CTU in Prague

ADVANCED DESIGN OF GLASS

STRUCTURES
Lecture L8_ME
Hybrid glass components
Martina Eliov

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
 CTU in Prague
Objectives of the lecture
Objectives

Introduction
Introduction
Example of hybrid
elements
Example of hybrid elements
Materials

Testing Materials
Design and
modelling Testing
Design and modelling

2
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Introduction
Objectives

Introduction What is a hybrid glass component?

Example of hybrid Component made of glass (as a main material) and an additive
elements
material.
Materials
Commonly the glass and the additive material are adhesively
Testing
bonded.
Design and
modelling

Fremr T., Eliasova M., 2011

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Introduction
Objectives

Introduction
Why a hybrid glass component?
Example of hybrid Glass fins/beams
elements

Materials
Problem: Stability (lateral torsional buckling) Idea/solution: Strengthen the
weak axis (additive flanges)
Testing

Design and
modelling

u
w

= glass
= additive material
= adhesive
Wellershoff F., Sedlacek G., 2003
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Introduction
Objectives

Introduction
Why a hybrid glass component?
Example of hybrid Glass plates
elements
Problem: Stiffness Idea/solution: Sandwich structure
Materials
(additive core material)
Testing

Design and
modelling

= glass
= additive material
= adhesive
Wellershoff F., Sedlacek G., 2003
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Introduction
Objectives

Introduction
Why a hybrid glass component?
Example of hybrid
elements Glass components
Materials Problem: Brittleness Idea/solution: Additive reinforcement
Testing

Design and
modelling

= glass
= additive material
= adhesive

Louter, 2011
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Introduction
Objectives

Introduction
Why a hybrid glass component?
Example of hybrid Additive flanges Additive core material Additive reinforcement
elements
Enhanced stability Enhanced stiffness Enhanced post-breakage
Materials performance
Testing

Design and
modelling

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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
Steel glass beam (3,6m)
Introduction

Example of
hybrid B I
elements

Materials A I
Testing

Design and
modelling Load introduction points:

Wellershoff F., Sedlacek G., 2003

F. Wellershoff
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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
Steel glass beam (12m)
Introduction

Example of
hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

J. Naumes

Sedlacek G., Wellershoff F., Naumes J., 2004

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Example of hybrid elements
11 Times Square, NY

Objectives
Steel glass beam project (16,4m)
Introduction

Example of
11 Times Square, New York City
hybrid Structure: Glass Lobby, glazed building entrance with
elements glass fins 16.4m high. Special stacked wall
of 120 m2.
Materials
Surface 1.040 m2
Testing Completion 2009
Design and
modelling

FX Fowle

Wellershoff F., Utz S., Kuhn T., 2009 FX Fowle

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Example of hybrid elements
Example > Steel-glass beam project (16.4 m)
Objectives
Steel glass beam project (16,4m)
Introduction

Example of
hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Gartner Steel and Glass

Gartner Steel and Glass

Wellershoff F., Utz S., Kuhn T., 2009
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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
Steel glass beam
Introduction
F F
Example of
320
hybrid
elements
4250 mm
Materials
F F
Testing
320
Design and
modelling 4250 mm

Fremr T., Eliasova M., 2011

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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
Timber glass beam
Introduction

Example of
hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Hotel Palaffite, Swityerland

span 6,0 m, spacing 3,87 m
total load 2,4 kN/m2
single glass pane 12 mm,
height 580 mm
Kreher & Natterer, 2004
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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
Timber glass beam
Introduction

Example of
hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Cruz & Pequeno, 2008

Kreher & Natterer, 2004

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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
Concrete glass beam (TU Graz)
Introduction

Example of
hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

laminated toughened
glass
special ultra-high-
strength concrete (fc =
190MPa)
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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
GFRP - glass sandwich panels
Introduction
Daylight shading
Example of
hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Institute of structural design, RWTH

Wurm J., Wellershoff F., 2004 16

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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
GFRP - glass sandwich panels
Introduction

Example of
hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing F. Wellershoff

Design and
modelling

F. Wellershoff

F. Wellershoff

Wurm J., Wellershoff F., 2004 17

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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
GFRP - glass sandwich panels
Introduction

Example of P4
hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing
F. Wellershoff
Design and
modelling P1

F. Wellershoff

P2

F. Wellershoff

Wurm J., Wellershoff F., 2004 18

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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
Timber glass sandwich panel
Introduction

Example of
hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Cruz & Pequeno, 2008

Ber, Kuhta, Premrov, 2011

Cruz & Pequeno, 2008

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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
Metal - glass insulating panels
Introduction

Example of Steel
hybrid RHS Silicone
sealant
elements Glass
panels
Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Concept by Seele Composite system being researched at University of

Cambridge
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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
Stainless-steel - reinforced glass beams
Introduction

Example of
hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Louter, 2011

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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
Stainless-steel - reinforced glass beams
Introduction

Example of
hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Louter, 2011
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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
Steel - reinforced glass beams
Introduction

Example of
hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

lgaard, Nielsen & Olesen, 2009 Weller, Meier & Weimar, 2010

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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
Steel - reinforced glass beams
Introduction

Example of
hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Absoluut Glastechniek (NL), Belis et al., 2009

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Example of hybrid elements
Objectives
CFRP - reinforced glass beams
Introduction

Example of
hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Palumbo, Palumbo & Mazuchelli, 2005

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Materials
Objectives
Glass
Introduction

Example of hybrid
Glass is the main component of a hybrid glass component
elements
Basically all types of (float) glass can be used.
Materials
However, the choice of glass type can have a significant effect
Testing
on the behaviour of the hybrid component.
Design and
modelling

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Materials
Objectives
Glass
Introduction
Timber-glass beams
Example of hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing [initial failure load /post-breakage load]

Design and annealed
modelling
Residual capacity

heat-strengthened

fully tempered

Pre-stress [N/mm2] Kreher, 2004

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Materials
Objectives
Additive materials
Introduction

Example of hybrid Basically all kinds of additive materials can be used, e.g.:
elements
Steel, Timber, Concrete, Stainless Steel, Aluminium, Carbon Fibre, Glass
Materials
fibre, etc.
Testing

Design and
modelling Important aspects are:
Strength
Stiffness
Ductility
Thermal expansion

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Materials
Objectives
Adhesive bond
Introduction
e.g. epoxies, acrylates polyurethanes, silicones.
Example of hybrid
elements interlayer materials (e.g. SentryGlas)
Materials

Testing
Important issues are:
Design and
modelling Shear strength
Shear stiffness
Visco-elasticity
Durability

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Materials
Objectives
Assembly
Introduction
Assembly issues regarding the adhesive bond are:
Example of hybrid
elements
Gap-filling capacity of the adhesive
Materials
Curing method, curing time
Testing

Design and
Viscosity
modelling
Surface pretreatments
Etc.
A B C D E

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Materials
Objectives
Assembly example A
Introduction
High-viscous adhesives have to be applied on one adherent and pressed.
Example of hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

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Materials
Objectives
Assembly example B
Introduction
Liquid adhesives can be applied
Example of hybrid
elements
by gap-filling

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

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Materials
Objectives
Assembly example C
Introduction
Lamination, vacuum bag
Example of hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing
SentryGlas

Design and
modelling
Louter, 2011

SentryGlas
laminated
t = 1.52 mm

Louter, 2011

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Materials
Objectives
Assembly example D
Introduction
Reinforcement embedded in interlayer
Example of hybrid
elements

Materials SentryGlass interlayer

sheets
Testing

Design and
modelling

glass fibre
reinforcement

glass fibre rods

Louter, 2011

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Materials
Objectives
Assembly example E
Introduction

Example of hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

F. Wellershoff

F. Wellershoff

(Institute of structural design, RWTH) Sponsors:

UV- Protection: Glass: Glas Engels, Germany
Adhesives: Sika, Switzerland
black primer GFRP: Fiberline, Denmark
Krempel, Germany
black enamel
Rchling Haren, Germany

Wurm J., Wellershoff F., 2004

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Materials
Objectives
Remarks
Introduction

Example of hybrid
Hybrid glass components are (currently) non-standard
elements components
Materials Often customized solutions for production are developed/applied
Testing
Often manual production and assembly methods are applied
Design and
modelling

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Testing
Objectives
Overview
Introduction
Bending tests (global behaviour) Additional tests (local
Example of hybrid
elements behaviour)
Short-term
Materials Adhesive tests
Long-term (long duration loading)
Testing Push-out / Pull-out
Temperature tests
Design and Etc.
modelling Thermal cycling tests (pre-exposure)
Humidity tests (pre-exposure)
Lateral buckling tests

= glass
= additive material
= adhesive

37
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Testing
Objectives
Example of long-term bending tests
Introduction

Example of hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

38
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Testing
Objectives
Example of long-term bending tests
Introduction

Example of hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Louter, 2011
39
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Testing
Objectives
Example of long-term bending tests
Introduction

Example of hybrid
elements
initial failure 80% of ultimate failure load
Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling
load
unloading &
reloading displacement

Louter, 2011
40
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Testing
Objectives
Example of temperature tests
Introduction
Approximate temperature range -40/-20 to +80 C
Example of hybrid
elements Pre-conditioning at the same temperature level
Materials
Climate chamber
Testing

Design and
modelling
Climatic box

liquid
nitrogen
container
climatic
box

Belis, Callewaert

Louter, 2011

41
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Testing
Objectives
Example of pre-conditioning
Introduction
Thermal cycling cabinet Humidity container
Example of hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

1.5 m
1.5 m

Louter, 2011 Louter, 2011

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Testing
Objectives
Example Steel-glass beam
Introduction

Example of hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

J. Naumes

Sedlacek G., Wellershoff F., Naumes J., 2004

43
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Testing
Objectives
Example Steel-glass beam
Introduction

Example of hybrid Adhesive connection between glass

elements
web and steel adaptor-profile
Materials Activation of composite-action
Testing

Design and
modelling
Load-introduction between steel
flanges and glass web via aluminium
connectors.
Protection of glass panes from
stress-peaks and friction

Joints between glass web elements

using glass-mortar
Increase of deflection stiffness

Sedlacek G., Wellershoff F., Naumes J., 2004

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Testing
Objectives
Example Steel-glass beam , push-out test
Introduction

Example of hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling
Load-jack

Glass
specimen
J. Naumes

Sedlacek G., Wellershoff F., Naumes J., 2004

45
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Testing
Objectives
Example Steel-glass beam, connector
Introduction

Example of hybrid Cross-section of hybrid-beam: Test set-up:

elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Side view of hybrid-beam:

J. Naumes

Sedlacek G., Wellershoff F., Naumes J., 2004

46
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Testing
Objectives
Example Steel-glass beam, 3 point bending
Introduction

Example of hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

J. Naumes

Sedlacek G., Wellershoff F., Naumes J., 2004

47
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Testing 11 Times Square, NY

Objectives
Example 16,4m steel-glass beam project
Introduction

Example of hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

F. Wellershoff

Gartner Steel and Glass

Wellershoff F., Utz S., Kuhn T., 2009

48
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Testing
Objectives
Example 16,4m steel-glass beam project
Introduction

Example of hybrid
elements
Test 1A: with silicon joint
Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Diagonal glass strut load:

(glass buckle load after silicone failure):
351 kN (gglobal = 4.04) F. Wellershoff

Wellershoff F., Utz S., Kuhn T., 2009

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Testing
Objectives
Example 16,4m steel-glass beam project
Introduction
Test 1B: Without silicon joint
Example of hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling
Deformation Glass Panel - Test 1b

-25

Test 1b W6 [mm]
-20
Test 1b W7 [mm]
Deflection [mm]

Test 1b W8 [mm]
-15
Test 1b W9 [mm]

-10

-5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Jack Load [kN]

F. Wellershoff

Diagonal glass strut load (buckle load):

154,5 kN (gglobal = 1.78) Wellershoff F., Utz S., Kuhn T., 2009
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Testing
Objectives
Example 16,4m steel-glass beam project
Introduction
Test 1C: Without silicon joint; with midspan clamps
Example of hybrid
elements
Diagonal glass strut load (buckle
Materials load): 354 kN (gglobal =4.07)
Testing

Design and
modelling

Deformation Glass Panel - Test 1c

-8
Test 1c W6 [mm]
-6
Test 1c W7 [mm]
-4
Test 1c W8 [mm]
Deflection [mm]

-2 Test 1c W9 [mm]

6
F. Wellershoff

8
0 50 100 150 200 250
Wellershoff F., Utz S., Kuhn T., 2009

Jack Load [kN]

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Testing
Objectives

Introduction Hybrid beam with continuous glass web

Example of hybrid Type of the connection between flanges and the web
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Eliasova, CTU in Prague, 2009

Direct contact
5 test specimens, toughened single layered glass with thickness 19 mm,
flanges 100 x 10 mm, steel grade S235

19

adhesive

10
100
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Testing
Objectives

Introduction Hybrid beam with continuous glass web

Example of hybrid Connection with U-profile
elements
5 test specimens, toughened double layered glass with PVB 2 x 12 mm
Materials
Steel flange 100 x 10 mm + U profile 40 x 35 mm, thickness. 4 mm, steel
Testing grade S235
Design and
modelling

25,52
adhesive
4 3,24 polyamide strip
23

35
48

10

30 4 32 4 30
100

Eliasova, CTU in Prague, 2009

 CTU in Prague
Testing
Objectives

Introduction Hybrid beam with continuous glass web

Example of hybrid Test set-up
elements
velocity of loading 50, 120, 150 N/s
Materials
strain gauges, vertical deformation in the middle of the span
Testing
1 500 F 1 000 F
Design and
modelling
320

125 4 000 125

Eliasova, CTU in Prague, 2009

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Testing
Objectives

Introduction Hybrid beam with continuous glass web

Example of hybrid Full scale tests four point bending
elements
Direct contact
Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Eliasova, CTU in Prague, 2009

 CTU in Prague
Testing
Objectives

Introduction Results - hybrid beam with direct contact

90
Example of hybrid

Force F [kN]
80
elements
70
Materials
60

Testing 50

40
Design and
N2modelling 30
N2
20
N8
10 N9

0
N2 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Time t [s]

Number
Fmax max, glass wmax, middle v Failure Type of
of
[kN] [MPa] [mm] [N/s] mode adhesive
specimen
N2 65,10 116,97 19,5 50 adhesion
SikaFast
N8 89,79 139,75 23,6 150* cohesion
5211
N9 72,34 104,36 17,9 150 cohesion
N3 57,33 115,58 20,9 120 cohesion SikaFlex
N4 64,04 130,22 22,8 50 cohesion 265
Eliasova, CTU in Prague, 2009
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Testing
Objectives

Introduction Hybrid beam with continuous glass web

Example of hybrid Connection with U-profile
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Eliasova, CTU in Prague, 2009

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Testing
Objectives
N5Introduction Results connection with U-profile
Example of hybrid 140

Stress [MPa]
elements
120
Materials
100

Testing N1 section 2
80 N1 section 4b
Design and N5 section 2
60 N5 section 4a
modelling N7 section 2
40 N7 section 4a

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

N5 Force F [kN]

Number of Fmax max, glass wmax, middle v Failure Type of

specimen [kN] [MPa] [mm] [N/s] mode adhesive
N1 127,8 127,33 24,5 30 cohesion
SikaFast
N5 114,4 92,21 18,6 90 cohesion
5211
N7 139,2 110,82 19,9 180 cohesion
SikaForce
N6 109,0 105,06 22,1 65 a 250 cohesion
7550
Eliasova, CTU in Prague, 2009
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Testing
Objectives

Introduction Hybrid beam with composed glass web

Example of hybrid The same cross section, the length 4,25m, and set-up of test
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and Test specimens

modelling

Connection
Type of Type of Type of Number of
between glass Number
connection glass adhesive glass pane
pane
5 ND1
Acrylate
SikaFast ND2
heat 5
5211
strengthened ND7*
3 x 8mm Polyurethane 5 ND3
SikaForce
7550 5 ND4
ND5
heat Acrylate 5
strengthened SikaFast ND8*
2 x12 mm 5211 3 ND6
* Test specimens for robustness Eliasova, CTU in Prague, 2009
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Testing
Objectives

Introduction
Results hybrid beam with composed web
Example of hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Type of Type of Type of wmax Fmax Mmax

Number [mm] [kN] [kNm]
connection glass adhesive
ND1 acrylate 15,7 19,5 20,5
ND2 heat SikaFast 5211 16,8 34,1 35,8
ND3 strengthened polyurethane 24,0 20,0 21,0
3 x 8 mm SikaForce
ND4 7550 30,6 22,2 23,3

ND5 heat 33,3 81,2 85,3

acrylate
strengthened
SikaFast 5211
ND6 2 x12 mm 32,3 87,5 96,2

Eliasova, CTU in Prague, 2009

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Testing
Objectives

Introduction
Robustness
Example of hybrid
elements 1150 F = 4,8 kN F = 4,8 kN

Materials

Testing destroyed
pane
Design and
modelling
1150
1150 F
F ==4,84,8
kN kN FF==
4,84,8
kN kN

destroyed
rozbit tabule skla
pane

accidental load case destroyed glass pane at different position

applied load = minimal operating load for 48 hours
vertical deformation, stress in the glass pane and steel flanges
residual capacity of the hybrid beam
Eliasova, CTU in Prague, 2009
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Testing
Objectives

Introduction
Robustness - results
Example of hybrid
elements 18

Stress [MPa]
16
Materials
14

Testing 12

10
Design and 8
modelling
6

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time T [hod]

Number Robustness Residual capacity

F M w Fmax Mmax wmax
[kN] [kNm] [mm] [kN] [kNm] [mm]
ND7 4,80 5,00 6,70 30,15 31,7 16,8
ND8 4,80 5,00 7,86 20,05 21,1 17,0

Eliasova, CTU in Prague, 2009

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Testing
Objectives

Introduction
Hybrid beam numerical model FEM
Example of hybrid
elements

Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

Normal stress in the glass pane Vertical deflection Eliasova, CTU in Prague, 2009
 CTU in Prague
Testing
Objectives
Remarks
Introduction

Example of hybrid
Tests for hybrid glass components are not standardized.
elements
Costumized tests are designed/needed.
Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

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Design and modelling
Objectives
Overview
Introduction
Pre-failure / pre-breakage stage Post-breakage stage
Example of hybrid
elements Evaluation of stresses Evaluation of:
Materials Glass Stresses (redistribution)
Testing Additive material Post-breakage strength
Design and Adhesive/interlayer Post-breakage ductility
modelling

Evaluation of deflections
Stability

Examples:
A. Analytical determination of stress-distribution in steel-glass beams
(Mhlers method)
B. Analytical model for describing the structural response of reinforced glass
beams based on reinforced concrete analogy

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Design and modelling
Objectives
Mhlers method for steel-glass beam
Introduction stiffness
ratio efficiency
Example of hybrid Effective moment of inertia
elements factor
Eg
Materials I y ,eff 2 I a I g 2 Aa z a2
Testing Ea
Design and additive flanges Ea
modelling
flanges web flanges
adhesive
za
glass web Ea
1 E a Aa
k 2
1 k L2 K K
adhesive
Stiffness of glued connection:
bk
additive flanges Ea K K GK
tk
shear modulus
of adhesive
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Design and modelling
Objectives
Mhlers method for steel-glass beam
Introduction

Example of hybrid
Evaluation of stresses
elements Edge of the steel flange
Materials My tf
Testing r1a z a
I y ,eff 2
Design and
modelling
Edge of the glass web

M y hw E g
r2
I y ,eff 2 Ea

Shear stress in glued connection

Vertical deflection of the beam
Q z a Aa
5 q L4
I y ,eff bk
384 Ea I y ,eff

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Design and modelling
Objectives
Analytical model of reinforced glass beams
Introduction

Example of hybrid Analogy with reinforced concrete

elements
Full interaction between glass and reinforcement is assumed.
Materials
Three stages are distuingished:
Testing
A. Un-cracked stage
Design and
modelling B. Cracked stage
C. Yield stage

glass
fracture Yielding starts

Louter, 2011
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Design and modelling
Objectives
Analytical model of reinforced glass beams
Introduction
A. Un-cracked stage
Example of hybrid
elements Glass is at linear elastic domain
Materials
Reinforcement is at linear elastic
Testing domain
Design and
modelling

Louter, 2011 69
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Design and modelling
Objectives
Analytical model of reinforced glass beams
Introduction
B. Cracked stage
Example of hybrid
elements Glass is cracked
Materials
Reinforcement is at linear elastic domain
Testing

Design and
modelling

Louter, 2011 70
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Design and modelling
Objectives
Analytical model of reinforced glass beams
Introduction

Example of hybrid C. Yield stage

elements
The glass is (extensively) cracked
Materials
The reinforcement is at plasticity domain
Testing

Design and
modelling

Louter, 2011 71
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Design and modelling
Objectives
Remarks
Introduction
Some models for hybrid glass components are developed.
Example of hybrid
elements Further development is possible
Materials

Testing

Design and
modelling

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References
Educational pack of COSTActin TU0905 Structural Glass - Novel design methods and next generation
products
ABELN B., PRECKWINKEL E.:
Entwicklung hybrider Stahl-Glas-Trger, Stahlbau 4/2011, Ernst&Sohn, ISSN 0038-9145 A6449
BELIS J., CALLEWAERT D., DELINCE D., IMPE van R.
Experimental failure investigation of a hybrid glass/steel beam, Engineering Failure Analysis 2009;
16(4):1163-1173
BUCAK ., BUES M., ILLGUTH M., GEI P.L., KTTER M.P.
Bonded steel glass hybrid beams, GPD conference 2009, 2009, pg. 318-320.
CRUZ P., PEQUENO J.
Timber-Glass Composite Beams: Mechanical Behaviour & Architectural Solutions, Proceedings of
Challenging Glass, pg. 439-448, 2008.
CRUZ, P.J.S., VEER, F., CARVALHO, P. L. L.
Perforated steel plate to laminated glass adhesive properties. In: Proceedings of International Conference
Glass Performance Days, Tampere, Finland, 16-17 June 2011.
ERA-NET, WoodWisdom-Net, Load Bearing Timber-Glass-Composites, 2011.
FEIRABEND S., SOBEK W.,
Improved post-breakage behavior of laminated glass due to embedded reinforcement, GPD 2009, pg. 726-
729.
FREYTAG B.
Glass-Concrete Composite Technology, Structural Engineering International, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2004, pp. 111
117, ISSN 1016-8664
FROLI M., LANI L.
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