Introduçào e Histórico - 13 A 17 - 2017

Introduo e
Histrico
Antonio Roque Dechen - Francisco A. Monteiro - Quirino A. C. Carmello
UNIVERSIDADE DE SO PAULO - ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA LUIZ DE QUEIROZ ESALQ

UNIVERSIDADE DE SO PAULO - ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA LUIZ DE QUEIROZ
ESALQ
LSO
ESALQ
LSO
ESALQ
LSO
ESALQ
LSO
ESALQ
LSO
ESALQ
LSO
ESALQ
LSO
ESALQ
LSO
ESALQ
LSO
ESALQ
LSO
ESALQ
LSO
Nitrognio em Citros
ESALQ
LSO
Fsforo em Citros
ESALQ
LSO
Potssio
ESALQ
LSO
Potssio em Citros
ESALQ
LSO
Potssio em Citros
ESALQ
LSO
ESALQ
LSO
Clcio em Ma
ESALQ
LSO
Clcio em Mangueira
ESALQ
LSO
Clcio em Mangueira
ESALQ
LSO
Clcio
ESALQ
LSO
ESALQ
LSO
Magnsio em Palmceas
ESALQ
LSO
Magnsio em Palmceas
ESALQ
LSO
Magnsio em Citros
ESALQ
LSO
ESALQ
LSO
ESALQ
LSO
Boro
ESALQ
LSO
Boro
ESALQ
LSO
Boro
ESALQ
LSO
Boro
ESALQ
LSO
Boro
ESALQ
LSO
Boro
ESALQ
LSO
Ferro em Citros
ESALQ
LSO
Mangans em Citros
ESALQ
LSO
Fe Mn
ESALQ
LSO
Introduo
e histrico
(segunda aula)
ESPAAMENTO
ANLISE DE ADOO DE UM
SISTEMA DE
PREPARO
ADEQUADO
E DENSIDADE
ADEQUADOS
SOLO E PRODUO
ADEQUADO
DO SOLO
USO ADEQUADO DE
PLANTAS
APROVEITAMENTO DO
POTENCIAL GENTICO
RESDUOS
ORGNICOS E
FERTILIZANTES
DAS PLANTAS
SISTEMA
INORGNICOS
FATORES SCIO-
ECONMICOS FAVORVEIS INTEGRADO MANTER NVEL
ADEQUADO DE MO
PARA O PRODUTOR
DE MANEJO
EVITAR OU MINIMIZAR
DEFICINCIAS
DE CONTROLE DA
HDRICAS
NUTRIENTES EROSO DO
SOLO
MANEJO DA NA PLANTA
ACIDEZ DO
SOLO E
SALINIDADE CONTROLE DE CONTROLE DE
USO DE ROTAO ALELOPATIA DOENAS,
DE CULTURAS INSETOS E
PLANTAS
DANINHAS
PRODUTIVIDADE SUSTENTVEL DE CULTURAS E OTIMIZAO

DO USO EFICIENTE DE NUTRIENTES
COMPOSIO DE UMA PLANTA
80%
gua
20% matria seca
S Na
1%
Matria Seca Mg 4% B, Cu, Fe,
Mn, Mo, Zn
Ca 4%
5% 1%
30% celulose P
5%
12% protena K
42%
48% extrativos no nitrogenados Si
7%
04% matria graxa
Cl
06% cinzas 7% O
24%

SISTEMA SOLO PLANTA ANIMAL
M M
(CORRETIVO) (ADUBO)
M M M M M
(FASE SLIDA) (LBIL) (SOLUO) (PLANTA) (ANIMAL)
M M
(EROSO) (LIXIVIADO)
REPRESENTAO ESQUEMTICA DO EQUILBRIO
DE NUTRIENTES NO SISTEMA SOLO-PLANTA
NUTRIENTE ABSORVIDO
PELAS PLANTAS
K3
NUTRIENTE K1 NUTRIENTE K2 NUTRIENTE

DO NA SOLUO RETIDO NA
FERTILIZANTE DO SOLO FASE SLIDA
K4
NUTRIENTE
LIXIVIADO

SISTEMA SOLO - PLANTA - ANIMAL
NUTRIENTE
NA SOLUO
DO SOLO

SINTOMATOLOGIA
CONSEQUNCIA:
ABSORO
TRANSPORTE
REDISTRIBUIO
FUNES
ESQUEMA SIMPLIFICADO DA PRODUO DE SUBSTNCIAS
ORGNICAS NAS PLANTAS (BERGMANN & NEUBERT, 1976)
COMPONENTES DE TRANSFORMAES ACUMULADORES DE
FORMAO ENERGTICAS ENERGIA
(4% DA ENERGIA SOLAR
APROVEITADA)
FATORES CLIMTICOS
TEMPERATURA
LUZ
OUTRAS RADIAES
CO2
FATORES
H2O FOTOS-
SNTESE
DO SOLO
REAES SUBSTNCIAS
REVERSVEIS
MINERAIS
FSICOS
N, P, K,
ORGNICAS
Ca, Mg, S, POTENCIAL
QUMICOS
B, Cl, Cu, GENTICO DAS
Fe, Mn, PLANTAS
BIOLGICOS
Mo, Zn, Ni
ENERGIA
MINERAIS H2O CO2 RESPI- Tecidos de
RAO Armazenamento
RETORNO POR VIAS
DIRETAS OU INDIRETAS
(Bergmann & Neubert, 1976),Modificado DEON, 2006

CICLO DE PRODUO
SINTOMATOLOGIA
CONSEQUNCIA:
ABSORO
TRANSPORTE
REDISTRIBUIO
FUNES
SOLUO
DO
SOLO
ESQUEMA SIMPLIFICADO DA PRODUO DE SUBSTNCIAS ORGNICAS NAS
PLANTAS (BERGMANN & NEUBERT, 1976)
FOTOSSINTESE
COMPONENTES DE TRANSFORMAES ACUMULADORES DE
FORMAO ENERGTICAS ENERGIA

FATORES APROVEITADA)
CLIMTICOS
TEMPERATURA
LUZ
OUTRAS RADIAES
CO
FATORES
2
FOTOS-
H2
DO SOLO O SNTESE REAES SUBSTNCIAS
REVERSVEIS
FSICOS MINERAIS
N, P, K, ORGNICAS
QUMICOS Ca, Mg, S,
POTENCIAL
B, Cl, Cu, GENTICO DAS NUTRIENTE
BIOLGICOS Fe, Mn, PLANTAS NA
Mo, Zn, Ni
SOLUO
MINERA H2O CO2
ENERGI
A
DO
IS RESPI- Tecidos de SOLO
RAO Armazenamento
RETORNO POR VIAS
DIRETAS OU INDIRETAS
OMPONENTES DE TRANSFORMAESES
FORMAO ENERGTICAS DE ENERGIA

APROVEITADA)
FATORES
CLIMTICOS TEMPERATURA
LUZ
OUTRAS RADIAES
CO2
TORES
H2O FOTOS-
SOLO REAES
SUBSTNCI
SNTESE
REVERSVEI
S
SICOS
MINERAIS ORGNICA
N, P, K,
MICOS
Ca, Mg, S,
B, Cl, Cu, POTENCIAL
LGICO
Fe, Mn, GENTICO DAS
S
Mo, Zn, Ni PLANTAS
ENERGIA
MINERAIS H2O CO2 RESPI- Tecidos d
Armazename
RAO
RETORNO POR VIAS
DO DIRETAS OU INDIRETAS
NA
SOLO
SOLUO
NUTRIENTES
DETALHES DE UM PELO RADICULAR ABSORVENDO
GUA E NUTRIENTES DA SOLUO DO SOLO
ABSORO
DE GUA E
NUTRIENTES
RAIZ
RADICELA
S
AR
PARTCULAS
SOLUO DO SOLO
DO SOLO
FATORES QUE AFETAM A ABSORO DE NUTRIENTES
POSITIVOS NEGATIVOS
Alta transpirao Alta umidade
das plantas relativa do ar
(diminui
Solos com boa transpirao)
estrutura e bom
suprimento de O2 Sistema radicular
pouco desenvolvido
Teor de matria
orgnica pH inadequado
Umidade do solo
Atividade dos
microorganismos Baixa aerao
pH adequado Nematides ou
outras pragas
Sistema radicular
bem desenvolvido Compactao do
solo
DETALHES DE UM PELO RADICULAR ABSORVENDO
GUA E NUTRIENTES DA SOLUO DO SOLO
ABSORO
DE GUA E
NUTRIENTES
RAIZ
RADICELAS
AR
SOLUO PARTCULAS
DO SOLO DO SOLO
Plo radicular
Regio de maturao
Regio de alongamento
Crtex
Xilem
aloema
F
Endoderme
Regio meristemtica
Epiderme
Transio
Regio de rpida
diviso celular
Centro quiescente
pice da raiz
Coifa
Bainha mucilaginosa
Rotas para a absoro de gua pelas razes
Endoderme
Estria de Caspary
Rotas Crtex Xilema Floema

simplstica e Periciclo
transmembrana Epiderme
Rota apoplstica
Primrdio foliar
pice e meristema apical da
Gema parte area
axilar com
meristema Parnquima
N
Entren Folha
Tecido Linha do solo Representao

vascular
Raiz lateral
esquemtica das paredes
Raiz celulares primrias e
principal
Plos
radiculares
secundrias e sua relao
pice da raiz com Coifa

com o restante da clula
meristema apical
RAIZ
Representao esquemtica das paredes celulares primrias

e secundrias e sua relao com o restante da clula
CAULE
Epiderme (tecido
drmico)
Crtex
Tecidos
Medula fundamentais
Xilema
Tecidos
Floema vasculares
Cmbio
vascular
Representao esquemtica das paredes celulares primrias e
secundrias e sua relao com o restante da clula
FOLHA
Parnquima
Representao esquemtica das paredes celulares primrias e

secundrias e sua relao com o restante da clula
FATORES DA PRODUO VEGETAL: P. R. CASTRO
De ao De ao PROCESSOS
INDIRETA DIRETA FISIOLGICOS
AFETADOS
LATITUDE RADIAO FOTOSSNTESE

SOLAR
ALTITUDE COMPRIMENTO CRESCIMENTO
DO DIA
CHUVA TEMPERATURA FLORAO
GUA NO SOLO
TOPOGRAFIA BALANO
HDRICO
AERAO
TEXTURA RESPIRAO
DO SOLO
DO SOLO
MINERAIS
COMPOSIO DO SOLO ABSORO
DO SOLO DE MINERAIS
Bioqumica Vegetal
Sistema complexo de reaes
nas quais os elementos
minerais so essenciais:
Participamda composio,
regulao e catlise;
de tecidos, reaes e produtos
CONH 2 COO
HY AL UR ONIC AC ID DERMAT AN BL OOD GROUP AL GINAT ES O-ANT IGENS S TAR CH GLY COG E N
COO
P GLYCOPROTEINS SUB STANCES CH 2COO OH
+
N
Ribos e -O
O O
Adenos ine(P )
+
N O O
NICOTINATE COO COO
GANGLIOSIDES PEPTIDO- - P - O - P - O- Ribos e - O - P- O - P- O -Adenos ine +
N C OO
O MUCINS GLYCAN CHITIN CHONDROITIN PECTIN INULIN CELLULOSE
CH 2OH
O
CH 2OH
O NH NH O O O O Ribos e- P N N
+
RP
Indoleacetate Indoxyl 6.3.5.1 2.7.7.18
L NAD( + P) A Quinolinate-
CH 2OH HO
O O O O (Auxin) 6. 3. 1.5 Desamino-NAD Nicotinate- 2.4.2.19
Y
O
COO -
2.4.1.68 1.1.1.132 HO CH 3
nucleotide nucleotide
AcNH
C HOH
C HOH C OO - 6.3.2.7-10 2.4.1.69
O
OH OH OH OH
1.2.3.7 R 2.4.2.19
S CH2OH 2.4.99.7 6. 3. 2.13 HO O OPPU HO OH OP P U OH CH 3
OP P T
2.4.1.29
OH
HO
+
CH 2C H(NH 3)C OO HO O CH 2C H2NH 2 HO CH 2C H 2NHC OC H 3 C H 3O CH 2C H 2NHC OCH 3 COO
OP C
C H 3C H 2.4.1.17 UDP- OH OH LACTOSE CH 2CHO
A NHAC
HO HO OP P G
TDP-Rhamnos e CH 2OH NH M NH NH NH N
COO
COO- Iduronate GDP- 2.4.1.21 O NH NH
5-Hydroxy- 4. 1. 1. 28
5-Hydroxytryptamine 2. 3. 1.5
N-Acetyl-s erotonin 2. 1. 1. 4
N-Acetyl-5-O-methyl-s erotonin Quinolinate
C HO
UDP-N-Ac-Muramate OH
Mannuronate CH 3
2. 4. 1.1 2.4.1.11 HO
etc. 2. 4. 1. 21 3.2.1.23 Indole- Indole A
GDP-Fucos e O tryptophan (SEROTONIN) (MELATONIN)
C CMP-N-Acetyl OH OH OH 2.7.1.38 acetaldehyde 1.14.16.4 T
H neuraminate CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH 5.1.3.13 O
O
HO O COO 5.1.3.12
4.2.1.47
O
2.4.1.33
OH OP PT
GALACTOSE
4.1.1.43 + +
+
COCH CH(NH )C OO COO COO I 2 3
A CHOH 2.4.1.16
COO -
OH
ADP- CH 2OH CH COCOO
CO CH C H(NH )C OO C O C H C H(NH )C OO 2
NH
3 2 3
OCH C
AcNH C HOH COO
HO OH HO OP PG CH 2OH TDP-4-Oxo- O 2 CHO NH OCH NH NH 2
2
2
R C H 2OH
OH
OH OP P U
HO
O O
6-deoxyglucose Glucose OH
2.7.1.6
CH 2 OH NH 4.1.99.1 NH NH OH OH
Formylkynurenine 3.5.1.9 Kynurenine 1.14.13.9 3-Hydroxy 3.7.1.3 3-Hydroxy 1. 13. 11. 6 2-Amino-3-carboxy
C OO 2
4. 1. 1.45
COO
2-Aminomuconate- A
2
2. 7. 7. 43 1. 1. 1. 158 GDP-Mannos e O
I 3.1.3.29
C H 2OH
O
NHCOC H 3
OH OP P U OH
HO OH OP P U HO HO Indolepyruvate kynurenine anthranilate muconate semialdehyde 6-semialdehyde
D HO UDP-N-Ac- HO OH HO OH
GDP-Glucose Catechol M
N-Ac-Neuraminate UDP- CH 2 OH
UDP-Glucose
OH O P 2.4.1.22 1.13.11.11 C OO H H
E HO O Galactos amine O MANNOSE + COO

(Sialate) CH C
OP P U
COO
2.7.7.13 4.2.1.46
Galactos e-P
OH
CH CH NH
CH CH(NH )C OO C-CH(OH)C H(OH)C H OP 2 3
HOC-C H(OH)C H(OH)C H OP NH C C C H C H OP
COO
1.2.1.32 I2 2
2
S CH 2O P 2
COO
NHA C Galacturonate 2.7.1.7 2.7.7.27
2
NH
2 2
CH CH OH OH 1.14.12.1
N
O O HO OH HO O P CH 2OH NH 4.2.1.20 N NH O NH 2
H NH
3. 1. 3. 29 UDP -N-Ac- 5.1.3.7
Mannose-1-P 2.7.7.34 2.7.7.9
O
Tryptamine 4.1.1.28 TRYPTOPHAN Indole-3-glycerol-P 1-(o-C arboxy phenylamino) 4. 1. 1.48 N-(5-P -R ibos yl) 2. 4. 2. 18Anthranilate
OOC
O
2
A CNH
Glucosamine 5.1.3.6 CH 2O P TDP-Glucose 5. 1. 3. 2 HO OOC
2-Amino
HO OH OH
4.1.3.20 HO OH OP P U O 2.7.7.10 COO 1-deoxyribulos e-5-P anthranilate muconate
pyruvate OH
CH 2OH
2.7.7.12 OH OP P U OH OC HO C OO COO COO COO OOC
N-Ac-Mannosamine-6-P UDP-G lucuronate 5.4.2.8 2.7.7.24 P OCH 2 CH 2 COO COO C H 2C OC OO
CH 2 OH CH 2 OH CH 2 OH CH 2 OP
HO OH HO OH O
HOC H HCOH CH 2 CH 2
4.1.3.27 A
4.1.3.20
O O O
O
Mannose-6-P HO OH OP UDP -G alactos e
C
O
OH
O
OH
OH HO
OH
OH P O
OH
OH PO
OH
O-C-C OO
OH OC-COO OH
C
ACNH 2. 7. 1. 60
H OH OH
H HO OH OP P U
2. 4. 1. 13 C H 2OP O
HO 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-4.6.1.3 Dehydro-
4.2.1.10
Dehydro- 1.1.1.25
Shikimate 2.7.1.71
Shikimate-3-P 2.5.1.19
Shikimate-5 4.6.1.4 Chorismate
5.4.99.5
Prephenate I
HO OH OH HO OH OP HO OH OH 2.4.1.9
E NHAC heptulosonate-7-P quinate shikimate PEP enolpyruvate 3 -P D
NHCOC H 3 5.4.2.3
N-Ac-G lucos amine-6-P
NHCOC H 3 Glucos e-1-P O O
CH 2COC OO
+ +
CH 2CH(NH 3) CO O
X N-Ac-Mannosamine
5.1.3.14
UDP-N-Ac-Glucos amine N-Ac-G lucos amine-1-P HO OH OH CH 2OH
O
OH
CH 2COO
CH2C H(NH 3) CO O
CH 2C OC OO
4. 2. 1. 51 S
2.7.7.23 O
O COO OH OH OH OH H H OH
NH 2
-OOC
O
CH 2 COO CH 2COO
1.3.1.13
5.3.1.8 Glucos amine-6-P COO OH OH OH
S O
OH OP HOC H 2 C C C C O C H 2OH OH OH H
HO OH OH
Fumaryl 5.2.1.2
Maleyl 1.13.11.5 Homogentisate 1.13.11.27
Hydroxyphenyl
2.6.1.5
TYROSINE
1.14.16.1
PHENYLAL ANINE
2.6.1.5
Phenylpyruvate
OH H OH OH
E -
OH acetoacetate acetoacetate 1. 3. 1. 13 pyruvate
3.2.1.26 3. 2. 1. 48 1.3.1.13
S
HOC H 2 C
H
C
OH H
C C
H
C OO HO OH OH HO OH
OH
HO OH
OH
Fructos e SUC ROS E GLUCOSE CHOHC H 2NHC H 3 CHOHCH 2NH 2 CH 2CH 2NH 2
+
CH2C H(NH 3) CO O -
OH CH 2CH 2NH 2
Gulonate 1. 1. 1. 19
Glucuronate 1. 13. 99. 1
Inos itol 3. 1. 3. 25
Inos itol-P CH=C HCO O
C
5.5.1.4 5.4.2.2 OH OH OH Ubiquinone Cinnamate
OH H OH OH OH H OH
OH H OH OH ATP OH OH OH OH
OH 1. 14. 16. 2
Menaquinone A
3.1.1.18 HOC H 2 C C C C CO HOC H 2 C C C CO CO 3. 1. 3. 9 2. 7. 1. 2 1. 14. 17. 1 4. 1. 1. 28 + OH
HOC H 2 C C C C CO 1. 1. 1. 14 H H OH H C H 2OP Epinephrine 2. 1. 1. 28 Norepinephrine Dopamine Dopa C H 2C H(NH3 ) C O O 1.14.13.11 T
H H H H H HOC H 2 C C C C C H 2OH OH OH H O 2.7.1.1 (Adrenaline) (Noradrenaline) Tyramine
Gulonolactone 1. 1. 3. 8 2-Oxogulonolactone
O O H
ASCORBATE
O
OH
O
2.6.1.16
ADP C HOHC H2NH2
1.14.18.1 H2
HN
I I CH=C HCO O
E
1.1.1.45
OH H OH OH H OH H
1.10.2.1
1.10.3.3 Sorbitol HO OH
1.1.1.49
CH 2 OP
OCH 3 -Tocopherol O C
CH-COO O Coumarate C
OH O
C C OO- - HOC H 2 C C C O C O C O H CH(OH)C OO OH CHOHCH 2OH (V itamin E ) H
HOC H 2 C
H
C
OH
CO
H 1.1.1.130
HOC H 2 C
H
C
OH
CO C O C OO
O
2.7.1.3 P-Glucono Glucos e-6-P Normetepinephrine O
+
NH 3
O
OH
P 3-Dehydrogulonate 2, 3-Dioxogulonate Dehydroascorbate H H OH H lactone HO OH OH OH OC H 3 (Normetadrenaline) OCH 3
Dopaquinone I I O
O NH
E - NADP + OH OH OH
L
OH H OH H H OH H H
P OC H 2 C C C C C OO
5.3.1.9 4-OH-3-Methoxy- 4-OH-3-Methoxy- Plastoquinone 1.14.18.1
MELANIN THYROXINE LIGNIN Tannins Plant Pigments
5.3.1.8
N OH OH H OH D-mandelate phenylglycol A
6-P -G luconate NADP H
HOC H 2 C C C C HO H OH HOC H 2 C C C C HO HOC H 2 C C CO C H 2OH
H H OH
T H OH OH H
5.3.1.3
OH OH
2.7.1.47 HOC H 2 C C C CO C H 2OP NADP +
CH 2 O P M
4.1.1.34 D-Arabinos e D-Ribulose OOC-CH-C H 2COO
O L-Xylose OH OH H 1.1.1.44
H H HO
O NHC OC H 2NH 2
NH NH
HC
N OOC
C
N
HNC O C
N
O
C N I
OH H H 2.2.1.1 P OC H 2 C C C C O C H 2OH OH OH H 2C
S C C C C H 2OH
OH H OH H
Fructose-1-P
H
H 2C C HO OC
HN C
CHO
H2N C
CH
C
CH
H 2N C
N
CH H 2N C
CH
N
HOC H 2 HOC H 2 C C CO C H 2OH P OC H 2 C C CO C H 2OH NH N N C
E H H H
5.1.3.1 NADPH
Fructos e-6-P Glycinamide-
OH OH
2.1.2.2
NH
RP RP RP H 2N RP RP
4.3.2.2
H2N N RP
E
H OH OH H OH H OH
Formyl 6.3.5.3 Formyl 6.3.3.1 5-Amino 4.1.1.21 5-Amino-4-imidazole 6.3.2.6 5-Amino-4-imidazole 5-Aminoimidazole
L-Xylulos e 2. 7. 1. 53 L-Xylulos e-5-P
O
S L-Arabitol HOC H 2 C C C C H 2OH H H
ribosyl-P glycinamide-R P glycinamidine-R P imidazole-R P carboxylate-R P (N-s uccinylcarboxamide)-R P carboxamide-R P H N2 C C
N
S
OH OH H H OH H H OH H OH OH OH
Ribitol
P OC H 2 C C C O C H 2OH OH
ATP HCO C
CH
OH H H O 2.1.2.3 NH N RP
HOC H 2 C C C CHO HOC H 2 C C C C H 2OH HOC H 2 C C C CHO
H 2NC ONH 2 NH 2 H 2N NH C NH O O
2.7.1.11 C N N
H H OH 1. 1. 1. 10 OH H OH OH H OH D-Ribulose-5-P P OC H 2 C C C HO OH 3.1.3.11 H 2N C OO OC
CO
HN C CO
HN C
C
Inosine Formylamido-
2.7.1.47 OH ADP 6.3.4.13 Urea OC C
CO OC C OC C
CH HN C
CH
imidazole-
L-Arabinose Xylitol D-Xylose H H H
Erythros e-4-P N H NH N H NH H N NH OC C HC C
OH H H OH OH OH OH HOC H 2 C C C CHO 5.1.3.1 3.5.3.4 H

3.5.2.5 1. 7. 3. 3 H 1. 1. 1. 204
NH NH
1. 1. 3. 22
N NH
2.4.2.1 carboxamide-R P
C C C C HO H OH OH OH OH
H H HO
+ Allantoate Allantoin UR AT E 1. 1. 3. 22 Xanthine Hypoxanthine 3. 5. 4. 10 O N
HOCH 2 HOC H 2 C C CO C H 2OH P OC H 2 C C CO C H 2OH P OC H 2 C C C C O C H 2O P OH OH H CH 2 (NH 3 )C O O H NH 2 N C
OH H H H H
D-R ibose NH 2
N N HN C
CH
L-Lyxose L-Ribulos e 2. 7. 1. 16 L-Ribulos e-5-P

5.3.1.6
H OH
GLYCINE N
CH O O O HC
N N
CH
N
NH 2 N
C
C
OOC-CH-C H 2C OO
HC N
C N RP P
C C CO CH 2O P O NH
H OH
P OCH 2 C H 2OH 4. 1. 2.-
2.2.1.2 Fructos e- O NH 2
HC N N -O P ~ O P ~ O P O C H O
2 O HC C
CH
C
N
INOSINE-P U
OH H O P O C H2 O
N Fumarate C Aspartate
HOC H 2 C C C O C H 2OH OH H
D-Xylulose-5-P 1:6-bis -P O O C CH 2 NHC H 3
O O N R P (P ) N
HC C
CH
(IMP) R
D-Xylulose Sarcos ine OH OH 2.7.4.3 N NH RP
OH OH
Glyoxylate
O
OH
ATP 2.7.4.6
ADP 2.7.4.4
ADENOSINE-P
4. 3. 2.2 Adenylo- 6.3.4.4 O
C N I
P-Ribosyl 1.5.99.2 Cyclic AMP succinate
H H H amine 1.4.4.2 1.17.4.1 (AMP) 3.1.4.6
1. 1. 1. 205
HN
OC C
C CH
N
H+ N N RP
H+ PHOTO- H+ P OC H 2 C C C C HO OH OH
H H H OH O O C CH 2N(C H 3 ) 2 d-ADP Adenine 2.4.2.1 H E
H+ h SYSTEM i
2H+ l OH
P OC H 2 C C C C C O C H 2OP 4.1.2.13 Dimethylglycine 2.7.4.6 2.7.7.7 2. 4. 2.15
XANTHOSINE-P S
PH O TO -
c OH OH OH H
DNA d-GTP d-GDP (XMP)
SYST EM
2H+ H+ Ferredoxin D-Ribose-5-P Sedoheptulos e-PP 2.1.1.5 O
II
H+ Guanine 6. 3. 4. 1 C N
P PQ 2e-
2*e- H+ 2.2.1.1
+
O O C CH2N(C H 3)3 d-ATP d-CTP 6. 3. 5. 2 HN
H NC C
C CH
H
2
2e- PQ_ . Betaine F OL IC ATP 2. 7. 7. 6 RNA 2.7.7.6 GTP 2.7.4.6 2.7.4.8 N N RP

POCH 2CHOHC HO GDP
O QB PQH2
1e- 1e-
PQ
H+ 3-P-Glyceraldehyde 1.2.1.8 2.1.2.1 AC ID TTP GUANOS INE-P
Fe-S
NADP + HOCH2C OCH2OP 2. 2. 1. 1
C1
T QA PQH2
Cyt bf
Dihydr o xy- + (GMP)
O 2e- A1 H+ 2.4.2.14 O HC C H 2N(C H3 )3
POOL NH 2
Cyt bc H+ acetone-P Pi Pi 6.3.4.7 Betaine O O C P
S Pheophytin Chl.A0 aldehyde O TDP C O N CH
NADPH+H + 4.1.2.5 C
P680 _
. 2e-
(Glyc erone-P) NAD+ HN C H-C H 3
HN
C
C CH 3 HN C -C H3 HN
C CH CH Y
Y Chl.a
2PQ 2PQ 2.7.1.28 1.1.99.1 CH 3
CH 3
OC CH2 OC CH 2. 1. 1. 45 OC CH
OC
N
N 2e-
2PQH2
2e- PC
P700
H+
ADP +
H O C H2C H 2 N (CH3)
H 2NC H2C HC OO H 2NCONHC H 2CHCOO NH
OC
NH
CH
2.4.2.4
N DP N DP 3.5.4.12 2.7.4.14
DP
R
Mn Fe-S 2e- Cyt.f H+ Glyceraldehyde 1.2.1.12
3
3-Amino- 3.5.1.6 -Ureido 3.5.2.2 Dihydro Thymine THYMIDINE-P d-UMP d-CMP d-CDP I
T PC PC H+ CHOLINE isobutyrate isobutyrate thymine
1.3.1.2
Ribulose-1,5-bis-P 1.2.1.13 + O O

NH2
H 4H+ Pi HO C H 2C H(NH 3)C O O 4.2.1.22 C C C M
a
H 2O Translocated protons H+ H+ H+ ADP NADH SERINE HN CH 2 HN CH N CH 1.17.4.1
2
E H+
CO2 H NC ONHC H C H COO OC CH 2 OC CH OC CH I
1
H+ H+ 2.6.1.51 4.1.1.11 2 2 2 NH N
H+Protons from Water
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ CH 2 OP H NC H C H COO H NH
S H+ O POCH 2CHOHC OO P 1.4.1.7
2
-Alanine
2 2 3. 5. 1. 6 Carbamoyl 3. 5. 2. 2 Dihydro- 1. 3. 1. 2
Uracil
3.5.4.1
Cytosine
CDP D
I O2 H+ H+ H+ H+
A TP Fixation 1:3-bis -P-Glycerate -alanine uracil NH 2

H+
2.7.6.1 O
I
c
H+ H+ H+ HO C H2C OC O O C 2.7.4.6
H+ 2 -OOC C
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ O O O

OP O P

3.1.3.3 O
S THYLAKOID LUMEN
H+ H+
Hydroxy- NH 2 C H 2 C
CH 2
C
CH HN C CH C
HN CH N CH
3
+
OH OH CH
pyruvate HN

H
HN OC
A TP CH 2.4.2.9
THYLAKOID MEMBRANE ATP P-Ribos yl-P P
OC C H-C OO N
H OC CH-C OO OC C -C OO OC N C -C OO
HN
OC CH
OC
N
CH N

+ N RP P P
ATP synthase ADP ADP P O C H 2C H ( N H )C
3 OO NH NH RP RP RP P P
6.3.4.2 E
STROMA 3.6.1. 34 Phospho- Carbamoyl Dihydro Orotate Orotidine-P Uridine-P UDP URIDINE- CYTIDINE-
CHLOROPLAST OUTER MEMBRANE 2.7.2.3 serine aspartate 3.5.2.3
orotate 1. 3. 1. 14 2. 4. 2. 10 4. 1. 1.23 (UMP ) 2. 7. 4. 4 2. 7. 4.6 triphos phate triphosphate S
1.1.1.29 (UTP ) (CTP )
HO
COO
HO
COO ATP 2.6.1.52
2.6.1.22
H H H H OC H NH 2 H H H H P OC
NH 2
H H CONH 2
COO + C N OC N N H H
-L inolenate
C C C C N C H2 C C C C
1. 14. 99. 25 P2 NH C P OC H 2 C C CO CH 2 NH C
Linoleate Arachidonate 1.13.11.34 Leukotriene B 4 OH
POCH2C HO H COO
1.1.1.95
PO C H 2 C O C O O
P-Hydroxy- HC C
CH
HC C
CH
HC C
CH
P OC H 2 C C C CH
COO O
COO COO
3-P-Glycerate pyruvate
OH OH
O N N
RP (P P )
OH OH
O
N N
RP
OH OH
N N
RP OH OH HN N C
1.3.1.35 3. 6. 1. 31 3. 5. 4. 19
O 2.4.2.17
P-R ibos yl-AT P P-R ibos yl-AMP P-Ribos ylformimino P-R ibulos ylformimino Imidazole H
COS CoA
L CO-S -A CP
HO OH 5.3.99.5
HO
OH
2.7.1.31 5-aminoimidazole- 5. 3. 1. 16 5-aminoimidazole- glycerol-P
Oleoyl-CoA Palmitoleoyl-AC P Pros taglandin PGE2 Thromboxane B2 POCH2C H(O P) COO HC C C H 2C HC OO
carboxamide-R P carboxamide-R P+
I 1.14.99.5 2, 3-Diphos pho- 5. 4. 2. 1 HOCH2C H(OH) COO N NH NHC OC H 2C H 2NH 2
+
HC C C H 2C H(NH 3)C OO N
HC
+
C C H 2C H(NH 3)C HO
+
HC C
C H 2C H(NH 3)C H 2OH HC C C H 2C H(NH 3)C H 2OP
HC C C H 2C OC H 2OP
Glycerate C 4.2.1.19
P COS CoA CH 3(C H 2)14C H=C HCOS -CoA CH 3((C H 2))14C H((OH))C H 2C OS -CoA CH 3(C H 2)14C OCH 2C OS -CoA
glycerate H Carnos ine NH
CH N NH N NH N NH
N NH
Stearoyl-CoA Dehydros tearoyl-C oA OH-Stearoyl-C oA Oxostearoyl-CoA CH CH
CH C
I CH 3(C H 2)14C OCH 2C OS -CoA
CH 3COO
HIS TIDINE Histidinal Histidinol Histidinol-P
H
Imidazole
ACETATE 1. 1. 1. 23 1.1.1.23 3.1.3.15 2. 6. 1. 9
D CH 3(C H 2)14C OS -AC P CH 3(C H 2)14C OS CoA
Endoplas mic Retic ulum
HOCH2C H(O P)COO
4.1.1.22
4.3.1.3
acetol-P
Chain elongation Mitoc hondrial HC C C H 2C H 2NH 2
Palmitoyl-AC P Palmitoyl-CoA 2-P-Glycerate N NH
OOC C HC H 2C H 2C OO OC C HC H 2C H 2C OO N CH C CH C HCOO
1.2.1.4 NH 4.3.1.3
B CH 3(C H 2)nC H=C HCOS -CoA CH 3(C H 2)nC H(OH)C H 2C OS ACP CH 3(C H 2)nC OCH 2C OS ACP
C
H HISTAMINE
HN NH
CH
3. 5. 2. 7
CH
4.2.1.49
N
CH
NH
ACYL -AC P 1. 3. 1. 9
2, 3-E noyl-AC P 4. 2. 1. 60
3-OH-Acyl-AC P 1. 1. 1. 100
3-Oxoacyl-AC P Formimino Imidazolone Urocanate
I 1.3.1.10 4.2.1.61 2.3.1.41
CH3CH 2OH
propionate
ETHANOL glutamate
O CH 3(C H 2)5C H=C HC H 2COS ACP
4.2.1.11 2.1.3.2
S CH 3(C H 2)6C H 2C H 2C OS ACP 3, 4-Decenoyl-AC P CH 3(C H 2)6C H(OH)C H 2C OS AC P CH 3(C H 2)6C OC H 2C OS ACP +
2-
3-OH-Decanoyl-AC P 1. 1. 1. 100 3-Oxo-Decanoyl-AC P
CH 2CO-OC H 2C H(NH 3)C OO
Decanoyl-ACP 1.1.1.1
Acetylserine HS HSO- Phosphoadenylyl- Adenylyls ulphate SO 4
Y CH 3(C H2 6) CH=C HCOS ACP
1.8.99.1 1.8.99.2 sulphate 2.7.1.25 (APS) 2. 7. 7. 4
2, 3-Decenoyl-AC P 2.3.1.41 CH 2=C (O P ) COO +
N CH 3CHO
S-CH 2CH(NH 3)C OO
+
(PAPS)
T
CH 3(C H 2)2C H 2C H 2C OS AC P
1.3.1.9
CH 3(C H 2)2C H=C HCO-S -ACP
4.2.1.59
CH 3(C H 2)2C H(OH)C H 2C OS ACP
1. 1. 1. 100 CH 3(C H 2)2C OCH 2C OS ACP P-eno lpyr uvate Acetaldehyde + + CH 2C H(NH 3)C OO
+
+
CH 3 S CH C H C H(NH )C OO
Hexanoyl-ACP 2, 3-Hexenoyl-ACP 3-OH-Hexanoyl-ACP 3-Oxo-Hexanoyl-ACP S-CH 2CH(NH 3)C OO HS CH 2CH(NH 3)C OO
4.4.1.1
+
SCH 2CH 2C H(NH 3)C OO 4. 2. 1. 22 HS C H C
2 H 2C H(NH3 )C OO
2 2 3
1.2.1.32
H CH 3CH=C HCO. S -ACP 2.3.1.41 HS CYSTINE CYSTEINE Cystathionine
2.1.1.13
METHIONINE
1.6.4.1 Homocysteine 2.1.1.14
4.2.99.9 4.4.1.8
E C H 3C H2 C H2 C OS AC P CH 3CH=C HCO-S -AC P
4.2.1.58
CH 3C H(OH)C H 2C OS -AC P CH 3COC H 2C OS ACP ADP 1.13.11.20 Adenosyl
1. 3. 1.9 1.1.1.100 3.3.1.1 Adenosyl 2.5.1.6
S Butanoyl-AC P Crotonoyl-ACP 3-OH-Butanoyl-ACP Acetoacetyl-ACP HOOC CH 2CO-S -AC P
+
CH 2OH CH 2OH Malonyl-ACP 2.7.1.40 + +
Glutamate +
SCH 2CH 2C H(NH 3)C OO
CH 3 S CH 2C H 2C H(NH 3)C OO
I R-CH2C OO
HOCH HOCH 1.1.1.8 2.3.1.41
HO 2S CH 2C H(NH 3)C OO HO 3S CH 2C H(NH 3)C OO
S-Adenos yl
+
S-Adenosyl
S ATP HSO3- Cys teine Cysteate 2. 1. 1. 10
CH 3 (CH 2)n + 2C OS -C oA
6.2.1.3 3.1.2.20 F AT T Y AC ID CH 2 OH CH 2O P
2.3.1.39 sulphinate homocys teine 2.1.1.20 methionine
AC YL-CoA Glycerol
2.7.1.30
3-P-Glycerol HO 2S CH 2COC OO
+
C H 2SH (SAM)
(Cy tos ol) KETONE BODIE S 3-Sulphinyl
-G lutamylcys teine
OOC CH(NH 3)C H 2C H 2C ONHC HC OO
C H 3C OC H 3 C H 3C H(OH)C H 2C OO
HOOCCH 2C O-S CoA
PYRUVATE +
CH 3CH(NH3)C OO
pyruvate HO 2S CH 2C H 2NH 2
Hypotaurine 1.8.1.3
HO 3S C H 2C H 2NH 2
2.3.1.7
3. 1. 1.3 CH 2O-CO-R Acetone 3-OH-B utyrate Malonyl-Co-A 1.2.4.1 Taurine Glycine
ALANINE 4.1.1.29 CH 2S H
Carnitine R-CO-OCH
CH2O-C O-R CH 2O-CO-R
2.7.8.5 2.3.1.12 4.1.2.5 + +
4.1.1.4 1.1.1.30 1.8.1.4 OOC C H 2C H 2 C OOC H 2C H2 C H(NH3 )C OO OOC CH(NH 3)C H 2C H 2C ONHC HCONHC H 2C OO
L O-Acyl-carnitine CH 2O-C O-R "
R-CO-OCH R-CO-OCH
CH 3CO-S -ACP
4.1.1.9 Succinylhomos erine
CH 2OH C H 2O P CH 3COCH 2COO
Acetyl-ACP
4.1.1.12 Glutathione
I Tr ia c y lg ly c e r o l
Diacyl Acetoacetate +
CH 3C H(OH)C H(NH 3)C OO
+ + Bile Acids
P O-Acyl-carni ti ne FA T 2.3.1.20 glycerol 3.1.3.4 2.7.1.107 Phos phatidate 2.6.1.18 P OCH 2C H 2C H(NH 3)C OO HOC H 2C H 2C H(NH 3)C OO
3.1.2.11 2.3.1.38 O-Phospho- Homoserine
3.1.1.28 CH3 CO CO O - CH 3CH(OH)C OO THREONINE 4.2.99.2 2.7.1.39 2.3.1.46 4. 1. 2.12
HOCH 2 C(C H 3)2C OCOO
I CH 3(C H 2)nC H 2C H 2C OS CoA PYRUV AT E LACTATE homoserine HCHO
CH 3
Oxopantoate
CH 3 +
D AC YL-CoA CH 3(C H 2)nC H=C HC OS CoA CH 3(C H n CH(OH)C H 2C OS CoA CH 3(C H 2)nC OC H 2C OS CoA
OHCCH 2COO-
COO
1.1.1.3
C (OH)C H(OH)C OO
CH 3
CHCH(NH 3)C OO 1.1.1.169
( Mi t o c h o n d ri a) 1. 3. 99. 3
2, 3-Enoyl-CoA 4.2.1.17
3-OH-Acyl-CoA 1.1.1.35
3-Oxoacyl-CoA NAD HOH Malonic 4.2.1.16 CH 3COC (OH)C H 3 CH 3 CH 3
CHCOCOO
2.6.1.32
CH 3
D 1.2.4.1 semi- 2-Acetolactate

1.1.1.86 4.2.1.9 HOC H 2C (C H3 2) C H(OH)C OO
C H 3(C H2 )2 C H2 C H
2 C OS C oA CH 3(C H2 2) CH=C HCOS CoA
4. 2. 1. 17
CH (C
3 H2 2
) CH(OH)C H 2C OS CoA 1.1.1.35 CH 3(C H 2)2C OCH 2C OS CoA AT P 2 .3 .1 .1 2 GDP aldehyde 2-3-Dihydroxy 2-Oxo- 1.4.1.8 VALINE Pantoate
1.3.99.3 1.2.1.18
E Hexanoyl-CoA 2, 3-Hexenoyl-C oA 3-OH-Hexanoyl-CoA 3-Oxohexanoyl-C oA CO 2 3.1.3.43
CO2
CH 3CH 2C OCOO
Oxobutyrate
isovalerate isovalerate -Alanine 3.5.1.22
G CH 3CH 2C H 2C OS CoA CH 3CH=C HCOS CoA
4. 2. 1. 55 C H 3C H(OH)C H 2C OS C oA
1. 1. 1. 157 CH 3COC H 2COS CoA
6 .4 .1 .1 4 .1 .1 .3 2
CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3
1.2.1.25
6.3.2.1
1.3.99.2
R Butanoyl-C oA Crotonoyl-C oA 3-OH-B utanoyl-CoA Acetoacetyl-CoA NADH+H+ GT P
HOCH 2CHCOO
3.1.2.4
HOC H 2C HC OS -C oA- C H = C C OS C oA
2
CH 3CHCO-S CoA HOCH 2 C(CH 3))2C H(OH)C O NHC H 2C H 2C OO
Odd C F atty ac ids CH3CO S CoA 3-Hydroxy- 3-Hydroxy- 4. 2. 1. 17 Methyl 1. 3. 99. 3 Isobutyryl-C oA PANTOTHENATE
A CH 3C H 2C H 2C H 2C OS CoA CH 3CH 2C H=C HCOS CoA CH 3C H 2C H(OH)C H 2C OS CoA CH 3CH 2C OC H 2C OS CoA CH 3
isobutyrate Isobutyryl-C oA acrylyl-CoA
Pentanoyl-C oA
1. 1. 1. 35
NAD+ AC E TYL-C oA OHCCHCOO 2.7.1.33
D Pentenoyl-C oA 3-OH-Pentanoyl-CoA 3-Oxopentanoyl-CoA
Methylmalonyl CH 3
+
A semialdehyde COO
CH 3
C(OH)C H(OH)C OO
CH 3
CHCOCOO
CHCH(NH 3)C OO
P OCH 2C (CH 3)2C H(OH)C ONHC H 2C H 2C OO
4-P-Pantothenate
T CH2O-C O-R CH 2O-C O-R CH 2O-C O-R OHCCOO
4.1.3.5
1 .1 .1 .3 9 CH 3COC (OH)C H 2C H 3 CH 3CH 2 CH 3CH 2
2.6.1.32
CH 3 CH 2
Cysteine
4.1.3.4
Glyoxylate 2:3-Di-OH- 4.2.1.9 2-Oxo-3-methyl 6.3.2.5
OH OH
I R'-C O-OC H O R'-CO-OC H O C OO
+
R'-C O-OC H O
2.7.7.41
CH 2COO
-OOCCO CH2CO O - 2-Aceto-2-
1.1.1.86
ISOLEUCINE COO
OXAL OAC ETAT E 2 .6 .1 .1 hydroxy- 3-methylvalerate valerate
O CH 2 O-P O 1. 3. 99. 7 C H 2O P O C H 2C HNH 3
Serine
CH 2O POCMP 1.1.1.79 CH 3C(OH)C H 2C OS CoA NA D H+ H+ butyrate
P OC H 2C (C H 3)2C H(OH)C ONHC H 2C H 2C O NHC HC H 2S H
- HO OH O - O 1.2.3.5
-OH--Methyl- 4 .1 .3 .7 4-P-Pantothenylcysteine
N O
OH PHOS PHAT IDY L
2.7.8.8
CDP-diacyl HOC H 2C OO
glutaryl-CoA NAD+ 4 .1 .3 .8
CH2COO-
C(OH)CO O -
CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 1.2.1.25
SERINE 2.7.8.11 Inositol glycerol Glycolate CH2COO-

CH 3COCHCOS CoA CH 3C H(OH)C HCOS CoA CH 3C H=C HCOS CoA CH 3CH 2C HCOS CoA 4.1.1.36
Phosphatidyl 2-Methylaceto-1. 1. 1. 35 2-Methyl-3-4. 2. 1. 17 Tiglyl-CoA 2 Methylbutyryl-
inositol CH 2O-C O-R
1.2.1.21 HOOC -COOH CITRAT E acetyl-C oA hydroxy- 1.3.99.3 CoA P OC H 2C (C H 3)2C H(OH)C ONHC H 2C H 2C O NHC H 2C H 2S H
CH 2O-C O-R CH 2O-C O-R
2. 7. 8. 5 Oxalate 1.1.1.34 FMN I 4 .1 .3 .2
R'-C O-OC H O O HC O-C O-R R'-C O-OC H O
HOC H C HO
2 I -O O CCHO 4 .2 .1 .3
CH 3CH 2C OS CoA
butyryl-CoA 4-P-Pantetheine
P CH 2O-C O-R
4.1.1.65
CH 2 O-P O CH 2C H(OH)C H 2 O-P -OC H 2 Glycol Glyoxylate CH(OH)COO -
Propanoyl-CoA 2.7.7.3
O - - CH 2O-P O CH 2C HOHC H 2OH
aldehyde CH 2 COO Cycle CHCOO-
3
1.6.5.
O O- 1 .1 .1 .3 7
H R'-CO-OC H O
+ Cardiolipin Phos phatidylglycerol 1.4.3.8
CH 3C(OH)C H 2CHO
FMNH2
CH2COO- 2. 1. 3. 1
4.1.1.41
6. 4. 1. 3 COOH COOH +
(CH 3)2C HCH 2 CH(NH 3)C OO
ADP - OC H 2 C(C H 3)2C H(OH)C ONHC H 2C H 2C O NHC H 2C H 2S H
O CH 2O P OCH 2C H 2 NH 3
+ + Mevaldate ISOCITRAT E 5.1.99.1
(C H 3)2C HC (OH)C H 2C OO (C H 3)2C HC HC H(OH)C OO (CH 3)2C HC H 2C OC OO 2. 6. 1. 6
O- CPP- OCH 2CH 2 NH 3 P OCH C H
2 2 NH 3 + + 2-Isopropyl- 3-Isopropyl- Oxoleucine LEUCINE Dephos pho-C oenzyme A
2H
S Phosphatidyl
2. 7. 8. 1 CDP -Ethanolamine 2. 7. 7. 14 E thanolamine-P HOCH 2CH 2NH 3
1.1.1.32
4 .1 .3 .1
1 .1 .1 .4 1 CH 3 malate 4. 2. 1. 33 malate 1. 1. 1. 85 1.4.1.9
2.7.1.24
Ethanolamine 2Fe-S CH3CH(O H)CH 2 CO. SCoA
P ethanolamine CH 2O-C O-R
CH 2 OH
(5 Clusters) MAL ATE OOC-CH-C OS CoA CH 3 CH 3 1.2.1.25
H CEPHALIN HOC H O
+
CH 3COC H 2C H 2N(C H 3)3
-OOCCO CH2CH2 COO - Methylmalonyl-CoA OOC CH 2C = CHC OS CoA CH 3C = CHC OS CoA ((C H 3))2C HC H 2C OS CoA P -ADP - OC H 2 C(C H 3)2C H(OH)C ONHC H 2C H 2C O NHC H 2C H 2S H
HOC H O
+ CH 2OP O CH 2C H 2N(C H 3) Acetylcholine CH 2COO
4H+ 4H+ 4 .1 .1 .7 1
3-Methyl-
6. 4. 1. 4
3-Methyl-
1. 3. 99. 10
Isovaleryl-C oA A
O CH 2OP O CH 2C H 2N(C H 3)3 - CH 3C (OH)C H 2C H 2OH
ASPARTAT E 4.2.1.18 Coenzyme A
CH 2OC H=C HR
2.1.1.17
2.1.1.71 O - Lysolecithin GlyceroOphosphocholine Mevalonate
1 .6 . 5 .3
2H+ 4.2.1.2 GLUTAR AT E 1.1.1.3
glutaconyl-CoA crotonyl-CoA M
L R-CO-OCH O
CH 2O-CO-R
3.1.1.32
3.1.4.4 2.3.1.6 or 1.2.4.2 I
O 2.7.1.36
2H +
+ R '-C O-OC H 2 .3 .1 .6 1 +
I CH 2OP O CH 2C H 2N(C H 3)3
+
C H 2OP OC H 2 C H2 N(C H
3 )3 +
3.1.4.3
+ +
2.7.4.2 -OOCCH=CHCOO -
4 .3 .1 .1
P OOCCH 2C H(NH 3)C OO
H
+ N
O- - FUMAR ATE Aspartyl-P C
H2 OOCCH 2C H 2CONH NH 3
P Choline
O CP P -O CH 2C H 2N(C H 3)3
CDP -choline 2. 7. 7. 15
Choline-P
OC H 2C H2N(C H 3)3 HOCH 2CH 2N(C H 3)3
CHOL INE C H COO UQH2 6 .3 .5 .4
HC CH
2 H2C
C
C H2 OOC CH 2C H 2CONH OOC CHC H 2C H 2C H 2C H-C OO OOC CH-C H 2C H 2C H 2C HC OO O
I LECITHIN 2 + + +
plasmalogen 1.3.1.35 2.7.8.2 2.7.1.32 OOC C C H-C OO OOC C C H-C OO
CH 3C(OH)C H 2CH 2 O PP FADH2 +
-OOCCH2 CH2CO .S CoA 5 .1 .9 9 .1 OHCCH 2 CH (NH 3)C OO N N OOCCOC H 2 CH 2C H 2 CH-C OO NH 3 NH 3
D Serine +NH + + + Diphospho- SUC CINYL -C oA 5 .4 .9 9 .2 OOC C H 2C H2CHO As partyl 4. 2. 1. 52 2, 3-Dihydro1-.3.1.26 Piperideine- N-Succinyl- 2. 6. 1. 17N-Succinyl-2, 63.5.1.18 Diamino-
2.3.1.50 3 NH3 NH 3 NH3 Fe-S 1 .3 .5 .1
Succinic Semialdehyde dipicolinate 2, 6-dicarboxylate 2-amino-6-oxo- diaminopimelate pimelate A
S G alactos e mevalonate 6.2.1.4
CH 3(C H 2)14C OC HCH 2OH
Dehydros phinganin
C H 3(C H2 )14 C H(OH)C HC H 2OH C H 3(C H2 12
) C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H 2OH C H 3(C H2 12
) C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H O-
2
Cyt.b semialdehyde pimelate C
Sphinganin 4-Sphingenin Psychos ine FAD -OOCCH2 CH2CO O - OH
+
1.1.1.102
UQ SUCCINAT E + + + + H ) CH C H(NH+ )C OO
(CH 3)3N(C 23 2 3 H2N(C H 2)4 CH((NH 3)C OO I
UDP -S ugars Acyl-C oA 2.4.1.23 (C H 3)3NC H 2C H(OH)C H 2C OO (C H 3)3N(C H 2)3 CH 2C H(NH 3)C OO
Gangliosides II
3.5.1.23 Acyl-CoA 4.1.1.33 +
Carnitine N -Trimethyl-
6 N6 -Trimethyllys ine LYSINE 1. 5. 1.7 - 10 D
UDP-Galactos e H2NOC CH 2C H (NH 3 COO 1.14.11.1 1.14.11.8
UQH2 2H+
3-OH-lysine
+
NHAcyl O
NHCOR NHCOR Asparagine 2.6.1.19 COO S
CH 3(C H 2)12C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H 2O P O CH 2C H 2N(C H 3)3
O - C H 3(C H2 )12 C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H 2OH CH 3(C H 2)12C H=C HC H(OH)C HC H 2O- Galactos e CH 2 5- A mi no - NH CHCH 2C H 2C OO +
2.7.8.3 + +
Ceramide Cerebroside levu lin ate
SPHINGOMYELIN 3.1.4.12 3. 2. 1.46 2 . 4 . 1 . 4 7 CH 3C-C H2C H2O PP
2UQH2 UQH2 1.3.99.7 OOC CH 2C H 2C H 2C OS CoA OOC CH 2C H 2C H 2C OC OO OOC CH 2C H 2C H 2C H (NH 3) COO OHC CH 2C H 2C H 2C H (NH 3) COO CH 2C H 2C H 2C H 2C H (NH 3) COO
1.3.99.7 Isopentenyl-PP 1 .1 0 .2 .2 +
R-CH(NH 3) COO 4.1.1.70 Glutaryl-C oA 2-Oxoadipate 2.6.1.39
2-Aminoadipate 1.2.1.31
2-Aminoadipate 1.5.1.9
Saccharopine
CH 3
(C5) 4H+ OOCCH 2C H 2C H 2NH 2 semialdehyde
_ 2H+ 2-AMINO ACID Adenosyl
I Phytoene
CH 3C = CHCH 2OP P
Dimethylallyl-PP 2e- 2UQ. 4-Aminobutyrate
Lycopene (C40) III 1e- _ R-CO-COO (GABA) C H 3-S C H2 C H2 C HNH2
S T o B rain V
- IS ION
(C40) (C5) 2.5.1.1 2e- UQ. 2-OXO AC ID
H2N(C H 2)3NH(C H2 )4 NH (C 2H 3 ) NH
Spermine
2 +
S-Adenos ylmethyl
O Fe-S + thiopropylamine L EGEND
hv CH 3 CH 3 1e- 2.6.1.- OOCCH 2C H 2C H(NH 3) COO
-C AR OT ENE (Decarboxylated SAM)
P (C40) 2.5.1.32 2.5.1.29 CH 3C = CHC H 2 CH 2C = CHC H 2O P P Cyt.bL Cyt.bH
Metarhodopsin Rhodopsin Geranyl-PP Glycine GLUTAMATE 2.5.1.22 Carbohydrates Amino Acids
R 1.13.11.21
O CH2O PP
(C10) Cyt.c1 2.3.1.37
+
POOCCH2CH 2C H(NH 3) COO Bios ynthesis Bios ynthesis
C H 3O CH 3 Geranyl-geranyl-PP H2N(C H 2)4 NH (CH 2)3NH 2
E COO- Opsin CH 3O n
(C20) 2UQ UQ
Glutamyl-P Spermidine Degradation Degradation
N
O Ubiquinone 2.5.1.10 1 .1 0 .2 .2
Retinoate CHO (C oenzyme Q) OPP Cyt.c 1 .4 .1 .2 1 .4 .1 .1 4 3 .5 .1 .2
Lipids Purines & P
O 1.2.1.36 5.2.1.3 C H 2O H CH2
6 .3 .1 .2 1.2.1.41 2.5.1.16 Bios ynthesis yrimidines
trans -R etinal 11-cis -Retinal C HO Menaquinone
I Light Phytol (C 20) NO3- NH4
+ +
H2NOC CH 2C H 2C H (NH )3 COO + H 2NC H2 C H2 C H
2 CH
2 NH
2
Degradation Bios ynthesis
Retinol es ters 1. 1. 1. 105 1.1.1.105 Plastoquinone CuA CuA . OHCCH 2C H 2C H(NH 3) COO
D CH 3
1.6.6.1
Glutamine Glutamic Putres cine
Degradation
O Farnesyl-PP os cp 1.7.99.4 ATP
S 2.3.1.76
HO CH 3
semialdehyde
3.1.1.21
CH2OH CH 3 O (C15) 2H+ NO2 - CO2 V itamins C o-enzymes & Hormones
CH 2OH CH3 Heme a 6 .3 .4 .1 6 C H 3C OC OO OHC C OO Bios ynthesis Degradation
trans -R etinol 5. 2. 1. 7
11-cis -Retinol O
Phylloquinone -Tocopherol F1
6.3.5.5 CH 2 C H 2
Pyruvate Glyoxylate
S (V itamin A) Dark (V itamin K) (V itamin E )
2.5.1.21
F6
N2 C H C HCOO N
2.6.1.13 Pentos e Phos phate Pathway
T STEROIDS 2H+ CuB Heme a
H2 NC OOP
Carbamoyl-P + Pyrroline-5-
H NC ONHC H C2 H 2C H 2C H(NH 3) C OO carboxylate
E 3 2H + ATP 2
4.1.3.16
2
ATP CITRULLINE Photos ynthes is Dark R eactions
R Progesterone
2e- 33

4.1.1.17
OOCCH(OH)C H 2C OC OO
H H H 2.1.3.3
1.5.99.8 4-Hydroxy-
O HO HO HO HO
1.9.3. 1
1

1.5.1.2
CH 2 CH 2
2-oxoglutarate
Hu m a n Metabolis m is identified as far pos s ible by black arrows
H
IV 2 .1 .3 .3 Bios ynthesis Degradation
I Pregnenolone CHOL ESTEROL Desmosterol Zymosterol H
L anos terol 5. 4. 99. 7
Squalene 1/ O
2 2 H+
H+
+
H2NC H 2C H 2C H 2C H (NH 3) COO
C H 2 C HC OO
1.14.99.7
D (C30) H+
H+ F1 ORNITHINE
NH
COMP AR TME NT AT ION
6.3.4.5
PROL INE 2.6.1.23
S HEMOGLOBIN CHLOROPHYLL COO- H 2O
H+
+ T h e "B a c kb o n e " o f m e t a bolis m involves
COO- 1.14.11.2
CO O -
F0 H2 NC ONH 2 OOCCHCH 2C OO OOC C H(OH)C H 2C H(NH3 )C OO G LY COLY S IS i n the CY T OP LAS M,
P CH 2
CH 3
CH2 CH2 COO - CH2 COO -
COO- CH2 2.1.4.1 UREA N + HOC H CH 2
4-Hydroxy- the T C A C Y C LE (m a i n ly ) i n the M i t o c h o ndrial m a t rix
O
CH H C CH C H3 CH C H3 H2NC NHC H 2C H 2C H 2C H(NH 3) COO glutamate
A
TR
CH H CH 2 H H+ a n d AT P F OR M A T I O N sp a n n i n g the
C2 2 2 CH C - CH 2 H CH2 CH 2 CH2
H3C CH CH
2 OOC 2
a H+
H+
H+ Glycine + 3. 5. 3. 1 3. 5. 3. 6 Arginino- H 2C C HC OO
MIT OC HO NDR IAL INNE R ME MB R ANE
R N N
H3C
N N
H3 C
N N
CH 2
H2C
C
CH2
H2 NCH2 C= O
5-Amino-
H+
c
NH2 NO succinate
N
H 1.5.1.12
HOC H C H 2
A n e l e c t ro n f lo w (a n e l ec t ric c u rre nt ) g e n era t e d f ro m
H H H H N N 0 + HC C HC OO
P HC Fe CH H2 C CH2 H2C CH 2
H H
COO - levulinate H2NC NHC H 2C H 2C H 2C H (NH 3) COO 1.14.13.39 N NA DH a n d UQ H2 d ri v e s t h e translocation o f p ro t o n s
H H H H H2C CH2 HYDROXY 3-Hydroxy- f ro m t h e ma t ri x t o t h e i n t e rme mb ra n e s p ac e.
H N N N N N N N
H HN -OOC
H+ H+ ARGININE pyrroline- T h e retrolocation o f t h e se p ro t o n s t h ro u g h t h e F0 su b u n it s
H3 C CH3 CH3 H3C CH3
CH 2
PROTONS PROL INE
Y C
H3C
C C
-
H2C
C
CH2
H2C CH 2 4.2.1.24
ADP P i
H+ H+ 4.3.2.1 5-carboxylate o f A T P sy n t h a se t o t h e m a t rix t h en su p p lie s t h e e n erg y
n e e d e d t o f o rm A TP f ro m A DP a n d p h o sp ha te
C H H C H2 2 H2 H2 OOC C OO - NH CO
R CH2 CH2
CH 2
CH 2
CH 2
CH 2
CH 2
CH 2
C H2
CH2
CH
2
H2 CH
2
H2C N H
+ NH
2
+ NH2 NH2 + HN C E lectron Flow Proton Flow
I COO - COO - COO
-
COO
- COO - COO -
CH2
C OO -
CH2
COO -
H2N X AT P Y H2NC NHCH 2COO
2.1.1.2
H 2NC N(C H 3)C H 2C OO P- HNC N(C H 3)C H2C OO
2. 7. 3. 2 P-C reatine
N
CH3
CH2
1.5.1.2
N 4.1.1.37 4.3.1.8 Guanidoacetate Creatine S m a l l Nu m bers ( eg. 2. 4. 6. 7) re f e r to the IUB MB E n z y m e

1.3.3.4 1.3.3.3
Coproporphyrinogen Uroporphyrinogen Porphobilinogen 3.5.2.10 Creatinine C o m m i s s i o n (E C ) R e f e re n c e Nu m b ers o f E n z y m e s
HEME Protoporphyrinogen IC
S 4.99.1.1 4.2.1.75
2003 International Union of Biochemistry and M olecular Biology 22nd Edit ion Designed by Donald E. Nicholson, D.Sc., The Universit y of Leeds, England and Sigma-Aldrich
Product No. M 3907
www.iubmb.org
Fotossntese
Respirao
Assimilao de
Nitrognio
Bioqumica Vegetal
Um exemplo:
nutrientes nas reaes

da fotossntese
Luz N, Fe, Mg
H2O CO2
NADP+ Protoheme
ADP Fe-N
C.
Calvin N, Fe
ATP
NADPH
N, Cu
Complexo de
O2 CH2O citocromo N, Fe
Mn, Zn, Luz PSII Luz PSI

Estroma
Cl, Ca NADP
Pheo +2H+ Fd redutase
Pq NADPH + 2H+
Pc CO2
Membrana do
tilacide H2O
O2
+2H+ C. Calvin
Lume
CH2O
N, Mg ATP
sintase ADP
K, Mg, P
ATP
H+
Bioqumica Vegetal
Problemas na nutrio
mineral provocam reao
em cadeia de prejuzos ao
funcionamento do vegetal:
Manifestao de sintomas
QUALIDADE
DOS
PRODUTOS
PRODUTIVI-
DADE
NUTRIO
MINERAL
DE
PLANTAS
PRODUO E DEMANDA DE ALIMENTOS
O GRANDE DESAFIO MUNDIAL
Item 1990 2000 2005
Populao mundial (bilhes) 5,2 6,2 8,3
Demanda de alimento (bilhes de toneladas) 1,97 2,45 3,97
Produtividade (toneladas por hectare) 2,5 2,9 4,5
Fonte: Bourlaug

212
16/17
Indice ABAG: out/nov.dez. 2015



REA PLANTADA, PRODUO DE GROS E
CONSUMO DE FERTILIZANTES 146
Produo de gros (milhes t)
Consumo de Fertilizantes (milhes t)
rea Plantada com Gros (milhes ha) 123,2
Produo
117,0
112,5
+ 113%
100
22,8 21,0
22
81,1 78,4 82,4
68 19,1 Fertillizantes
16
14,7 + 140%
11,9 12,2
9 47
47,6 47,6
38 43,9
35 38,5 36,6 36,9 rea Plantada +32%
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Fonte: IBGE/Anda
NUTRIO MINERAL DE PLANTAS
REA PLANTADA, PRODUO DE GROS E
CONSUMO DE FERTILIZANTES 146
Produo de gros (milhes t)
Consumo de Fertilizantes (milhes t)
rea Plantada com Gros (milhes ha) 123,2
Produo
117,0
112,5
+ 113%
100
22,8 21,0
22
81,1 78,4 82,4
68 19,1 Fertillizantes
16
14,7 + 140%
11,9 12,2
9 47
47,6 47,6
38 43,9
35 38,5 36,6 36,9 rea Plantada +32%
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Fonte: IBGE/Anda
NUTRIO MINERAL DE PLANTAS
A Agricultura uma

Cincia e uma Arte

Liebig, 1840

Introduçào e Histórico - 13 A 17 - 2017

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Introduo e

Antonio Roque Dechen - Francisco A. Monteiro - Quirino A. C. Carmello

UNIVERSIDADE DE SO PAULO - ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA LUIZ DE QUEIROZ ESALQ

PRODUTIVIDADE SUSTENTVEL DE CULTURAS E OTIMIZAO

20% matria seca

UNIVERSIDADE DE SO PAULO - ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA LUIZ DE QUEIROZ ESALQ

NUTRIENTE K1 NUTRIENTE K2 NUTRIENTE

UNIVERSIDADE DE SO PAULO - ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA LUIZ DE QUEIROZ ESALQ

UNIVERSIDADE DE SO PAULO - ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA LUIZ DE QUEIROZ ESALQ

(Bergmann & Neubert, 1976),Modificado DEON, 2006

(4% DA ENERGIA SOLAR

(4% DA ENERGIA SOLAR

Rotas Crtex Xilema Floema

Tecido Linha do solo Representao

pice da raiz com Coifa

Representao esquemtica das paredes celulares primrias

Representao esquemtica das paredes celulares primrias e

LATITUDE RADIAO FOTOSSNTESE

CHUVA TEMPERATURA FLORAO

E HO O Galactos amine O MANNOSE + COO

OH H H OH OH OH OH HOC H 2 C C C CHO 5.1.3.1 3.5.3.4 H

L-Lyxose L-Ribulos e 2. 7. 1. 16 L-Ribulos e-5-P

2e- PQ_ . Betaine F OL IC ATP 2. 7. 7. 6 RNA 2.7.7.6 GTP 2.7.4.6 2.7.4.8 N N RP

D 1.2.4.1 semi- 2-Acetolactate

SERINE 2.7.8.11 Inositol glycerol Glycolate CH2COO-

N 4.1.1.37 4.3.1.8 Guanidoacetate Creatine S m a l l Nu m bers ( eg. 2. 4. 6. 7) re f e r to the IUB MB E n z y m e

nutrientes nas reaes

Mn, Zn, Luz PSII Luz PSI

O GRANDE DESAFIO MUNDIAL

Item 1990 2000 2005

Populao mundial (bilhes) 5,2 6,2 8,3

Demanda de alimento (bilhes de toneladas) 1,97 2,45 3,97

Produtividade (toneladas por hectare) 2,5 2,9 4,5

UNIVERSIDADE DE SO PAULO - ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA LUIZ DE QUEIROZ ESALQ

Indice ABAG: out/nov.dez. 2015

UNIVERSIDADE DE SO PAULO - ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA LUIZ DE QUEIROZ ESALQ

UNIVERSIDADE DE SO PAULO - ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA LUIZ DE QUEIROZ ESALQ

35 38,5 36,6 36,9 rea Plantada +32%

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

35 38,5 36,6 36,9 rea Plantada +32%

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Cincia e uma Arte

UNIVERSIDADE DE SO PAULO - ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE AGRICULTURA LUIZ DE QUEIROZ ESALQ

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