Experimental Investigation On Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Jute Fiber Reinforced Composites

IDL - International Digital Library Of
Technology & Research

Volume 1, Issue 3, Apr 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
Experimental Investigation On Mechanical

Properties Of Hybrid Jute Fiber Reinforced
Composites
M Phani Bhushan 1, Mukesh G 2, P Yuva Kishore 3, Rajath A T 4,
Praveen B A5,
UG Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NMIT Bangalore, Karnataka, India 1, 2, 3, 4
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NMIT Bangalore, Karnataka, India 5
Abstract: The composite manufacturing has been and stiffness are low compared to metals and
ceramics. These difficulties are overcome by
a wide area of research and it is the preferred choice
reinforcing other materials with polymers. Secondly
due to its superior properties like low density,
the processing of polymer matrix composites need not
stiffness, light weight and possesses better mechanical
involve high pressure and does not require high
properties.
temperature. Also equipments required for
This has found its wide applications in aerospace,
manufacturing polymer matrix composites are simpler.
automotive, marine and sporting industries. There has
For this reason polymer composites developed rapidly
been continuous lookout for synthesizing composites
and soon became popular for structural applications.
without compromising on the mechanical and physical
Polymer composites are used because overall
properties. In this project, fiber reinforced composites
properties of the composites are superior to those of
is preparing with jute fibers & glass fiber of fiber
the individual polymers. They have a greater elastic
length 5-6 mm.
modulus than the neat polymer but are not as brittle as
The resins used in this study are epoxy. The prepared
ceramics. Polymeric matrix composites are composed
composites were tested to study the mechanical
of a matrix from thermoset (unsaturated polyester,
properties of the composite such as tensile strength,
epoxy or thermoplastic polycarbonate,
flexural strength, impact strength and hardness.
polyvinylchloride, nylon, polystyrene and embedded
Keywords: Composites, epoxy, glass fiber &
glass, carbon, steel or Kevlar fibers (dispersed phase).
Jute fibers
The potential applications of polymer composites
1. INTRODUCTION include consumer goods (sewing machines, doors,
For the sake of simplicity, however, composites can be bathtubs, tables, chairs, computers, printers, etc),
grouped into categories based on the nature of the sporting goods industry (golf shafts, tennis rackets,
matrix each type possesses. Methods of fabrication snow skis, fishing rods, etc.), aerospace industry
also vary according to physical and chemical (doors, horizontal and vertical stabilizers, wing skins,
properties of the matrices and reinforcing fibers. fin boxes, flaps, and various other structural
1.1 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC) components), marine applications (passenger ferries,
Most commonly used matrix materials are polymeric. power boats, buoys, etc.), automotive industry
The reasons for this are two-fold. In general the (molecular structure after curing. They decompose
mechanical properties of polymers are inadequate for instead of melting on hardening. Merely changing the
many structural purposes. In particular their strength basic composition of the resin is enough to alter the
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conditions suitably for curing and determine its other platelets from natural or renewable resources, in
characteristics. They can be retained in a partially contrast to for example carbon or aramid fibers that
cured condition too over prolonged periods of time, have to be synthesized. Natural fibers include those
rendering Thermosets very flexible. Thus, they are made from plant, animal and mineral sources. Natural
most suited as matrix bases for advanced conditions fibers can be classified according to their origin. The
fiber reinforced composites. Thermosets find wide detailed classification is shown in Figure 1.2
ranging applications in the chopped fiber composites
form particularly when a premixed or moulding
compound with fibers of specific quality.[1]
Figure 1.2: Classification of natural fibers
Figure 1: Thermoset resin

The composite manufacturing techniques can be
classified into two categories:
A. Open mould process
a) Hand lay-up process
b) Spray up process
c) Vacuum-bag auto clave process
d) Filament winding process
B. Closed mould process

a) Compression moulding
b) Injection moulding
c) Sheet moulding compound (SMC) process
Figure 1.1: Reinforced based composites d) Continuous pultrusion process
1.2 Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites In this experimental procedure we have used vaccum
Fiber-reinforced polymer composites have played a bag method has shown in figure 1.3 [2]
dominant role for a long time in a variety of
applications for their high specific strength and
modulus. The manufacture, use and removal of
traditional fiberreinforced plastic, usually made of
glass, carbon or aramid fibersreinforced
thermoplastic and thermoset resins are considered
critically because of environmental problems. By
natural fiber composites we mean a composite
material that is reinforced with fibers, particles or

Material used
Matrix Lapox L 12
Reinforcement Glass fabric (unidirectional) &
Jute fabric
Hardner K-6
Determine the best among the composition
among the four laminates.
To compare the results with same layers and
for different layers. And variation with
respect to thickness of the laminate.
Based on the results evaluated specific
application is determined.[3]
3. SELECTION OF THE
MATERIALS
Figure 1.3: From clockwise applying the binding
agent. Applying bleeder sheet. Enclosing vacuum Glass Fabric , Yawn Jute fabric, Epoxy Resin L-12and
bag on to the composite. Fixing suction cup to the Hardner k-6 was supplied by atul polymers The jute
Vacuum bag. fiber are mainly composed of cellulose, lignin and
pectin. Jute fiber are usually off-white to brown in
colour and have length in range of 4 mm and 10 to
2 AIM OF THE PROJECT 25m breath. Whereas glass fiber cloth measures as
72x40 in., The leaves of the jute fiber have long length
To determine the posibility of weight and and soft with shiny appearance. The properties of
cost reduction of the composite / Hybrid glass fiber and Jute fiber are given in Table 2 [4]
composite by reinforcing it with jute fiber &
glass fiber.
To fabricate the specimens to the ASTM Table 2:Raw materials used vaccum moulding
standards using VACCUM MOULDING
process for the following combinations.
Table 1: Composition of the laminates

Specimen Number Of Layer compositions
Number Layers JF(JUTE FABRIC)
GF(GLASS FABRIC)
1 7 JF-GF-JF-GF-JF-GF-
JF
2 7 GF-JF-GF-JF-GF-JF-
GF
GF-JF-GF
GF-JF-GF-JF-GF
Figure 1.5: Jute fabric
To Examine the strength and properties of the

hybrid composite (glass fiber-jute fiber)
through mechanical testing.
To compare the strength and properties and to

Figure 1.6: Glass fabric
Figure 1.4: Flow Chart of Experimental Work
3.2 MANUFACTURING METHOD

The fabrication of the various composite materials is
carried out through the vacuum moulding technique.
Figure 1.7: Lapox L-12 & hardner K-6 The mould used for preparing composites is made
from two rectangular chromium-Plated stainless steel
sheets having dimensions of 300 mm 300 mm. Four
beadings were used to maintain a 3 mm thickness all
around the mould plates realise film and sealant tape is
covered around the vacuum bag. The functions of the
suction cup is to compress the glass and jute fiber after
3.1 METHODOLOGY the epoxy is applied, pressure of 700 MPA is applied
Through the suction cup and vacuum is applied
through the mould for 2 hours. And then left 24 hours
For curing as shown in figure 1.4[6]
Figure 1.5: vacuum moulding


3.3 SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS VM = 1- 0.2442
For Jute/Glass/Epoxy fabrication, the Jute/Glass fibres
were laid uniformly over the mould before applying Hence, Volume fraction of epoxy resin = 75.58%
any releasing agent or epoxy. After arranging the
fibres uniformly, they were compressed for a few
Volume % of resin = 324 = 244.87cc
minutes in the mould. Then the compressed form of
Jute/Glass fibres is removed from the mould. This was
followed by applying the releasing agent on the Weight of the resin = 244.87 1.12 (Density of epoxy
mould, after which a coat of epoxy was applied. The resin)
compressed fibres were laid over the coat of epoxy,
ensuring uniform distribution of fibres. Alternative = 274.25gm
layers of jute and glass is laid up and the epoxy
mixture is then poured over the fibres uniformly and
Weight of the hardener = = 27.425gm
compressed for a curing time of 24 h. After the curing
process, test samples were cut to the required sizes
prescribed in the ASTM standards.[5]
Volume of the composite = 30300.36 = 324cc Total weight of the laminate = Weight of Jute Fibre +
Weight of
Glass Fibre +
Volume of jute fibre VJF = Weight of
Epoxy Resin +
Weight of
= = 45.52cc Hardener
Total weight of the laminate = 66.45+82.8+348 =

Volume of glass fibre VGF = = 32.47cc 497.25gm
Volume of fibre = VJF + VGF = 77.99cc

WEIGHT FRACTION
VOLUME FRACTION Weight fraction of Jute WJ =
Volume fraction of Jute VJF = = = 13.36
%
= = 14.40%
Weight fraction of Glass fibre WG = = 16.6%

Volume fraction of Glass VGF =
= = 10.02% Total weight fraction of the fibres = 30.01%
Weight fraction of resin = = 64.76

Total volume fraction of the fibres = 24.42%
VF + VM = 1

Properties
International e-Journal For Technology Jute Glass
And Research-2017 Lapox
L12
Table 3 : Results for sample calculations Youngs modulus 74 33 3.7
Material Weight Volume Weight (Gpa)
(gm) fraction fraction
Density(gm/cc) 1.46 2.55 1.12
Jute fibre 66.45 gm 14.40 % 13.36 %
Glass fibre 82.8 gm 10.02 % 16.65 % Moisture 6.9 0.5 _
Resin 348 gm 75.58 % 70 % absorption
Tensile 230 630 60
Table 4. Mechanical properties of the materials strength(mpa)

Specific gravity 1.3 2.5 1.08
(gm/cc)
3.3 EXPERIMENTAL TEST 3.5 FLEXURE TEST
The hybrid composite materials seven, nine and eleven The specimen is tested on UTM-machine. It is mainly
layer plate were fabricated by using Jute, glass and used to find the ability of a material to be bend before
epoxy. Tensile test, Bending test and Impact test, were the breaking point. The specimens were notched as per
done on the specimens to find out the mechanical ASTM-D 790-03 standard.[9]
properties. Before going testing in specimens, will be
cut with the help of Carbide cutter .The specimens
were notched as per ASTM D-3039 standard. The test
were done to determine the values of tensile strength,
Bending and impact strength. The tensile test for two
specimen pieces were performed in the universal
testing machine and impact test were done with the
help of Izod impact testing machine.[7] Figure 3.5: Test specimen
3.4 TENSILE TEST

The specimen is tested under Hydraulic Testing
Machine by keeping the loading rate constant of 20
KN. A tensile load is applied on the specimen until it
3.6 IMPACT TEST
fractures. During the tensile test, certain elongation The specimen is tested on Izod Impact Testing
were done on the material due to the load which will Machine. The test specimen is clamped upright in an
be recorded. A load elongation curve is plotted by an anvil, with a V-notch at the level of the top of the
x-y recorder, so that the tensile behavior of the clamp. The test specimen will be hit by a striker
material .Dimensions (165*13)mm[8] carried on a pendulum which is allowed to fall freely
from a fixed height, to give a blow of nearly 120 ft lb
energy. After fracturing the test piece, the height to
which the pendulum rises is recorded by a slave
friction pointer mounted on the dial. It is mainly used
to find the absorbed amount of energy in the
specimens. The specimens were notched as per
ASTM-D 256-05 standard.[10]
Figure 3: Tensile test specimen dimensions


The test specimen for sheets shall be in the form of a
bar 76.2 mm (3 in.) long by 25.4 mm (1 in.) wide by
the thickness of the material. When comparison of
absorption values with molded plastics is desired,
specimens 3.2 mm. [11]
Twenty-Four Hour Immersionthe conditioned
specimens shall be placed in a container of distilled
water maintained at a temperature of 23 6 1C (73.4 6
Figure 3.6 : Impact test 1.8F), and shall rest on edge and be entirely
immersed. At the end of 24, +12, 0 h, the specimens
shall be removed from the water one at a time, all
surface water wiped off with a dry cloth, and weighed
3.7 BRINELL HARDNESS TEST to the nearest 0.001 g immediately. If the specimen is
116 in. or less in thickness, it shall be put in a
Brinell hardness test was conducted on the specimen weighing bottle immediately after wiping and weighed
using a standard Brinell hardness tester. A load of 250 in the bottle. This test method for rate of water
kg was applied on the specimen for 30 sec using 10 absorption has two chief functions: rst, as a guide to
mm diameter hard metal ball indenter and the the proportion of water absorbed by a material and
indentation diameter was measured using a consequently, in those cases where the relationships
microscope. The hardness was measured at three between moisture and electrical or mechanical
different locations of the specimen and the average properties, dimensions, or appearance have been
value was calculated. The indentation was measured determined, as a guide to the effects of exposure to
and hardness was calculated using Equation. water or humid conditions on such properties; and
second, as a control test on the uniformity of a product
4 RESULTS FOR TENSILE TEST
Table 5: RESULTS FOR TENSILE TEST
Specimens Ultimate tensile strength
1(7 layers) 126.8N/sq.mm
Figure 3.7 : Brinell hardness test
3.8 MOISTURE ABSORPTION

TEST


reading reading between initial
in in reading and
grams grams final reading in
%
1(7 layers) 9.26 9.572 5.31%
2(7 layers) 7.99 8.206 2.88%
3(9 layers) 12.49 12.85 2.703%
4(11 layers) 13.90 14.152 1.82%
Figure 4: Tensile strength comparison of different 4.5 SCANNING ELECTRON

specimen for various compositions
MICROSCOPE
In order to determine the microscopic structure of the
composite and in depth analysis of the composite we
have to study the images of scanning electron
microscope. Gold sputtering is done to the samples
because these composites arent conductive like metals
Hence in order to get conductions of electrons we have
to make use of gold sputtering.
Figure 4.1: Breaking load comparison of different

specimen for various compositions
4.1 RESULTS FOR BHN

Table 6: RESULTS FOR BHN
Specimens BRINELL HARDNESS
NUMBER
1(7 layers) 133.06
2(7 layers) 160.67
3(9 layers) 187.01
4(11 layers) 208.14
4.4 RESULTS FOR MOISTURE
ABSORPTION TEST
Table 9: RESULTS FOR MOISTURE

ABSORPTION TEST
Specimen Initial Final Difference

5 CONCULSION
The jute and glass hybrid composite specimen are
prepared and subjected to tensile loading ,brinell
hardness ,moisture absorption, flexural loading.
From the experiment the following conclusions are
derived
Glass and jute hybrid composite samples

possess good tensile strength and can
withstand the strength up to 129.0 MPa.
According to the hardness results, the
composite samples having more percentage
of glass fiber has highest value of brinell
hardness test value of 208.14 BHN while
composite having more percentage of jute
The above SEM images shows the morphology of jute fiber has the lowest brinell hardness test
and glass fiber PMCs. Specimen 4.4 gives the value of 133.04 BHN.
micrograph of 4 layers of jute fiber and 3 layers of The failure morphology of the tested samples
glass fiber. Specimen 4.5 gives the micrograph of 4 is examined by using Scanning Electron
layers of glass fiber and 3 layers of jute fiber. Microscope.
Specimen 4.6 gives the micrograph of 4 layers of jute From the results, it can be concluded that the
fiber and 5 layers of glass fiber. Specimen 4.7 gives samples having more percentage of glass
the micrograph of 5 layers of jute fiber and 6 layers of fiber performing better for tensile loading.
glass fiber. The above figure depicts fairly uniform
distribution of fiber.
Specimen 4.8 gives the micrograph of 4 layers of jute
fiber and 3 layers of glass fiber. Specimen 4.9 gives
the micrograph of 4 layers of glass fiber and 3 layers
of jute fiber. Specimen 5.0 gives the micrograph of 4
layers of jute fiber and 5 layers of glass fiber.
Specimen 5.1 gives the micrograph of 5 layers of jute
fiber and 6 layers of glass fiber. The above figure
depicts fairly uniform distribution of surface layer of
PMCs.


[11] ASTM per ASTM-D 570 Standard test water
absorption of plastics
REFERENCES
[1] Hybrid Glass Fibre- Sisal/Jute Reinforced Epoxy
Composites
M.Ramesha, K.Palanikumar
[2] Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bi-

directional Jute Fibre epoxy Composites
Vivek Mishra, Sandhyarani Biswas
[3] Mechanical Properties of Coconut Fibers

Reinforced Polyester Composites
Mulinari, D.R.a*; Baptista, C.A.R.P.b; Souza, J. V.
C.a; Voorwald, H.J.C.c
[4] Mechanical properties of HDPE/textile fibres

composites
[5] Mechanical behavior of natural fiber composites

.
[6] Tensile behavior of environment friendly jute
epoxy laminated composite.
[7] A review of recent developments in natural fibre

composites and their mechanical performance.
[8] D3039 Standard Test Method for Tensile

Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials.
[9] ASTM-D 790-03 Standard test Method for flexure

Strength of polymer matrix composite materials
[10] ASTM-D per ASTM-D 256-05 Standard test

Method for impact test for polymer matrix composite
materials
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Experimental Investigation On Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Jute Fiber Reinforced Composites

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Experimental Investigation On Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Jute Fiber Reinforced Composites

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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017