_| A COMPACT REFERENCE FOR THE | DESIGN AND DRAFTING OF DUSTRIAL PIPING SYSTEMSThe PIPING GUID: ‘PART 1" explains Brings together information of especial value to desi draitsmen, and systems engines concerned with piping technology iscusses in detail the design and drafting of piping systems Describes pipe, piping components most commonly used, valves, and equipment Presents charts, tables, and examples for daily reference Lins piping terms and abbreviations concerned with piping tecinology Prevides a design reference for sompanies and consultants Supplements existing company standards, information, and methods, Serves a2 an instructional aid Current techniques of piping design Piping terms, assemtling of piping from components, and methods for ‘connecting to equipment Office organization, and methods to translate concepts into firished detigns from wich plants are built Frequently-nesded design deta and information, arranged for quick reference Principat dimensions and weights for pipe, fittings, flanges vdves, structural steel, ete. Drectreading metric conversion tables for dimensionsn | a CONTENTS PIPING: USES, EXPENDITURES, & PLANT CONSTRUCTION ss PIPE, FITTINGS, FLANGES, & LINE EQUIPMENT oe VALVES, PUMPS, COMPRESSORS, & PROCESS EQUIPMENT. se ORGANIZATION: JOB RESPONSIBILITIES, DRAWING-OFFICE EQUIPMENT, ‘& PROCEDURES seen DRAFTING: PROCESS & PIPING DRAWINGS _ |. DESIGN: ARRANGEMENT, SUPPORT, INSULATION, HEATING, VENTING & fee DRAINING OF PIPING SYSTEMS, VESSELS & EQUIPMENT © STANDARDS & CODES: PIPING SYSTEMS, DRAFTING SYMBOLS, PIPE, PIPESUPPORTS, FLANGES, GASKETS) FITTINGS, PUMPS, VALVES, STEAM TRAPS, VESSELS, EXCHANGERS, & SCREWTHREADS,THE ‘PIPING GUIDE’ A COMPACT REFERENCE FOR THE DESIGN AND DRAFTING OF INDUSTRIAL PIPING SYSTEMS David R. Sherwocd ge Dennis J. Whistance amet, Amarin Sosety of Machen Enginaers | 23” Mamoer Inmitition of Maduetion Enginers(UKI,)°B.Sty MLASC. Copyright © David A. Sherwood and Osnnis J. Whistance 1976 All gh reserve,=a fi ‘The text refers to standards and codes, using designations such 25 ANSI B31.1, ASTM A-63, ISA $5.1—1968, etc. Full titles of ‘these standards and codes will be fourd in tables 7.3 thru 7.18, References: Numbess in straight brackets (thus: {121) refer to sources of published information listed under ‘References’ at the end of the index. Sections, figures, charts and tables in Part | are referred to ‘numerically, and are located by the margin index. Charts and tables in Part Il are identified by letter. FOR TERMS NOT EXPLAINED IN THE TEXT, REFER TO THE INDEX. [ABBREVIATIONS ARE GIVEN IN CHAPTER 8, The authors are grateful to the companies, designers, and enginee’s who assisted in tie development of the Piping Guide, Apart trom source material, individual acknowledgements are ‘not made because neither these contibutors nor the authors assume liability or responsbility for designs using information Presented herein, The user is responsible for complying with the various codes and standards, Federal, State, and Municipal regulations, and other legal obligations which may pertain to the construction of plants, incustrial installations, ete. Discussion ‘or mention of products does not necessarily imply endorsement.PIPING: USES, EXPENDITURES, & PLANT CONSTRUCTION USES OF PIPING u Piping is used fo: industial (proces, marine, transportation, civil engineer ing and for ‘comrmarcial (plumbing) purposes. This book is primarily concerned wit) industrial piping tor processing and senice sysiems. Processoping is used to tarsporttWids between storage tanks and prmcesing units. Service pining is used to corwey steam, a, water, ete, lor pructsina, Piping hte detined a ‘sono’ pining is som limes’ refered 10 as ‘uit’ piping, but, in the Guid, the term ‘wilty piping’ is resorved for jor Fines supplying water, tus goes, and fuel oi {tat is, for commodities usually purchased from utilis companies and bulk supplies). Marine pining tcc ships is olten extensive. Much of & is fabricated from vnalded and serened carbon ste! piping, using pipe and Iittings dessibod in this book Transportation piping it ootnslly leyeciameter pipiog used 10 comey Figs, slugs and gots, sometimes aver hundiods ct miles. Crude ei, Datoleum products, water, and solid materials such asec (aried by wate) axe ansported thea pipwines, Dillon liquids can bo wangported conse tively in the same pipeline, and branching arrangements are used to divert Slows 10 diferent desirations, Girt piping is ved 10 Gstribute pubic wiles (weter, fuel gases), and to collect rainwater, sewage, and industial waste waters, Most piping of this type is placed underground Plumbing (commercial piping) 's igi installed in eooumercal buildings, scrools, hospital, residonces, et. tor distributing water and fuel gases, or collecting waste water, and for othor auposes, COMMISSIONING, DESIGNING 12 BUILDING A PLANT When a manufacurer decides 1 build naw plant or tc expand an existing ‘on, be wal ete playa enginesing company to undertake desig and constuction, or, if his engineering dtpartment is large enoush, fe wall do the design work, manage the project, ann amplay ane or more contractors tu do the consttetion work. | tn either procedure, the menufscturer supplies information concerning the | pucposes of buildings, procuction rates, processes, dsigneritera to mest | his practices, deta of exiting plant, ard site surveys, i any. hart 1.1 shows the principals involved, and the Mow of information and materi (senna Sama uRN Réonts saves SianThe designing and building of an industal plat isa complex undertaking Except forthe larger industria concern, wo may maintain their own design sols, ne design and constwction of plans and related fcdties is usually undertaken by specialat companies, ‘The Guide describes in 4.1 the owganizatin end responibiites of design engineeing, with specal reference to the duties of individuals engaged in the development of piping desons for plats Domestic US expandiures over the years 1973 thru 1976 averaged 29.3 bition doers per yeer for rev plant and equipment in the petroleum, chemicd, food and beverage, paper, rubber, textile, mining end fuel ges industries, according “0 the Survey of cusent busines” compiled by the US Department of Commerce (1976 figures er estimated, ad 1975 figures are not ial) Expend tres on property, plant, and equiment by majortyowmed foreign alates of US compsnies ove the same perad averaged 144tillion dlls. ‘Table 1.1 shows the details ofthese expenditures, For the quoted incustries, the average cost of pining is ebout one fifth ofthe sos of the frshed plant and equipment: lage variations from this ratio a0 possible, however. a4 975 1978 Petroleum 8m 10501064 Chemicals 5m 6306.68 Food & 8 3338 4.08 Mining ai 382 400 Ful Gat 22 © 328388 Paper 258 291328, Rubber tar oh 4.30 Testis oe oes os oo 1981075 Petroleum as 107 hemicae \ 228 Mining 43 Food & Saverge ora? Paper a6 oss Rubber a3 oss Sows jos 136187 ‘a1 amount inilions 3 US Oates (6PIPE, FITTINGS, FLANGES, & LINE EQUIPMENT PROCESS PIPE 2a Pipea TUBE aaa Tubular products ae termed ‘tubo’ or pipe’. Tube is cusomarityspeited by its outside diimeter and wall thcknes, expresec either in BWS (Birmingham wire goge) or in thousands ot an inch, Pipe is customarily idenitied by ‘nom nal pipe sie’, with wall thickness defined by “Schedule numer’, “API designation’. or “weight’-a5 explained in 2.13, Non-standard Pipe is specified by nominal sir with wal thickness state, ‘The principal vss for tute axe in heat exchanges, instument lines, and ‘small inteconnectons on equipment such af compresors, bolle, ar refrigerators SIZES & LENGTHS COMMONLY USED 2az FOR sTeeL PIPE Manufacturers offer pipe inestablished ss (oe 2.1.3) angng from 1/8 thay neh nominal diameter nominal pipe ie’. Pipe sizes novrally stocked inclade: 1/2, 3, 1, 14, Vs, 2. 2%, 3.3%, 4 5, 6, 8, 10.12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 24. Sizes 1%, 2, 24, and 6 inch au sldarm used (unusual sizes ore Sometimes requirec for contesting to 2quipment, but siping is noxmally fen in the next larger stot size after cennozton hes been made). 1/8, 1/4 2378 and /2.ineh pipe is usualy restited to instrument ines or to sevice and other fines which we 10 mato with equipment, 1/2inch pipe extensively used for steam tracing and ler auxiliary piping a pumps ete, ‘Suaisht pipe is supplied in ‘random’ logs (17 40 25 fend sometimes “dousle rendom’ lengths (33 to 48 1), i profered. The en of these feng ‘are sormally either plain (PE), baveied for welding (BE), or threaded ant supplied with one couptng per length ‘threaded and coupled’, or "T&C', 1 pine is orderad ‘TAC, the rating oft coupling is speciied—see chat 23, (ther types of ends, such as grooved far special coupling, can be ubtainet (0 ove. DIAMETERS & WALL THICKNESSES OF PIPE zaa The siz of al pipe is ianifed by the amine pipe size, abbreviated ‘NPS, vaich is seldom equal to the tze bore (internal ciate) of the pipe—the ference in some instances i large, Minch NPS and larger pipe has ouside ‘Gameter equal tothe nominal pipe size Fine inthe vorius ses is made in soveral wall thicknesses for each size, Which have buon established by three diffrent sources: (0) Te Ameren Nao Std ttt ht unt (2) The American Society of Mechanics! Engineers end the Americen |) Sosiety for Testing and Materials, thrs the designations STD" (stand | ard), °XS"(extrastrong), and °KXS" (Couble-extrastrong, drawn from || dinérsions established by manufacturers, a the Guid, these desig. inaions are termed ‘manufacturer! weights’ G) The American Potrotoun tosttut, tu its standards SL and SLX. |) Those cimensions have no rferancs for indvidval izes and val | Wiskneses “‘Manutectrars’ weight (second scutes) were intended, as long ago as 199, 1 be superseded by schedule numbers, However, demand for these wall Uhickneses hes caused their manufacture to continue, Cerin fittings are afailable only in manafactures’ weights pe dimensions from the ssrond and third sources ava incorporated ia meric National Standard 036.10-1970. Tablo P-1 lists cimensions 89 welded and seams steppe inthis standard, and gives davivad data IKON PRE SIZES we ntl ealshe for wraith ve thickness designate by tats onda, "xtsony, an dole ehvaston. ANSI 636.10 1070 ia thew wrughitonppe mensions ty ale 3. Wout pip a ban snot completa uted by Stel pin. Sloe tw sole rambo ‘hn forse ie was fis Dpbithes by the Amizan Sanders Aeration fn 125 the ion pie Ss wee modi frst pipe by sity exes the vel ihneses (evn the cus danas ont) so tha he waht fot yt) quel be on pip wai. Tale), produ by pein oem ein i ain pip ne hpading ‘ran pipe sie’. As ANS! 836.10:1970 states that "the sie ofall Dipe is Wentfed by nominal pipe size, the Guide uses the term “manu fectuces weights to denote the STO, XS, end XXS designations applied by nufactrers 0 steel ape and fitings. Lorrrnaue obo wal toy) is» ennai seated doe don reson SC 0s ah BB ard So 1! Bh ifeatises Tae ae news one=a STAINLESSSTEEL SIZES Anetican National Stondard 636.19-1986 (ce vised 1871) establishes © ange of thinwaled sizes fr seinles-steet pipe, ‘demic by schedules 5S and 10S, These sizes are included in table P1 MATERIALS FOR PIPE 214 “Mtl piping’ MasokJ.A. 1968, Chemical Engineering, Jun 17. 215:29 ‘Materials of construction: 19Ih Bionnial CE Report’. Aden C.K. 1960. ‘Chemical Engineting, Nov 14 “Lined pie systems, Ward J.B, 1988, Chemical Enginaorng, Jun 17, 238-42 ‘Nlonmesilic pipe: promise and problems’. Wright CLE. 1968, Chemical Enjingeing, hin 17. 230-7 Engineering companies have materials engneors to determine materials to be used in piping systems. Most pipe is af carbon stel ané (depending on service) is manufactuee to ASTI A.S3 STEEL *1PE Stroightseemalded and sprabwelded pipe i made from plate, ard swomless pige is mate by piercing solid billets. Corbonseel pipe is stone, ductile, weldse, machinesble, reasonably du able and is nearly lveys cheager then pipe made from other materials. Hf carbone pipe can mest the requirements of presure, temperature, covrotion resistance and hygiene, iti the catural choice ‘The most ready-aveibble catborsteol pige is made to ASTM ASS in schedule: 40, 60, STO, and XS sires, in elostricresstancowelded (Grade A and Grace B-the latter grade ts th higher tensile strength) din seamiess (Grades A and B) eosstructions. Common finishes ere “black’ ‘lain’ or “mil ish) and galveize, Most sizes end weights ace als) available in seamiess carbon seet 10 ASTM ‘AIO, which is a comparable specification to A-S3, but preribing more stingint tating. Thre grades of A-106 are wailablo—Grades A,B, and C, in lotder of increasing tensile strength. Chats 2.1, 22 and 2.3 indiste pipe Seciicaions most usid indussally Steel specifications in other counties may correspond with USA speci cations. Same corresronding european stndards for carbon steels and stains stols are Fstad in tobe 2.1. ROW pipe i made from castiron end doctleiron, The pricipal sas are for wate, gas, and sevage lines. Wroughtiton pipe is seldom employed. OTHER METALS & ALLOYS Pipe or tube made from copper, lead, cick, bess, aluminum and various stainless steels ean be rexity obtained, “These mteralsare relatively expensive and ae soected usull einer becouse of their particular corrosion resistance to the proces chara, their good heat teasfr, or fr thei tensle strength at high temperature, Copper and ‘copper alloys ae tational fo instrument ies, food procesing, end heet transla eouioment, but stains stoels ace incresinaly bring uso foe these PLag Aids itu as til lining ety poly fier. SPE eS Pipe made from plates may be used to convey actively covrsive and is especially uslul or handling corsive or hazardous osses and ‘mineral acids. Pastis ore employed in thee ways: os eltplastic pipe, lod” plastic material (lass fvereinforcad, carbone, et.) ond as or coating materials, Pistic pipe is made irom polypropylene, poly ne (PE), polybutylene (PB), polvvinyl ctloride (PVC), axvlonitile 1s Pipe made ror polyester and epoxy resins is Irequently las lcintorad (‘FAP and commercial produs of this type tave good ce to vat and ehanial ack sf styrene (ABS), cellulose acetatebutyrte (CAB), polyolefins, and PARABLE USA B EUROPEAN TABLEDA iriaTions ron STeeL PPE prance)= “The American National Standards Institute has introducee several schodules for ripe made from various plastics. These ANSI standards and others for plastic pipe re listed in table 7. GLASS Allalass piping is used for its chemical resistance, cleanliness and anaprency. Glass pipe isnot subject tc ‘tazing” often fcund in glass tined pipe and vessels suect to repeated thal stresses. Pipe tings, and haré ware ae avilable both for process piping and for érainae. Corning Glas Works offers 8 Pyiex ‘Conical’ system for procss lines n't, 14, 2, 3, & ‘ad Binch sizes (10) with 460 F a6 the meximum opersting temperature, and presure ranger 0-85 PSIA (1 in shu 3 in), ~60 PSIA (4 in) and (0-ZE PSIA (6 in). Glass cocks, strainers and thermovellsare avaliable, Pipe fintings and equipment are joined by fhnge assemblies which bear on the thiekened conical ends of pine tenths and fittings. Corning also offers a Pyrer Acid Waste Craintnesystam in 1%, 2,3, 4 and G-ineh ses (10) with beaded ends joined by Teflon gasketed ylon compression couplings. Both Corning systems are mada trom the same bovoiicate gles. LININGS & COATINGS Lining or coating earbon-stel pipe witha material able :0 withstand chemical attack permis its uso to carry corrosive ids, Lengths of ined pipeand fitings are joins by flanges, and bows, tes, tc ‘are availble already flanged. Linings (rubber, for example) can be applied after fabricating the piping but pipe is often presined, and manufactures (ve instructions for making joints, Lining of various rubbers, plastics, metals and viteous (lay) matarialsareacllble. Polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene ‘and copolymers are the most common coating materials. Carboasteel pipe Zinecoated by imvrerson into molten zine (hot-dip gabarized) is used for conveying drinking water, astiumant ai and various othr fluids, Rubber Tinogis often used to handle abrasive Huds, TEMPERATURE &PRESSURE LIMITS 218 Corben stets lose strength 2t high tomprratures, Elecuievasistance-weldod Pipe & not considered satisfactory for service above 750 F, end furnace-but welded pipe above about €50 F. For higher temperatures pipe made from stsilas sta or other alloys shouldbe considered, Tho Midwast catalog 81 (54), the Tayo: Forge catalog 671 andthe Ladish catalog 55 (33) iv pressure init for carbon tea pipes various tampa ura, Thase tables are derived fom the ANSI 831 Code fr Pressure Piping {dete in tabla 7.2 METHODS FOR JOINING PIPE 22 The joints used for most cabonsee! and stiniesestoel pie ae surrwetoe 2 : seeaa SocKETWELOED. |. Dll) sees BOLTED QUICK coURLINGS . ... . . . . .see 202 JELDEC & SCREWED JOINTS 22.4 nes Z-nen and lager are usually buttwalded, this being the most onomic leskoroot vay of joining largerdiameter piping. Usually such lies ae subcontrated to a piping fabricator for profebriction in sections med ‘Spo0', then transported to the ste. Lines TYeinch and smaller ale usualy eithor screwed or socket-welded, and are normally fild-run by the pipirg contrectar from drawings. Fieldrun and shop-tbriceted piping ale discursed in 5.2.9, )CKETINELDED JOINTS 222 ike screwed piping, socket velding is sad for lines of smaler sizes, but has the advantage thot absence of leaking is assured: thsi @ aluble factor wen flammable, toxic, or radiaactive fluids are being convayed—the use of sakketwelded joins isnot restited to such fluids, however BOLTEDFLANGE JOINTS 2a Flgngss a expensive end for che most pert are used to mate with flanged vers, equipment, vale, and for proces ies which mey remure periogic clbaning Flanged jintsare made by bolting together two Flanges with 8 gisket between thhm to provide 2 sea. Refer to 2.6 for standard forged-ste flanges and septs. Firings 2.28 Fiktings pamit a cheng in dietion of pipira, a change in diameter of pip, cor[a branch to be made from the main run of pipe. They are formed from plate or ppe, machined trom forgd blanks, cst oF molded from pestis. Cart 2.1 shows the ratings of butt-velding fitings used with ppe of various Schedule numbers and manufzcturers’ weights. For dimensions of but ing fittings and flanges, ee tables D-1 thru D-7, and tables F-1 they FB. Drafting symbols ae given in charts 6.3 thu 8.5, od er socket mlding forgeston! fittings are rated to thenamial old dock working pressure in pounds per square inch (PS!) af the fitting. Fittings sted at 2000, 2000, end 6000 PS! are evelable and ate used with ibe as sown in table 2.2: JREWED & SOCKETAIELDING FORGEDSTEEL FITTINGS ragie 22 t fonoensreet Frrrng (ste) seaewco [soccer necowe fressuni marine orrmme esi | 2000 | 2000 | 000 | 200 | ecco faveaeroy | Wen sro | xs | xxs | os= = (= Sections 2.1.3 thw 224 have shown that there is @ wide variety of Aifernthated ping, ftings and materials ‘rom which to make a choice. (Charts 2) thru 2.3 show how various weights of pie, fittings end valves can be combined in w piping system. COMPONENTS FOR BUTTWELDED 23 PIPING SYSTEMS. WHERE USED: For most pracis, utility and service piping ADVANTAGE OF JOINT: Ms practicable way of joining lar pipes and fixings wich effers clable, feakproot joins bisaovantace OF sOINT: Favruding weld metal may affect tlw HOW JOINT Is MADE: The end of the pipe is beveled as shown in chest 2.1. Fittings xe similarly beveled by the manufacturer. The two pars ae aligned, prepery gapped tack welded, anc then a cont Jnsous wold is made to complete te joint (Chart 2.1 shows the cating of pipe, fittings and valves thet ee commonly Combined of may be usd togerer. 1s 2 gulde onty, and no; a substitute fora projet speitcation FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS & FLANGES 233 FOR BUTI-WELDED SYSTEMS Fler 10 tables 0, F end Wl for dimensions and weights of fitings and ooges. ELBOWS or “ELLS' meke 90: or 45-dogoe changes in direction of the un of pipe, The elbows normally wed are ‘long radius’ (LR) with contertine radius of surature equal to 1% times the nominal pipe size for 3/inch and larger sizes. ‘Short radius’ (SA) elbows with centerline radius of curvature ‘quel to he nominal pie size 20 aso availala. 90-doqrce LR elbows with 2 straight extension at one end ("ong tangent’) a stil aveiable in STO weight, if required. REDUCING ELBOW mokes 2 S.dogre cheage indirection with change in Tine see. Reducing bows have centerline rafus of curvetre Ie times the nominal s2e ofthe pip to be stached tothe lager end, RETURN changes diextion o' flow thu 180 degees, ané is used to construct heating eas, vents on tank, te BENDS ere made foom straight pipe, Comron bending adi are 3 and 5 times the pipe size (QR end ER bends, wtere R= nominal pipe size— ‘samial diameter, aot radius), 3R bends ae avalobla from stock, Lager Cc VALVES ] | Cenaenvaciee AetorainettoSrereupnesunt BACKING RIN ioune 21 SN) | Tf L Eb IeLsows & ReruRNs rioune22 REDUCER (or INCREASER) joins 0 larger pipe toa snullar one. The two ‘avalable types, cancentris and eccentc, are shown. Te eccentric reduce is used when is necessny to kenp either the top ar the bottom ofthe ine Fovel-ofsot equa x gr ID minus: smalor 10), coucens rigune29 covcenraie eecenrare [SWAGE is employed 10 connect butt-waléed piping to smdler surened or ocketwelded piping. In buttwelded tines, used as an altnative to the ducer wihen greater reductions In fing size aro aquired. Regular swagos in concentic or eccentric ‘orm give abrupt change of Hine size, as do sducos. Tho 'ventu” sweg: allows smoother flow. Rafer to table 2.3 for poclVing swages for joining to sockatweding items, and co table 2.4 for xilying swages For joining to sarened piping For off, se‘ Reduc U j XN | freneD eL0ous afte oid rm ppe-tey we oa fittings, The use of miters to make changes in direction is practically se Tope es Tinh ve he pons ep {Pinetown elows weld be la A Pe, 'BOegre miter has four to six times the hydraulic resistance of the corres- sont eed ones es weston St ake her oa de ease fone et ag is bower tle £10 Contos rts nse ies vedom tle drveces ance wrens rraune 25 berecesaren 2euecemiren 1 t I 1 I i t be 4 Rieu Resistance tom tance #10) (2a 131 onaaT™ 24ee xa “The following five Henge types are used for buttwelded ling, The different flange ‘acing availble ae dicussed in 28, WELDINGNECK FLANGE, REGULAR & LONG Reyulr welding neck ‘anges are used with buttwolding fitings. Long weldineck anges ‘xe primaily used for vesel and equipment nozzle, rarely for pie. Suitable ‘where extreme tempuratur, sear, impact nd vibretory streses epply. Regu: laxity at the bore is maintsined. Rafer w tables F for boe diameters of thse anges. WELOINGNECK FLANGE Figure 2s Sern 1B Yaron sone A 1 a) amr emer ‘SLIP-ON FLANGE is properly used to fange pipe. Slip-on flanges can be used with long-tangint elbcws, reducers, and swages(not usual prectice. ‘Tho internal weld is slightly more subject to corrosion then the butt weld. “Thatlange has poor resistance toshock and vibration. Itintrocucesireglaity in the bore. It fs cheaper to buy than the welding neck flange, butiscostie to eseamble, It is exer to align than the welding neck flange. Calculated strang-hsunderinteral pessre areabout one third that of he corresponding weldireneck florges, The pipa or fitting fs set back trom the face of the Hlengee cstanca equi to the wall thickness ~0" + 1/16", SUuPOW FLANGE riguae 27 REDUCING FLANGE Suitable fr chang ine size, but sould not be tse) if abupt tension would rst undesable tubules, ete pump tenpection.Avalbl a orderinwldingeckand econ types, and fom Sto in sion types, Sey by ln of esl pipe and th OD of th lng be ated. Example alo ein fnge to conn! inch ping 03 Bich Ine ie fange for 150 Serie ordered | EO FLG #°x11"OD 60 SO Feo weleingnack reducing leg, cores tres abtaned by ging the ping schedule number or manufactures’ weight of the pipe tc be welded on EXPANDER FLANGE Applicaion 2s for waldingeck flange-see above. lncteass ripe sie to fit or second larger sia, Alternative to using reducer ‘and welding neck flange. Useful fr connecting to valves, compressors end ups. Fressure rating and dimensions ae in accord with ANSI 816.5, ‘Ailable from the Tube Turns Division of the Chemetron Corporation, and {ro}n the Tube-Line Manufacturing Company. [EXPANDER (or INCREASER) FLANGE 1 pigune 2s 1LAPVOINT, or "VAN STONE’, FLANGE Economica! if costly pipe such ‘5 sins Stoo is used, asthe flange car be of carbon sto and only the lap- 1 joint stub end noed be of tra line mater. A stub end must be used in lap sgecirvma size oF urraetoina neoucwse Tees joint, and the cost of the two items mest be considered, If both stub and asa on nano eo | a" ‘ange are ofthe same motral they wil be more expensive than a welding rack fang, Useful where alignment of bot hoes sift, a with spook te beattached to flanged nczzes of veses. SUTT-WELDING FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING 202 | — FROM BUTT:NELDED SYSTEMS. ex four branchirg fitings ara made by Bonney Forge enc Foundry Ine. ‘STUBIN Term for a branch pipa welded éiectly nto the sida of the main se tings offer an altemate means of cennectng into the main cu, and siperun—itis not fitting. This is the commonest and leasexpensive methoc not requite reinforcement. They are prestaped tothe curvaure of the run of walding 2 fullsi or reducing branch for pipe 2inch and lage. A stb 28, an be reinforced by means set out in 2.11. WeLOOLET maker 2 OO-dogze branch, fullsize or reducing, on eight sin froune 231 dj. Char menifldng peta than wth tes, Flat tan wells re Siler omtn to pipe caps en ves hx ethitts ’ = BUTT.WELDING TEES, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, are employed to make 90-degree branches from the main run of pipe. Straight tess, with branch the same size a the run, are realy allele. Reducing tet have branch szvaler than the fun, Bullfaad tees have branch larger than the run, and are very seldom used but car be made tc special order. None of these tees roquiresrenforcoment, Reducing tees are ordered 2s follows:— mm | 1= = =a BUTTWVELDING ELBOLET makes a reducing tangent branch on longrdius and short radius elbows. rioure 2.16 FIGURE 2.48 BUTTAVELOING LATROLET makes 945 degree reducing bench on straight ine. SWEEPOLET makesa 90-doyree reducing branch from the main run of pipe. Primerly developed for highield pipe usd in oll and gos tansmission ines Provits good flow petten, and optimum stress distribution, sweerover Flaune 2.18 ‘The next thee fitting are usully used for special designs ‘CROSS, STRAIGHT or REDUCING Straight crostesere usualy tock items, Reducing croses may not be edly avaietle. For economy, availability end to minimize the nember of items in iventcy, is preferred o use tes, ete ‘and no: crosses. excant where snare i restrtrt or in marina aininn me LATERAL, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, punta arlene nto te ping run where low resistance 12 flow is important, Straight laterals with brah bor equ oun bore saab inSiD and XS waht euing ijl ae irl tages thor hn 4 doves uly ole oly 10 fail vd. Rafocament i voqied vbr te nxn toes thelstnah ofthe jain tn tefl sgt th ie Reding as todd sity to bona tae, cet tae ae been Dra ane um a ate tatenat Figure 2.18 m S0APe0 MEPLE Non yu, ut one bine om sak n 80 and cage angle in ny seed og nod tsp Ore Thon flat ge rplsaplse He econ ii omy to big te sng fe fat pte he ace ott pe SHAPED NUFPLE rune 239cLosunes. 233 ‘CAP it used to ste the ond of pipe. (See figure 22043) FLAT CLOSURES Flat plata ara normally cut especially from platestock by the fabricator or arector. (See figure 220 (b) and (c).) ELLIPSOIDAL, or DISHED, HEADS sre used to close pipes of large diameter, and ae similar to those used for constructing vessels COMPONENTS FOR SOCKET-WELDED 24 PIPING SYSTEMS mene use: For tines conveying ilanmable,toxie, or expensive material, wher no leakage can be permittad. For steam: 300 10600 PSI, and sometimes 160 PSI steam. For coros ivecordltians, soe Index under ‘Corosion” ADVANTAGES OF JOINT: (1) sir alignment o» small ines than butt welding, Teck welding is un aecessary 2) No weld metal can enter bore (3) doint wil not leat, when propery nade DISADVANTAGES OF JOINT: (1) The 1/16:nch recess in joint Gee hart 2:2) pockets tiquid (2) Usenot permitted ty ANSI B31.1.0 1987 if sovere erosion or exeice >orrasion i anticipated How JOINT 1s MADE: ‘Tho ond of the pipe is finished flat, at show in chart 2.2. Its located in the fitting vale, feng, ot, and @ continue tous fier weld is made around the circum ference SPCKET.ELOED PIPING conan 22 Chart 22 show he sig fie in nd ves ha cmon chmbined, or may be used together. The chart is @ guide only, and not a stot fr 9 pce pateston i VALVES pears CARBONSTEEL PIPE & wel ‘evo prerananion oF fies, AND ramen sore Sesser oe saan wnrone mum [see [ole] ge fo. [mm [onFITTINGS & FLANGES FOR 24a SOCKET:WELDED SYSTEMS ‘mensions of itings and flrges ae given n tables 0-8 and 8. —— FULL-COUPLING (termed ‘COUPLING! jc pipe to pipe, a to @ nipple, i swage, ee FULL-courLING Figune 221 REDUCER joins two differen diameter of pipe REDUCER INSERT A reducing fiting uss for connecting a smal pipe to 2 ‘argar fing, Socketanded reducer inserts ean be made in any reduction by boring sandard forged blanks, r o a ci Lntom isused primarily for maintenance and installation purposes. This ise served joint designed for use with socket-lded piping systems. See ex Piafation in 25.1 of ues given under ‘seroved union’. Union should be Screwed tight before the ends are welded, 1 minimize warping ofthe seat Se ie Tv <= of E Y } sw PLES According to type, thaw alow joining: (1) Sockat fend ites of diferent sizes-ihis type of swaged nipple hes bath ends “prone neon plain (PBE! for insertion nto socket ends, (2) A socket-ended ite to a larger Dutt wig pipe or fting—this ype of swagesnippl has the lane end bev- ead (BLE) andthe smallr end plein (PSE) fo nsrtion into esucket ended item. A sroged nipple sso relrred to as ‘swage’ (pronaunctd ‘swede abbfeviated on drawings as ‘SWG" or ‘SWG NIPP*. When ordering a swage, stat the weight dasgnatons of the pips to bs joined: for examale, 2"(SCH 40)|x 1"(SCH 80), Examples of te different and terminations thet may be spotted ar 2s follows TaBLE23 Far ton ona — EXAMPLE NOTE ON oRAMING l LARGER we SMALLER ] ‘sw iTeM owirem | SWOT" x 1" PBE switen | SwG 2" x 1" OLE-PSE PRE Phin both ens PLE» Pain gt end PSE * Pinan BLE~ Seat ot | +yoo =a ELBOWS mako 80+ or A5-dayee changes of direction in the Cun of pipe SOCKETWELDING FLANGE Regular tyr is availabe from stock. Reduc- ing type is avaisble 10 order. For examle, s reducing flog to connect 2 Hinch pipe to @ Winch Inesize flange for 150 PSI servce is specified REO FUG 1" x5" 0D 1504 SW FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING FROM 2a2 SOCKET. WELDED SYSTEMS BRANCH FROM SOCKET:WELDED RUN, TEE, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, makes 90-degree branch from the main run of pipe. Reducing tees are customfbriceted by boring standard forged bionts [SPOCIFYING SIZE OF SOCKETAVELDING TEES 4 LATERAL makes fullsize 46-dayee branch frm the min run of pipe. SogRET.WELDING LATERAL Figuae 229 ‘GROSS. Remarks for buttneding cross apply—see 2.3.2. Reducing crosses ‘acolcustom fabricated by boring tandard forged bins. vit | Seamenoaomr| 1 FiGoRES (221-230ul FITTINGS FOR SOCKETWELDED BRANCH 243. FROM VESSEL OR BUTTWELDED MAIN RUN HALF-COUPLING The fullzouplng isnot sed for branch ng or for ves: sel connestions, os the taleouplng isthe sane length end i tanger. The hat eoupling permits Degree entry into alarger pipe or ves wall. The sockolet $ more practicable 2s shaping is nesessry with the eaupling. SOCKETAELDING HALFCOUPLING Figune 231 The next for fitings are made by Bonney Forge and Foundry Inc, and offer an alterrete method of entering tha mein pipe run. They have the adventage thatthe beveled welding ends ar shaped 1» the curvature ofthe run pipe. Reinforeament for the buttwelded piping or vesel is not required, SOCKOLET makes 8 90-dogre branch, fullsize or reducing, on straight pipe. Flat-based sockolats a avian for branct connections on pipe cops and and ves! heads. SOCKET.WELDING ELBOLET makes a reducing tangent ranch on long: radius end shortradius elbows, socKeT WELDING ELBOLET Figuae 233 SOCHET-MELDING LATROLET malas a dere reducing Heh on su ie SOCK TAWELDING LATROLET rioune 224 EY | STUBAN See commantsin 2.3.2.Not preferrd for lines under 2énch due to risk Of weld meta! entering line and restricting flow. ciopune oa SOCKETA2LOING CAP stl pinned ip | operarone car une 2.36=a PIPING SYSTEMS. WHERE USED: For lies conveying servioes, and for smaller process Piping ADVANTAGES: (1) Easily made fiom pipe and figs on sito (2) Minimizes fire hazard wien instling piping in ‘ress where flammable gases or liquids are present DISADVANTAGES: (1)* Use not permitted by ANSI 331.1.0~1967, if severe erson, crevice corrosion, shock, of Nibrtion is anticipated, nor at tamperatures ‘ver $25 F. For corrosive condiions, see Index under ‘Cortoson* (2) sible leakage of joint (@)* Seal welding may be requited~ne footnote to that 23 (4) Strength of tke pipe is reduced a forming the serowhraad does the wall thickness FITTINGS & FLANGES FOR 254 SCREWED SYSTEMS ‘Amide ange of screwed fittings has been developed by many manufacturers for spacial purposes, end for plumbing in buildings. Most of tee fittings ara not utilized in proces piping, though their pressure and temperature ratings may besuitble. Galvanized 180 and 900 PS! neleable-ior fittings and smillyatd valves ‘ae used with SCH 40 pipe for drinking watar and air lies, The overall econonies are in favor of utiltng as fw diferent typas of sewed tings 28 posible, Material specifications, drafting, checking, purchasing ond werchous- ing ne simplified, Dimensions of melleabe-ron fittings are gen in tale 0. Screwed forgodstoo! fittings are used mare extensively than castiron and ‘malleoleiron fitings because of their grater mechanical sength, Dimen- sions o'forgedstealsrewed Ivins ae give in table D-10, —— FULL-COUPLING (termed "COUPLING ins pipe or item: with threaded ends. L — cng 2:3 howe he eng of ie fins and abe tat an commonly combined, or may be used together. The chert is a guide only, and not a SCREWED PIPING GHART 2.3 CARBON-STEEL PIPE & FORGED-STEEL FITTINGS we exe FASS | sateen. Joe se ia caaar woman E | i VALVES (ures [2at2a7 aceon eg caries7 = REDUCING COUPLING, or REDUCER, joins vreaded pipes of ditferont sizes Can be made in any reduction by boring end tapping standard forged blanks [NIPPLES join unions, vale, strainers, tings, et. Basil a short length of pipe ether fully threaded (close nipple) or threaded bath ands (TBE), or slain cre end and treaded one end (POE-TOE). Avaliable in various lengts =s0e tables 0-9 and 0-10, Nipples can bo obtainad witha Vicaulc groove a one en. efi annie nnd pn el tegutol sie yer o‘vent nse pipe oeun. "Earle 1 amos ava it must hae at tone aacant nin, ad to ramave thing tom vet wih soe reine eh ove i ea huh ae i eo ii *E-TOTUBE CONNECTOR For joining threaded pip to tbe. Figure 2.41 vr a connsetor Fi to spilled tuhe. Other type: ar avilable mipe-ro7uoe conneecton FiguRe 2st ‘TANK NIPPLE is used for making @ stewed connection to a non-pressure vest or tank in lowsressure service, Overall length is usually 6 inches with 2 stndard taper pipe thrend at each ead. On one end ony, the taper pine SXAGON BUSHING A reducing iting ued for connecting smaller pipe to lager screwed ftting or nozzle, Has many applications to instrument chnnections. Reducing fiting can be made in any reduction by boring end ‘doping standard forged blanks, Normally not used for high-pressure sevice Mexacon austin Figure 242SWAGED NIPPLE This @ reducing fitting used for joining age diameter to-smoler diameter pipe. Also refered toa: a ‘stage (pronounced ‘wedg tnd abbreviated as 'SWG" ar 'SWG NIPP" on drewings. When ordering a swage, state the wight designations ofthe pipes tobe joined: for exemple, 2"SCH 40) x 1"(SCH BO}. A swage may be used for jini: (1) Screwed ‘ing t sewed piping, (2) Scred piping to butt-welded piping, (3) Butt ‘welded piping to a scrwed vessel nozzle. It is necessary to specify on the pining érawing tho tarminetions required. SAGE FOR somNING— EXAMPLE NOTE OW ORAWING LARGER © SMALLER ‘en We | ScK0 Tew ‘ws xP T8E sono rrewr | ew Tew WG 3° x 7" TLe-Ose icmp ooo oman, bl ay ocr whan a uted inet ined to aot sot coping on aves! + — SCREWED FLANGES ore usod to connect served pipe to Mlarged items. Regar and reducing type ae alable from stack. For example, reducing flange 10 connect Tnch pipe to a 1Yeinch Fnesize flange for 150 PS! serve is sified: senten rm RED FLG 1" x6” 00 150#SCAD + ELBOWS make 9D- ar 45- Com UNIFIED SOREW THREADS The Unified Standard for bolts and muts is used in the USA, Carada and the UK. The standard is ANSI BI.1, ord 2 metic trandlation is avilable~ANSI BI.1a, There are three Untied Serew Threads: Urifed Coarse (UNC), Unified Fine (UNF, and United Selected (UNS). Only UNC (class 2, madium-fit bolt and nut) is used fo bolts and studbots in piping. The thead is srciiod as follows: oursiog ovamerer ee es tno men ae nur. casxeTs, 264 Gaskets are vsed to make 2 Huidesiant sal between two surfaces. The onmon gasket fattems for pipe flanges are the ful-fce and cing types fr vse wih flatfaced and rase-fece flanps respacivaly. Rete to figure 253 Wily used materials for gaskets are compressed asbestos (1/16-inch thet} ‘end asbestos filed metal (spcalwvouns, 0.175inch thik). The fled-metl Gesket is espcilly useful if maintensnce requires repested uncoupling of flanges, es the guket separates clesnly and is often reusable. Choice of gasket is dacided by: (1) Temperature, pressure and corrosive nature ofthe conveyed fluid (2) Whether maintenance or operation requiesrepeted uncoualing (3) Code roqiraments that may apalv (Cost Gallock Incorporete's “Industrial prodsetscatlog includes tables giving the ‘rpected resistance of gasket materials to many proces vids and conditions. ‘Table 25 gives some characteristics of giskats, tad selon 'Wonay be required that asjacent pars of ine ae eletraly insulated from fone another, and this may be effected by insorting a flanged joint fitted with on insulating gasket set between the parts. A gasket electlely ies fats the flange faces, end sleoves and washers insulate the bolts from one or bth flanges asillustratd in figure 258, coc Sr im | ‘ote waren | oo enaec0 | eerie) 1200 ‘000.000 | Foros | g | | [TEMPORARY CLOSURES FOR LINES 27 jeune cxosunes ara | completly eka mess of stoping fon ines is ees in piping rs when: (1) A change in process ater 0 flow in he ini (0 be ade and cross containatio i to be aveide. (2) Periodic meitenance is te cated out, end hard would be presented by flmmable and/or ic materiel pasng @ vate he vals desrited in 8.1 ray not offer complete security against leakage, 1 one ofthe fllowing methods of temporary closure can be used: Line. ind ve, in blind (including special types for use with cnpjoin flanges), pectack plate (socalled from its shop), ‘cauble block and Weed’ and bind anges replacing @ removable spool, The lst three closures ere illustrated in Figures 2.59 thru 2.61. |= =a x Ex a) ° O DOUBLESLocK ANE-OLEED Fiaune 2.60 REMCVABLE SPOOL, rroune 261 a - ane isto be temporarily closed dova with double-block-and-blend, both vm nent ed sh Hl sn teenth ih Ho Nik stn Th Figure 2.6 shows the teed ring connected wa bleed vave-sep 3.1.11, The ‘ust of a Tapped valve ther thn a bleed ring should be considered, asi is 3018 economic arranyeman, and usualy cox be specified meraly by adding 2 si tothe vole ordrngnonbar. A linebind valve is not ilusated ax construction varies. “his type of ‘valve incorporates a spectacle late sendwcted between two flanges which my be expanded ar tightened Iby some easy meen, allowing te spectacle pidte to be reversod, Constanclength line2lind valves are abo available, mde to ANSI dimonsons for run length, | ‘Table 28 compares the advantages ofthe four inline temporary closures: a love | BERS omer | shane a [ae [oe ee [oe WEthow fe [ve | eer [we Ertan [Sharon | rwermen | heron | netren closures FOR PIPE ENDS & VESSEL OPENINGS, 272 Teor bate sees int id fine ig ts o in ‘ont, Tot desu, alts with ged dans elt the botess manhole cover (Robert Jenkins, England) and closures primarily in ‘he eves sce th oop rooney Fog wich nay el se! wh pf ly UamstrThe td Tage mos whe “ts wre ponent heplog ptm Sein een te Winged caves fe std oneal eqn 9b. QUICK CONNECTORS & COUPLINGS 28 abick connectors 2a Two Fors of connector specifically designed for temporary useare: (1) Lover type with daub tr clamping, suchas Evert Standard” and Vietatie Sap Joint’ (2) Serew type with aptive nut ~ ‘hose connector. ‘Typical wie i fr eonnsctng temporarily to tank cars, trucks ar procss ves js Inte-tredes agreements permit plant operators ta ettach and uncouple thse boss connacto's. Cerin temporary connectors have builtin valves,BOLTED aUick.coUPLINes 202 Connections of this type may be suitable for eithar permenent or temporary ‘us, dipending on the joint and gasket, and service condition. Piping cen be built opidy with them, end they are especially useful for making repirs to fines, for construetng short-run proces: installations suck as pilot plots, and for process modteation, COUPLINGS FOR GROOVED COMPONENTS & PIPE Couplings of this type are manvlacturad by the Vietauie Company af ‘America for use with ste, castiron, FAP or plastic pip, ether having yoovel ends, or with Vietlie calls welded or cemented to the pipe ends, The fellowing specie fittings with grooced ends are avaible: elbow, tee (all types, lateral, cross, reducer, nippla, and cap. Groove ended valves nd Valve adeptors are aio availabe, Advantages: (1) Quick fting and removal. (2) Joint can take uf some ceflection and expansion (3) Suitable for meny uss, with corect pastes, ‘The manufacturer states thatthe biggest uses ere for permanent plant a water drinking, serve, process, waste) and lubricant tins. COMPRESSION SLEEVE COUPLINGS aie extensively usd for cir, wate, oil and gs. WelLknown manufacturers ineude Vietulic, Oreser and Smith Bir. Adventages:(1] Quick itting and removal, (2)Joint may take up some Aetecton and expersion. (3) End preparation of pipe is not needed, EXPANSION JOINTS & FLEXIBLE PIPING 29 EXPANSION JOINTS. 201 Figues 2.63 thru 2.68 show methods of actommodating movement in piping ve t0 temperature changes, if such movement cannot be taken up by: (1] Reouting or respacing tha fine, (2) Expansion loops-se figure 6.1 (3} Calculated placement of actors. (@) Cold prnging-see 6.1. Bllove-type ‘expansion joints of the type shown in figua 2.63 are alo ued to absorb vibration. sipee oeLLows Fioure 263 1 | | | ARTICULATED BELLOWS. FIGURE 264 | | | Fadl fi [ARTICULATED THINSIELLONS ASSENLY foune 2.65 (25826 (SS = q SLIDINGSLEEVE-AND-ANCHOR SUPPORT Figure 266 3 FLEXIBLE PIPING 2ez For Silliog and amptyirg rellas, tankers, et, thew «gi pipe, it is necesery to desig ertculated piping, usng ‘swiveling’ joints or ‘al jonts (the later is ‘univers’ joint), Flexible hose has many uses especially whee there is 2 need for temporary connections, or wher vibration or movement occurs, CChomico-mistant anion armored hoses arc avilable in regu or jacks forms (92 figure 6.39) ‘SEPARATORS, STRAINERS, SCREENS & DRIPLEGS 2.10 COLLECTING UNWANTED MATERIAL FROM THE FLOW 2.10.1 Devices are included jn process and service nes to separate and collect n+ Aesrbl slid or liquid materal, Pipe scale loose weld meta, unreacted or ecarpssed proces material, reipitates, lubricants, olor water may harm cither equipment or the proces, CCommor form of fnainstlled soparator ce ilustrated in figures 2.67 and 2.68. Cther more elaborate separators mertioned in 3.3.3 ar available, but ‘thes fa more into th catoory of processequipment, normally selected by the process engineer ‘Air and soma other ges in Hiqu-beaing lines re normally stolen at pipigtigh points and atthe ‘emote ends of headers, and ae vented by di hag ahs — 5003.18. SEPARATORS. 2102 ‘These permanent doves ae wad to colloc: droplets from a gxeous steam, for exanple, to collect oil dreplets from compressed air, orecadensate drop lets from wat steam, Figure 267 shows 2 spartor in which droplets in the imine barr nnd pin tm the et Ire inns imadinely uptean of ete equipment, stain tote arcs in the approxinat se ne 002-05, eh on be sported ty pasing te Ti bering then th te Holes sr, Toi octans for aaes ere bao cota ae, pn, t,o tlpson sean systems, Zh srr or suo tee ey ord cs AO ed sublet stom, stb on ight os ‘The Gommonent strainer i the illustrated woe type where theses fey. die bod retains the particles within. This type of streiner i easly dismant ted, ome srsiners canbe ited witha valve to ‘cltate blowing ou cllect- 6 afaterial without shutting the fine down—ao figure 6.9, for example Jackeied stoiness are avaleble srojvan vous1 =a are SETTER SO SCREENS 2.08 Simple tomperay stiarers made from perforated shoot metal and/or wire ‘mesh are used for startup operations cn the suction side of pumps and corp pressors, especialy whe there isa lang run of piping before the unit that ‘may contain weld spatter or material inadvertently ltt in the pipe, Afar stutup, the serin usualy Is removed may be necessary to arange for a small removable spol to accommodate the screen. It is important that the flow in suction ines should nat be reacted. Conesheped screens ar therelor prefered, with cylindric tyaes as socond eco. Fat seens ae better resnved fer lovesucton heeds. SCREEN BETWEEN FLANGES Figure 260, GG ZILLI ZI P_— sso, priPLeas 208 Chien made tron pipe end fittings, te ériple isan inexpensive mesns of callecting condenste, Figure 2.70 shor a dipog fitted toa horizontal pipe Removal of concenste om steam lies i discussed in .10. Recommended ‘ses for driplegsere given in table 6.16 | : .| REINFORCEMENTS an | | BrancH connecrions. the addition of extra netal at branch connection made omponsaes for the sructurd ‘Reinforcement’ {om 3 pipe or vesel wal.The added me ‘weakening dua to the hole, ‘Stub-is may be reinforced with regular or wraparound sede, os shown in figure 2.71. Rings made from platesteck ere used to reinforce brenches ‘mode with welded laterals and butt-welied connections to vessls, Small welded connections may be reinforced by edging extra veld metal to the | join. | aifreng pieces are ususlly provided with a small hoe to vent gases | procuces by welcing: these gates would otherwise be trapped. Avent hole | also serves to indicate any lnakage from tho joint, |srenour pre | 9 tut val joing two eton of sight pie it sujet to unusual xtra ss, maybe rine by ‘he addon of ene lomed | ro to uit, ne esatg thet’ mabe oie 271) | The code applicbe to the piping should be consulted for reinforcement | requanens acing sent conidee 0b fone ie | ootnteto cat 2 | nenroneine saooLes rigune 271 | [io neoucan savour 9a " FIGURES 268-271FIGURE 2.728 PIPE SUPPORTS SUPPORTSFIGURES [z7aasfl HARDWARE FOR SUPPORTING PIPING 2a ‘Symbols for drafting various types of support are shown in chart 8:7. For lesgnng support systems se8 6.2. pipe SUPPORTS 2121 Pipe supports hod ba a simple as conditions allow. Stack items are used ware practicable, especialy for piping held from above. To support piping from below, supports are usually made to suit from pletestoc, pipe, ond pious of stuctua steel. 'A selection of avalable hardware for supporting isilustatd in figures 2.724 and. TERMS FOR SUPPORTS 21a2 ‘SUPPORT The weight of piping is us.lly cared on stpports made fron structural steel, o stel and concrete. (The torm ‘support’ is also used in reference to hangers) HANGER Deviee which ssspends piping (evely a single line) from stray turd stel, concrete or wend. Hangers ee usvlly adjustable for height. [ANCHOR A rsd support mhich provers transision of movement (thermal vibvatory, ete) along piping. Construction may be from sel plete, bracket Harges, rs, et, Attachment of an anchor to pine should peterebly encirle the pipe end be welded al around as ths gives a better dstribution of stres inte pipe wal “THE An artangemant of ene or more rods, bats, et, 10 restrain movement ‘of piping. DUMMY LEG An extension pice (of pipe or rales ste section) waded ton elbow in order to support the line-see figure 2.72A and table 6.3. “The following hardware i used where mechanical and/or thermal movement Isa problem: GUIDE A mons of sllowing 2 pipe to move along its Tength, but net Sidney. SHOE A metal piace attached to tho undorsid ofa pipewhich rests on sup- porting steal, Primarily usd to reduce wear from sliding fr ines subject fo ‘mavgment, Parts insletion tobe aplid tpi SADDLE A woleed attazment for ripe requiring inslation, and subject 1 longitudinal or collin movement (resulting from temperature changes | | LIDE PLATE A slid plate support is ilustrted in figure 2.724. Figure 728 shows eppications of “Ucar” graphit side plates whichare offered by inion Carbide Inc. The two plates used in @ support are made trom or ced with @ material of low friction able to withstand mechanical stress 3d temmerature changes. Plats ere often rade from graphite blocks Stel ates with a teflon facing are avaliable and may be welded to steel. fing Fangers or supports allow variations in the Length of pige due to anges in tomporatuo, and are often used for vertical fines Refer to 6.2.5 gute 6.18, Thera ace twa types of spring tanger or support: ‘CONSTANT LOAD" HANGER This device consists of @ coil spring and ‘ver mechanism ia a housing Movement cf the piping, within limit, will ot charge the spring force hlding up the aiping; thus, no adittonal forces, lb introduced to the piping system. ‘VARIABLE SPRING' HANGER, and SUPPORT These devices consist of @ ol sprig in 2 housirg, ‘The weight of thpiping ress on the spring in com ression. The spring permits @ limited artount of thermal movement. A able spring hanger holding up a vertical line wil educeistiting force = he line expands toward it. A variable sring support would increase it it- ing fore ss the ine expands toward it. Bothplacea losd on te piping system. ere this is undesirable, 2 costent load heger con be used stead. —— IYDRAULIC DAMPENER, SHOCK, SNUSBER, or SWAY SUPPRESSOR Je enc of the writ i attached to piping end the othof to structural steel or jonerete The unit expands or contracts to absorb slow movenent of piping, bbc sig to ropid movement IAY BRACE, or SWAY AARESTOR, is essentially a helical spring in a ousing which is fitted between piping erd a rigid stuctur. 18 function to buffer vibretion and sway. /ELDING TO PIPE 2123 It the cpplcable code permits, lugs may be welded to pipe Figure .72A ustets some common arrengements using welded lugs, rolled pps, for: 1) sing hangors to structural steel, (2) Actaching 1a poe (3) Supporting pipe feding supports to pretined pipe will usally sail the lining, and therefor lugs, et, must be weldad to pipe and fittings before the tning is ali (ding of supports and lugs to pipes and veses tobe stresvelived should= VALVES, PUMPS, COMPRESSORS, & PROCESS EQUIPMENT VALVES ar FUNCTIONS OF VALVES Table 3.1 gives a bess for desing vahes according to fusion VALE ACTION P EXPLANATION SEE SECT STOPPING OR cN/OFF STOPPING OF ana and 3.1.6 VARYING THE recuiatine | VARYING THE 315,816 and 31.10 PEAWITTING FLOW cneckine | INONE DIRECTION ar ONLY. “SWITCHING FLOW smeuine | ALONG OIFFEFENT a8 oures ‘DISCHARGING FLUID oiscrarcing | SISCHARGINGEL 319 Types of valve suitable for on/olf ard regulating functions are listed iy chert 3.2, The sutabilty of a valve fer 2 required purpose depends on is corstruction, discussed in 3.1.3, PARTS OF VALVES 242 ‘Veh manufactur’ catdgs offer @ suming endless variety of construe tion. Classification is posible, however, by considering the basic pats thet mate up a va | (The i’ nt “sa” hat direc atect he flow These tat mre dino inde pase does the work of stm (8) The“body’ ard “bons” that house the stem (8) Tho ‘operator’ that moves the stom (or pressurize tid for squeze y vas, ete) fignes 2.1 te 8:3 show thes amon type of ake wth thir pas beled, DISC, SEAT, & PORT Chart 3: itt vrou pes of de ad port arengemnts, and mah isms sed for sopping or rutting flow, The moving parity affect ‘he Hlow is terme the ‘de regardless ofits shape, andthe nor-moving ort it bers on is txed the ‘wa’. The ‘por is the maximum interna open fr low (thats, when the valve uly open), Dscs may be actuted by 8 conveyed fu ox be moved bya stom having @ liner, etary or helicl evemant, The sam can be moved menvaly or be driver hyrauically, reursiclly oF eectrially, under remate or automatic coral, o mech. really by weightod ler, spring ee Pe ther tare fs [There a two catagories of screwed stem: The ring stem shown i figures 1 and 32, and the nn-sing stem shown in figure 3.3, 19 stem (gete and globe) valves ace made either with “side seren’ (IS). 3 “outide screw’ (OS). The OS type haa yoko on the bonnet and the ssambly i refered to as ‘outside strew and yoke, abbrevned to ‘OSB’ The hendwhee! can ether rie with the stem, orth stem can rise thru the nde TABLE 3Roe LID COLOR, ED VALVES | | SELF-OPERATED VALVES ROTARY DIAPHRAGM CHECK \ATIC DIAGRAMS, THE DISC IS SHOWN WHITE, ‘& THE CONVEYED Fi UID SHADED. REGULATING' Wonsisng swt waves ae UF uHe ate pes 1H HouiNes ayat ‘ne same position whether the vale is open or closed, The srew is insio> the sonnet and in contact with the conveyed fluid, [A oor stand’ «stam ectension for ose with both types af stem, where it fe racasary to operate a valve they a floor or platform Alternately, rods fitted with wniveral joints may be used to bring a valve handwheel within an cpertor’s ret Desending on the size of the required valvé and evils, selection cf stem type can be based on: (1) Wihathr itis undesiable for the conveyed fluid to be in eontact with the thrended bearing surfaces (2) Whether an axpoted screw is liele to be damaged by abrasive atmo spheric dost (3) Whother iti nacessay to se if the valve is open ar closed In tddition tothe preceding types of stem used with gate and globe valves, ‘moat othar vale nave a smple rotary slam, Rotary-bal plug and buttery vahas have a rotary stam which ismovedby a permanent ler or tool appiad ‘to asqure boss atthe endof the tem. rigune a ricume a2 CORTE VALVE (088Y, bolton ring Hem) LORE VALVE (sy, ott bom Lenres There xe tree beic type of etecent for vahe bons: seemed Fetudhg anon, tied, rd bcos craved bonnet may occsionally stick and turn when a valve is opened. \thoueh sticking is lass of ¢ problem with the union type bonnet, valves ith soewed bonnets are box rere fo" services presenting no harard to arsonrel. Union bonnets are more sitsle for small vals requiring fre vent cismantling than the simple seremed type. he bolted bonnet hes largely displaced sceed and union tonnet valves in sydroatbon applications. A U-balt or clanp-type bonne is offered on some small gate velves For moderate pressures, t0 failtate frequent cleaning and Jaspeetian. [The ‘pressure seal isa variation of the bated bonnet used for high pressure ives, sualy combined with OSBY constuction. It makesuseof line pres sr to tighten and seal an internal metal rng or gasket axinst the body he brceahook is heavier iafoquentiyued and more expansive construc on, a fr high-pressure ue, and involv seaelng ofthe onet with the bo GATE VALVE (ete Bonet noniing em) (eae cHaar