25 Verical Structures

Vertical Structures
Height motivations: express power religion symbol visibility wind power

Vertical structures Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 1
Structure systems vs. building height, by Faslur Kahn
Structure weight (steel structures)
Structure weight per floor area defines efficiency.
Structure weight for gravity load increases only slightly with height.
Structure weight for lateral load, however, increases substantially.
1 Structure weight vs. building height by Fazlur Kahn
2 Structure weight per floor area of actual buildings
A Number of stories
B Structure weight in psf
C Structure weight in N/m2
D Structure weight for floor framing only
E Structure weight for gravity load only
F Structure weight for gravity and lateral optimized
G Structure weight for gravity and lateral not optimized
Structure weight for various buildings
H Empire State building New York
I Chrysler building New York
J World Trade center New York
K Sears tower Chicago
L Pan Am building New York
M United Nations building New York
N US Steel building Pittsburgh
O John Hancock tower Chicago
P First Interstate building Los Angeles
Q Seagram building New York
R Alcoa building Pittsburgh
S Alcoa building San Francisco
T Bechtel building San Francisco
U Burlington House New York
V IDS Center Minneapolis
W Koenig residence Los Angeles
Vertical / lateral systems
1 Shear walls are least flexible but good for
apartments and hotels with party walls
2 Cantilevers provide the least intrusion at

ground floor
3 Moment frames are most flexible, good for

office buildings
A Concrete moment resistant joint:

rebars extend through beam and column
B Steel moment resistant joint:

beam flanges welded to column flanges;
stiffener plates between column flanges
resist bending stress of beam flanges
B
4 Braced frames are more flexible than walls

but less flexible than moment frames
bracing is usual around central cores
Note: shear walls resist lateral load only parallel to wall
Shear walls
Note: eccentric shear walls cause torsion and should be avoided

1
2
Shear walls resist only lateral load parallel to wall
One-way shear walls collapse @ perpendicular load
Concentric & eccentric shear walls 1
2
X-direction concentric, Y-direction eccentric
X-direction eccentric, Y-direction eccentric
3 Eccentric shear walls cause torsion 3 X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric
4 Concentric shear walls resist torsion 4 X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric
5 X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric
Note: Walls in 4 are offset but provide concentric support 6 X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric
Platform framing
Platform framing is used for low-rise residential
structures, due to economy & flexibility. 2x4 studs
@ 16 reach from platform to platform. Double
top plates overlap at corners and splices. Plywood
sheathing, nailed to studs, resists lateral wind and
seismic loads. Joists, usually 2x12 @ 16 support
plywood floor and roof (platforms). Blocking
resists joist buckling and supports plywood panel
edges to transfer shear. Standard plywood and
gypsum board panels 48 (4) wide match 2, 3, or 4
joist/stud spaces of 24, 16 or 12, respectively.
A Joists, 2x12 or 2x10 @ 16", 24, or 12 o.c..

B Blocking
C Double top plates overlap at corners and splices
D Studs, 2x4, 2x6, or 3x4 @ 16 or 24 o. c.
E Bottom plates
F Double plates supporting joists
G Anchor bolt, 1/2 @ 6 o. c.
H Sole plate, min. 6" above soil
I Concrete foundation
Maximum height: 3 stories (4 with fire sprinklers)
Wall erection
plywood sheathing resists

lateral load
Woodframe house
Clifton Condos, Beverly Hills Woodframing over concrete parking
Architect: Schierle 3-story limit is in addition to parking level
assuming 3-hour fire separation (concrete slab)
Terrace Homes, Hermosa Beach 3-story limit is assumed above grade
Architect: Schierle
CMU walls (Concrete Masonry Units)
Reinforced brick masonry
(required in seismic areas)
Salk Institute, La Jolla
Architect: Louis Kahn
Engineer: Komendant and Dubin Concrete shear walls
Shear wall cores
1. Unilever building, Hamburg

Architect: Hentrich / Petchnigg
2. Victoria tower, Montreal

Architect: Moretti, Greenspoon,
Freelander and Dunne
Engineer: Nervi
Marina City towers, Chicago
Architect: Bertrand Goldberg
Cylindrical core wall

Sixty-story towers
Each has 450 apartments
Over continuous parking ramp
Curved shear walls
City Hall Toronto
Architect: Viljo Revel
1, 2 Single tower
Cantilevers 3, 4
5, 6
Twin tower
Suspended
Engineer: Fritz Leonhard

T V tower Stuttgart
Cantilever
Pirelli Tower, Milan
Architect: Ponti
Engineer: Nervi
Hypo Bank Munich
Architect: Bea and Walter Betz
Four circular towers support a mid-level mechanical floor that
supports the floors above while floors below are suspended from it.
Vertical structures
Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-06
Press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide
17
Moment frames
Moment frames
Provide ductility
Require rigid
beam-column joints
to transfer moments
I = inflection points of zero bending stress
Steel:
Reduced beam flanges Concrete:
reduce joint stress Extend rebars through beam & column
Moment frames
Casa Terragni, Como, Italy
Architect: Terragni
Concrete moment frame combined with
shear wall for fail-save seismic performance
shear wall provides stifness

moment frame ductility
Articulated moment frames
Beam / column moment joints

provide lateral resistance
to provide full width windows
Crown Zellerbach building
San Francisco
Architect: SOM & Hertzka and Knowles
Engineer: H J Brunnier
The 19-story building has an external
core and column-free office wing with
moment frames, spaced 20 feet
Size: 201x69
Height: 285
Height/width ratio 4.1
A Column D Joist @ 7
B Spandrel beam E Gusset plate
8 mat footing C Girder F Fire proofing
above sky gardens
Vierendeel frames
Commerzbank, Frankfurt
Architect: Norman Foster
Engineer: Ove Arup
Framed tubes have narrowly spaced
Framed Tube exterior columns that, combined with
spandrel beams, form rigid frames to
resist lateral load.
1 Framed tube
2 Framed tube with core
3 Shear lag visualized
(shear lag = reduced shear transfer
from tension to compression side)
4 Framed tube with outriggers
5 Prefab framed tube
6 Prefab framed tube element
A Shear lag at mid facade

B Shear peak at cross walls
C Joint at inflection point of zero
bending stress
CBS Tower New York
Architect: Eero Saarinen
Framed tube
The 38-story CBS tower has a framed tube of concrete
columns that are triangular on the upper floors and diamond
shaped on the ground floor.
The columns have niches for mechanical ducts that decrease
with decreasing duct sizes from mechanical floor on top but
not from the second floor mechanical room.
A Top floor columns
B 2nd floor columns
C Ground floor columns
Concrete floors span between core and framed tube:
One-way rib slabs face the core
Two-way waffle slabs at corners
Size: 155x125x494 high (47x38x151m)
Typical story height: 12 (3.66m)
Height/width ratio 3.9
World Trade Center New York
Architect: Minoru Yamasaki
Engineer: Skilling / Robertson
The World Trade center had a Framed Tube structure,

composed of closely spaced columns (~ 1 meter).
Moment resisting beam / column joints formed a
lattice wall to resist gravity and lateral loads.
1 Axonometric view of one tower

2 Floor framing
3 Prefab steel element
4 Typical columns
World Trade Center - Framed Tube
Sears tower Chicago
Architect/Engineer: SOM
Bundled tube structure

Tubular walls to transfer shear from
tension to compression to reduce
shear lag
Bundled tubes
Braced Frames
Architectural bracing options

regarding locations of openings
First interstate Bank Los Angeles
Architect: I M Pei
Engineer: CBM
Combines framed tube exterior

with braced core
Bracing configurations
Moment frame Braced frame Combined

drift drift drift
Expressed bracing
1 IBM building Pittsburgh

Architect: Curtis and Davis
Engineer: Worthington & Skilling
2 Alcoa building San Francisco

Architect/Engineer: SOM 1 Onterie Center Chicago
3 Federal Reserve Banc Boston
Architect: Hugh Stubbins 2 Proposed 142 story tower Chicago
Engineer: Le Messurier Architect: Kay Vierk Janis
John Hancock tower Chicago AT&T tower, Seattle Bank of China Hong Kong
Architect/Engineer: SOM Architect: Basetti et all Architect: I M Pei
Engineer: Skilling et all Engineer: Ove Arup
Braced tube Braced superstructure with
Braced superstructure defines
Reduced top reduces wind load 4 columns of 12 ksi high strength
architectural form
concrete in 10 steel tubes
Centre Pompidou, Paris
Architect: Piano and Rodgers
Engineer: Ove Arup
Bracing provides lateral stability in

both width and length directions
Alcoa Building San Francisco John Hancock Tower Chicago
Architect/Engineer: SOM Architect/Engineer: SOM
Expressed bracing
Belt truss/outrigger
joins exterior columns to transfer shear to reduce drift
1 Georgia-Pacific tower, Atlanta

Architect: SOM
Engineer: Weidlinger Associates
2 Barcelona hotel
Architect: SOM
Hotel Artes Barcelona
Features:
Exposed steel 5 from skin
for fire protection
Belt trusses reduce lateral drift
Hong Kong-Shanghai Bank
Features belt trusses to reduce lateral drift
Eccentric braced frames
(Adjusts stiffness between flexible moment frame and stiff braced frame
e = link beam (short link beam stiff; long link beam flexible frame
Vertical structures
Eccentric braced details
A Column; B beam; C brace; D gusset plate; E stiffener plates

39
Chase Manhattan Banc New York
Vertical structures
Century Tower Tokyo
Architect: Norman Foster; Engineer: Ove Arup

40
Link Beam
Short Link Beam for stiffness
Long Link Beam for ductility
Typical link beam ~ 20% of beam
Visco elastic bracing

Stiff at normal load
Ductile at large earthquakes
Suspended high-rise 1 Single tower
1 Gravity load path
2 Differential deflection 2 Multiple towers Challenges
3 Prestress to reduce deflection 3 Multiple stacks Load path detour: load travels up to
4 Ground anchors for stability 4 Multiple stacks / towers top, then down to foundation
5 Triple stacks Combined hanger / column deflection
6 Triple stacks / twin towers yields large differential deflection
Architectural rational
Column-free flexible ground floor
Facilitates top down future expansion
with minimal operation interference
Small hangers replace large columns
Structural rational
Eliminates buckling in hangers
Hangers replace large columns
Concentration of compression to a few
large columns minimizes buckling
Options
Multiple towers to reduce lateral drift
Multiple stacks control deflection
Adjust hangers for DL and partial LL
to reduce deflection
Prestress hangers to reduce deflection
West coast Transmission Tower,
Vancouver
Architect: Rhone & Iredale
Engineer: Bogue Babicki
174
12 suspenders
supported by concrete core
108
36 36 36
BMW headquarters Munich
Architect: Karl Schwanzer
Vertical structures
Standard Bank Center, Johannesburg
Architect: Hentrich and Petschnigg

44
Architect: Norman Foster
Engineer: Ove Arup
Hong Kong Shanghai Bank
Design objectives:
Independent expansion
UN Center Vienna competition entry - Architect: G G Schierle
of conference center and

offices was required
Triangular grid allows
horizontal expansion of
conference center in three
directions
Suspended high-rise
allows independent UN Center Vienna
top-down expansion built project
Architect: J Staber
Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis
Architect: Gunnar Birkerts
Parabolic suspenders are supported by 2 towers
Top trusses resist lateral suspender thrust
Floors below parabola are suspended
Floors above parabola are supported by columns
Support type is expressed on the facade
Design stable structures

25 Verical Structures

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25 Verical Structures

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Vertical Structures

Height motivations: express power religion symbol visibility wind power

2 Cantilevers provide the least intrusion at

3 Moment frames are most flexible, good for

A Concrete moment resistant joint:

B Steel moment resistant joint:

4 Braced frames are more flexible than walls

Note: eccentric shear walls cause torsion and should be avoided

A Joists, 2x12 or 2x10 @ 16", 24, or 12 o.c..

plywood sheathing resists

1. Unilever building, Hamburg

2. Victoria tower, Montreal

Cylindrical core wall

Engineer: Fritz Leonhard

shear wall provides stifness

Beam / column moment joints

A Shear lag at mid facade

The World Trade center had a Framed Tube structure,

1 Axonometric view of one tower

Bundled tube structure

Architectural bracing options

Combines framed tube exterior

Moment frame Braced frame Combined

1 IBM building Pittsburgh

2 Alcoa building San Francisco

Bracing provides lateral stability in

1 Georgia-Pacific tower, Atlanta

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Press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide

Visco elastic bracing

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of conference center and

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