PROJECT REPORT

ON
PRECISE DIGITAL TEMPERATURE CONTROL

Submitted by
Soumya Suranjana Nayak 1301227158

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mrs.Arundhati Payra

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree in

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BHUBANESWAR

BIJU PATNAIK UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA
(2013-

C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 1

2017)

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

C.V. RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled Precise Digital

Temperature Control submitted by Soumya Suranjana Nayak
(1301227158) is a record work done for partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of B.Tech Degree in Applied Electronics
and Instrumentation Engineering in BIJU PATTANAIK
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY , Rourkela is an authentic work
carried out by under my supervision and guidance.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

(HOD) ( EXTERNAL) (PROJECT

GUIDE)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and thanks to my project

guide Asst. Prof. Mrs Arundhati Payra for being a tremendous mentor for
me. I would like to thank her for encouraging my work. Your advice on
both project as well as on my career is priceless. I am also grateful to Prof.
D.K Nayak , HOD Applied Electronics and Instrumentation for guiding me
to complete the presentation in time.

I also want to thank all our faculty members for their constant
support and appreciation which helped us in presenting an effective
project work

Soumya Suranjana Nayak - 1301227158

( Signature)
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 ABSTRACT

The project uses a digital temperature sensor for precise control of temperature in

medical applications or industries. This system is better than analog/thermostat system, which

has poor accuracy. For example, it can used for temperature control of an incubator where

maintaining a precise temperature is very important.

An incubator is an apparatus used to maintain temperature conditions suitable for a

neonate (newborn baby) and used particularly for preterm births of babies. This proposed

control system provides the temperature information on a display and, when the temperature

exceeds the set point, then the load (i.e. heater) switches OFF. In this project a lamp is

provided as a load for demonstration purpose.

The system is using a microcontroller of 8051 family. Display unit consists of four

nos of seven segment display, and are interfaced to the microcontroller. A digital temperature

sensor interfaced to the microcontroller for sensing the temperature conditions. This system

also provides four push button switches for adjusting the temperature settings. Then the

microcontroller continuously polls the temperature information through a digital temperature

sensor and displays over the 7_segment display unit and automatically switches OFF the

lamp, when the corresponding temperature exceeds the set point.

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 CONTENTS

Introduction.............................................................................................. Page 08

CHAPTER 1: Hardware Requirement.......................................................Page 10

CHAPTER 2: Embedded System..............................................................Page 12

CHAPTER 3: Microcontroller...................................................................Page 14

CHAPTER 4: LM 35................................................................................Page 21

CHAPTER 5: Seven Segment Display....................................................Page 22

CHAPTER 6: Relay..................................................................................Page 24

CHAPTER 7: Software Requirements......................................................Page 25

CHAPTER 8: Applications And Advantages...........................................Page 26

CHAPTER 9: FutureScope........................................................................Page 27

Reference : .................................................................................................Page 28

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 LIST OF FIGURES

1. Fig. 1 (Schematic Model )

......Page 09

2. Fig. 2 (Block Diagram of Power Sully

unit)..................................................Page 10

3. Fig. 3 (Embedded System Peripherals)

.Page 11

4. Fig. 4 (Microcontrollers)............................
....Page 13

5. Fig. 5 (Pin Diagram Of 8051).................................

...Page 14

6. Fig. 6 (Architechture Of 8051)........................

.Page 15

7. Fig. 7 (LM35)................................................
.Page 16

8. Fig. 8 (Schematic Diagram of seven segment display).....

........Page 17

9. Fig. 9 (Seven segment display) ....

..............Page 19

10 .Fig 10
(Relay)..................................................................................................Page 25

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 INTRODUCTION

A Precise Digital Temperature Control is used to maintain temperature

conditions suitable for a neonate (newborn baby) and used particularly for
preterm births of babies.This proposed control system provides the
temperature information on a display and, when the temperature exceeds the
set point, then the load (i.e. heater) switches OFF. This system is better than
analog/thermostat system, which has poor accuracy. This system is better
than analog/thermostat system, which has poor accuracy. For example, it can
used for temperature control of an incubator where maintaining a precise
temperature is very important. The system is using a microcontroller of 8051
family. Display unit consists of four nos of seven segment display, and are
interfaced to the microcontroller. A digital temperature sensor interfaced to
the microcontroller for sensing the temperature conditions. This system also
provides four push button switches for adjusting the temperature settings.

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG. 1 SCHEMATIC
MODEL

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CHAPTER 1:

HARDWARES REQUIRED :
8051 series Microcontroller

7-Segment Displays

LM35

Transformer

BC547

Diodes

Voltage Regulator

LED

Resistors

Capacitors

Push Buttons

Relay

Lamp

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY UNIT :

FIG.2 - BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER

SUPPLY UNIT

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 CHAPTER 2 :

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within
a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time
computing constraints. It is embeddedas part of a complete device often
including hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many
devices in common use today. Ninety-eight percent of
all microprocessors are manufactured as components of embedded systems.

Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. CPUs

with integrated memory or peripheral interfaces) but ordinary
microprocessors (using external chips for memory and peripheral interface
circuits) are also common, especially in more-complex systems. In either
case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to
those specialised in certain class of computations, or even custom designed
for the application at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors
is the digital signal processor (DSP).

One of the very first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo
Guidance Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT
Instrumentation Laboratory. At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance
computer was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it
employed the then newly developed monolithic integrated circuits to reduce
the size and weight. An early mass-produced embedded system was
the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer for the Minuteman_missile, released
in 1961. When the Minuteman II went into production in 1966, the D-17 was
replaced with a new computer that was the first high-volume use of
integrated circuits.

A comparatively low-cost microcontroller may be programmed to fulfill the

same role as a large number of separate components. Telecommunications
systems employ numerous embedded systems from telephone switches for
the network to cell phones at the end user. Computer networking uses
dedicated routers and network bridges to route data.

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PERIPHERALS:
Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 etc.

Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C,SPI, SSC and ESSI (Enhanced

Synchronous Serial Interface)

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Multi Media Cards (SD Cards, Compact Flash etc.)

Networks: Ethernet, LonWorks, etc.

Fieldbuses: CAN-Bus, LIN-Bus, PROFIBUS, etc.

Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units

Discrete IO: aka General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)

Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)

Debugging: JTAG, ISP, ICSP, BDM Port, BITP, and DB9 ports.

Picture of the internals of an ADSL MODEM/ROUTER,a modern example of an embedded

system.Labelled parts include microprocessor(4),RAM(6),flash memory(7)

FIG. 2- EMBEDDED SYSTEM

PERIPHERALS

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CHAPTER 3 :
MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller (or MCU, short for microcontroller unit) is a

small computer (SoC) on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core,
memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the
form of Ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on
chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are
designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used
in personal computers or other general purpose applications consisting of
various discrete chips.

Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices,

such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices,
remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and
other embedded systems.

A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor,

memory and peripherals and can be used as an embedded system.The majority
of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as
automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer system.

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A micro-controller is a single integrated circuit, commonly with the following
features:

Central processing unit - ranging from small and simple 4-bit processors
to complex 32-bit or 64-bit processors.

Volatile memory (RAM) for data storage

ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for program and operating

parameter storage

Discrete input and output bits, allowing control or detection of the logic
state of an individual package pin

Serial input/output such as serial ports (UARTs)

Other serial communications interfaces like IC, Serial Peripheral

Interface and Controller Area Network for system interconnect

Peripherals such as timers, event counters, PWM generators,

and watchdog.

Clock generator - often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator

or RC circuit

Many include analog-to-digital converters, some include digital-to-analog

converters.

In-circuit programming and in-circuit debugging support.

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 8051
FIG. 3- MICROCONTROLLER
MICROCONTROLLERS
The Intel 8051 microcontroller is one of the most popular general purpose
microcontrollers in use today. The success of the Intel 8051 spawned a number
of clones which are collectively referred to as the MCS-51 family of
microcontrollers, which includes chips from vendors such as Atmel, Philips,
Infineon, and Texas Instruments.

The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available
operations are limited to 8 bits. There are 3 basic "sizes" of the 8051: Short,
Standard, and Extended. The Short and Standard chips are often available in
DIP (dual in-line package) form, but the Extended 8051 models often have a
different form factor, and are not "drop-in compatible". All these things are
called 8051 because they can all be programmed using 8051 assembly language,
and they all share certain features (although the different models all have their
own special features).

Some of the features that have made the 8051 popular are:

4 KB on chip program memory.

128 bytes on chip data memory(RAM)

[ 32 bank reg + 16 bit addressable reg + 80 general purpose reg ]

4 reg banks.

128 user defined software flags.

8-bit data bus

16-bit address bus

16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less).

3 internal and 2 external interrupts.

Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes.

Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports).

16-bit program counter and data pointer.

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 1 Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.

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 PIN DIAGRAM OF 8051

FIG.4 PIN DIAGRAM OF

8051

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BASIC PINS:

PIN 9: PIN 9 is the reset pin which is used to reset the microcontrollers internal
registers and ports upon starting up. (Pin should be held high for 2 machine
cycles.

PINS 18 & 19: The 8051 has a built-in oscillator amplifier hence we need to
only connect a crystal at these pins to provide clock pulses to the circuit.

PIN 40 and 20: Pins 40 and 20 are VCC and ground respectively. The 8051
chip needs +5V 500mA to function properly, although there are lower powered
versions like the Atmel 2051 which is a scaled down version of the 8051 which
runs on +3V.

PINS 29, 30 & 31: As described in the features of the 8051, this chip contains a
built-in flash memory. In order to program this we need to supply a voltage of
+12V at pin 31. If external memory is connected then PIN 31, also called
EA/VPP, should be connected to ground to indicate the presence of external
memory. PIN 30 is called ALE (address latch enable), which is used when
multiple memory chips are connected to the controller and only one of them
needs to be selected.We will deal with this in depth in the later chapters. PIN 29
is called PSEN. This is "program store enable". In order to use the external
memory it is required to provide the low voltage (0) on both PSEN and EA pins.

Pin 29: If we uses an external ROM then it should has a logic 0 which indicates
Micro controller to read data from memory.

Pin 30: This Pin is used for ALE that is Address Latch Enable. If we uses
multiple memory chips then this pin is used to distinguish between them. This
Pin also gives program pulse input during programming of EPROM.

Pin 31: If we have to use multiple memories then by applying logic 1 to this pin
instructs Micro controller to read data from both memories first internal and
afterwards external.

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PORTS:

There are 4 8-bit ports: P0, P1, P2 and P3.

PORT P1 (Pins 1 to 8): The port P1 is a general purpose input/output port

which can be used for a variety of interfacing tasks. The other ports P0, P2 and
P3 have dual roles or additional functions associated with them based upon the
context of their usage.The port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL
inputs. When 1s are written to portn1 pins are pulled high by the internal pull-
ups and can be used as inputs.

PORT P3 (Pins 10 to 17): PORT P3 acts as a normal IO port, but Port P3 has
additional functions such as, serial transmit and receive pins, 2 external
interrupt pins, 2 external counter inputs, read and write pins for memory access.

PORT P2 (pins 21 to 28): PORT P2 can also be used as a general purpose 8 bit
port when no external memory is present, but if external memory access is
required then PORT P2 will act as an address bus in conjunction with PORT P0
to access external memory. PORT P2 acts as A8-A15.

PORT P0 (pins 32 to 39) PORT P0 can be used as a general purpose 8 bit port
when no external memory is present, but if external memory access is required
then PORT P0 acts as a multiplexed address and data bus that can be used to
access external memory in conjunction with PORT P2. P0 acts as AD0-AD7, as
can be seen from fig 1.1

PORT P10: asynchronous communication input or Serial synchronous

communication output.

PIN 11: Serial Asynchronous Communication Output or Serial Synchronous

Communication clock Output.

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 8051 INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE

FIG. 5 8051 INTERNAL

ARCHITECTURE

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CHAPTER 4:
LM35

FIG. 6 -

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an

output voltage linearly proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35
device has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as
the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to
obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 device does not require any
external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of C at room
temperature and C over a full 55C to 150C temperature range. Lower
cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The low-output
impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration of the LM35 device
makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. The device is
used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As the LM35
device draws only 60 A from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less
than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 device is rated to operate over a 55C to
150C temperature range, while the LM35C device is rated for a 40C to
110C range (10 with improved accuracy). The LM35-series devices are
available packaged in hermetic TO transistor packages, while the LM35C,
LM35CA, and LM35D devices are available in the plastic TO-92 transistor
package. The LM35D device is available in an 8-lead surface-mount small-
outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

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CHAPTER 5:

SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY

The segments themselves are identified with lower-case letters "a"
through "g," with segment "a" at the top and then counting clockwise.

FIG. 7- SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SEVEN

SEGMENT DISPLAY

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 The LEDS in a seven-segment display are not isolated from each other.
Rather, either all of the cathodes, or all of the anodes, are connected
together into a common lead, while the other end of each LED is
individually available.

This means fewer electrical connections to the package, and also allows
us to easily enable or disable a particular digit by controlling the common
lead.

There is no automatic advantage of the common-cathode seven-segment

unit over the common-anode version, or vice-versa. Each type lends itself
to certain applications, configurations, and logic families.

FIG. 8 SEVEN SEGMENT

DISPLAY

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CHAPTER 6:

RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such
as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by
a separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as
amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-
transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

FIG. 9 -
RELAY

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CHAPTER 7:

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES :

Embedded C , ALP (Assembly Language)

COMPILERS :

NI Multisim 13.0
DUMPING SOFT WARE:

Using Micro controller flash Software we are dumping our

HEX Code into Micro Controller .

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CHAPTER 8:

APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES

This project can be used in hospitals.

Our project is used for warming babies. It is used for warming

prematured and weak babies.

Can also be used for performing certain chemical experiments.

Electronic Applications.

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CHAPTER 9:

FUTURE SCOPE

Microcontroller based temperature controller is a simple whereas a useful

circuit with which the temperature can be controlled with the aid of a LM 35
temperature sensor. As explained the circuit can be made useful in practical area
where the circuit can be connected to a device whose temperature has to be
controlled at a particular limit say a water tank with a heater whose temperature
can be set to a particular value. Similar another application is that the circuit
attached with a buzzer which can be connected to a device like an iron box so
that it would help to save electricity by avoiding overheating of the device.
In future the circuit can be enhanced by connecting a GSM Module to the
circuit so that in industrial area when a machine crosses the set temperature, we
can inform the control room by sending a message, or else a call to control room
manager so that damages to the machine can be avoided by disconnecting the
equipment with GSM technology.

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 REFERENCE
The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems by Muhammad Ali
Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education

www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-1213/ijsrp-p2462.pdf

www.youtube.com/watch?v=kw6xAd682Lw

en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Embedded Systems/8051_Microcontroller

www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm35.pdf

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-segmentdisplay

Introduction to Measurements and Instrumentation by A.K Ghosh ,PHI

Publications (3rd Edition)

Principles of Meaurements system by John P. Bentley(3rd Edition),

Pearson Education

Industrial Instrumentation and Control by S.K SINGH by Tata McGraw

Hill Publications(2nd Edition)

Avinash , Interfacing LM35 Temperature Sensor with PIC

Microcontroller, http://extremeelectronics.co.in

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