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Hypothesis
Linguistic Universals and L1 Transfer -Liceras: Learners carry over marked constructions
from the L1 to the L2.
-What is Marked and unmarked? Linguistic rules:
Unmarked-Core rules, easy to acquire. Marked-d
Periphery rules, difficult to learn.
-Markedness Theory. Explain why some differences Some Problems with the Universal Hypothesis
between L1 and L2 lead to difficulty. 1. Linguistic
universals must be
The Transfer of L1 Unmarked Forms seen to have
psycholinguistic
-Zobl: Learners falls back on his L1 validity if they are
knowledge when the L2 rule is to be treated as a
obscure. determinant of
-Causes- of Obscurity: If L2 is SLA.
typologically inconsistent or 2. The distinction
there is typological between acquisition
Indeterminacy. and development.
-Eckman: Transfer effects 3. Chomskys
are most in evidence when poverty of the
L1 setting is unmarked and stimulus
the L2 setting marked. argument.
Where the L1 pattern 4. The cavalier attitude
corresponds with a universal to markedness.
developmental stage in SLA, 5. Competence by
the learner may proceed to Chomsky.
that stage faster than
learners whose L1s do not
have the pattern. Summary