Session 1

Evolution of
communication technology
from 2G to 4G LTE
ITU ASP COE Training on Technology,
Standardization and Deployment of Long
Term Evolution (IMT)

Sami TABBANE

9-11 December 2013 Islamic Republic of Iran

1
Agenda

1. 4G Motivations

2. Evolution 3G-4G

3. Evolution R99-R10

4. Performance Objectives

5. LTE Key Features

6. Radio Stack Overview

7. Evolution towards LTE Advanced and 4G systems

8. LTE/SAE Motivation

2
LTE/SAE

1. 4G motivations

3
Introduction

Geneva, 18 January 2012 Specifications for next-

generation mobile technologies IMT-Advanced agreed
at the ITU Radiocommunications Assembly in Geneva.

ITU determined that "LTE-Advanced" and "WirelessMAN-

Advanced" should be accorded the official designation of
IMT-Advanced:

Wireless MAN-Advanced: Mobile WiMax 2, or IEEE

802. 16m;

3GPP LTE Advanced: LTE Release 10, supporting both

paired Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and unpaired
Time Division Duplex (TDD) spectrum.

4
 LTE/SAE

2. Evolution 3G-4G

5
Standardization bodies

ITU-T: Definition of the characteristics of the

generation (2, 3, 4, ), validation of proposed
standards and allocation of spectrum,

3GPP: European standardization body (GSM

family),

3GPP2: North-American standardization body

(CDMA family),

IEEE: data networks standards (802.xx family),

6
Evolution from 3G to 3.9G from ITU-T perspective

IMT-2000

ITU-T Recommendation F.116:

IMT-2000 systems = third generation (3G) mobile
systems
Coverage: all environments through both terrestrial or
satellite
Services: mobile speech, data, pictures, graphics, video
communication
2GHz frequency

7
Evolution from 3G to 3.9G from ITU-T perspective

IMT-2000 Evolutionary 3G standards

IMT-DS (Direct-Sequence) or W-CDMA (or UTRA-FDD),

IMT-MC (Multi-Carrier) or CDMA2000,
IMT-TD (Time Division), including TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA. Standardized by 3GPP
under the name UTRA TDD-HCR (3,84 Mcps, 5 MHz band, TD-CDMA radio interface)
and UTRA TDD-LCR (1,28 Mcps, 1,6 MHz band, TD-SCDMA radio interface).
IMT-SC (Single Carrier) or UWC.
IMT-FT (Frequency Time) or DECT.
WiMAX or "IP-OFDMA" (october 2007)

8
 Wireless technology evolution path

2005/2006 2007/2008 2009/2010 2011/2012 2013/2014

GSM/ EDGE, 200 kHz EDGEevo VAMOS

DL: 473 kbps DL: 1.9 Mbps Double Speech
GPRS UL: 473 kbps UL: 947 kbps Capacity

UMTS HSDPA, 5 MHz HSPA+, R7 HSPA+, R8 HSPA+, R9 HSPA+, R10

DL: 2.0 Mbps DL: 14.4 Mbps DL: 28.0 Mbps DL: 42.0 Mbps DL: 84 Mbps DL: 84 Mbps
UL: 2.0 Mbps UL: 2.0 Mbps UL: 11.5 Mbps UL: 11.5 Mbps UL: 23 Mbps UL: 23 Mbps

HSPA, 5 MHz
DL: 14.4 Mbps
UL: 5.76 Mbps

LTE (4x4), R8+R9, 20MHz LTE-Advanced R10

DL: 300 Mbps DL: 1 Gbps (low mobility)
UL: 75 Mbps UL: 500 Mbps

1xEV-DO, Rev. 0 1xEV-DO, Rev. A 1xEV-DO, Rev. B

cdma DO-Advanced
1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 5.0 MHz DL: 32 Mbps and beyond
2000 DL: 2.4 Mbps DL: 3.1 Mbps DL: 14.7 Mbps UL: 12.4 Mbps and beyond
UL: 153 kbps UL: 1.8 Mbps UL: 4.9 Mbps

Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX, 802.16e Advanced Mobile

scalable bandwidth Up to 20 MHz WiMAX, 802.16m
1.25 28 MHz DL: 75 Mbps (2x2) DL: up to 1 Gbps (low mobility)
typical up to 15 Mbps UL: 28 Mbps (1x2) UL: up to 100 Mbps

9
Main wireless broadband systems

10
 LTE/SAE

3. Evolution R9 R10

11
What is 3GPP?

3GPP history and members

Founded in December 1998

3GPP is a collaborative standardization activity between ETSI (Europe) and:

ARIB (Japan-radio)
TTC (Japan-network)
TTA (Republic of Korea)
CCSA (Peoples Republic of China)
ATIS (North America)

3GPP should:
Have a significant presence in press and web based media,
Have a significant presence in telecoms conferences, workshops,
webinars, , on mobile telecommunications technology evolution
Be recognised by companies, engineers, students, , involved in mobile
telecommunications technology evolution

12
3GPP family standards evolution

13
3GPP evolution

3GPP evolution

2G: GSM, Mainly voice

2.5G/2.75G: Add Packet Services: GPRS, EDGE
3G: Added 3G Air Interface with UMTS
3G Architecture:
Support of 2G/2.5G and 3G Access
Handover between GSM and UMTS technologies
3G Extensions:
HSDPA/HSUPA
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
Inter-working with WLAN (I-WLAN)
Beyond 3G:
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
Mobility towards WLAN and non-3GPP air interfaces

14
3GPP Standardization Process
3GPP develops technical specifications for 3rd Generation and beyond mobile communication
systems
3GPP Organizational Partners standardize local specifications based on the specifications
developed by 3GPP
The standardization process in each OP is only a form of transposition and that no technical
changes are introduced

ITU Recommendations

Partners
Organisational PartnersOP
ITU
Existing process

Market Representation PartnersMRP

4G Americas, CDG, COAI, GSA, GSM
Association, IMS Forum,
Member Info Communication Union,
IPV6 Forum, NGMN Ltd.,
companies Technical Small Cell Forum, TDIA,
TD-SCDMA Forum, UMTS Forum
Technical proposals and
contributions
specifications
Local specifications
Standardisation process in each OP

15
3GPP Releases main features

Release '99 Release 7

The basis for early 3G Enhanced uplink
deployment Other spectrum
Multiple input multiple output
antennas (MIMO)

Release 4 Release 8
First steps towards IP-based Long Term Evolution (LTE) and
operation System Architecture Evolution
Also defines the low chip rate (SAE)
TDD mode (TD-SCDMA)
Release 5 Release 9
IMS - IP-based Multimedia Enhancement of Release 8
Services features
HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Refinement of LTE
Packet Access Preliminary studies into LTE
Advanced

Release 6 Release 10
2nd phase of IMS LTE Advanced
High Speed Uplink

16
 LTE/SAE

4. Performance Objectives

17
Introduction to LTE and SAE and performance objectives

Needs at the access level for LTE (Release 8)

Radio interface bitrates: 100 Mbit/s DL and 50 Mbit/s UL.

Data transmission delay: less than 5 ms between UE and the
Access Gateway (AGW)
Mobility: speeds between 120 and 350 km/h (or even up to
500 km/h depending on the frequency band)
Co-existence and Interworking with 3G: HO between E-
UTRAN and UTRAN should be achieved with less than 300
ms for real-time services and 500 ms for NRT services.
Multicast support for multimedia applications.

18
 Latency definitions
Latency = time a message takes to traverse a system.
In a computer network =time for a data packet data to get from one point to another.
Depends on:
Speed of the transmission medium (e.g., copper wire, optical fiber or radio waves)
Delays in the transmission by devices (e.g., routers and modems).
Latency and bandwidth determine the network connection speed.
A low latency indicates a high network efficiency.
If the latency is low enough, there is no need for local storage or computing in a wireless
device.
Latency increase = grow of local processing.
Latency increases with distance, larger packets, network hierarchy and queuing.

19
Introduction to LTE and SAE and performance objectives
LTE performance requirements
Mobility
Low mobility (0-15km/h) and high speeds
Latency:
user plane < 5ms
Control plane < 50 ms
Improved spectrum efficiency
Cost-effective migration from Release 6
Improved broadcasting
IP-optimized
Scalable bandwidth of 20MHz, 15MHz, 10MHz, 5MHz and <5MHz
Co-existence with legacy standards

LTE MIMO LTE MIMO

2x2 4x4 20
Peak data rates DL and UL

21
 LTE Go Back Time Report
The transmission time is considered as an important performance factor
Characterized by the RTT (Round Trip Time)

It impacts the TCP transmission rate and the VoIP Quality

Transmission Time is the sum of Radio Transmission and Core Network Delays.
The radio transmission time always the highest

In theory: the radio ping time is in the best cases equal to 4ms (without HARQ) and 20 ms in normal
operation

Delay Component Delay Value

Core
20
Transmission Time Uplink + Downlink 2 ms
Buffering Time (0.5 x Transmission Time) 2 x 0.5 x 1ms = 1ms eNodeB

Retransmissions 10% 2 x 0.1 x 8ms = 1,6 ms UE

Uplink Request 0.5 x 5ms = 2.5ms
Uplink Scheduling
Uplink Scheduling Grant 4ms Grant
10
UE Delay Estimated 4ms Uplink Scheduling
Request
eNodeB delay estimated 4ms
Retransmissions
Core Network 1ms
Total delay with pre-allocated resources 13.6ms Buffereing Time

Total delay with scheduling 20.1ms Transmission Time

0
LTE Round Trip Time
Measured in practice: 30 40 ms 22
 RTT LTE Radio Latency

The RTT is between 20 and 30 ms

NC MC CE
Single Cell 10 MHZ 13.4 13.4 14.4
Multi Cell 10 MHZ 0% OCNS 12.4 12.4 12.4
32-Byte ping
Static Position Multi Cell 10 MHZ 60% OCNS 12.4 13.4 22.4
Multi Cell 20 MHZ 0% OCNS 16 14 15
Multi Cell 20 MHZ 60% OCNS 14 14 16
NC MC CE
Single Cell 10 MHZ 2 2 31.4

1400-Byte ping Multi Cell 10 MHZ 0% OCNS 12.4 12.4 13.4

Static Position Multi Cell 10 MHZ 60% OCNS 14.4 14.4 24.4
Multi Cell 20 MHZ 0% OCNS 14.5 14.5 23.5
Multi Cell 20 MHZ 60% OCNS 1 1 23.5

Min MC CE
Mobility 30 Km/h
Average Calculated over 5 32 Bytes / 20 MHZ /0% OCNS 19 107 23
runs 1400 Bytes / 20 MHZ / 0% OCNS 28 126 28
32 bytes / 20 MHZ / 60% OCNS 19 249 23
1400 Bytes / 20 MHZ / 60% OCNS 29 171 35 23
Spectrum and Technology Roadmap

24
 LTE/SAE

5. Key features of LTE and LTE Advanced

25
Differences between HSPA and LTE

RNC
v Original
IP packets

HC
HC
Ciphering eNodeB Ciphering
Outer ARQ
HCed and
ciphered IP
packets
NodeB
Outer ARQ

HARQ HARQ

UMTS (HSDPA) LTE 26

Key Features

Key Features of LTE (1)

Multiple access scheme

Downlink: OFDMA
Uplink: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
Adaptive modulation and coding
DL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
UL modulations: QPSK and 16QAM
Rel-6 Turbo code: Coding rate of 1/3, two 8-state
constituent encoders, and a contention- free internal
interleaver.
Bandwidth scalability for efficient operation in differently sized
allocated spectrum bands
Single frequency network (SFN) operation to support MBMS

27
Key Features

Key Features of LTE (2)

MIMO technology for enhanced data rate and

performance.
ARQ at the RLC sublayer and Hybrid ARQ at the MAC
sublayer.
Power control and link adaptation
Interference coordination between eNBs
Support for both FDD and TDD
Channel dependent scheduling
Reduced radio-access-network nodes to reduce cost,
protocol-related processing time & call set-up time

28
Key techniques for enhancing network capacity

29
3GPP LTE objectives

Scalable bandwidth: 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, (15), 20MHz

Peak data rate (scaling linearly with the spectrum allocation)
DL (2 Rx @ UE): 100Mb/s for 20MHz spectrum allocation
UL (1 Tx @ UE): 50Mb/s for 20MHz spectrum allocation
Spectrum efficiency
DL: 3-4 times HSDPA for MIMO (2,2)
UL: 2-3 times HSUPA for MIMO(1,2)
> Reference Antenna configurations (typical achievable targets)
DL: 2Tx and 2 Rx
UL: 1 Tx and 2 Rx
Latency
C-plane: < 50-100ms to establish U-plane
U-plane: << 10ms from UE to AGW
Capacity
200 users for 5MHz, 400 users in larger spectrum allocations (active state)
Mobility
LTE is optimized for speeds 0-15km/h up to 350km/h

30
 LTE/SAE

6. Radio Stack Overview

31
LTE 3GPP Stack overview

MME

32
 LTE 3GPP Stack overview PDCP

Robust Header Compression

(RoHC, IETF RFC 4995).

Reduced overhead, more

efficient

Once RoHC has been applied the

whole packet (data AND header)
is ciphered

Headers and Message

Authentication Code (MAC) are
added

33
LTE 3GPP Stack overview RLC

Acknowledged Mode (AM)

Unacknowledged Mode (UM)
Transparent Mode (TM)
Error Correction through ARQ (CRC check
provided by the physical layer: no CRC needed at
RLC level)
Concatenation, segmentation, re-segmentation
of SDUs to match transmission (Transport Block
TB) parameters set by MAC
Re-ordering of PDUs received out of order
Buffering, timers, state switching.
34
LTE 3GPP Stack overview All layers user data/voice

35
Construction of the radio blocks

36
 LTE/SAE

7. Evolution towards LTE Advanced and 4G systems

37
LTE Advanced performance objectives

LTE--Advanced: The Evolved LTE

LTE

ITU IMT2000 Advanced objectives

High degree of commonality of functionality worldwide with
the flexibility to support cost efficiently a wide range of services;
Compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks;
Interworking with other RATs;
High quality mobile services;
User equipment suitable for worldwide use;
User-friendly applications, services and equipment;
Worldwide roaming capability;
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and
applications (100 Mbit/s for high and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility)*.
* Data rates sourced from Recommendation ITU-R M.1645 -
Framework and overall objectives of the future development of
IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000.
38
LTE releases evolutions

39
LTE Release 11 and 12 main features

40
 LTE Advanced versus LTE

3.9G (LTE) 4G (LTE-Advanced)

4G LTE Advanced (1)
Backward
Not backward compatible with any 3G. 3GPP Release 8. Backward compatible with LTE. 3GPP Release 10.
compatibility
326 Mbps with 44 MIMO and 172 Mbps with 22 MIMO 40 times faster than 3G commercial networks with
MIMO Throughput in 20 MHz spectrum. 8x8 in DL and 4x4 in the UL.
a) Same as LTE requirement. b) Optimized for
Coverage Full performance up to 5 km.
deployment in local areas/micro cell environments.
Mobile speeds up to 350km/h (or 500km/h depending on Same as that in LTE, System performance
Mobility the frequency band). enhanced for 0 to 10km/h.
Transmission
Scalable bandwidths ranging from 1.25MHz to 20 MHz. About 100 MHz in DL and 40 MHz in UL.
bandwidth
Peak data rate DL: 100 Mbps, UL: 50 Mbps. DL: 1 Gbps, UL: 500 Mbps.
C-plane from Idle (with IP address allocated) to Connected
C- plane from Idle (with IP address allocated) to
in <100 ms, U-plane latency of less than 5 ms in unload
Latency condition (i.e single user with single data stream) for small
Connected in <50 ms, U-plane latency reduced
compared to Release 8.
IP packet.
Peak spectrum DL 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA, UL - 2 to 3 times
DL 30 bps/Hz and UL 15 bps/Hz.
efficiency Release 6 Enhanced Uplink.

At least 200 users per cell should be supported in the active At least 300 active users without DRX
Capacity state for spectrum allocations up to 5 MHz. (Discontinuous Reception) in a 5 MHz Bandwidth.

Up to 20-100 MHz Connection setup delay <50

Scalable BW 1.3, 3, 5, 10 and 20 MHz. Connection setup delay <100 ms.
ms.
41
 Carrier aggregation in LTE

Release-10 carrier aggregation supports the following features:

Peak data rates of 1 Gbps on downlink and 500 Mbps on uplink.
Up to five carriers (called a component carriers) aggregated.
Each component carrier can have any of the bandwidths
supported in LTE Rel-8 (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz). LTE carrier
aggregation can support operation on transmission bandwidths
of up to 100 MHz by aggregating five 20 MHz carriers.
A carrier aggregation capable UE can simultaneously receive and
transmit in one or multiple component carriers.

42
 LTE/SAE

8. LTE/SAE motivations

43
 LTE: definitions and objectives

The next step in the evolution of 3GPP radio interfaces to deliver Global Mobile
Broadband

Standardization
clearly defined:
performance targets
economic targets
improved radio spectrum
efficiency
simplified system design

LTE (and SAE) are the

basis of 3GPP
Release 8, frozen in
December 2008.

44
LTE Motivations

Limits of 3G/3G+

Very High Speed limit (> 100 Mbit/s per cell) cannot be reached;
Bandwidth limits (5 Mhz for HSPA and 2x 5Mhz for HSPA+);
Impossible to reach 1Gbit/s per cell for HD Video Service.
Radio Management Complexity
Many terminal radio resource allocation possibilities: DCH, FACH, PCH, HSDPA,
3G technologies evolution (HSDPA, HSUPA, CPC, Dual Carrier)
Cell Management Complexity.
Radio processing functions shared between RNC and NB;
Terminal Complexity (power control, performance, );
Reasons why 4G is needed
Meet consumers needs which are no longer supported by 3G technologies.
Increase transmission rates Needs (@: doubling every 18 months)
Network capacity optimization "requires adaptation to the IP services flow

45
LTE motivations

46
Minimum and desirable bandwidths for services (Mbps)

47
Drivers for LTE deployment

48
 Mobile video

+50% of the
mobile
traffic and
+70% in
some
networks
(85% of
Voda
Germany
LTE traffic in
09/2012)

66% of the mobile data traffic in 2017

49
2012 FRENCH BACKBONE TRAFFIC

SOURCE CTOIC
50
Bandwidth increasing Video & TV drive needs

51
 Services more and more greedy

With the voice, demand preceeded the offer (2G).

With the data, offer has preceeded the demand (3G) then the demand preceeds
the offer (3G+ and 4G). 52
52
 Growing needs in wideband

Video and HD (3-5 Mb/s) and 3D (> 9 Mb/s) TV will explode the
needs in bandwidth and traffic volumes on the networks.
53
53
Bandwidth needs per service

54
54
 Technologies evolution

4G promises1 Gb/sec., that is much than the optical fibre. 55

55
Wideband technologies

FO

56
56
 Average mobile user, traffic per month

Data services are

exploding increasing
from 52% of the market
in 2012 to 72% by 2020.
This growth is driven by:
- Mobile Data,
- M2M (e.g. GPS in cars,
asset tracking, medical,
) to represent 5% of
global mobile data
traffic in 2017,
- Cloud computing.

Nielsen: 78% of all smartphone

data in UK is over WiFi (01/2013)
www.slideshare.net/CiscoSP360/cisco-visual-networking-index-vni-global-mobile-data-traffic-forecast-2011 -2016
57
 Mobile traffic evolution

In 2012: 33% of the

total mobile data
traffic was offloaded.
In 2017: 46%.

CMCCs Mobile data traffic increased 60 times

in the past 5 years

58
 Mobile Data Tsunami
Global growth of mobile data traffic:
18 times from 2011 to 2016 Japans NTT DoCoMo predicts 12x network
traffic growth in the next 3 years.
AT&T network: Telefonica forecasts a requirement for up to 50x
2007-2012: wireless data traffic has capacity growth in cities (improved spectral
grown 20,000% efficiency of 3G/4G will only satisfy up to 8x).
At least doubling every year since 2007

Global Mobile Data Traffic Growth

2011 to 2016
12 10.8

10
Annual Growth 78%
Exabytes per Month

8 6.9

6
4.2
4
2.4
2
1.3
0.6
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Source: CISCO Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobil Data Traffic Forecast 2011 to 2016 59
LTE motivations

Evolution to LTE report September 11, 2012

60
 LTE motivations

Primary motivation towards LTE: need for network

capacity, performance management and efficiency
New products/services
Revenue growth
LTE is a tool to charge more for mobile data:
Much faster uplink
Lower latency
New video-based services only possible using LTE

61
 LTE motivations

Cost distribution in mobile networks

Core & Backbone network Transport network Radio Access network

BTS
MSC BSC
ISP internet
connection BTS
Hub
Core
Backbone network Access network
m*E1 n*E1
E1 BTS
MGW
Backhaul

CAPEX share for

greenfield voice 30% 20% 50%

CAPEX share for

greenfield MBB 10% 45% 45%

62
LTE motivations

$
COST

Revenue

Traffic

63
Traffic and revenues decoupled

64 64
Cost per Mbyte reduction with Telstra (Australia)

65
Business models changes
Revenues are taken by OTT players

Added Services
value and Layer
revenues
Control
Layer

Transport
Layer

Access
Layer

66
 Current trends: OTT services migration

KPN (May 2011): first mobile operator to report that

use of OTT voice and messaging applications firstly
WhatsApp caused a decline in voice and
messaging traffic and revenues.
KPN effect confined to Hi brand: 85 %
subscribers were using WhatsApp Decline of 24
% in outgoing SMS traffic by 3Q 2011.
OTT players offering messaging:

WhatsApp daily traffic in August 2012: peak of 10 billion messages.

67
 KPN Mobile SMS / subscriber decline

Source: KPN
Overall margin (EBITDA) mix evolve: telecom operators have traditionally enjoyed
margins of 40% to 50% in fixed voice dans data with margins as high as 70% for SMS 68
SMS ARPU, selected operators, annual average

Source: Wireless Intelligence. 69

Evolution of ARPU in Europe

70
 LTE motivations
Lower production cost per bit
Cost per Mbyte

Network cost

3G HSPA HSPA+ LTE

LTE
Source: NSN
HSPA+
4G offers to
HSPA reduce the cost
Basic
of delivering data
3G by 75%
= Resulting network cost
compared to
traditional
designs
Traffic load 71
LTE motivations
100 96
Evolution in site capacity from GSM to LTE
90
- Downlink, sum of voice and data
80
Total capacity per site (Mbps)

70

60

50
45

40
32
30 28

21
20

9
10
4,5
1
0
Plain GSM GSM/EDGE 3G Rel.99 Turbo-3G Turbo-3G LTE 800 LTE 1800 LTE 2600
Year 1995 Year 2010 (15MHz) (HSPA) (HSPA+) (5 MHz) (10 MHz) (20 MHz)
(10 MHz) (10 MHz) (15MHz) (15 MHz)

Disclaimer: Values should be taken as indicative. Performance will vary greatly with deployed solution,
surrounding environment, terminal penetration and size of frequency spectrum. HSPA assumes 14,4 Mbps
version. HSPA+ assumes 64QAM feature, not MIMO or Dual Carrier.
Source: CONTEST, Telenor. 72
Needs for IMT-Advanced systems

Need for higher data rates and greater

spectral efficiency
Need for a Packet Switched only optimized
system
Use of licensed frequencies to guarantee
quality of services
Always-on experience (reduce control plane
latency significantly and reduce round trip delay)
Need for cheaper infrastructure
Simplify architecture of all network elements
73
Impact and requirements on LTE characteristics

Architecture (flat)
Frequencies (flexibility)
Bitrates (higher)
Latencies (lower)
Cooperation with other technologies (all 3GPP and non-
3GPP)
Network sharing (part or full)
Full-IP (QoS issues, protocols integration, lower costs)
OFDMA
Broadcast services
Intelligent radio schemes
74
Thank you

75