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MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Q1. What is Manufacturing?


Ans. Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials
into valuable products is called manufacturing. Eg. : Paper is manufactured from
wood.

Q2. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of


manufacturing Industries/ Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of
development/ Importance of manufacturing.
Ans. 1. Manufacturing helps in modernising agriculture results in large scale
production.
2. Manufacturing reduces dependence of people on agriculture and provides them
jobs in secondary and tertiary sector.
3. Industrial development eradicates unemployment and poverty.
4. Industrial development brings down regional disparities by establishing industries
in tribal and backward areas.
5. Large scale production expands trade and commerce, improves export, brings in
more foreign exchange.
6. Therefore countries with developed secondary sector is economically prosper.

Q3. Explain interdependence of agriculture and industries? /Agriculture and


Industry are not exclusive of each other/They move hand in hand. Explain?
Ans.
1. Agriculture is mechanised by the use of modern agricultural implements
(irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, machines and tools.) resulting in
large scale production.
2. Agro based industries depend on agriculture for raw material.

Q4. In the present day world of globalisation our Industry needs to be more
efficient and competitive. Explain?
Ans. 1.Industrial development in India has helped in gaining self sufficiency.
2. Due to globalisation and new economic policy, India needs to be more efficient,
competitive, produce quality goods to face International competition.

Q5. What steps are taken by the govt to improve the share of industrial sector in
GDP? /What is the contribution of industry to national economy?
Ans. 1. Over the last 2 decades, the share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at
17% of GDP (insufficient industrial development, lack of technical and financial
resources).
2. The trend of growth rate in manufacturing over the last decade has been 7% per
annum and now the growth rate for next decade is over 12%.
3. With the appropriate govt policy and efforts by industry to improve productivity,
economists predict that manufacturing industries will be able to achieve its target.
National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up to
achieve this objective.

Q6. Which is the most appropriate factor/location where industries are located?
Ans. Low Cost Factors like raw materials easy availability of labour, capital at
low rate of interest, easy and cheap supply of electricity/power and nearness to the
market.

Q7. How are Industrialisation and urbanisation interdependent?


Ans. Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand because
1. Urban sector provides greater demand.
2. Cities provide markets, provide services such as banking, insurance, transport,
labour, financial assistance and consultancy.

Q8. What are Agglomeration Economies?


Ans. Many industries tend to come together to make use of all amenities provided
by the urban centres. For eg. NOIDA, Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon are
agglomeration economies around Delhi.

Q9. Write the classification of Industries based on raw materials.


Ans. 1. Agro-based Industries Industries which are using agricultural products as
raw materials like cotton, jute, silk, woollen textile, sugar, edible oils etc.
2. Mineral-based Industries Industries which use minerals as raw materials. Eg.
Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, chemicals etc.

Q10. Which 2 techniques were used in cotton textile production before 18 th century?
Ans. Cotton textiles were produced with Hand Spinning and Handloom weaving
techniques.

ii) Why these traditional techniques suffered a setback in 18th century?


Ans. 1. Powerloom (machine made cloth) came into use.
2. Competition from mill made cloth from England.
3. Export of raw material affected handloom industries in India and the weavers.

Q11. When was the first successful textile mill setup in India?
Ans. Mumbai, 1854.

Q12. Give Example of man made fibre or textile mills?


Ans. Nylon, Rayon, Polyester.

Q13. Why cotton textile is mainly labour intensive?


Ans. Cotton textile provides large scale employment to farmers, cotton-ball pluckers
and workers engaged in spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring.

Q14. Why spinning (making of thread) is mainly centralised in Maharashtra,


Gujarat and Tamil Nadu?
Ans. Easy availability of raw materials.

Q15. Why weaving is decentralised?


Ans. Weaving incorporates various traditional skills and designs of weaving in
cotton, silk, zari and embroidery.

Q16. India has world class production in spinning but the weaving cannot use high
quality yarn produced in India. Give Reasons.
Ans. Weaving is using low quality fabric because of outdated technology used in
most mills.
Q17. Why did M. Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving pattern?
/Why Khadi production was encouraged?
Ans. Hand-spun khadi provides large scale employement to the weavers in their
homes as cottage industry.

Q18. Which are the major importers of our yarn?


Ans. India exports yarn to Japan, Russia, France, USA, UK, East European
Countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka and African countries.

Q19. Which other industrial activities are associated with cotton textile?
Ans. Chemical and Dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.

Q20. Why is it important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting
yarn in large quantities?
Ans. 1. Garment manufacturers will have to import fabric because yarn is exported
creating loss of raw materials.
2. Export of manufactured goods earn more foreign exchange than export of yarn.
3. Import of yarn i.e. loss of foreign exchange.

Q21. What are the problems faced by cotton textile Industry?


Ans. 1. Power supply is erratic.
2. Machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors in
particular.
3.Low output of labour.
4. Stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.
5. There is need to import good quality, long staple cotton.

Jute Textiles
India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods but stands at the second
place as an exporter after Bangladesh.
India has the 2nd largest installed capacity of spindles in the world, next to China at
around 34 million.
Q22. Why most of the Jute Textiles mills located along the banks of Hugli River in
West Bengal?
Ans.
1. Warm and humid climate which provides softness to the coarse fibre for weaving.
2. Proximity of the jute producing areas.
3.Inexpensive water transport supported by a good network of railways, roadways
and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills.
4. Abundant water for processing raw jute
5.Cheap labour from W. Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar
Pradesh.
6. Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for
export of jute goods to market.

Q23. Why is jute industry labour intensive? Give the data.


Ans. The jute industry supports 2.61 lakh workers directly and another 40 lakhs
small and marginal farmers who are engaged in cultivation of jute and nesta that is
why its labour intensive.

Q24. What are the challenges faced by Jute Industry?


Ans. 1. Stiff competition in the international market
2. Stiff competition in synthetic substitute.

Q25. What are the steps taken by the govt. to promote jute textiles?
Ans. 1. Govt. policy of mandatory use of jute packaging instead of plastics/ made
compulsory by the govt. to use jute fabric instead of plastic.
2. Increase jute productivity is the main objective of National Jute Policy 2005.
3. Steps taken to improve quality provide variation in jute products.
4. Ensure good prices to the jute farmers to encourage jute cultivation.
5. Promoting jute production, marketing by organising trade fairs, exhibitions etc.
6. Increasing demand of jute as its environment friendly, bio-degradable material.

Q26. India stands for largest producer of sugar cane but stands second as a world
producer of sugar. Why?
Ans. This is because the production includes Gur, Khandsari and refined sugar so
we do not stand first in the sugar world.
Q27. Why is sugar industry a rural based industry?
Ans. 1. Sugar Industry uses sugarcane as raw material which is bulky and therefore,
difficult to be transported to longer distances.
2. Looses its sucrose content due to delay caused by transport.

Q28. Why is Sugar industry establishing in south-western states mainly


Maharashtra in cooperative sector?
Ans. Sugar Industry is a seasonal industry provides employment for 6-9 months.
Rest of the period , the farmers work in cottage industry (cooperative). This step is
taken in order to prevent seasonal unemployment.

Q29. Why is Sugar Industry shifting towards South Western states?


Ans. 1. The cane produced here has high sucrose content.
2. Cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season.
3. Cooperatives are more successful in these states.

Q30. What are challenges faced by the sugar industry?


Ans. 1. Old, inefficient methods of production.
2. Transport delays therefore, loss of sucrose content.
3. need to maximize the use of baggase

Q31. Why is Iron and Steel called a basic industry?


Ans. 1. The iron and steel industry is the basic industry since all the other industries
heavy, medium and light depend on it for their machinery.
2. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction
material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of
consumer goods.

Q32. Why iron and steel industries are located near the source of raw material?
Ans. All the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing
heavy transportation costs.

Q33. Why is Manganese efficient?


Ans. To harden steel.
Q34. Why iron and steel industries are located near Chota Nagpur Plateau?
Ans. 1. Low cost of iron ore
2. high grade raw materials in proximity
3. cheap labour
4. Vast growth potential in the home market.

Q35. Define Mini steel plants?


Ans. Mini Steel plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, use steel scrap and
sponge iron. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild
and alloy steel of given specifications.

Q36. Define Integrated Steel plant?


Ans. An integrated steel plant is large, handles everything in one complex from
putting together raw materials to steel making, rolling and shaping.

Q37. Which Industries do the public sector undertakings market their steel through?
Ans. All public sector undertakings market their steel through, Steel Authority of
India Ltd. (SAIL) [For all public sector industries]. While TISCO markets its
produce through TATA Steel [For Tata Industries].

Q38. Which is the worlds largest consumer of steel?


Ans. China.

Q39. Inspite of large quantity of production of steel, per capita consumption per
annum is 32 kg. Why?
Ans. As we do not have enough technology, financial resources to utilise iron and
steel.
Q. what are the types of nitrogenous fertilizers?
-Phophateic fertilizers, ammonium phosphate, complex fertilizers(potash is imported as there are no
reserves in india)
-10 public sector undertaking, one in co-operative at hazira in gujarat under fertilizer corporation of
india

Q. after green revolution the industry expanded to several other parts of the country, give reason.
-greeen revolution is based on the basic input chemical fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers use petroleum
and coal and fertilizer industry was centralized. Due to the introduction of natural gas as raw marerial
which is easily transported to distant places through pipeline and enabled decentralization of fertilizer
industry.
-increasing demand of fertilizers due to green revolution.

Q. importance of cement industry


-construction of houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and other commercial establishments.
-increasing demand in gulf countries.

Q. cement industry is raw material oriented. Why?


OR which raw materials are required for cement industry?
-The industry requires bulky and heavy raw material like limestone, silica, alumina, gypsum, coal
-raw material oriented (near the source of raw material)

Q. when and where was first cement industry set up in india?


-first cement plant was set up in chennai in 1904

Q. after independence cement industry expanded. Why?


-decontrol of price and distribution
-liberalised the policy so open to private sector
-reforms in processing, technology and production
-improvement in quality. therefore increase in demand in asian and middle east countries
-efforts are made to generate domestic demand by creating construction projects
Q. changes in automobile industry after liberalisation.
-the coming in of new models stimulates the demand for vehicles in the market
-increase in demand led to the growth of automobile industry
-new technology due to foreign direct investment aligned (related) the industry with global
development
-centers are delhi, gurgaon, mumbai, pune, chennai, kolkata, lucknow, indore, hyderabad, jamshedpur,
bangalore

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY


products: television sets, telephone, cellular telecam, pagers, equipments for post and telegraph
departments -produces defence equipment, railway equipments
centres: bangalore (electronic capital of india), other centers are mumbai, pune, delhi, hyderabad,
chennai, kolkata, lucknow, coimbatore

Q. significance of software technology parks?


-provide single window service
-high data communication facility to software experts
-generate employment (employ 30% of women)
-major foreign exchange earner in last 2-3 years due to growing BPO(business processes outsourcing)
sector
-contribute 2.4% to our total exports

Q. cotton textile industry in gujarat and maharashtra


-availability of raw material: large scale production of cooton
-favourable climate: moist climate to maintainsoftness in thread so that the thread does not break
-port facility: mumbai(J.L. nehru port) import good quality cotton and export finished goods.
-transport facilities: well developed network to connect raw material producind areas to mills and link
market centres.
-sorces of power: easy supply of power from tata hydro electric power station
-private sector managment: by marwaries.

Q. problems faced by textile industry


- imports of good quality cotton at high costs
-erractic power supply
-old outdated machinery, needs upgradation in weaving processing sector
- low labour output
- stiff competition with synthetic substitute

Q. production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country's develpoment
-higher production of steel indicates the level of mechanisation
-more mechanisation leads to large scale production for indigenous industries and for export
- steel is required directly or indirectly for production of machines, transport equipment, defence
equipment and other projects. large scale consumption is an indicator of industrialisation which is an
indicator of economic development.

Q. 3 physical factors for location of the industry


-land, raw material, water, sources of power generation, climate, nearness to the port

Q. 3 human factors for location of the industry


-labour. market, transportation and other services like banking, insurance, consultants, financial advice.

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION


types of pollution:
AIR pollution
-high proportion of undesirable gases like sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide
-solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist, smoke,
-smoke from chemical industries, brick kilns, refineries, smelting plants, burning fossil fuels
- toxic gas leaks

WATER pollution
-organic and inorganic industrial wastes discharged into rivers like paper industries, chemical, dyeing,
petroleum, refineries, tanneries, smelting plants, pesticides, fertilisers
-fly ash, iron and steel slags as solid wastes in india
-dumping of domestic waste, pollutes surface water and ground water

THERMAL pollution
-hot water from factories, thermal plants is drained into rivers, ponds before cooling
-waste from nuclear power plant

SOIL pollution
-dumpimg of wastes, glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, salts and garbage degrades the soil
and pollute the ground water also

NOISE pollution
-industrial construction activities, machinery factory equipmant, generators, saws, pneumatic and
electric drills cause noise pollution

Q. steps to reduce WATER POLLUTION


-minimising use of water for processing by recycling water
-harvesting rainwater to meet water requirement
-treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in water
phases of water treatment
-primary: mechanical, includes grinding. sedimentation
-secondary: biological process
-tertiary: biological, chemical, physical processes includes recycling
-regulate overdrawing of ground water

To Reduce Smoke
use of precipitators, filters, scrubbers, separators
use of natural gas and oil instead of coal

Q.prevention of noise pollution


-machinery equipment generators should be fitted with silencers
-increase energy efficiency and reduce noise
-use of nboise absorbing material- earplugs, earphones

NTPC
-major power providing corporation in india
-ISO certification for environment managment system
-aim: to preserve the natural environment and resources like water, oil, gas and fuels in the places
where power plants are set up
requires:
- optimum utilisation of equipment based on latest techniques and upgrade existing equipment
-minimum waste generation, maximize ash utilisation
-encourage afforestation
-reduce environment pollution by ash and water recycling, liquid waste managment
-ecological monitoring, online database management

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