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Work
z The work done by a constant force on an object that is undergoing a
straight line displacement is given by
r r
W = F S
z Definition of work is based on observations. You do work by exerting the
force on an object while that object moves from one place to another
(undergoes displacement):
z You do more work if the force is greater
z You do more work if displacement is greater
Work
r r
W = F S
James Joule
z SI unit of work is Joule (J) Jewel
1818 - 1889
z 1 Joule = (1 Newton) (1 meter); 1 J = 1 Nm
W = F S cos
z Only component of force in direction of cars displacement is important
Work and Kinetic Energy
Work and Kinetic Energy
z From the definition of work we know that the total work done on an
object is related to its displacement (changes in position).
r r
W = F S
1 2 1 2
F S = mv2 mv1
2 2
z The product FS is the work done by the net force. Thus, it is equal to the
total work Wtotal done by all the forces acting on a particle.
1 2
z Definition of Kinetic Energy: K = mv
2
z Like work, kinetic energy of a particle is a scalar quantity: it depends on
particles mass and speed, not its direction of motion.
z Car has the same kinetic energy when going north at 10m/s as
when going east at 10m/s.
z Kinetic energy can never be negative; its zero when particle is at rest.
Work - Energy Theorem
1 2 1 2 1 2
F S = mv2 mv1 Ki = mvi F S = K 2 K1
2 2 2
z Work done by the net force on a particle equals the change in the
particles kinetic energy:
1J = 1N m = 1(kg ) m = 1kg
m
s2
m2
s2
Work and Kinetic Energy
Problem Solving Strategy
z IDENTIFY the relevant concepts: The work-energy theorem is extremely
useful in situations where you want to relate a bodys speed at one point in its
motion to its speed at a different point.
z This approach is less useful for problems that involve time, such as finding the
time it takes a body to go from point 1 to point 2. The reason is that the work-
energy theorem doesnt involve time at all. For problems that involve time, its
usually best to use the relationships among time, position, velocity, and
acceleration we learned in 1-D motion.
W = Fx dx = Fx dx = Fx ( x2 x1 ) = F S
x1 x1
Hookes Law
Robert Hooke
1635 1703
... lean, bent and ugly man ...
Hookes Law
z To stretch a spring, you must do work
z Suppose one end of a spring is fixed, you apply force on another end
z That end moves, so the force does work
z Work done by the force when spring elongation goes from zero to X:
X X
1 2
W = Fx dx = kxdx = kX
0 0
2
z Total work is ~ to square of final
elongation
1
z Graph, Area under the curve: W = X kX
2
z If spring was initially already stretched a
distance x1, the work to stretch it to a
greater elongation x2:
x2 x2
1 2 1 2
W = Fx dx = kxdx = kx2 kx1 What happens if you
x1 x1
2 2 compress the spring?
Hookes Law
Compression:
z Force Fx and displacement x are both negative
Fx
x x
Varying Forces: Work - Energy
Theorem
z One can use the same approach: divide total displacement into segments
z Apply Work-Energy Theorem for each segment: Wa=Ka=Faxa
z Sum the changes to find Wtot
z Another way: dv x dx
ax = , vx = dv x dv x dx dv x
dt dt ax = = = vx
dt dx dt dx
x2 x2 x2 dvx
Wtot = Fx dx = ma x dx = mvx dx
x1 x1 x1 dx
z (dvx/dx)dx is the change in velocity dvx during displacement dx. Thus:
x2 1 2 1 2
Wtot = mvx dv x = mv2 mv1
x1 2 2
z Work Energy Theorem is the same: valid for varying forces as well !
Curved Path: Work - Energy Theorem
z Force that varies in direction and magnitude
z Displacement lies along a curved path: particle moves from P1 to P2
P2 P2 P2 r
W = F cos dl = F dl = F dl (Work done on a curved path)
P1 P1 P1
Power
Watts
Engine
Power man
Mr. Olympia
Power
W
z Average power: Pav =
t
W dW
z Instantaneous power: P = lim =
t 0 t dt
Power
z The SI unit of power is watt (W), 1 W = 1 Joule per 1 second.
W F S S
Started with nothing, died
Pav = = =F = F vav
as a very wealthy man
t t t
W dW P = F v
P = lim = = Fv
t 0 t dt In terms of scalar product
Potential Energy and Energy
Conservation
Warm-Up: Power
Power climb
z Runner with mass m runs up the stairs to the top of 443-m-tall Sears
Tower. To lift herself there in 15 minutes (900 s), what must be her
average power output in watts? Kilowatts? Horsepower?
Wgrav = U1 U 2 = (U 2 U1 ) = U
Conservative with Non-Conservative
Forces
Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces
All forces which do not satisfy these properties are non-conservative forces.
Elastic Potential Energy
Elastic Potential Energy
z When you compress a spring:
z If there is no friction, spring moves back
z Kinetic energy has been stored in the
elastic deformation of the spring
z Rubber-band slingshot: the same principle
z Work is done on the rubber band by the
force that stretches it
z That work is stored in the rubber band
until you let it go
z You let it go, the rubber gives kinetic
energy to the projectile
Spring relaxes
It does positive work on block
Spring is compressed
Positive work on block
Wel = U1 U 2 = U =
1 2 1 2
= kx1 kx2
2 2
Elastic Potential Energy
1 2 1 2
Wel = U1 U 2 = U = kx1 kx2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 1
mv1 + kx1 + Wother = mv22 + kx22
2 2 2 2
z The work done by all forces other than the elastic force
equals the change in the total mechanical energy E of E = K +U
the system, where U is the elastic potential energy:
z Lets verify if this expression correctly gives the gravitational force and the
elastic force when using the gravitational potential energy and the elastic
potential energy:
= (mgy ) = mg
dU ( y ) d
U ( y ) = mgy Fy ( x) =
dy dy
1 dU ( x) d 1
U ( x) = kx 2 Fx ( x) = = kx 2 = kx
2 dx dx 2
z The gravitational potential energy is linearly related to the
elevation (i.e. constant slope) and the force is constant.
z The elastic potential energy varies quadratically with position.
The force varies in a linearly.
Energy Diagrams
Energy Diagrams
z In situations where a particle moves in
one-dimension only under influence of
a single conservative force it is very
useful to study the graph of the
potential energy as a function of
position U(x)
z At any point on a graph of U(x), the
force can be calculated as the
negative of the slope of the potential
energy function
z Fx = - dU/dx