao Pianc (2012) apresenta a estimativa da eficincia de areas. The arrangement deployed is shown in Figure 12. A
rebocadores sob ao de ondas (Figura 11). small-scale model tug acts on the ships hull in a wave test tank.
The force (already converted to full scale) of 500kN (approx. 50T)
Desse grfico possvel concluir que a operao com rebocador is imposed using a pulley system, not considering in this test
empurrando o costado muito prejudicada com a incidncia de propeller action. Load cells installed in the tugs prow or cable
ondas. Com altura significativa superior a 1m, a eficincia measure the net force applied to the ship. There is no traction
extremamente reduzida. Alm da eficincia, deve-se tambm aten- control system in the cable.
tar integridade do casco do navio e das defensas, e dificuldade
de operao e manuteno de posio do rebocador. Figure 13 provides a summary of the results obtained for a wave
with Hs = 1.9m and Tp = 8s. In the case of the tug pushing, ampli-
Pode-se concluir tambm a grande vantagem do uso de guincho fication is found in the fenders force of 3.7 when operating in
com controle de trao, que aumenta em aproximadamente 25% a waves against the same side (unshielded side). This means that
eficincia do rebocador. Cita-se ainda a vantagem mais importante, the maximum force measured on the fender is 3.7 x 50T = 185T, the
relativa reduo do risco de rompimento do cabo. minimum force being equal to zero (that is, tug moves away from
19
rebocadores
tugs
O grfico tambm mostra que os rebocadores operando em modo ship). In practice, in addition to the high risk of damage to the ships
indireto s apresentam melhores comportamentos sob a ao de hull and the tugs fenders, it would be very difficult to keep the tugs
ondas para velocidades de reboque superiores a oito ns. position in the face of this enormous dynamic force.
FIGURA 11: EFICINCIA DO REBOCADOR SOB AO DE ONDAS (ADAPTADA DE PIANC, 2012) FIGURE 11: TUG EFFECTIVENESS IN WAVES (ADAPTED FROM PIANC, 2012)
O trabalho experimental de Buchner et al. (2005) demonstrou os Amplification is also high should a head wave come against the
problemas associados s ondas na operao de rebocador, focando ship (2.5), since it is perpendicular to the tug and leads to strong
na operao de terminais de LNG instalados em reas desabriga- rolling movement. In the event of a wave on the opposite side,
das. O arranjo utilizado mostrado na Figura 12. Um rebocador the dynamic forces on the fender are reduced, but the amplification
em escala reduzida atua sobre o casco do navio, em um tanque level is still high (1.5), and in some situations it may move away
de provas com ondas. A fora (j convertida para escala real) de from the ship. These results corroborate the Pianc curve (2012),
500kN (aprox. 50T) imposta por sistema de polias, e nesse ensaio shown in Figure 11, which indicates zero tug effectiveness pushing
no se considera a ao dos propulsores. Clulas de carga instala- the side in a wave with Hs = 2m.
das na proa do rebocador ou no cabo medem a fora lquida apli-
cada sobre o navio. No h sistema de controle de trao no cabo.
FIGURA 12: EXPERIMENTO REALIZADO POR BUCHNER ET AL. (2005) FIGURE 12: EXPERIMENT BY BUCHNER ET AL (2005)
20
rebocadores
tugs
A Figura 13 mostra um resumo dos resultados obtidos para onda Similar results are obtained for a pushing tug. The figure shows
com Hs = 1,9m e Tp = 8s. No caso do rebocador empurrando, veri- the measure of force on the cable in the case of the tug on the
fica-se amplificao na fora da defensa de 3,7 quando operando unshielded side, emphasizing the occurrence of peaks with a 3.7
com ondas incidindo pelo mesmo bordo de atuao (bordo despro- times range over the bollard pull and zero force moments (loosened
tegido). Isso significa que a fora mxima medida na defensa de cable). In practice, this kind of situation may lead to the cable
3,7 x 50T = 185T, sendo a fora mnima igual a zero (ou seja, rebo- breaking. These results confirm the need for a bollard pull system.
cador perde contato com navio). Na prtica, alm do elevado risco
de dano ao casco do navio e s defensas do rebocador, seria muito The authors also undertook experiments to assess the influence of
difcil manter a posio do rebocador em face dessa enorme fora the wave period on tug behavior. Figure 14 summarizes the results,
dinmica. indicating that for a 14s-wave period, the force peaks on the fender
are reduced. Longer wave periods induce movements in the ship,
A amplificao tambm elevada para o caso de onda pela proa which will then synchronize its movement with that of the tug. In other
do navio (2,5), pois incide perpendicularmente ao rebocador e induz words, the relative movement between the ship and tug is reduced.
elevada oscilao em roll. No caso de onda pelo bordo oposto,
reduzem-se as foras dinmicas na defensa, mas o nvel de ampli- Once again, a recent experiment is illustrated, carried out in the
ficao ainda elevado (1,5), podendo em algumas situaes ocor- USP Center for Numerical Test Tank Maneuvering Simulations,
rer a perda de contato com o navio. Esses resultados corroboram a demonstrating the application of these concepts in a maneuver
curva da Pianc (2012), mostrada na Figura 11, que indica eficincia simulation. In this case, the focus is on a Suezmax tanker entering
nula de rebocador empurrando o costado para onda com Hs = 2m. Terminal T1 of Au Port, a maneuver that involves navigating
through an unsheltered access channel, with the support of an
Resultados anlogos so obtidos para rebocador puxando. A figura escort-tug connected to the ships stern.
apresenta a medida da fora no cabo para o caso do rebocador pelo The manned tug is mid-stern, as shown in Figure 15. The correct
bordo desprotegido, ressaltando a ocorrncia de picos com ampli- model of tug behavior in waves is very important, since the
tude 3,7 vezes maior que o bollard pull e momentos de fora nula simulation was designed to check the feasibility of the ships
(cabo solecado). Na prtica, esse tipo de situao pode levar ao stopping after the access channel and this tugs effectiveness
rompimento do cabo. Esses resultados comprovam a necessidade in supporting this maneuver. The traction control system of the
de sistema de controle de trao. winches in this simulation was not considered.
FIGURA 13: RESULTADOS EXPERIMENTAIS (ADAPTADO DE BUCHNER ET AL., 2005): (ESQ) REBOCADOR EMPURRANDO; (DIR) REBOCADOR PUXANDO
FIGURE 13: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS (ADAPTED FROM BUCHNER ET AL, 2005): (L) TUG PUSHING; (R) TUG PULLING
Os autores tambm realizaram experimentos para avaliar a influn- The assessment of some simulations is shown in Figure
cia do perodo da onda no comportamento do rebocador. A Figura 16. The force on the tug cable at the final turning time
14 resume os resultados, indicando que para ondas com perodo de (still in an unsheltered area) is shown for simulations with
14s reduzem-se os picos de foras na defensa. Ondas com perodo Hs = 1m and Hs = 1.5m. At this moment, the pilot requests
maior induzem movimentos no navio, que apresentar ento movi- full astern to pull and veer the ship, and it is found that,
mento sincronizado com o do rebocador. Ou seja, o movimento due to the tugs movements, the difficulty in keeping
relativo entre o navio e o rebocador reduzido. position and the losses in the propellers effectiveness,
21
rebocadores
tugs
Ilustra-se mais uma vez experincia recente realizada no Centro de The study by Artyszuk (2014) presents a mathematical modeling
Simulaes de Manobras do Tanque de Provas Numrico da USP, of the tug problem and uses the model to define the optimum
que demonstra a aplicao desses conceitos em uma simulao de position of the tug and its thrusters in each situation, in order to
manobras. Nesse caso, o foco est na entrada de navio petroleiro maximize the effectiveness in generating the tug force. The study
Suezmax no Terminal T1 do Porto do Au, manobra que envolve a does not address tug operational issues and maneuvering. Figure
navegao em canal de acesso desabrigado, com o apoio de um 17 illustrates the amplification factor obtained, considering a
rebocador escort-tug conectado popa do navio. typical harbor tug 30m in length and with 50T bollard pull. It may
be noted that, for eight and ten knot shipping speeds, the total
O rebocador tripulado o centro-popa, tal como mostrado na force applied to the ship is 58T and 68T, respectively.
Figura 15. O modelo correto do comportamento em ondas desse
rebocador muito importante, pois o objetivo da simulao era Full-scale measurements made by the company Damen for a tug
verificar a viabilidade da parada do navio aps o canal de acesso e 32m in length and with 80T bollard pull (ART 80-32) indicated even
a eficincia desse rebocador no apoio a essa manobra. No se further amplification of 141% and 146% respectively. Figure 18
considerou o sistema de controle de trao dos guinchos nessa illustrates some test scenes.
simulao.
FIGURA 15: SIMULAO COM REBOCADOR TRIPULADO FIGURE 15: SIMULATION WITH MANNED TUG
22
rebocadores
tugs
Onda / Wave
FIGURA 16: (ESQ) FORAS NO CABO DE REBOQUE PARA HS = 1M OU HS = 1,5M; (DIR) TRECHO FINAL DA MANOBRA, AINDA COM AO DE ONDAS
FIGURE 16: (L) FORCE ON TOW LINE FOR HS = 1M OR HS = 1.5M; (R) FINAL MANEUVER STRETCH, STILL IN WAVES
Utilizao de rebocadores em modo indireto Ishikura et al (2013) did a field study in the ports of Tokyo
and Yokohama, monitoring more than 160 ASD tug operations, and
O modo indireto aquele no qual a fora aplicada sobre o navio measured the times taken by the pilots to follow the instructions.
originada primordialmente pela fora hidrodinmica sobre o casco A summary of this study is presented below.
do rebocador, e no diretamente pela fora de seus propulsores.
Em geral, utiliza-se esse mtodo para o rebocador centro-popa, em Figure 19 presents the average (AVG) and maximum (MAX) times
canais de acesso, quando o navio deve manter velocidade de measured in the study so that a pull or push force is effectively
avano elevado para garantir governo. O mtodo indireto efetivo applied, the tug already in stand-by position. It can be seen that on
para velocidades de navegao de seis a oito ns, quando as for- average there is a delay of eight to 10 seconds between the order
as hidrodinmicas sobre o casco passam a ser significativas. and the actual application of the force.
Diversas publicaes discutem o mtodo indireto, destacando ris- Figure 20 shows the cases in which the tug must be repositioned,
cos operacionais tais como o emborcamento (ver Hensen, 2003). O to then apply the requested force. In this case it depends on the
objetivo desta seo apresentar de forma resumida algumas length of the two cables used. Broadly speaking, a one-second
estimativas de amplificao do empuxo efetivo que se obtm ao delay per meter of cable can be estimated for the stand-by tug to
utilizar esse mtodo. stop pushing and start applying the pull force. Add 10 seconds
to this value for counter-maneuvering, that is, a tug in the stand-by
O trabalho de Artyszuk (2014) apresenta modelagem matemtica position to pull until the application of counter push force.
do problema de reboque e utiliza o modelo para definir a posio
tima do rebocador e dos seus thrusters em cada situao, de Ishikura et al (2013) in their study did not assess the change in
modo a maximizar a eficincia na gerao de fora de reboque. O position of mid-stern or mid-bow tugs. Based on the experience
trabalho no discute as questes operacionais e de manobra dos from TPN-USP simulations and on comments and data provided by
rebocadores. A Figura 17 apresenta o fator de amplificao obtido, tug masters, a speed in changing position can be estimated from
considerando um rebocador porturio tpico de 30m de compri- 0.5 to 1.0o/s (as shown in Figure 21. Accordingly, the change in
mento e 50T de bollard-pull. Pode-se ver que, para velocidades de side when applying force requires three (3) to six (6) minutes.
navegao de oito e dez ns, a fora total aplicada ao navio
de 58T e 68T, respectivamente. Conclusions
Medidas em escala real realizadas pela empresa Damen para um This article discussed external effects on tugs and tug-use tech-
rebocador de 32m de comprimento e 80T de bollard pull (ART niques appropriate for unsheltered areas, based on a short list of
80-32) indicaram amplificao ainda maior, de 141% e 146% international publications on the topic, and the experience of the
respectivamente. A Figura 18 apresenta algumas cenas do ensaio. TPN-USP Maneuvering Simulation Center.
23
rebocadores
tugs
8 ns/knots 10 ns/knots
FIGURA 17: FATOR DE AMPLIFICAO PARA MTODO INDIRETO (ADAPTADO DE ARTYSZUK, 2014)
FIGURE 17: AMPLIFICATION FACTOR FOR INDIRECT METHOD (ADAPTED FROM ARTYSZUK, 2014)
FIGURA 18: FATOR DE AMPLIFICAO PARA MTODO INDIRETO (ADAPTADO DE DAMEN, 2016)
FIGURE 18: AMPLIFICATION FACTOR FOR INDIRECT METHOD (ADAPTED FROM DAMEN, 2016)
24
rebocadores
tugs
Concluses
Referncias
5. HANSEN, H. Tug Use in Ports, A Practical Guide, 2 ed., The 2. BRANDNER, A. Performance and Effectiveness of Omni-Directional
Nautical Institute, 2003. Stern Drive Tugs, PhD Thesis, University of Tasmania, Australia, 1995.
6. ISHIKURA, A., NAKATANI, J., HAYASHI, Y., & MURAI, K. 3. BUCHNER B, DIERZ, P., WAAL, O., The Behaviour of Tugs in
Investigation of Tug Boats' Behavior during Ships' Berthing and Waves Assisting LNG Carriers During Berthing Along Offshore LNG
Unberthing. The Journal of Japan Institute of Navigation, 128, 2013. Terminals, Proceedings of OMAE 2005, 24th International
Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 2005.
7. PIANC, Aspects Affecting the Berthing Operations of Tankers to
Oil and Gas Terminals, Report no 116-2012, 2012. 4. DAMEN, ART 80-32, Available in http://products.damen.com/
en/ranges/rotor-tug/art-80_32, Acessed 30/01/2017.
26
praticagem no mundo
pilotage worldwide
Tive a oportunidade de visitar a Holanda no incio de dezembro de The country is remarkably flat, approximately 50% of its land only
2016, o que no exatamente uma poca fcil no Mar do Norte. one meter above sea level this land, with a plan by engineers
Temperaturas muito baixas, na faixa de um a dois graus negativos, who envisaged the use of specific machinery, underwent landfills,
assim como ondas de at trs metros de altura, impem ao mar- containments and construction of inland communication channels
timo profissional e aos prticos que and deep shipping canals advancing into the ocean.
ali operam constante desafio. A
cordial e calorosa recepo que I had occasion to visit Holland in early December 2016, which is not
tive do presidente da Nederlands exactly the best time in the North Sea. Very low temperatures,
Loodswezen BV (Praticagem da between minus one and two degrees, and waves up to three
Holanda), prtico Joost Muelder, meters high, are ongoing challenges for the professional seafarer
junto com o prtico Elko Oskam, and pilots operating there. But the warm and friendly welcome I
permitiu-me, todavia, acesso a received from pilot Joost Muelder, president of Nederlands
todas as estruturas e aos meios Loodswezen BV (Dutch pilotage), and from pilot Elko Oskam,
JOOST MUELDER operacionais disponveis. allowed me to have access to all the available structures and
operations.
No h como se ter uma estrutura pequena para atender o porto de
Rotterdam, que movimenta entrada e sada de cerca de 150 navios It is impossible to have a small structure to attend the port of
por dia, com linhas comerciais ligando mais de 1.000 portos ao Rotterdam, where around 150 ships a day come and go, with trade
redor do mundo e com excelentes conexes intermodais para o routes connecting more than 1,000 ports around the world, and
transporte de contineres a destinos dentro da Europa. Para um with excellent intermodal connections for container shipping to
servio de reconhecida excelncia, a praticagem disponibiliza destinations within Europe. The pilotage provides a huge costly
estrutura grandiosa e cara. structure for a service of renowned excellence.
Histria Background
Para entender a atual estrutura e organizao da Loodswezen, To understand the present-day structure and organization of
precisaremos recorrer a alguns dados histricos. Os primeiros Loodswezen, we will need to look at some historical data. The first
registros da praticagem da Holanda datam de mais de 400 anos. records of Dutch pilotage date back 400 years or more. In the first
Na primeira metade do sculo 19, a praticagem para navios half of the 19th century, pilotage for ocean-going ships was
provenientes do alto-mar era gerida por duas categorias distintas managed by two different pilot categories: one consisting of public
de prticos: uma composta por funcionrios do Estado, a outra, por servants and the other of members of private pilots associations.
membros de associaes privadas de praticagem. Esses grupos These groups had conflicting interests and competed against each
tinham interesses conflitantes e competiam entre si, o que os other, making them vulnerable to the laws of supply and demand.
tornava vulnerveis s leis de oferta e de demanda. Esse cenrio This scenario led them increasingly to situations that would favor
os levou cada vez mais a situaes que privilegiavam apenas only trade interests, inefficient in providing the necessary navigation
interesses comerciais, ineficientes em prover a necessria safety, and the protection of harbor structures and access canals.
segurana da navegao, assim como a proteo das estruturas
porturias e canais de acesso. So in 1852 the State appointed a federal committee to set up a
new form of organizing pilots that would serve the public interest.
Em 1852, ento, o Estado designou uma comisso federal para This committee concluded in favor of establishing a single State
desenvolver nova forma de organizao dos prticos que atendesse pilotage authority, which would include both federal and private
ao interesse pblico. Essa comisso concluiu pelo estabelecimento pilots from each region where they operated. Thus, both in the
de nica autoridade de praticagem do Estado, que inclusse tanto maritime and port region of Amsterdam (in the local language
os prticos federais como os privados de cada uma das regies em means a dam on the Amstel), and Rotterdam (dam on the River
que a atividade se desenvolvia. Assim, tanto na regio martima e Rotte), the River Scheldt and the North region, this new pilotage
porturia de Amsterdam (que no idioma local significa represa do authority began operating first under the Maritime Ministry and
Rio Amstel) como em Rotterdam (represa do Rio Rotte), no Rio then under the Ministry of Defense. This solution, however, had
Scheldt e na regio Noord essa nova autoridade de praticagem both pros and cons: on one hand, the pilots enjoyed the naval
passou a operar vinculada primeiramente ao Ministrio Martimo e facilities; on the other, however, they were always considered last
posteriormente ao Ministrio da Defesa. Essa soluo, contudo, in the Defense budget. Another problem was also evident, which
apresentava vantagens e desvantagens: por um lado os prticos was the fact that the adopted policy was characterized by the focus
tinham os benefcios das instalaes navais; por outro, porm, on resource saving and the lack of understanding of the pilots
sempre estavam nas ltimas consideraes do oramento da profession. The stress continued until August 25, 1958 when the
Defesa. Tambm ficou evidente outro problema, que era o fato de Dutch Pilots Association ( Vereniging 'De Nederlandse Loods' -
27
praticagem no mundo
pilotage worldwide
a poltica empregada estar caracterizada pelo foco na economia VNL)) was created and which half the pilots joined. The VNL gained
de recursos e pela falta de entendimento do ofcio do prtico. A importance and later, now independent, became the pilotage
tenso permaneceu at 25 de agosto de 1958, quando foi authority. On August 26, 1982 the Directorate-General for Maritime
estabelecida a Associao de Praticagem da Holanda, Vereniging Trade and Maritime Affairs (DGSM original acronym) published a
'De Nederlandse Loods' (VNL), qual metade dos prticos se report on the rank of pilot; one of the documents conclusions
associou. A VNL ganhou importncia e posteriormente adquiriu recommended that pilots should not be under the intervention of
independncia e tornou-se a autoridade de praticagem. Em 26 de the DGSM and that privatization would solve the problems. The
agosto de 1982 a Diretoria-Geral para o Comrcio Martimo e pilots then combined to form the Dutch Maritime Pilots Association
Assuntos Martimos (DGSM na sigla original) divulgou relatrio (NLC) and became shareholders of the support company Nederlands
sobre a posio do prtico; uma das concluses desse Loodswezen B.V. [NLBV] (Dutch Pilotage B.V.), Loodswezen.
documento recomendava que os prticos no deveriam passar pela
interveno da DGSM e que a privatizao seria a soluo para os Independent organizations were then able to improve the standard
problemas. Os prticos uniram-se ento para formar a Associao of service in benefit of the terminals and ships operating there.
Holandesa de Prticos Martimos (NLC) e se tornaram acionistas da In 1988 Loodswezen became independent as a public interest
empresa de suporte denominada Nederlands Loodswezen B.V. organization. To date, the 420 pilots that operated only in
[NLBV] (Praticagem Holandesa B.V.), a Loodswezen. Rotterdam, some dedicated to navigation, others to maneuvers, as
was the practice at that time, made 85,000 trips.
As organizaes independentes foram ento capazes de melhorar
o padro de servio em benefcio dos terminais e navios que l The service improved so much that for the very first time the
operavam. Em 1988 a Loodswezen tornou-se independente como professional pilot was permanently available, and at last the ships
organizao de interesse pblico. At ento, os 420 prticos que waiting periods with their adverse trade consequences ended.
operavam apenas em Rotterdam, alguns dedicados navegao,
outros s manobras, como era a prtica nessa ocasio, faziam In the current layout, all qualified pilots are organized as a public
85.000 fainas. body specifically for the profession, Nederlandse Loodsencorporatie
(Dutch Pilots Corporation), to maintain and improve professional
O servio melhorou a ponto de se poder ter pela primeira vez performance ratings. There are 400 pilots throughout the
o profissional prtico sempre disponvel, e acabaram-se definitiva- Netherlands 200 in Rotterdam alone making 55,000 trips a year,
mente os perodos de espera dos navios com suas negativas including navigation and maneuvering; according to the task
consequncias comerciais. counting mode that prevailed until 1988, the total would be 110,000.
No arranjo atual, todos os prticos habilitados esto organizados By law, all registered pilots are its members, thereby forbidding
no formato de um corpo pblico direcionado para a profisso, any kind of competition. The support company, Loodswezen, in
a Nederlandse Loodsencorporatie (Corporao Holandesa de turn, provides general support of equipment, watchtower and
Prticos) com o objetivo de manter e de melhorar os ndices means for the pilots and pilotage, and is responsible for collecting
de performance profissional. So 400 prticos em toda a Holanda the sums due for the service provided and transporting the
sendo 200 apenas em Rotterdam executando por ano 55.000 registered pilots during their pilotage trips.
fainas, que integram navegao e manobra; de acordo com o modo
de contagem de fainas que vigorou at 1988, seriam 110.000. The visit
Por fora de lei, todos os prticos registrados so seus membros, First we visited the Loodswezen operational station in the southern
vedando-se desse modo qualquer tipo de concorrncia. A empresa part of the waterway into which the rivers Rhine and Meuse flow,
de suporte, a Loodswezen, por sua vez, prov o suporte geral de
equipamentos, atalaia e de meios para os prticos e para a
praticagem, ficando responsvel por recolher os valores devidos
pelo servio prestado e pelo transporte dos prticos registrados
durante as fainas de praticagem.
Da visita
28
praticagem no mundo
pilotage worldwide
Tenders
29
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pilotage worldwide
30
praticagem no mundo
pilotage worldwide
Embarque acompanhado
31
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pilotage worldwide
Monitored boarding
32
praticagem no mundo
pilotage worldwide
dificuldade e sem gerar situaes perigosas de interao entre overtake containerships, passenger ships, and large solid bulk
eles. Passamos um pouco distantes de um navio da classe Emma carriers, all of which used the full breadth of the dredged canal,
Maersk, atracado em um terminal completamente automatizado, without problems and without creating hazardous situations when
em que no h uma nica pessoa operando um portainer ou interacting with them. We passed very close to a ship of the Emma
dirigindo um caminho, e tambm pelos beros para grandes Maersk class, moored at a fully automated terminal, where not one
graneleiros, includo o que era utilizado pelo Berge Stahl. Ao person operates a portainer or drives a truck, and we also passed
demandarmos o canal, houve contato com o sistema de VTS, e by the berths for large bulk carriers, including the one used by the
assim a informao de quais rebocadores estariam disponveis Berge Stahl. When we reached the canal, the VTS system was
e em que posio foi repassada por um aplicativo no celular do contacted and we were informed via an app on the pilots mobile
prtico; essa informao tambm estava disponvel em seu PPU. which tugs and which position would be available; this information
Navegamos at o final do canal, o navio foi girado em uma bacia was also available on his PPU. We sailed to the end of the canal,
de evoluo localizada entre navios que estavam atracados, e the ship was turned in a turning basin between berthed ships, and
atracamos com sucesso. A relao com o comandante foi cordial we moored successfully. Relations with the master were friendly
e profissional durante todo o percurso, assim como os rebocadores e and professional throughout, and tugs and mooring boats complied
lanchas de amarrao obedeciam aos critrios de potncia e de with the power and safety criteria required by the pilotage.
segurana solicitados pela praticagem.
Helicopters
Helicpteros
We then returned to the Loodswezen station and had occasion to
Na sequncia retornamos estao da Loodswezen, e tive a visit the hangar next to the watchtower. There the French Dauphin
oportunidade de visitar o hangar anexo atalaia. L os helicpteros twin-turbine helicopters are kept in permanent readiness. They are
biturbinados franceses da empresa Dauphin ficam em estado de modern aircraft, 4,300 kg in weight, with seating for six pilots and
permanente prontido. So aeronaves modernas, com 4.300kg, three crewmembers, and can fly to a speed of 275 km/h. They
assentos para seis prticos e trs tripulantes, e que podem deslocar- operate in partnership with the coast guards and are needed when
se a at 275km/h. Operam em parceria com a guarda costeira e so waves are more than three meters high, as well as for megaships
necessrios quando a altura de ondas ultrapassa os trs metros, with equally mega drafts which request them for boarding in
bem como para navios muito grandes com calados tambm muito positions even before the pilot waiting point; in this situation this
grandes e que os requisitem, para embarque em posies ainda service is charged separately to the owner. They operate with a
antes do ponto de espera de prticos, situao em que esse servio pilot and winch operator that raises or lowers the pilot on board. In
cobrados parte ao armador. Operam com um piloto e um a conversation with some pilots, they mentioned that this operating
operador de guincho, que suspende ou desce o prtico para bordo; method is the safest and more effective than any other form of
em conversa com alguns prticos, esse mtodo de operao foi landing an aircraft on the ships deck; it was clear, however, that
apontado como mais efetivo e seguro do que outra forma de fazer they operated in the two modes. Using the winch, the pilots can
a aeronave pousar no convs do navio; ficou claro, entretanto, que even board and disembark directly onto the bridge wing. It is worth
operam nos dois modos. Usando o guincho, os prticos conseguem remembering that pilots undergo ongoing training and certification
at embarcar e desembarcar diretamente na asa do passadio. to be able to operate in this way, especially because, with waves
Cabe lembrar que os prticos passam por constante treinamento e of over three meters high and the consequent movements in the six
certificao para poder operar desse modo, sobretudo porque, com degrees of freedom caused to the ships, we are always dealing
ondas acima de trs metros e com os consequentes movimentos with a careful and eminently technical boarding.
nos seis graus de liberdade gerados nos navios, estamos sempre
tratando de um embarque criterioso e eminentemente tcnico.
33
praticagem no mundo
pilotage worldwide
VTMS VTMS
A lei na Holanda estabelece que a prerrogativa de oferecer ordens Dutch law states that the prerogative of giving a ships master
de rumo e velocidade ao comandante de um navio de orders on the direction and speed is the sole responsibility of a
competncia exclusiva de um prtico habilitado. Com essa certified pilot. Based on this premise a central VTMS station to the
premissa foi desenvolvida uma estao central de VTMS ao norte north of the canal was developed where ten control stations are
do canal, onde dez estaes de controle so operadas por prticos operated by pilots and supervise the traffic nationwide. There is
que supervisionam o trfego no pas todo. H previso de eles provision for them to be able to adopt a distance pilotage modality
poderem executar uma modalidade de praticagem remota quando when boarding pilots is impossible or inadvisable, this service
as condies meteorolgicas forem to adversas, que, em teoria, being provided by an operator in the VTMS station. However, the
sendo impossvel ou no recomendado o embarque de prticos, available operational structure fully handles a wide range of bad-
caberia a um operador na estao de VTMS fazer esse servio. weather conditions to effectively place the pilot on board.
Todavia, a estrutura operacional disponvel atende plenamente s
mais diversas condies de mau tempo para efetivamente ter-se o PEC (Pilot Exemption Certificates)
prtico a bordo.
Pilotage in the Netherlands is mandatory along the entry and exit
PEC (Pilot Exemption Certificates) waterways of the ports for all vessels over 60 meters in length
sailing in the main canals, and over 75 meters when in the
A praticagem na Holanda obrigatria nas hidrovias de acesso Europoort. For vessels carrying hazardous cargoes, using pilots is
e sada dos portos para todas as embarcaes com mais de 60 mandatory in all situations, regardless of size. Exceptions are those
metros de comprimento que naveguem nos principais canais e fulfilling the above criteria and, at the same time, belonging to
com mais de 75 metros quando no Europoort. Para embarcaes NATO, are deployed in a dredging service whether by the actual
que transportem cargas perigosas, a utilizao de prticos pilots or solely for inland navigation, or are crossing one of the
compulsria em todas as situaes, independentemente de access canals to the open sea without aiming for port.
tamanho. As excees so as que atendam aos critrios acima
e, ao mesmo tempo, sejam da Otan, estejam empregadas em The visit continues
servio de dragagem, sejam da prpria praticagem, sejam
exclusivas para navegao interior, estejam cruzando um dos Although pilots have extensive training, no one does everything.
canais de acesso em alto-mar sem se destinar a um porto. Specific training is required for megaships and for the cargo in the
hold. There is careful management of the professionals in order for
A visita continua the pilot to become a real specialist in that class of ships and work
segment. Training requires years of practice, depending on the seg-
Apesar de os prticos possurem extenso treinamento, ningum faz ment, and interestingly, no manned models are used (scale models
tudo. Grandes dimenses dos navios requerem treinamento for training, recommended by the IMO resolution A-960); this is
especfico, assim como a carga transportada. H um criterioso only deployed on real ships and electronic simulators.
manejo dos profissionais para que o prtico seja um verdadeiro
especialista na classe de navios e no trecho operado. O At the end, I was received at the headquarters of the Dutch Pilots
treinamento exige anos de prtica, dependendo do trecho, e Corporation by its president, pilot Joost Muelder, when I was
curiosamente no utiliza manned models (modelos em escala presented with the book 24/7 Rotterdam Pilots, written by Sander
para treinamento, recomendado pela resoluo A-960 da IMO); Morel, illustrating the philosophy by which they work since they
feito apenas em navios reais e simuladores eletrnicos. became a private enterprise, managing their own means and
resources. I believe that this pilotage is a good example that an
Ao final fui recebido na sede da Corporao de Prticos da Holanda efficient service provision, on private bases, undergoes little
por seu presidente, o prtico Joost Muelder, quando me foi government intervention combined with legislative scrutiny, when
presenteado o livro que ilustra a filosofia com que trabalham desde it allows the pilots to focus solely on the quality of the service
que se tornaram iniciativa privada, gerindo seus prprios meios e provided, and on developing their own means of transport
recursos, 24/7 Rotterdam Pilots, escrito por Sander Morel. Acredito and communication. This status quo was only possible when a
que essa praticagem seja um bom exemplo de que eficincia de regulatory benchmark released them from trade disputes, on the
prestao de servio, com bases privadas, passa por baixa basis of a single service timetable.
interveno governamental aliada segurana legislatria, quando
permite que os prticos estejam focados unicamente na qualidade
da prestao do servio, na evoluo de seus meios de transporte Ricardo Falco prtico da ZP-01 e
e de comunicao. Tal status quo s foi possvel no momento vice-presidente da IMPA
em que um marco regulatrio os livrou de disputas comerciais, Ricardo Falco is a pilot from the PZ-01
mediante escala nica de servio. and IMPA vice-president
34
encontros internacionais
international events
35
Praticagem do Rio resgata pescadores na Baa de Guanabara
Rio pilots rescue fishermen in Guanabara Bay
On February 14th around 10:20 p.m. the Rio de Janeiro pilotage received
PESCADORES E TRIPULANTES COMEMORAM RESGATE BEM SUCEDIDO a call from the tug Far Star asking for help to rescue 12 fishermen adrift
FISHERMEN AND CREW CELEBRATE A SUCCESSFUL RESCUE after their boat sank Northwest of the Costa e Silva Bridge in Guanabara
Bay. The pilots immediately sent Pilot Boat 9 for the operation. Two
of the fishermen managed to swim to the tug and the rest were rescued by mariners Ramon Valadares and Loureno Olivieri,
crewmembers of the pilot boat. After the arrival of the Brazilian Navy vessel at the site, everyone was taken to the Port Authority, from
where they were shortly released.
A nona edio do Frum Latino Americano de Prticos acontecer em Buenos Aires, de 30 de outubro a 3 de novembro. O encontro, que j
ocorreu duas vezes no Brasil em Porto Alegre e em Bzios , tem como objetivo estreitar os vnculos dos prticos da Amrica Latina.
Nele so promovidos debates que visam proporcionar intercmbio de informaes relativas praticagem, como estatutos, procedimentos
operacionais, treinamento e formao de prticos, entre outros temas. Mais informaes em breve no site www.flaprac.org.
The ninth edition of the Latin American Pilots' Forum will be held in Buenos Aires from October 30 to November 3. The purpose of the
meeting, which already occurred twice in Brazil Porto Alegre and Buzios , is to promote closer ties between the Latin American pilots.
This forum encourages discussions to further the exchange of information relating to pilotage, such as statutes, operational procedures,
training and pilot qualification, and so on. More information will shortly be available on the site www.flaprac.org
36
Prticos do Amazonas recebem o MS Queen Victoria
Amazonas pilots welcome the MS Queen Victoria
Receber o maior navio que aporta uma zona de praticagem motivo de orgulho para
qualquer profissional, sobretudo quando a primeira vez. Ainda mais quando estamos
tratando do navio de passageiros MS Queen Victoria, de 294 metros de compri-
mento, construdo no estaleiro italiano Ficantieri, em Trieste, ao custo de 270 milhes
de libras esterlinas. Os prticos Daniel Esteves e Guy Meyer embarcaram na manh
MS QUEEN VICTORIA do dia 23 de janeiro s 9h30 em frente Fazendinha/AP, ZP-01. Primeiro navio da
Cunard a frequentar o Rio Amazonas, com calado de 8,2 metros e altura de 62,5
metros, como um enorme edifcio de 90 mil toneladas se deslocando pelo rio, com propulso atravs do moderno sistema de azipod. Foram
600 milhas de navegao e de confiana mtua entre o comandante e os prticos, durante as quais se depararam com os constantes desafios
da maior zona de praticagem do mundo: as acentuadas curvas e canais estreitos impunham grande reduo de velocidade, de modo a garantir
a segurana de mais de 2.700 passageiros embarcados; qualquer inclinao brusca poderia machucar muita gente. As pesadas chuvas to
comuns nessa poca, carregadas por fortes rajadas de vento, estavam sempre a desafiar a percia dos prticos, e quando ocorria um
alagamento de radar estavam com seus PPUs a operar e oferecer opes seguras. E como de esperar nessa poca do ano, poca de rio
cheio, a quantidade de troncos de rvore espalhados pelo Rio Amazonas era muito grande, o que vrias vezes exigiu alteraes de rota,
evitando-se danificar o navio ou seu aparelho de governo. O Queen Victoria subiu direto at Manaus, operando com os prticos da ZP-02. Na
baixada seguiu at Santarm/PA, onde atracou no antigo cais da CDP, que foi projetado para navios de at 23 mil toneladas. Os prticos
Romena e Mrcio usaram toda a percia e expertise de seu treinamento e fizeram a diferena ao atracar com toda segurana um navio trs
vezes maior do que aqueles para os quais o cais foi projetado, despertando o reconhecimento, por parte do comandante, da qualidade do
servio prestado.
It is a proud moment for any professional to welcome the largest ship ever in a pilotage zone. Even more so when it is the cruise ship
Queen Victoria, 294 meters in length, built in the Italian shipyard Ficantieri in Trieste, and costing 270 million pounds sterling. It was the
morning of January 23rd at 9:30 a.m. when pilots Daniel Esteves and Guy Meyer boarded her in front of Fazendinha/AP, PZ-01. This is
the first Cunard liner to sail up the Amazon River, with a draft of 8.2 meters and height of 62.5m, resembling a huge 90,000-ton
building, and using the modern azipod propulsion. There were 600
miles of sailing and mutual trust between the captain and the pilots,
during which they encountered constant challenges of the worlds
largest pilotage zone: sharp bends and narrow channels involve
greatly reducing speed in order to ensure the safety of more
than 2,700 passengers on board; any sharp tilt of the ship could
injure a lot of people. The heavy rainfall so common at this time of
year, carried by strong gusts of wind, was always a challenge to the
expertise of the pilots, and when the radar was flooded they had
their PPUs to operate and offer safe options. And as to be expected
at this time of the year, with the river full swollen, there was a huge
quantity of trees floating down the Amazon, which sometimes
required changes in route to prevent damaging the ship or its
steering gear. The Queen Victoria sailed straight to Manaus,
operating with the PZ-02 pilots. Alongside the floodplain she continued
to Santarm, state of Par, where she berthed at the old CDP dock, LANCHA DE PRATICAGEM DA BACIA AMAZNICA PRTICOS
originally designed for ships of 23,000 tons or less. Pilots Romena AMAZON BASIN PILOT BOAT
and Marcio used all their knowledge and expertise from their
training and really made a difference when, in complete safety, they berthed a ship three times larger than those for which the dock was
designed. They were much complimented by the captain for the quality of the service rendered.
37
livros
books
para associados feared some time ago, and libraries are still sacred places to
advance knowledge. For pilots who are not indifferent to the
pleasure of reading printed books, the CONAPRA library offers its
members 857 titles, including books, workbooks, leaflets and
E-books no substituram publicaes de papel, reference books (dictionaries, atlas, guides, handbooks,
como se temia h algum tempo, e as bibliotecas encyclopedias, yearbooks, etc.).
permanecem locais sagrados por representar o
saber. Para os prticos que no dispensam o prazer da In addition to subjects directly related to pilotage (meteorology,
leitura em obras impressas, a biblioteca do CONAPRA disponibiliza navigation engineering, port engineering, safety, maneuverability,
857 ttulos entre livros, apostilas, folhetos e obras de referncia environmental protection and so on), the library has in its
(dicionrios, atlas, guias, manuais, enciclopdias, anurios, etc.) a collection volumes on the maritime world in general. So the user
seus associados. will find anything from the Code of Hammurabi the most
extensive and well-known law code of ancient Babylon, one of
Alm de assuntos ligados diretamente praticagem (meteorologia, the earliest written regulations on maritime navigation to
engenharia aplicada navegao, engenharia porturia, segurana, contemporary writings, for example, a book written by the
manobrabilidade, preservao do meio ambiente, entre outros), a Brazilian navigator Amyr Klink, famous for his ocean voyages.
biblioteca possui em seu acervo obras que contemplam o mundo
martimo de forma geral. Assim, o usurio ir encontrar desde o The collection has a section of periodicals, in which quality
Cdigo de Hammurabi o mais extenso e conhecido corpo legal magazines such as Seaways (Nautical Institute), Safety at Sea
do Oriente Antigo, uma das primeiras regras escritas a respeito and Portos e Navios can be consulted. The catalogued CDs also
da navegao martima at livros contemporneos, como o do address events relating to pilotage or accompany books.
navegador brasileiro Amyr Klink, famoso por suas viagens ocenicas.
At the times of the maritime pilot selection process,
O acervo conta com uma sesso de peridicos, na qual revistas obviously there is a rush to the library. Classics, which are
de qualidade como Seaways (do Nautical Institute), Safety at Sea included in the recommended bibliography, such as Tug use in
e Portos e Navios podem ser consultadas. Alm disso, so ports, The shiphandlers guide, Ship dynamics for mariners, for
catalogados CDs que tratam de eventos relacionados praticagem example, are the most popular at those times, according to
ou vm acompanhando livros. librarian Eduvirgem Maria Orioli.
Na poca do processo seletivo para praticagem de prtico, a Dudu, as she is known in CONAPRA, emphasizes the
procura da biblioteca naturalmente se intensifica. Livros clssicos, demand for books about safety, especially fatigue, a matter
que constam na bibliografia recomendada, como always present in
Tug use in ports, The shiphandlers guide, Ship a pilots daily life.
dynamics for mariners, por exemplo, so os She also comments
mais procurados nesses perodos, segundo a on the regulatory
bibliotecria Eduvirgem Maria Orioli. publications such as
Marpol and Solas of
Dudu, como conhecida no CONAPRA, destaca the International Ma-
a demanda por obras sobre segurana, sobretudo a ritime Organization,
fadiga, tema sempre presente no cotidiano da profis- which are also quite
so. Publicaes de cunho regulatrio, como Marpol popular.
e Solas, da Organizao Martima Internacional,
tambm so bastante procuradas observa. Sometimes a book
BIBLIOTECA DO CONAPRA CONAPRA LIBRARY has a variety of
s vezes um livro apresenta vrias abordagens e pode ser approaches and could
classificado em mais de uma categoria. Nesse caso Dudu analisa be classified in more than one category. In this case,
minuciosamente a obra para fazer escolhas embasadas e catalog- Dudu examines the work in detail to make informed choices and
la com preciso. O que a norteia claro e simples: o livro tem que catalogue it accurately. Her motto is clear and simple: the book
ser encontrado, pois a informao precisa chegar quele que a must be found, since the information should reach the prospective
busca. Esse o sentido do meu trabalho finaliza. reader. This is what makes my work worthwhile she concludes.
38
Compromisso com a navegao segura
Commit to Safe Navigation
This unique textbook is the first to discuss the importance of risk management in shipping and to offer guidance in
relevant cases on how to minimize losses, making it essential reading for postgraduates, legal practitioners, shipowners
and managers, insurers, brokers, bankers and professionals in the shipping industry.