CG 1

Enr No.
:201403100810022
Practical:1
Aim: Study Graphics library functions initgraph, detectgraph,
closegraph, cleardevice, putpixel, getpixel, getmaxx, getmaxy, line, circle,
rectangle, ellipse, arc, drawpoly, fillpoly, outtextxy, pieslice, setcolor,
getcolor, setbkcolor, getbkcolor.
1. initgraph - start the graphics window
Declaration:
void initgraph (int *graphdriver, int *graphmode, char *pathtodriver);
Description:
- To start the graphics system, you must first call initgraph.

- initgraph initializes the graphics system by loading a graphics driver from disk
(or validating a registered driver) then putting the system into graphics mode.
- initgraph also resets all graphics settings (color, palette, current position,
viewport, etc.) to their defaults, then resets graph result to 0.
Return Value:
initgraph always sets the internal error code.

- On success, initgraph sets the code to 0.
- On error, initgraph sets *graphdriver to -2, -3, -4, or -5.
2. detectgraph - set the highest available graphics mode
Declaration:
void detectgraph(int *graphdriver, int *graphmode);
Description:
- detectgraph() initializes the graphics system to the highest mode available.

The mode selected is returned in graphmode.
- Since the graphdriver argument is ignored the mode set is always

VGAMAX (i.e 800x600x8 windowed). Hence after this call graphmode is
always equal to VGAMAX.
3. closegraph :close the graphic window.
Declaration:
void closegraph (void);

CGPIT/IT/SEM-5/Computer Graphics
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Description:
- closegraph() is used to shutdown the graphics system and close the

graphics window. Once it is called the graphics window will have to be
reopened with another call to initgraph() if needed.
- closegraph() is called by default when your program quits but it is better
to call it explicitly before main() returns.
4. cleardevice - clears the graphics window
Declaration:
void cleardevice (void);
Description:
- cleardevice() erases the entire graphics screen and moves the current position
as given by (getx(3), gety(3)) to (0,0). This function is the graphics equivalent
of clear or clrscr(3).
(Erasing consists of filling with the current background color.)
5. putpixel - set the color of pixel at (x,y)
Declaration:
void putpixel (int x, int y, int color);
Description:
- putpixel() plots a point in the color defined by color in graphics.h at (x, y).
6. getpixel - get the color of pixel at (x,y)
Declaration:
int getpixel (int x, int y);

Description:
-
getpixel() gets the color of the pixel located at (x, y).
7. getmaxx, getmaxy - get maximum (x, y) screen values
Declaration:
int getmaxx (void);

int getmaxy (void);
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Description:
- getmaxx() returns the maximum x value (screen-relative) for the current

graphics driver and mode.
- getmaxy() returns the maximum y value (screen-relative) for the current

graphics driver and mode.
8. line, lineto, linerel - draw a line between two points
Declaration:
void line (int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);
void lineto (int x, int y);
void linerel (int dx, int dy);
Description:
- line() draws a line from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2) using the current color. It does
not update the current position (CP).
- lineto() draws a line from the current position CP to (x, y), then moves the
CP to (x, y).
- linerel() draws a line from the CP to a point that is a relative distance (dx,
dy) from the CP, then advances the CP by (dx, dy).
9. circle - draws a circle with given center and radius
Declaration:
void circle (int xc, int yc, int rad);
Description:
- circle() draws a circle in the current drawing color using (xc, yc) as center
and rad as radius.
10. rectangle - draw a rectangle with given corner co-ordinates
Declaration:
void rectangle (int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
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Description:
- rectangle() draws a rectangle in the current drawing color.

- (left, top) is the upper left corner of the rectangle
- (right, bottom) is its lower right corner.
11. ellipse- draw an ellipse given center, radii and angle range
Declaration:
ellipse (int xc, int yc, int stangle, int endangle,

int xradius, int yradius);
Declaration:
- ellipse() draws an elliptical arc in the current drawing color.
Arguments :
(xc, yc) -- Center of ellipse
xradius -- Horizontal axis
yradius -- Vertical axis
stangle -- Starting angle
endangle -- Ending angle
The ellipse travels from stangle to endangle. If stangle = 0 and endangle = 360,
the call to ellipse() draws a complete ellipse.
12. arc, pieslice - draw an arc or pieslice of given angle-range
Declaration:
void arc (int xc, int yc, int stangle, int endangle, int radius);
void pieslice (int xc, int yc, int stangle, int endangle, int radius);
Description:
- arc() draws a circular arc using the current drawing color.

- pieslice() draws and fills a pie-slice in the current drawing color.
Arguments :
- (xc, yc) -- Center point of arc or pieslice.
- stangle -- start angle in degrees(as measured on the standard circle).
- endangle -- end angle in degrees(as measured on the standard circle).
- radius -- radius of arc or pieslice.
- The arc() or pieslice() travels from stangle to endangle.

- If stangle = 0 and endangle = 360 the call to arc() or pieslice() draws a
complete circle.
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13. drawpoly, fillpoly - draw/fill a polygon given a set of points
Declaration:
void drawpoly (int numpoints, int *polypoints);

void fillpoly (int numpoints, int *polypoints);
Description:
- drawpoly() draws a polygon using the current drawing color.
- fillpoly() draws the outline of a polygon using the current color, then fills
the polygon using the current color.
Arguments :
- numpoints -- Specifies number of points
- *polypoints -- Points to an array of (numpointsx2) integers Each pair of
integers gives the x and y coordinates of a point on the polygon.
- To draw a closed figure with N vertices, you must pass N+1 coordinates
to drawpoly(), where the Nth coordinate == the 0th coordinate.
14. outtext, outtextxy - prints a string at current-position(CP)/ specified x-y location
Declaration:
void outtext (char *textstring);

void outtextxy (int x, int y, char *textstring);
Description:
- outtext() and outtextxy() display a text string, using the *current* font-color.
- outtext() outputs textstring at the current position (CP) and updates this
position by the length of the text.
- outtextxy() displays textstring in the viewport at the position (x, y) and does
not affect CP.
15. setcolor, getcolor - set/get the current drawing color
Declaration:
void setcolor (int color);

int getcolor (void);
Description:
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- getcolor() returns the current drawing color.

- setcolor() sets the current drawing color to color, which can range from 0 to
getmaxcolor(3).
- To select a drawing color with setcolor(), you can pass either the color number
or the equivalent color name.
- The drawing color is the value that pixels are set to when the program draws
lines, etc.
16. setbkcolor, getbkcolor - set/get the current background color
Declaration:
void setbkcolor (int color);

int getbkcolor (void);
Description:
- getbkcolor() returns the current background color.

- setbkcolor() sets the background to the color specified by color.
color is either a number or symbolic name specifying the color to set.
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Enr No.:201403100810022
Practical:2
Aim: Implement a program that create and fill 2D objects using graphics
library function.
- House
- Bike
Code:
1.House
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,NULL);
rectangle(100,400,600,150);
rectangle(100,400,300,150);
line(100,150,200,50);
line(200,50,300,150);
line(200,50,500,50);
line(500,50,600,150);
rectangle(150,400,250,220);
rectangle(350,220,420,270);
rectangle(480,220,550,270);
//rectangle(300,400,400,150);
getch();
closegraph();
}
2.Bike
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int x[]={30,400,90,280,200,280,230,200,420,200,450,280,520,
280,580,400,520,400,380,400,270,400,130,400,30,400};
//setcolor(3);
circle(200,400,50);
circle(450,400,50);
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arc(200,400,180,360,70);
arc(450,400,180,360,70);
line(270,400,380,400);
line(30,400,130,400);
line(520,400,580,400);
line(30,400,90,280);
line(580,400,520,280);
line(200,280,90,280);
line(520,280,450,280);
line(200,280,230,200);
line(450,280,420,200);
line(230,200,420,200);
arc(325,200,180,360,20);
line(240,110,320,180);
line(235,115,310,186);
//setcolor(GREEN);
//fillpoly(13,x);
//setcolor(WHITE);
//pieslice(200,400,0,360,50);
//pieslice(450,400,0,360,50);
getch();
closegraph();
Output:
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Enr No.:201403100810022
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Enr No.:201403100810022
Practical:3
Aim: Implement the program that draws square using DDA Line drawing
algorithm.
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void ddaline(float x1,float y1,float x2,float y2)

{
int i,s;
float dx,dy,xi,yi;
dx=abs(x2-x1);
dy=abs(y2-y1);
if(dx>dy)
{ s=dx; }
else
{ s=dy; }
xi=dx/(float)s;
yi=dy/(float)s;
putpixel(x1,y1,4);
for(i=0;i<s;i++)
{
x1=x1+xi;
y1=y1+yi;
putpixel(x1,y1,4);
delay(10);
}
}
void ddaline1(float x1,float y1,float x2,float y2)

{
int i,s;
float dx,dy,xi,yi;
dx=abs(x2-x1);
dy=abs(y2-y1);
if(dx>dy)
{ s=dx; }
else
{ s=dy; }
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xi=dx/(float)s;
yi=dy/(float)s;
putpixel(x1,y1,4);
for(i=0;i<s;i++)
{
x1=x1-xi;
y1=y1-yi;
putpixel(x1,y1,4);
delay(10);
}
}
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
ddaline(100,100,300,100);
ddaline(300,100,300,300);
//ddaline(100,100,100,300);
//ddaline(100,300,300,300);
ddaline1(300,300,100,300);
ddaline1(100,300,100,100);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output:
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Enr No.:201403100810022
Practical:4
Aim: Implement the program that draws line using Bresenhams Line
drawing algorithm.
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int x1,y1,x2,y2,pk,p0,k;
float dx,dy,s;
printf("x1= "); scanf("%d",&x1);
printf("y1= "); scanf("%d",&y1);
printf("x2= "); scanf("%d",&x2);
printf("y2= "); scanf("%d",&y2);
int gd=DETECT,gm;
dx=x2-x1;
dy=y2-y1;
if(abs(dx)>abs(dy))
s=abs(dx);
else
s=abs(dy);
for(k=0;k<=s;k++)
{
p0=(2*dy)-dx;
pk=p0;
if(pk<0)
{ pk=pk+(2*dy);
x1++;
}
else if(pk>=0)
{ pk=pk+((2*dy)-(2*dx));
x1++;
y1++;
}
putpixel(x1,y1,4);
delay(50);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
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Output:
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Enr No.:201403100810022
Practical:5
Aim: Implement Midpoint Circle Algorithm.
Implement Midpoint Ellipse Algorithm.
Code:
1.Midpoint Circle
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
float pk;
int i,r,x,y,xc,yc;
printf("Enter the radius of the circle:");

scanf("%d",&r);
printf("Enter the mid points\nxc=");
scanf("%d",&xc);
printf("yc=");
scanf("%d",&yc);
x=0;
y=r;
pk=1-r;
while(x<=y)
{
if(pk<0)
{
x++;
pk=pk+2*x+1;
}
else
{
x++;
y--;
pk=pk+2*(x-y)+1;
}
delay(50);
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,1); //4th
putpixel(xc+y,yc+x,2); //4th
putpixel(xc-y,yc+x,3); //3rd
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,4); //3rd
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putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,5); //2nd
putpixel(xc-y,yc-x,6); //2nd
putpixel(xc+y,yc-x,7); //1st
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,8); //1st
}
putpixel(r+xc,0+yc,3);
putpixel(-r+xc,0+yc,3);
putpixel(0+xc,r+yc,3);
putpixel(0+xc,-r+yc,3);
getch();
closegraph();
}
2.Midpoint Ellipse
#include<stdio.h>
void mellipse(int xc,int yc,int rx,int ry)

{
int gm=DETECT,gd;
int x, y, p;
initgraph(&gm,&gd,NULL);
x=0;
y=ry;
p=(ry*ry)-(rx*rx*ry)+((rx*rx)/4);
while((2*x*ry*ry)<(2*y*rx*rx))
{
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,BLUE);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,BLUE);
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,BLUE);
putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,BLUE);
if(p<0)
{
x=x+1;
p=p+(2*ry*ry*x)+(ry*ry);
}
else
{
x=x+1;
y=y-1;
p=p+(2*ry*ry*x+ry*ry)-(2*rx*rx*y);
}
delay(50);
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}
p=((float)x+0.5)*((float)x+0.5)*ry*ry+(y-1)*(y-1)*rx*rx-rx*rx*ry*ry;
while(y>=0)
{
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,RED);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,RED);
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,RED);
putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,RED);
if(p>0)
{
y=y-1;
p=p-(2*rx*rx*y)+(rx*rx);
}
else
{
y=y-1;
x=x+1;
p=p+(2*ry*ry*x)-(2*rx*rx*y)-(rx*rx);
}
delay(50);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
void main()
{
int xc,yc,rx,ry;
printf("Enter Xc=");
scanf("%d",&xc);
printf("Enter Yc=");
scanf("%d",&yc);
printf("Enter Rx=");
scanf("%d",&rx);
printf("Enter Ry=");
scanf("%d",&ry);
mellipse(xc,yc,rx,ry);
getch();
}
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Output:
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Enr No.:201403100810022
Practical:6
Aim: Implement Polygon filling Algorithms:

- Boundary fill
- Flood fill Algorithm
Code:
1.Boundary fill
#include<stdio.h>
void boundaryfill(int x,int y,int boundary,int fill)

{
int currentpixel;
currentpixel=getpixel(x,y);
// printf("%d",&currentpixel);
if((currentpixel!=boundary) && (currentpixel!=fill))
{
// setcolor(fill);
putpixel(x,y,fill);
boundaryfill(x+1,y,boundary,fill);
boundaryfill(x-1,y,boundary,fill);
boundaryfill(x,y+1,boundary,fill);
boundaryfill(x,y-1,boundary,fill);
}
}
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int x,y;
printf("Enter pixel values: ");
scanf("%d %d",&x,&y);
setcolor(5);
rectangle(100,100,400,400);
boundaryfill(x,y,5,7);
getch();
closegraph();
}
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Output:
2.Flood fill
#include<stdio.h>
void boundaryfill(int x,int y,int boundary,int fill)

{
int currentpixel;
currentpixel=getpixel(x,y);
if((currentpixel!=boundary) && (currentpixel!=fill))
{
putpixel(x,y,fill);
boundaryfill(x+1,y,boundary,fill);
boundaryfill(x-1,y,boundary,fill);
boundaryfill(x,y+1,boundary,fill);
boundaryfill(x,y-1,boundary,fill);
}
}
void flfill(int x,int y,int fillcolor,int oldcolor)

{
if(getpixel(x,y)== oldcolor)
{
putpixel(x,y,fillcolor);
flfill(x+1,y,fillcolor,oldcolor);
flfill(x-1,y,fillcolor,oldcolor);
flfill(x,y+1,fillcolor,oldcolor);
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flfill(x,y-1,fillcolor,oldcolor);
}
}
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int x,y,i;
printf("Enter pixel values: ");
scanf("%d %d",&x,&y);
setcolor(5);
rectangle(100,100,400,400);
boundaryfill(x,y,5,4);
flfill(x,y,6,5);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output:
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Enr No.:201403100810022
Practical:7
Aim: Implement following 2D transformations for line and polygon using

switch case.
- Translation
- Rotations (about origin & pivot point)
- Scaling (about origin & fixed point)
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int gm;
int gd=DETECT;
int x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,nx1,nx2,nx3,ny1,ny2,ny3,c;
int sx,sy,xt,yt,r;
float t;
printf("\n\t Enter the points of triangle");
setcolor(1);
scanf("%d%d%d%d%d%d",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2,&x3,&y3);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"NULL");
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
delay(1);
closegraph();
printf("\n 1.Transaction\n 2.Rotation\n 3.Scalling\n 4.exit");
printf("Enter your choice:");
scanf("%d",&c);
switch(c)
{
case 1:
printf("\n Enter the translation factor");
scanf("%d%d",&xt,&yt);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
nx1=x1+xt;
ny1=y1+yt;
nx2=x2+xt;
ny2=y2+yt;
nx3=x3+xt;
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ny3=y3+yt;
line(nx1,ny1,nx2,ny2);
delay(1);
getch();
closegraph();
case 2:
/* printf("\n Enter the angle of rotation");
scanf("%d",&r);
t=3.14*r/180;
nx1=abs(x1*cos(t)-y1*sin(t));
ny1=abs(x1*sin(t)+y1*cos(t));
getch();*/
case 3:
printf("\n Enter the scalling factor");
scanf("%d%d",&sx,&sy);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
nx1=x1*sx;
ny1=y2*sy;
nx2=x2*sx;
ny2=y2*sy;
nx3=x3*sx;
ny3=y3*sy;
delay(1);
getch();
closegraph();
case 4:
break;
default:
printf("Enter the correct choice");
}
}
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Output:
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Enr No.:201403100810022
Practical:8
Aim: Implement following 3D transformations for line and polygon using

switch case.
- Translation
- Rotations (about origin & pivot point)
- Scaling (about origin & fixed point)
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void trans();
//void axis();
void scale();
void rotate();
intmaxx,maxy,midx,midy;
void main()
{
intch;
intgd=DETECT,gm;
detectgraph(&gd,&gm);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"e:\\tc\\bgi");
printf("\n 1.Translation \n2.Scaling\n 3.Rotation \n 4.exit");
printf("enter your choice");
scanf("%d",&ch);
do
{
switch(ch)
{
case 1 : trans();
getch();
closegraph();
break;
case 2 : scale();
getch();
closegraph();
break;
case 3 : rotate();
getch();
closegraph();
break;
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case 4 : break;
}
printf("enter your choice");
scanf("%d",&ch);
} while(ch<4);
}
void trans()
{
int x,y,z,o,x1,x2,y1,y2;
maxx=getmaxx();
maxy=getmaxy();
midx=maxx/2;
midy=maxy/2;
//axis();
bar3d(midx+50,midy-100,midx+60,midy-90,10,1);
printf("Enter translation factor");
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
printf("After translation:");
bar3d(midx+x+50,midy-(y+100),midx+x+60,midy-(y+90),10,1);
}
void scale()
{
maxx=getmaxx();
maxy=getmaxy();
midx=maxx/2;
midy=maxy/2;
//axis();
printf("before translation\n");
printf("Enter scaling factors\n");
scanf("%d %d %d", &x,&y,&z);
printf("After scaling\n");
bar3d(midx+(x*50),midy-(y*100),midx+(x*60),midy-(y*90),5*z,1);
}
void rotate()
{
maxx=getmaxx();
maxy=getmaxy();
midx=maxx/2;
midy=maxy/2;
//axis();
printf("Enter rotating angle");
scanf("%d",&o);
x1=50*cos(o*3.14/180)-100*sin(o*3.14/180);
y1=50*sin(o*3.14/180)+100*cos(o*3.14/180);
x2=60*cos(o*3.14/180)-90*sin(o*3.14/180);
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y2=60*sin(o*3.14/180)+90*cos(o*3.14/180);
printf("After rotation about x axis");
bar3d(midx+50,midy-x1,midx+60,midy-x2,5,1);
//axis();
printf("After rotation about yaxis");
bar3d(midx+x1,midy-100,midx+x2,midy-90,5,1);
}
Output:-
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Enr No.:201403100810022
Practical:9
Aim: Implement Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
#define xmin 200

#define xmax 400
#define ymin 150
#define ymax 300
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int i,a[4]={0,0,0,0},b[4]={0,0,0,0},x1,x2,y1,y2;
int gd=DETECT,gm;
float m;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\turboc3\\bgi");
cleardevice();
rectangle(xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax);
outtextxy(xmin-20,ymin-10,"(200,150)");
outtextxy(xmax,ymin-10,"(400,150)");
outtextxy(xmax,ymax+10,"(400,300)");
outtextxy(xmin-20,ymax+10,"(200,300)");
printf("\nenter the value of x1: ");
scanf("%d",&x1);
printf("\nenter the value of y1: ");
scanf("%d",&y1);
printf("\nenter the value of x2: ");
scanf("%d",&x2);
printf("\nenter the value of y2: ");
scanf("%d",&y2);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
if(x1<=xmin)
a[0]=1;
if(x1>=xmax)
a[1]=1;
if(y1>=ymax)
a[2]=1;
if(y1<=ymin)
a[3]=1;
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if(x2<=xmin)
b[0]=1;
if(x2>=xmax)
b[1]=1;
if(y2>=ymax)
b[2]=1;
if(y2<=ymin)
b[3]=1;
if((a[0]*b[0])==1 || (a[1]*b[1])==1 || (a[2]*b[2])==1 || (a[3]*b[3])==1){
cleardevice();
}
else if(a[0]==b[0] && a[1]==b[1] && a[2]==b[2] && a[3]==b[3]){
cleardevice();
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
}
else{
if((x2-x1)!=0)
{
m=(float)(y2-y1)/(x2-x1);
if(x1<xmin)
{
y1=y1+(float)(m*(xmin-x1));
x1=xmin;
}
if(x1>xmax)
{
y1=y1+(float)(m*(xmax-x1));
x1=xmax;
}
if(y1>ymax)
{
x1=x1+(float)((ymax-y1)/m);
y1=ymax;
}
if(y1<ymin)
{
x1=x1+(float)((ymin-y1)/m);
y1=ymin;
}
if(x2<xmin)
{
y2=y2+(float)(m*(xmin-x2));
x2=xmin;
}
if(x2>xmax)
{
y2=y2+(float)(m*(xmax-x2));
x2=xmax;
28
Enr No.:201403100810022
}
if(y2>ymax)
{
x2=x2+(float)((ymax-y2)/m);
y2=ymax;
}
if(y2<ymin)
{
x2=x2+(float)((ymin-y2)/m);
y2=ymin;
}
setcolor(4);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
}
else{
if(y1<ymin)
y1=ymin;
if(y1>ymax)
y1=ymax;
if(y2<ymin)
y2=ymin;
if(y2>ymax)
y2=ymax;
setcolor(4);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
}
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output:
29
Enr No.:201403100810022
Practical:10
Aim: Implement Liang - Barsky Line Clipping Algorithm.
Code:
#include <dos.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main()
{
int gd, gm ;
int x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 ;
int wxmin,wymin,wxmax, wymax ;
float u1 = 0.0,u2 = 1.0 ;
int p1 , q1 , p2 , q2 , p3 , q3 , p4 ,q4 ;
float r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 ;
int x11 , y11 , x22 , y22 ;
//clrscr();
printf("Enter the windows left xmin , top boundry ymin\n");

scanf("%d%d",&wxmin,&wymin);
printf("Enter the windows right xmax ,bottom boundry ymax\n");
scanf("%d%d",&wxmax,&wymax);
printf("Enter line x1 , y1 co-ordinate\n");
scanf("%d%d",&x1,&y1);
printf("Enter line x2 , y2 co-ordinate\n");
scanf("%d%d",&x2,&y2);
printf("liang barsky express these 4 inequalities using lpk<=qpk\n");
p1 = -(x2 - x1 ); q1 = x1 - wxmin ;
p2 = ( x2 - x1 ) ; q2 = wxmax - x1 ;
p3 = - ( y2 - y1 ) ; q3 = y1 - wymin ;
p4 = ( y2 - y1 ) ; q4 = wymax - y1 ;
printf("p1=0 line is parallel to left clipping\n");

printf("p2=0 line is parallel to right clipping\n");
printf("p3=0 line is parallel to bottom clipping\n");
printf("p4=0 line is parallel to top clipping\n");
if( ( ( p1 == 0.0 ) && ( q1 < 0.0 ) ) ||( ( p2 == 0.0 ) && ( q2 < 0.0 ) ) ||
( ( p3 == 0.0 ) && ( q3 < 0.0 ) ) ||( ( p4 == 0.0 ) && ( q4 < 0.0 ) ) )
{
printf("Line is rejected\n");
30
Enr No.:201403100810022
getch();
setcolor(RED);
rectangle(wxmin,wymax,wxmax,wymin);
setcolor(BLUE);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
setcolor(WHITE);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
}
else
{
if( p1 != 0.0 )
{
r1 =(float) q1 /p1 ;
if( p1 < 0 )
u1 = max(r1 , u1 );
}
else
u2 = min(r1 , u2 );
}
if( p2 != 0.0 )
{
r2 = (float ) q2 /p2 ;
if( p2 < 0 )
u1 = max(r2 , u1 );
else
u2 = min(r2 , u2 );
}
if( p3 != 0.0 )
{
r3 = (float )q3 /p3 ;
if( p3 < 0 )
u1 = max(r3 , u1 );
else
u2 = min(r3 , u2 );
}
if( p4 != 0.0 )
{
r4 = (float )q4 /p4 ;
if( p4 < 0 )
u1 = max(r4 , u1 );
else
u2 = min(r4 , u2 );
}
31
Enr No.:201403100810022
if( u1 > u2 )
printf("line rejected\n");
else
{
x11 = x1 + u1 * ( x2 - x1 ) ;
y11 = y1 + u1 * ( y2 - y1 ) ;
x22 = x1 + u2 * ( x2 - x1 );
y22 = y1 + u2 * ( y2 - y1 );
printf("Original line cordinates\n");

printf("x1 = %d , y1 = %d, x2 = %d, y2 = %d\n",x1,y1,x2,y2);
printf("Windows coordinate are \n");
printf("wxmin = %d, wymin = %d,wxmax = %d , wymax = %d
",wxmin,wymin,wxmax,wymax);
printf("New coordinates are \n");

printf("x1 = %d, y1 = %d,x2 = %d , y2 = %d\n",x11,y11,x22,y22);
setcolor(2);
rectangle(wxmin,wymax,wxmax,wymin);
setcolor(1);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
setcolor(0);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
setcolor(3);
line(x11,y11,x22,y22);
getch();
}
}
Output:
32
Enr No.:201403100810022
33
Enr No.:201403100810022
Practical:11
Aim: Implement Sutherland-Hodgmen Polygon Clipping Algorithm.
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <dos.h>
#define xmax 400

#define xmin 200
#define ymax 300
#define ymin 200
void main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
int n,i,p[15],j=-1,pt1=1,pt2=1,count=0,k;
int q[15],x,y,x1,y1,x2,y2;
float m;
clrscr();
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"C:\\turboc3\\bgi");
cleardevice();
outtextxy(xmin-20,ymin-10,"(200,200)");
outtextxy(xmin-10,ymax+10,"(200,300)");
outtextxy(xmax,ymin-10,"(400,200)");
outtextxy(xmax,ymax+10,"(400,300)");
printf("\nEnter no. of vertices: ");

scanf("%d",&n);
34
Enr No.:201403100810022
for(i=0;i<(n*2);i++)
{
printf("\nEnter p[%d]: ",i);
scanf("%d",&p[i]);
}
p[i]=p[0];
p[i+1]=p[1];
drawpoly(n+1,p);
//left
k=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
x1=p[k];
y1=p[++k];
x2=p[++k];
y2=p[++k];
if(x1<xmin)
pt1=0;
if(x2<xmin)
pt2=0;
if(pt1==1 && pt2==1)
{
q[++j]=x2;
q[++j]=y2;
count++;
}
else if((pt1==0 && pt2==1) || (pt1==1 && pt2==0))
{
m=(float)((y2-y1)/(x2-x1));
y=y1+(m*(xmin-x1));
x=xmin;
q[++j]=x;
q[++j]=y;
count++;
if(pt1==0 && pt2==1)

{
q[++j]=x2;
q[++j]=y2;
count++;
}
}
k=k-1;
pt1=pt2=1;
}
q[++j]=q[0];
q[++j]=q[1];
//right
35
Enr No.:201403100810022
for(i=0;i<((count*2)+2);i++)
{
p[i]=q[i];
}
k=0;
j=-1;
n=count;
count=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
x1=p[k];
y1=p[++k];
x2=p[++k];
y2=p[++k];
if(x1>xmax)
pt1=0;
if(x2>xmax)
pt2=0;
if(pt1==1 && pt2==1)
{
q[++j]=x2;
q[++j]=y2;
count++;
}
else if((pt1==0 && pt2==1) || (pt1==1 && pt2==0))
{
m=(float)((y2-y1)/(x2-x1));
y=y1+(m*(xmax-x1));
x=xmax;
q[++j]=x;
q[++j]=y;
count++;
if(pt1==0 && pt2==1)

{
q[++j]=x2;
q[++j]=y2;
count++;
}
}
k=k-1;
pt1=pt2=1;
}
q[++j]=q[0];
q[++j]=q[1];
//bottom
for(i=0;i<((count*2)+2);i++)
{
36
Enr No.:201403100810022
p[i]=q[i];
}
k=0;
j=-1;
n=count;
count=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
x1=p[k];
y1=p[++k];
x2=p[++k];
y2=p[++k];
if(y1>ymax)
pt1=0;
if(y2>ymax)
pt2=0;
if(pt1==1 && pt2==1){
q[++j]=x2;
q[++j]=y2;
count++;
}
else if((pt1==0 && pt2==1) || (pt1==1 && pt2==0))
{
if((x2-x1)==0)
{
x=x1;
y=ymax;
}
else
{
m=(float)((y2-y1)/(x2-x1));
x=x1+((ymax-y1)/m);
y=ymax;
}
q[++j]=x;
q[++j]=y;
count++;
if(pt1==0 && pt2==1)

{
q[++j]=x2;
q[++j]=y2;
count++;
}
}
k=k-1;
pt1=pt2=1;
}
q[++j]=q[0];
37
Enr No.:201403100810022
q[++j]=q[1];
//top
for(i=0;i<((count*2)+2);i++)
{
p[i]=q[i];
}
k=0;
j=-1;
n=count;
count=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
x1=p[k];
y1=p[++k];
x2=p[++k];
y2=p[++k];
if(y1<ymin)
pt1=0;
if(y2<ymin)
pt2=0;
if(pt1==1 && pt2==1)
{
q[++j]=x2;
q[++j]=y2;
count++;
}
else if((pt1==0 && pt2==1) || (pt1==1 && pt2==0))
{
if((x2-x1)==0)
{
x=x1;
y=ymin;
}
else
{
m=(float)((y2-y1)/(x2-x1));
x=x1+((ymin-y1)/m);
y=ymin;
}
q[++j]=x;
q[++j]=y;
count++;
if(pt1==0 && pt2==1)

{
q[++j]=x2;
q[++j]=y2;
count++;
}
38
Enr No.:201403100810022
}
k=k-1;
pt1=pt2=1;
}
q[++j]=q[0];
q[++j]=q[1];
getch();
cleardevice();
setcolor(5);
drawpoly(count+1,q);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output:
39
Enr No.:201403100810022
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Enr No.

1. initgraph - start the graphics window

void initgraph (int *graphdriver, int *graphmode, char *pathtodriver);

- To start the graphics system, you must first call initgraph.

initgraph always sets the internal error code.

2. detectgraph - set the highest available graphics mode

void detectgraph(int *graphdriver, int *graphmode);

- detectgraph() initializes the graphics system to the highest mode available.

- Since the graphdriver argument is ignored the mode set is always

3. closegraph :close the graphic window.

void closegraph (void);

- closegraph() is used to shutdown the graphics system and close the

4. cleardevice - clears the graphics window

void cleardevice (void);

(Erasing consists of filling with the current background color.)

5. putpixel - set the color of pixel at (x,y)

void putpixel (int x, int y, int color);

6. getpixel - get the color of pixel at (x,y)

int getpixel (int x, int y);

7. getmaxx, getmaxy - get maximum (x, y) screen values

int getmaxx (void);

- getmaxx() returns the maximum x value (screen-relative) for the current

- getmaxy() returns the maximum y value (screen-relative) for the current

8. line, lineto, linerel - draw a line between two points

9. circle - draws a circle with given center and radius

void circle (int xc, int yc, int rad);

10. rectangle - draw a rectangle with given corner co-ordinates

- rectangle() draws a rectangle in the current drawing color.

ellipse (int xc, int yc, int stangle, int endangle,

- ellipse() draws an elliptical arc in the current drawing color.

12. arc, pieslice - draw an arc or pieslice of given angle-range

- arc() draws a circular arc using the current drawing color.

- The arc() or pieslice() travels from stangle to endangle.

13. drawpoly, fillpoly - draw/fill a polygon given a set of points

void drawpoly (int numpoints, int *polypoints);

- drawpoly() draws a polygon using the current drawing color.

14. outtext, outtextxy - prints a string at current-position(CP)/ specified x-y location

void outtext (char *textstring);

15. setcolor, getcolor - set/get the current drawing color

void setcolor (int color);

- getcolor() returns the current drawing color.

16. setbkcolor, getbkcolor - set/get the current background color

void setbkcolor (int color);

- getbkcolor() returns the current background color.

void ddaline(float x1,float y1,float x2,float y2)

void ddaline1(float x1,float y1,float x2,float y2)

printf("Enter the radius of the circle:");

void mellipse(int xc,int yc,int rx,int ry)

Aim: Implement Polygon filling Algorithms:

void boundaryfill(int x,int y,int boundary,int fill)

void boundaryfill(int x,int y,int boundary,int fill)

void flfill(int x,int y,int fillcolor,int oldcolor)

Aim: Implement following 2D transformations for line and polygon using

Aim: Implement following 3D transformations for line and polygon using

#define xmin 200

printf("Enter the windows left xmin , top boundry ymin\n");

printf("p1=0 line is parallel to left clipping\n");

printf("Original line cordinates\n");

printf("New coordinates are \n");

#define xmax 400

printf("\nEnter no. of vertices: ");

if(pt1==0 && pt2==1)

if(pt1==0 && pt2==1)

if(pt1==0 && pt2==1)

void initgraph (int graphdriver, int graphmode, char *pathtodriver);

void detectgraph(int graphdriver, int graphmode);