Structural Steel Iron

Carbon

- It refers to a number of steels that, because of their economy and

desirable mechanical properties, are suitable for load carrying
members in structures

ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) Designation

For Ferrous Metals- the designation has the prefix letter A

followed by two or three numerical digits.
Ex. ASTM A36
ASTM A514

Three groups of hot rolled structural steels used in buildings

1. Carbon Steel: Fy= 220-290 MPA
2. High Strength Low Allow Steel (HSLA) : Fy= 480-840 MPa
3. Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel : Fy= 480-690 MPa

Steel Treatments:
1. Quenching - rapid cooling
2. Tempering - reheating
Properties of Steel:
1. Yield Stress, Fy
Unit tensile stress at which the stress strain curve exhibits a
well defined increase strain (deformation) without an increase
in stress.
2. Tensile Strength, Fu
Largest unit stress that the materials achieve in a tension test.
3. Modulus of Elasticity, E
The slope of the initial straight-line proportion of the stress
strain diagram,
Esteel= 200,000 MPa
4. Ductility
Ability of the material to undergo large inelastic deformation
without failure
5. Toughness
Ability of the material to absorb energy and is characterized by
the area under a stress strain curve
6. Weldability
Ability of steel to be welded without changing its mechanical
properties
7. Poissons Ratio,
Ratio of the transverse strain to the longitudinal - strain
8. Shear Modulus, G
Ratio of the shearing stress to shearing strain during the elastic
behavior. It is often called Modulus of Rigidity.
Stress-Strain Diagram of Steel

=
6
4
2 3
1
5

1. Proportional Limit
2. Elastic Limit
3. Yield Point
4. Ultimate Strength
5. Rupture Strength
6. Actual Rupture Strength

Slope = = =E

E= = = =

; = k toughness =[ ]P.L.

k=

E= Mpa
Typical Properties of ASTM A36 STEEL
E= 200,000 MPa
Fy= 248 MPa
Fu= 400 MPa
Density= 7780 kg/m3
Shear Modulus, G= 77,200 MPa
Coeff. Of thermal expansion, =11.7 x10-6 / Co

Typical Structural Steel Sections

1. Wide Flange Section ex. W6 x 20

nominal weight per linear length (w)

w=20 lbs/ft
nominal depth (d)
d=6 inches

flange
d
web

bf
2. Standard I-Section ex. S 24 x 121
w=121 lbs/ft
d=24 in

3. Angular Section ex. 20 x 20 x 3

20

3
20

4. Channel Section ex. C 15 x 50

w=50 lbs/ft
d=15 in

tw d

bf
Section Properties
1. Dimensions
2. Area / Perimeter
3. Center of Gravity / Centroid ( )
4. Moment of Inertia Ix , Iy
5. Section Modulus Sx , Sy
6. Radius of Gyration rx , ry

Centroid of an Area (First Moment of Area)

ATxc =

ATyc =

Varignons Theorem
AT = A1x1 + A2x2 + ... +Anxn

AT = A1y1 + A2y2 + ... +Anyn

Moment of Inertia (Second Moment of Area)
- It measures the ability of a member to resist bending

Ix =
Iy =

Polar Moment of Inertia, J

J= =

J= Ix + Iy

Radius of Gyration, r
- An imaginary distance from the centroidal axis at which the entire
area can be assumed to exist without affecting the moment of
inertia

r=
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A Tee section is made up of a 30mm x 150mm flange and 30mm x
160mm web. Determine the properties of the section.

Soln:
150
30
y

160

30

a. Area, AT = 150(30) + 160(30)

AT = 9300 mm2

b. Centroid ( )
=0 AT = Afyf + Awyw
=? 4300 = 150(30)(15) + 160(30)(110)
= 64.032mm
c. Moment of Inertia
Ix = [ I + Ad2 ]f + [ I + Ad2 ]w

=[ + 150(30)(64.032 15)2] + [ + 160(30)(110 - 64.032)2]

Ix = 31.54 x 106 mm4

 o o
Iy = [ I + Ad2 ]f + [ I + Ad2 ]w

= +

Iy = 8.8 x 106 mm4

d. Section Modulus
Sx = =

Sx = 250381.049 mm3

Sy = =

Sy = 117333.333 mm3

e. Radius of Gyration
rx = ry =

rx = 58.236 mm ry = 30.761 mm