CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The importance of mineral and energy resources cannot be over emphasized in a developing
country like Bangladesh. These resources are not only considered as the driving" force but
also the backbone of modem economy. These are vital requirement for industrialization,
power generation etc. and thus for enhancement of the social standards of people through
economic development and attainment of comfortable life style. In this context it is
important that the government should make sincere efforts for the development of this
sector.

Various national and international companies used to carry out wild cat exploration in the
potential areas of Bangladesh. The exploration works have so far been discovered 26
(twenty-Six) gas fields including 1(one) offshore gas field and 1 (one) oil field. The way of
transportation of gas either by pipeline or by cylinder/vessel in the form of CNG. But the
most economical, easiest and safe way of continuous transportation of large volume of gas
is transportation by pipeline. In Bangladesh, National Gas Grid is operated by Gas
Transmission Company Limited (GTCL), a state owned company under PetroBangla,
dividing the transmission system into two operational regions such as Transmission East
(Dhaka, except greater Faridpur district, Sylhet and Chittagong divisions) and
Transmission West (Rajshai, Khulna and Barisal divisions including greater Faridpur
district).The West Zone comprises geographical area on the west side of the rivers Jamuna
and lower Meghna, which means Khulna, Rajshahi, Barisal divisions and greater Faridpur
district of Bangladesh.[1]

1
 Figure 1.1- Natural gas stages [2]

Gas Transmission Company Limited (GTCL) is now responsible for maintenance and
operation of the gas transmission pipeline across the country. Gas Transmission Company
Limited was formed in Bangladesh in 1994 to unbundle and restructure the vertically
integrated gas system operation in Bangladesh. GTCL is mandated to own, operate,
maintain and expand national gas transmission grid as natural monopoly. As per its article
of association and business plan. All gas transmission facilities forming part of natural gas
grid should have been handed over to GTCL by this time. At present Gas is produced by
state owned enterprises i.e. Companies of Petrobangla and International Oil Companies
(IOC). Among them Bangladesh Gas Field Company Ltd (BGFCL), Sylhet Gas Field
Company Limited (SGFCL), Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration and Production Company
Limited (BAPEX) are the state owned companies of Petrobangla. The IOCs are Chevron
Bangladesh, Tullow Bangladesh Limited and Santos. [3]

The gas transmission pipelines In Bangladesh were initially planned and constructed
targeting particular bulk consumers or potential load centers. In the early stage of the
development of the gas sector, the grid system was not visualized. But over the years the
gas transmission system has expanded considerably and has become complicated. Four
Companies of Petrobangla such as Gas Transmission Company Ltd. (GTCL), Titas Gas
Transmission and Distribution Company Ltd. (TGTDCL), Bakhrabad Gas Systems Ltd.

2
(BGSL), Jalalabad Gas Transmission and Distribution Company Ltd. (IGTDCL are
responsible for operation and maintenance of their respective transmission pipelines.

All gas fields are situated in the Eastern, North-Eastern and South-Eastern side of the river
Jamuna, naturally, most of the principal demand area and major gas consumers in the
Transmission East area along with capital Dhaka have been brought under gas transmission
and distribution network. The transmission lines, operated by the transmission and
distribution companies of Petrobangla, are also situated in the eastern part of the country.
[3]

The pipeline networking can be analyzed by different methods such as [4]

a) Hardy cross method.

b) Rout book-billing method.
c) Temperature pressure drops method.
d) Using commercial software

Currently all the networking analysis are carried out using a software called PIPESIM.
Baker Jardin Inc. (UK) developed it. Building the pipeline network using software can be
divided into a number of stages:

Collecting all necessary data on the transmission network

Setting up the model and naming components
Setting global default (fluid composition, unit etc.)
Setting boundary conditions at wells, sources and sinks (loads)

The study has been undertaken to simulate the present network system, identify its
limitations and suggest remedial measures. This study would be useful to understand the
performance of the present gas transmission system of Bangladesh. This study would also
analyze the existing pipeline capacity and examines the level of capacity utilization. The
simulated results will be helpful to identify the bottlenecks and to plan for future expansion
of gas transmission system.

3
1.2 OBJECTIVES

To get a vivid idea about gas transmission system and pipeline network analysis in
Chittagong.
To analyze the present gas transmission and pipeline networking system.
To understand the performance of the present gas transmission system in
Chittagong region.
To identify any limitation of the system
To study the effect of future pipeline expansion, loads etc.
To analyze the existing pipeline capacity and examine the level of capacity
utilization.

4
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Turkey is located between Europe, which has increasing demand for natural gas and the
geographies of Middle East, Asia and Russia, which have rich and strong natural gas
supply. Because of the geographical location, Turkey has strategic importance according
to energy sources. To supply this demand, a pipeline network configuration with the
optimal and efficient lengths, pressures, diameters and number of compressor stations is
extremely needed. Because, Turkey has a currently working and constructed network
topology, obtaining an optimal configuration of the pipelines, including an optimal number
of compressor stations with optimal locations, is the focus of this study. Identifying a
network design with lowest costs is important because of the high maintenance and set-up
costs. The quantity of compressor stations, the pipeline segments` lengths, the diameter
sizes and pressures at compressor stations, are considered to be decision variables in this
study. Two existing optimization models were selected and applied to the case study of
Turkey. Because of the fixed cost of investment, both models are formulated as mixed
integer nonlinear programs, which require branch and bound combined with the nonlinear
programming solution methods. The differences between these two models are related to
some factors that can affect the network system of natural gas such as wall thickness,
material balance compressor isentropic head and amount of gas to be delivered. The results
obtained by these two techniques are compared with each other and with the current system.
Major differences between results are costs, pressures and flow rates. These solution
techniques are able to find a solution with minimum cost for each model both of which are
less than the current cost of the system while satisfying all the constraints on diameter,
length, flow rate and pressure. These results give the big picture of an ideal configuration
for the future state network for the country of Turkey. [5]

The gas transmission pipelines in Bangladesh were initially planned and constructed
targeting particular bulk consumers or potential load centers. In the early stage of the

5
development of the gas sector, the grid system was possibly not visualized. But over the
years the gas transmission system has expanded considerably and has become complicated.
The objective of the study is to perform gas transmission network analysis of Bangladesh.
The study has been undertaken to simulate the present network system, identify its
limitations and suggest remedial measures. This study would be useful to understand the
performance of the present gas transmission system of Bangladesh. This study would also
analyze the existing pipeline capacity and examine the level of capacity utilization. The
work was completed with the help of a commercial software, PIPES 1M-Net. After pressure
matching at different load centers, manifold stations and branches, different scenarios were
studied for future performance prediction. Finally, the scenarios were discussed and
highlighted different important points through conclusion and recommendation. The
simulated results will be helpful to identify the bottlenecks and to plan for future expansion
of gas transmission system. There are twenty-two gas fields in Bangladesh. But twelve
producing gas fields can produce 1300 MMSCFD of gas from 53 gas wells. The study
shows that Ashugonj metering station is the focal points of the National Gas Grid. Gas from
the North-Eastern Gas Fields are being transported through the North-South pipeline to
Ashuganj Manifold Station of GTCL from where it is further transmitted to Titas franchise
area (TFA) and Bakhrabad franchise area (BFA) through Brahmaputra Basin pipe line and
Ashuganj- Bakhrabad Transmission pipe lines. From Bakhrabad Gas Field, Bakhrabad-
Chittagong Pipeline transports part of the required gas for Chittagong. The remaining gases
for Chittagong is supplied from Salda, Meghna and Sangu gas fields. The results show that
effective pipeline diameter of major transmission lines have decreased due to condensate
accumulation. Hence pigging is necessary. Rashidpur- Ashugonj loop line is essential to
supply growing gas demand. It will increase the capacity of the North-South pipeline by
456 MMSCFD. To meet the future gas demand of the Western region, the results show that
another loop line is necessary from Rashidpur-Ashugonj loop line to Dhanua. It will
increase the supply of Ashugonj-Elenga pipeline by 175 MMSCFD. Analysis also shows
that it is a better option to install a compressor station at Bakhrabad to transmit the low-
pressure gas of the field through the high-pressure pipeline. [6]

The natural gas transmission pipeline network in the Western Zone of Bangladesh currently
comprises of 246 kilometer of pipeline. About 110-120 MMscfd of natural gas, which is
5% of the total production (2350 MMscfd), is supplied through this network. The
Government has planned to supply gas to more areas in the north and south western regions
6
of the country. About 177 kilometer of pipeline is already constructed for this purpose,
which will be connected to the existing network in near future. Thus natural gas will be
available to Kushtia, Jhenidah, Jessore and Khulna districts. Compressor stations are also
being erected at Elenga, Tangail and Ashuganj, Brahmanbaria to boost up the pressure and
throughput of gas through this network. Detail study is needed on the west zone gas
transmission network regarding pressure drop along the pipeline and availability of gas at
various off-takes. Prediction of pressure drop along the pipeline in a network is very
important as it indicates the pipeline efficiency, volumes available at various off-
takes/outlets, maximum possible distance of transmission for a given upstream pressure,
effect of compressors, etc. This kind of study requires numerical simulation with powerful
computational resources. This study presents some results from the simulation study of the
west zone gas transmission network. A virtual model is constructed, which includes both
the existing and new extensions to the network. The model is first validated by matching
with the existing network using known data. Then simulation runs are performed to
investigate the issues mentioned above. In addition, sensitivity studies are performed to
investigate the effects of supply-demand fluctuations. Commercial software package
PIPESIMTM is used for this work. The starting node of the network is at Elenga, Tangail.
The existing pressure at this point is 400 psig. The fare most downstream point of the
network is Khulna. [7]

Bangladesh is considered a natural gas rich country. Twenty six gas fields have been
discovered in Bangladesh out of which 19 (nineteen) fields are producing gas at present
through 92 producing wells. The natural gas transmission pipeline infrastructure in
Bangladesh that delivers about 2500 MMSCF of natural gas per day, and is made up of
over 2406.82 km of pipe. At present a parallel pipeline (36" 137 km) is being
commissioned for transmitting additional gas from Bibiyana to Dhanua. Another 177 km
new pipeline is going to be added to the existing network after completing the river crossing
operation in Padma River, to include Kushtia, Jessore and Khulna regions. To meet the
future demand, the existing pipelines are not enough to transmit large volume of gas. Before
taking up construction work of new transmission lines, an extensive study of a pipeline
network simulation model for this country is required. A mathematical model to simulate
pipeline system operation is constructed covering this entire existing system. The model is
first validated by matching with the existing network using known data. Sensitivity studies
are performed to investigate the effect of supply-demand fluctuations. In this project work
7
commercial software PIPESIM is used for gas pipeline network analysis and simulation.
[8]

A lot of effort has been directed for gas network design in this country. Among the existing
pipelines, the proposed gas network will be considered as part of the national system.
However, the design procedures in complexity of new applications are growing. One of the
objectives of this project network is to find out the techniques of improving gas flow
through the network to the customer. Especially the causes of system loss, weaknesses of
controlling system, maintenance system and the customer suffering will also be addressed.
Regarding the redesign of gas network in Narshindi district, a new idea minimizing the
faults of the existing pipeline is implemented. In this project work, a financial profile has
been built for finding net present value (NPV),benefit cost ratio (BCR) and internal rate of
return (lRR) on the basis of 20 )'ear project life. The design results arc compared between
existing pipe lines and proposed pipe lines. SCADA (supervisory control and data
acquisition), to reduce system loss by modifying technology supported controlling
instrument, was used and is the heart of the gathering operation. Environmental impact
have been considered in the proposed gas network. The results of EIA, negative effect on
total environment is very negligible but the positive effect of EIA for the proposed gas
network is beneficial. [4]

2.2 THEORY OF PIPELINE NETWORKING

The natural gas has established itself as a major indigenous hydrocarbon resource in
Bangladesh. It is the chief source of fuel for industrial, commercial and householder
operations as well as for power generation. On April 2016 the average production was 2740
MMSCFD while the average demand for gas in the country has already surpassed 3200
MMSCFD, leaving a shortfall of 500 MMSCFD. The first discovery of natural gas was
made in 1955 at Haripur. Since then the exploration has led to the discovery of 26(twenty-
six) gas fields and 1(one) oil field. There are now 101 producing wells capable of producing
about 2700 MMSCFD of gas from 20 gas fields [1]. The exploration activities for gas and
oil in Bangladesh started with the exploration at Sitakunda in 1908. The major part of the
future energy demand would be met from natural gas and it is estimated that gas demand
would reach about 3400 MMSCD (average) and 3650 MMSCFD (maximum) by 2018 and
3800 MMSCFD (avg.) and 4050 MMSCFD [4] by 2010 (max.). The uses of Natural gas in

8
Bangladesh can be broadly classified into five categories, namely, power, fertilizer,
industrial, commercial and domestic. The fertilizer sector utilizes natural gas as a feed stock
as well as fuel while the remaining sectors use it as a fuel. The current consumption pattern
shows that fertilizer sector consumes approximately 37%, power 41% and other sectors
(industry, domestic, commercial arid seasonal) 20% of the gases. [5]

2.2.1. Different Consideration in Gas Pipe Lines Network Designing: [6]

Basic phenomena and different considerations of gas pipeline network designing are
discussed in this chapter. Some common technical terms and concepts are elaborated here.

i) Pipe diameter: The larger the inside diameter of the pipeline, the more gas can be moved
through it, assuming other variables are fixed.

ii) Pipe length: The greater the length of a segment of pipeline, the greater the total
pressure drop. Pressure drop can be the same per unit of length for a given size and type of
pipe, but total pressure drop increasing with length.

iii) Specific gravity and density: The density of a gas is its weight per unit of volume .In
FPS system, it is in pounds of mas I per cubic fool. The specific gravity of a gas is its
density divided by the density of air.

iv) Compressibility: In gas pipeline design, Compressibility factor is more significant term
to describe the behavior of ideal gas at high pressure and temperature and at different
atmospheric conditions. At standard condition of temperature and pressure (60 F and I
Atm.), the deviation of gas according to the ideal gas law is small and the effect of
compressibility factor design calculations is not significant.

v) Temperature: Temperature effects on pipeline capacity both directly and indirectly. In

natural gas pipelines, the lower the operating temperature, the greater the capacity,
assuming all other variables are fixed. Operating temperature also can affect other terms in
equations used to calculate the capacity of natural gas pipelines (Oil and gas pipeline
fundamentals-l 993).

9
vi) Viscosity: The property of a fluid that resists flow, or relative motion, between adjacent
parts of the fluids is viscosity. It is an important term in calculating line1size and
pump/compressor horsepower requirements when designing liquids pipelines

vii) Reynolds Number: This dimensionless number is used to describe the type of flow
exhibited by a flowing fluid. In streamlined or laminar flow, the molecules move parallel
to the axis of flow; in turbulent flow, the molecules move back and forth across the flow
axis. Other types of flow are possible, and the Reynolds number can be used to determine
which type is likely to occur under specified conditions. In turn, the type of flow exhibited
by a fluid affects pressure drop in the pipeline. In general, a Reynolds number below 1,000
describes streamlined flow; at Reynolds number between 1,000 and 2,000, flow is unstable.
At Reynolds numbers greater than 2,000, flow is turbulent. Some references recommended,
however, that flow be assumed laminar at Reynolds numbers of up to 2,000 and turbulent
at values above 4,000. Flow is considered unstable at Reynolds numbers between 2,000
and 4,000.

viii) Friction Factor: A variety of friction factors are used in pipeline design equations.
They are determined empirically and are related to the roughness of the inside pipe wall.

2.2.2 Types of Pipelines

A network of sophisticated pipeline systems transports oil, natural gas and petroleum
products from producing fields and refineries around the world to consumers in every
nation. This network gathers oil and gas from hundreds of thousands of individual wells,
including those in some of the world's most remote and hostile areas. It distributes a range
of products to individuals, residences, businesses and plants.
Most gas and oil pipelines fall into one of three groups: gathering, transportation or
distribution. Other pipelines are needed in producing fields to inject gas, water or other
fluids into the formation to improve gas and oil recovery and to dispose of salt water often
produced with oil.

10
2.2.2.1 Gas Pipelines
In general, gas pipelines operate at higher pressure than crude lines; gas is moved through
a gas pipelines by compressor rather than by pumps; and the path of natural gas to the user
is more direct.

2.2.2.1.1 Gas Gathering

Gas well flow lines connect individual gas wells to field gas treating and processing
facilities or to branches of a large gathering system. Most gas wells flow naturally with
sufficient pressure to supply the energy needed to force the gas through the gathering lines
to the processing plant. Down hole pumps are not used in gas wells, but in some very low
pressure gas wells, small compressors may be located near the well head to boost the
pressure in the line to a level sufficient to move the gas to the process plant.

2.2.2.1.2 Gas Transportation

From field processing facilities, dry, clean natural gas enters the gas transmission line
system for movement to cities where it is distributed to individual business, factories and
residences. Distribution to the final users is handled by utilities that take custody of the gas
from the gas transmission pipeline and distribute it through small, metered pipelines to
individual customers. Gas transmission lines at relatively high pressures. Compressors at
the beginning of the line provide the energy to move the gas through the pipeline. Then
compressor stations are required at a number of points along the line to maintain the
required pressure. The distance between the compressors varies, depending on the volume
of gas, the line size and other factors. Adding compressors at one or more of these
compressor stations or by building an additional compressor station often increases
capacity of the system. The size of the compressors with in the station varies over a wide
range, but many stations include several thousand horsepower in one station.

2.2.2.1.3 Distribution Pipeline

Through distribution networks of small pipelines and metering facilities, utilities distribute
natural gas to commercial, residential and industrial users.

11
2.2.2.2 Oil Pipelines
Flow lines, the first link in the transportation chain from producing well to consumer, are
used to move produced-oil from individual wells to a central point in the field for treating
and storage.

2.2.2.3 Product Pipeline

The industry's products pipeline system is a sophisticated network. Many segments of the
system are highly flexible in both capacity and the products that can be transported. One
part of this system moves refined petroleum products from refineries to storage and
distribution terminals in consuming areas. Another group of product pipelines is used to
transport liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) and natural gas liquid (NGL) from oil and gas
processing plants to refineries and petrochemical plants.

2.2.2.4 Two-phase Pipeline

In most cases, it is desirable to transport petroleum as either a gas or a liquid in a pipeline.
In a line design to carry a liquid, the presence of gas can reduce flow and pumping
efficiency; in a gas pipeline, the presence of liquids can reduced flow efficiency and
damage gas compressors and other equipment.

2.2.2.5 LNG Pipelines

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas cooled and compressed to a temperature and
pressure at which it exits as a liquid. Significant volumes of natural gas are transported in
the liquid phase as LNG, but these shipments are made by special ocean tanker rather than
by long distance pipeline.

2.3 GAS TRANSMISSION PIPELINE

It is very important to know about gas transmission pipeline i.e. pipeline design criteria;
codes and standard followed; construction procedures; pipeline materials and its
specifications etc. for network modeling and simulation.

2.3.1 Pipeline Design

There are several approaches to pipeline design. The American Petroleum Institute (API)
and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) establish standards for
12
engineering and design to ensure the safe construction and operation of industrial facilities.
The standards for natural gas transmission pipeline systems, ASME B31.8, ensures that
pipelines engineered, designed and constructed with modern materials and practices can be
expected to provide safe and reliable service for many decades when maintained properly.
For example, pipelines designed and constructed in the 1930s using steel and coatings that
met API and other consensus standards in affect at the time of construction remain in
service today. Interstate pipelines utilize integrity management programs designed to
ensure that pipelines are maintained and operated in a safe and reliable manner. Pipeline
operators use a comprehensive Quality Management System (QMS) to addresses all phases
of the engineering, design, material specification and procurement, shipping, construction
and commissioning processes. Material and manufacturing quality management programs
ensure that pipelines and pipeline appurtenances (materials or accompanying parts of the
pipeline) meet the requirements of international consensus standards for manufacturing
including API, Specification for Line Pipe, referred to as Specification 5L, API 6D for
valves, among others. The objective is to ensure that the pipe has tensile properties, a
chemical composition and fracture control properties that conform to International
standards.

Pipeline design typically follows these general steps

i) A required delivery pressure is determined at the pipelines destination. This

pressure may be set by the customers facilities or, if the line is branch line, by the
pressure required at the junction with the main line to permit fluid to flow into the
main line.
ii) Pressure losses due to friction and the pressure required to overcome changes in
elevation are added to the delivery pressure to determine the inlet pressure. In 3-
10single phase flow, pressure drop in the line that must be overcome by pumps or
compressors is essentially the friction loss plus the pressure exerted by a liquid or
gas column whose height equals the difference in elevation between the ends of the
line. The pressure drop in any segment of the line is calculated in a similar manner.
A trial and error procedure may be involved because it is necessary to choose a
tentative pipe size in order to calculate pressure losses. If pressure loss is too high,
the resulting inlet pressure may exceed the pressure rating of the pipe or an
excessive amount of pumping or compression horsepower may be required. In this
case, a large pipe is selected and the calculations are repeated. The goal is to select

13
 a pipe size that can be operated efficiency at pressure permitted by applicable
regulations.
iii) With the line size and operating pressure determined, the compression horsepower
needed to deliver the desired volume of fluid at the specified delivery pressure can
be accurately calculated. If a more than one compressor station is required, the
location and size of additional stations is set by calculating pressure loss along the
line and determining how much compressor horsepower is needed to maintain
operating pressure.
iv) In most cases, it is necessary to perform economic calculations to compare the
design with other combinations of line size, operating pressure, and horsepower in
order to choose the best system.

This simplified outline represents the basic steps involved in a preliminary design of a
single pipeline with no branch connections, no alternative routes and no significant changes
in throughput during its life. Few pipeline systems are that simple. Most have several
branch lines feeding into a mainline that consists of more than one pipe size. Because of
this, most pipelines are designed with sophisticated computer programs. These programs
are built on basic flow used to design a simple pipeline manually; the computer can perform
repeated calculations on a large number of alternative solutions quickly.

To discuss the basics of pipeline design, it is necessary to be familiar with how key physical
properties of fluids affect pipeline design. The effect of these parameters varies with the
fluid, compressibility does not significantly affect the flow of liquids, for instance, and
differences in viscosity among different gases may not greatly affect the flow of natural
gas.

14
 CHAPTER 3

SCENARIO OF GAS SECTOR IN BANGLADESH

3.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF NATURAL GAS IN BANGLADESH

The beginning: up to 1947

The search for oil and gas in the area constituting Bangladesh began in the later part of the
19th century through some isolated geological mapping. The first serious attempt to find
oil and gas was undertaken in Sitakund in 1908 by the Indian Petroleum Prospecting
Company, 18 years after the first oil discovery in Digboi, Assam. During 1923-31 Burmah
Oil Company (BOC) drilled two shallow wells in Patharia. The wells were abandoned
though there was a reported show of oil. A total of 6 exploratory wells were drilled, the
deepest being 1047 meters. There was, however, no discovery and the Second World War
disrupted further activities. [3]

The interim: 1948 to 1971

The promulgation of Petroleum Act in 1948 generated a lot of interest in oil and gas
exploration by international oil companies. The Standard Vacuum Oil Company
(STANVAC) of USA, Pakistan Petroleum Ltd. (PPL), Burmah Oil Company affiliate and
Pakistan Shell Oil Company (PSOC) carried out exploration till the end of the sixties.
STANVAC drilled 3 wells at Hazipur, Bogra and Kuchma in the north-western partof the
country without success. PPL drilled wells in Haripur, Patharia, Chhatak, Fenchuganj,
Patiya and Lalmai and made the first gas discovery in Haripur in 1955, followed by Chattak
in 1959. PSOC was the most successful company and discovered 5 gas fields named Titas,
Habiganj, Rashidpur, Kailashtila and Bakhrabad. They also drilled the first offshore well
Cox's Bazar-1, which was dry. Oil and Gas Development Corporation (OGDC) was
established in 1961 providing an institutional foundation for exploration of oil and gas in
the country. OGDC carried out geological and geophysical surveys including gravity,
magnetic and seismic types and drilled wells in Jaldi and Semutang, discovering gas in
Semutang in 1970. [3]

15
The way forward: 1972 to 1979

After the independence of Bangladesh, exploration activities by both national and

international companies gathered pace. Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Corporation
(Petrobangla) continued its exploration efforts while the Bangladesh Petroleum Act was
passed in 1974 to facilitate international participation under Production Sharing Contract
(PSC). The offshore area of Bangladesh was divided into 6 blocks, which were taken up by
Ashland, ARCO, BODC (Japex), Union Oil, Canadian Superior Oil and Ina Naftaplin
under PSCs. These companies carried out gravity, magnetic and seismic surveys (about
32,000 km) and drilled 7 wells. Of them, only Union Oil Company discovered an offshore
gas field Kutubdia in 1977. This phase of PSC ended in relinquishment of the blocks by
the PSC operators in 1978. On 9 August, 1975, Government led by the Father of the Nation
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman purchased five gas fields, namely Titas, Habiganj,
Rashidpur, Kailashtila and Bakhrabad from British company, Shell Petroleum Company
Limited, for a nominal amount of 4.5 million pound sterling. This landmark decision taken
by the then Government laid the foundation of energy security of the country by introducing
sole ownership of the state over these major gas fields. [3]

Gathering momentum: 1980 onwards

The 1980s saw accelerated exploration activities by Petrobangla. During the time, 12
exploration wells were drilled at Muladi, Begumganj, Singra, Beanibazar, Atgram, Feni,
Fenchuganj, Sitakund, Bogra, Kamta, Marichakandi (Meghna) and Belabo (Narshindi);
and 7 gas fields were discovered at Begumganj, Beanibazar, Feni, Fenchuganj, Kamta,
Marichakandi (Meghna) and Belabo (Narshindi). Among these, Fenchuganj # 2 well
remains the deepest one drilled so far in Bangladesh (4,977m). Meanwhile, a new milestone
was achieved when Petrobangla discovered the first commercial oil pool in Sylhet # 7 on
23December, 1986. Since 1989, after the formation of BAPEX as the national exploration
company andthereafter exploration and production company, the company has continued
exploration and production activities and drilled 4 exploratory wells discovering gas at
Shahbazpur, Saldanadi, Srikail and Sundalpur. In 1981 Shell Oil Company (Shell) was
awarded the Chittagong Hill Tracts for petroleum exploration under PSC. Shell conducted
geological and seismic survey and drilled the Sitapahar well which was dry. Subsequently
Shell undertook exploration in the extreme North West of the country and drilled the first
well in the area - the Salbanhat well which was also dry. In 1988 Scimitar Exploration

16
Limited was awarded another PSC of what is now block # 13 in the Surma basin. They
failed to prove the extent of the oil discovery at Sylhet structure but discovered the
Jalalabad gas field. Formulation of National Energy Policy, 1996 and adoption of a model
production sharing contract (PSC) document together with redefining the whole of
Bangladesh territory into 23 exploration blocks ushered in a new phase of exploration and
development of oil and gas in the country. In the first stage under the new arrangement, 8
blocks were awarded to 4 companies under PSC. Exploration and development activities
in these blocks were rather limited and most of the blocks were moderately covered by
seismic surveys. A total of 11 exploration wells were drilled and 3 gas fields were
discovered in these blocks. These fields are Moulavibazar, Sangu (offshore) and Bibiyana.
These 3 fields along with Jalalabad gas field discovered by Scimitar Exploration Ltd. were
developed under PSC and are currently in production. The first 3D seismic survey of the
country took place in Bibiyana during its appraisal. Bibiyana came under production
March, 2007. Another PSC bidding round during the late nineties culminated in awarding
4 more blocks. These were SHELL/CAIRN/BAPEX in blocks #5 and #10,
UNOCAL/BAPEX in block #7 and TULLOW/ CHEVRON/TAXACO/BAPEX in block #
9. Exploration activity was conducted in these blocks. Substantial activities were
undertaken in block # 9 only, where 5 exploration wells were drilled on the basis of seismic
survey including 3D seismic. The Offshore Bidding Around 2008 being limited to newly-
formed deep water blocks attracted some bids. However, the ensuing maritime boundary
dispute in most of the blocks created a stalemate. In this backdrop, two blocks were
negotiated with Conoco Phillips and a PSC for two blocks was signed in 2011. Conoco
Phillips completed the initial seismic survey in the blocks. They relinquished these blocks
in 2014 without drilling any exploratory well. After the resolution of the Maritime
boundary dispute with Myanmar by virtue of the judgment awarded on 14 March, 2012 by
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), the deep water blocks on the eastern
part were rearranged. This is a widely acclaimed achievement of the Government led by
Honorable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. The Bangladesh Offshore Bid Round 2012 was
announced in December 2012 and substantial initial response was received. Under this Bid
round, three shallow water PSCs have been signed with ONGC Videsh, Oil India &
BAPEX for blocks SS-04 and SS-09. Santos, Kris Energy and BAPEX for block SS-11.
Deep water bids, received in January, 2014, are now being processed. Since the signing of
the PSC's, several changes in ownership and restructuring in the contracts have taken place.
All of the onshore PSC's have matured from the exploration phase to the production phase
17
and major areas of the blocks have been relinquished. As of December, 2014 PSC's are
active in product ion areas of blocks 12, 13 and 14 (Bibiyana, Jalalabad and Maulavibazar
Gas Fields) operated by Chevron. Even though exploration history of oil and gas in
Bangladesh goes back almost a century, exploration density could not be enhanced as much
it is required to convert domestic oil and gas resources into proven reserves. However, the
exploration success ratio is high as of about 1 in 3 wells. PSC explorations were also
contributing to the enhancement of gas production. As of December, 2014 out of 26 gas
fields discovered, 19 were under production. Meanwhile, peak gas production per day
crossed the level of 2,600 MMCFD wherein average daily gas production remained more
than 2,500 MMCFD by December, 2014. Despite increase in production, the rising demand
could not be met and the gap between supply and demand is widening. As such the
government has taken steps to import LNG to minimize the gap.

18
Figure 3.1- Gas blocks in Bangladesh [3]

19
Figure 3.2- Gas transmission network in Bangladesh [3]

20
3.2 PRESENT GAS RESERVE

26 gas fields and an oil field have been discovered in Bangladesh up to March2015 out of
which 19 (nineteen) fields are producing gas at present through 92 producing wells[6].
Though average daily gas production is 2550-2750 MMscfd, Bangladesh is currently a gas
deficit country due to an average shortfall of 550-600 MMscfd. The overall gas sector
scenario is shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1- Gas sector at a glance [8]

*Total Gas Fields 26

Producing Gas Fields 20

Producing Gas Wells 101

Daily Gas Production (Daily gas production and supply statics, 2700MMscfd
GTCL, as on 03February 2015)

GIIP (Proven + Probable) 37.7Tcf

Total Recoverable Gas Reserve (Proven + Probable) 27.12Tcf

Gas Production up to December 2014 12.57Tcf

Remaining Reserve (Proven + Probable) 14.55Tcf

Current Gas Demand 3200MMscfd

Daily Gas Shortfall 550-600MMscfd

Including newly (in 2014) discovered gas field named Rupganj Gas Field, Dhaka.

21
3.3 PRESENT GAS PRODUCTION

Currently average gas production is around 2490-2550MMscfd. Table 2.2 shows gas
production of a particular day (30-31 Jan 2017) only.

Table 3.2- Daily Gas Production Statistics [8]

Company Gas Fields No. of Production Gas Production

Producing capacity production as a % of
well. (MMscfd) (MMscfd) Total
production
1. National Gas Companies (NGCs)

1.1 BGFCL Titas 21 518 513 21.82

Bakgrabad 6 43 40 1.61
Habigonj 7 225 225 9.52
Narsigdi 2 30 28 1.19
Meghna 1 11 8 0.4

Sub-total 37 827 814 34.62

1.2 SGFL Sylhet 2 11 9 0.38

Kailashtila#1 2 15 14 0.76
Kailashtila#2 3 65 57 2.59
Rashidpur 4 64 60 1.99
Beanibazar 1 14 10 0.42

Sub-Total 12 169 150 6.16

1.3 Bapex Salda 1 20 9 0.59

Fenchugonj 3 40 38 1.61
Shahbazpur 2 30 7 0.29
Semutung 2 12 5 0.42
Sundalpur 1 10 5 0.21
Srikail 2 44 4 1.78

Sub-Total 11 156 102 4.93

Total (NGCs) 62 1152 1066 45.72

22
 2. IOCs

2.1 Chevron Jalalabad 4 230 221 10. 67

Maulavibazar 6 60 51 3.19
Bibiyana 18 770 1041 35.68

Sub-Total 28 1060 1313 49.55

2.2 Santos Sangu - - - -

2.3 NIKO Feni - - - -

2.4 Tullow Bangora 4 100 112 4.72

Total (IOCs) 32 1160 1425 54.27

Grand Total 92 2312 2490 100

(NGCs+IOCs)

From Table 3.2, it is seen that about 45% gas is produced by NGCs and 55% gas is produced
by IOCs. Chevron alone is producing near about 50% of total national production.

According to petrobaglas annual report the daily gas demand is almost 3200 MMSCFD.
So currently there is 500 MMSCFD shortfall of gas. The government is trying its level best
to meet the consumer demand. At present there are 20 gas fields in production with 101
wells on stream. Gas supply in the country increased from 600.86 BCF in FY 2007-08 to
892 BCF in FY 2014-15 due to various development program undertaken by Petrobangla
during this period. Petrobangla is also working to introduce new mechanism for
maximizing recovery from existing wells.

The demand supply mismatch has been a longstanding problem in the countrys energy
sector. With a view to easing the demand and supply disparity, Petrobangla chalked out
time bound programs. As a result of implementation of various projects, a gross production
1,390 MMSCFD has been added during the last seven years.

23
3.4 SECTOR WISE GAS CONSUMPTION

Of the total gas produced, 17 percent is used for captive, 17 percent in industry,6 percent
for fertilizer, 41 percent for power generation and 20 percent for other purpose.

CNG Domestic
Commercial
6% 12% Power
& Tea 1%
41%

Industry
17%

Captive Fertilizer
17% 6%

Figure 3.3- Sector wise gas consumption [8]

3.5 GAS TRANSPORTATION

From field processing facilities, dry, clean natural gas enters the gas transmission line
system for movement to cities where it is distributed to individual business, factories and
residences. Distribution to the final users is handled by utilities that take custody of the gas
from the gas transmission pipeline and distribute it through small, metered pipelines to
individual customers.

Gas transmission lines at relatively high pressures. Compressors at the beginning of the line
provide the energy to move the gas through the pipeline. Then compressor stations are
required at a number of points along the line to maintain the required pressure. The distance
between the compressors varies, depending on the volume of gas, the line size and other
factors. Adding compressors at one or more of these compressor stations or by building an

24
additional compressor station often increases capacity of the system. The size of the
compressors with in the station varies over a wide range, but many stations include several
thousand horsepower in one station.

3.6 HISTORY OF GAS PIPELINE NETWORK

Generally natural gas fields are situated in the remote areas in Bangladesh. But the gas
consumers are situated mainly in the urban areas, suburbs and industrial areas. In order to
bring the gas to consumers premises it is essential to construct gas transmission pipe lines,
stations (CGS, TBS, DRS and RMS etc.) and distribution networks. When the maximum
allowable operating pressure (MAOP) of a pipeline is above 10 bars it is known as
transmission and when the MAOP is below or equal to 10 bars it is known as distribution
pipeline.

The first commercial use of gas in Bangladesh began in 1960 with the construction and
commissioning of Chattak Cement Factory (Ex-Assam-Bengal Cement Factory). The gas
was supplied from Chattak (Tengratilla) gas field through 4 inch diameter 19 kilometer
transmission pipeline which is known as the first transmission pipeline in Bangladesh. The
second transmission pipeline (psig) was constructed & commissioned in 1961 from Sylhet
(haripur) gas field to Natural Gas Fertilizer Factory (NGFF), fenchuganj, Sylhet.

Gas Transmission & Distribution widely started in 1968 when Titas Gas Transmission &
Distribution Company Ltd. (TGTDCL) completed its 14 inch diameter 821 kilometer
Transmission pipeline from Titas Gas Field (BBaria) to Demra with a spun line
(Transmission pipeline) from Narshingdi to Ghorashal Industrial Area.

Gas fields have different wellhead pressure and after processing the raw gas to pipeline
quality the gas is supplied to Transmission pipelines usually at 1000 psig (about 70 bar) in
Bangladesh. But sometimes this pressure may be above 1150 psig and less than 500 psig
as per requirement.

25
 CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW

The study involves to get a clear and complete analysis of gas transmission and pipeline
networking in Bangladesh. The aim of the report is to analyze some sensitivity studies i.e.
specify the known the way gas transmission system is established, the pipeline used in
transportation process and its classification.

First we make a complete study about the gas transportation system of our country .To get
a vivid idea we need to look down the current transmission system and authorities involves
with this facilities.

4.2 NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OF BANGLADESH

Gas Transmission Company Limited (GTCL) is now responsible for maintenance and
operation of the gas transmission pipeline across the country. Gas Transmission Company
Limited was formed in Bangladesh in 1994 to unbundle and restructure the vertically
integrated gas system operation in Bangladesh. GTCL is mandated to own, operate,
maintain and expand national gas transmission grid as natural monopoly. As per its article
of association and business plan. All gas transmission facilities forming part of natural gas
grid should have been handed over to GTCL by this time. At present Gas is produced by
state owned enterprises i.e. Companies of Petrobangla and International Oil Companies
(IOC). Among them Bangladesh Gas Field Company Ltd (BGFCL), Sylhet Gas Field
Company Limited (SGFCL), Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration and Production Company
Limited (BAPEX) are the state owned companies of Petrobangla. The IOCs are Chevron
Bangladesh, Tullow Bangladesh Limited and Santos. [3]

Currently Six companies of Petrobangla are responsible for transporting and distributing
gas in their franchise areas. The marketing companies are:

Titas Gas Transmission and Distribution Company Limited (TGTDCL)

Bakhrabad Gas System Limited (BGSL)

26
 Jalalabad Gas Transmission and Distribution System Limited (JGTDSL)
Karnafuli Gas Distribution Company Limited (KGDCL)
Paschimanchal Gas Company Limited (PGCL)
Sundarban Gas Company Limited (SGCL)

Before the formation of Gas Transmission Company Limited (GTCL) in 1993 there were
three gas transmission companies in Bangladesh who were also distribution companies i.e.
sell gas to end customers. These were Titas Gas Transmission and Distribution Company
Limited (TGTDCL), Bakhrabad Gas System Limited (BGSL) and Jalalabad Gas
Transmission and Distribution System Limited (JGTDSL). But after formation of GTCL
they are not permitted to expand their transmission facilities.

GTCL is proceeding with some gas transmission system expansion projects. These are:

A gas pipeline compressor station at Muchai [Chevron Hijacking it from

GTCL],ashuganj and Elenga
Bakhrabad Shiddhirganj Gas Transmission Loop Line
Jalabad-Bibiyana -Dhanua Gas Transmission Pipeline
Ashuganj-Bakhrabad Gas Transmission loop line
Titas-AB Pipeline MLV 1 Pipeline
Bheramara Khulna Gas Transmission Pipeline

Gas transmission lines at relatively high pressures. Compressors at the beginning of the line
provide the energy to move the gas through the pipeline. Then compressor stations are
required at a number of points along the line to maintain the required pressure. The distance
between the compressors varies, depending on the volume of gas, the line size and other
factors. The size of the compressors with in the station varies over a wide range, but many
stations include several thousand horsepower in one station. [9]
Most gas wells flow naturally with sufficient pressure to supply the energy needed to force
the gas through the gathering lines to the processing plant. Down hole pumps are not used
in gas wells, but in some very low pressure gas wells, small compressors may be located
near the well head to boost the pressure in the line to a level sufficient to move the gas to
the process plant.

27
4.3 PIPELINE NETWORKING IN BANGLADESH
Before formation of Gas Transmission Company Limited (GTCL), distribution companies
were transmitting gas through their transmission pipelines. GTCL is now solely responsible
for augmentation, operation and maintenance of national gas grid. The name of the major
transmission pipelines are mentioned in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1- Major Gas Transmission Pipeline & Flow Capacity [10]

Sl. Name of pipeline Length OD MAOP Max. Flow

No. Capacity
(Km) (inch) (psig)
(MMscfd)

Existing Gas Transmission Pipeline Operated by GTCL

1. Bakhrabad-Chittagong 175 24 960 350

2. Bakhrabad-Demra 68 20 1000 150

3. Ashuganj-Elenga 125 24 1000 270

4. North-South(KTL-Ashuganj) 175 24 1135 330

5. Ashuganj-Bakhrabad 59 30 1135 400

6. Elenga-Baghabari 73 20/24/3 1000 200

0

7. Beanibazar-Kailashtila 18 20 1090

8. Rashidpur-Ashuganj 82 30 1135 425

9. Nolka-Bogra 6+54 30/20 1000 166

10. Ashuganj-Monohordi 37 30 1000 400

11. Dhanua-Aminbazar 60 20 1000 200

12. Monohordi-Dhanua 51 30 1135 300-750

13. Bonpara-Rajshahi 53 12 1000 45

28
14. Titas-AB Pipeline 8 24 1000 -

15. Bibiyana-Dhanua 137 36 1000 -

Existing Gas Transmission Pipeline Operated by TGTDCL

16. Titas-Narshindi-Demra 82 14 1000 175

17. Habiganj-Ashuganj 58 12 1000 85

18. Titas-Narshingdi-Joydevpur 84 14/16 1000 260

19. Narshingdi-Siddirganj 43 20 1000 300

20. Dhanua-Mymensingh 57 12 1000 55

21. Elenga-Tarakandi 43 12 1000 80

Existing Gas Transmission Pipeline operated by other companies

22. Horipur-NGFF (JGTDSL) 43 - 1000 62

23. Srimongal-Moulavibazar 26 6 1000 11

(JGTDSL)

24. ShahajiBazar-Shamsher 65 6 1000 11

Nagar(JGTDSL)

25. Kailastila-Kuchai(JGTDSL) 13 8 1000 62

26. Meghna-Baghrabad(BGSL) 28 8 1000 20

27. Salda-Bakhrabad(BGSL) 35 10 1000 35

28. Jalalbad Field- 15 14 1135

Kailashtila(Chevron)

29. Sangu-Fazdarhat(Satons) 45 20 1000

30. Chadpur Lateral(BGSL) 42 8 960 35

29
 31. Maulavibazar-Muchai(Chevron) 22 14 1135

32. Bibiyana-Muchai(Chevron) 42 30 1135

33. Semutang-Chittagong(KGDCL) 56 10 960 70

Note: These are the major transmission pipelines only. Besides these, there are other
transmission pipelines of smaller diameter and shorter length which are not mentioned here.

4.4 NETWORK ANALYSIS METHODS AVAILABLE

The following method are mainly used in gas pipeline network analysis:
a) Hardy cross method.
b) Using commercial Software

Now a days for gas transmission networking a commercial software PIPSIM is widely
used.

Hardy Cross Method:

Pressure-drop and flow rate of gas through thc pipeline can be calculated by this method.
In this method the following conditions are considered:
1. The sum of the pressure drops along any closed path must be zero (For the network to
be balance).
ll. Formula for this method, h = ALtQn

Where, h = pressure drop (in inch of water column).

A - Resistance to flow per unit length.
Q = Flow rate (in MSCFH).
n = Coefficient (between 1.75 to 2).
L= Length of main (in feet).

iii. Total gas flow arriving at a point is equal to total leaving

30
IV. Resistance to change in gas flow in pipe equals approximately nALQ (n-l). [11]

4.5 SOLUTION OF NETWORK PROBLEM

Following terms should be considered to solve the network analysis problem.

i Volume of gas flow through each network.
ii. Estimated load distribution.
iii Maximum allowable pressure drops.
iv. Gas flow fOl1llula for the best fitting of distribution system.
v. Diameter, length of the pipe line, location of the connecting point (source).

The following constants (A) and factors for the different pipe sizes are considered in Hardy
cross method.

Table 4.2- Computing equivalent length of pipeline by the constant, 'A' for 10'" pressure
formula and factors: [12]

Normal size of pipe (Inch.) Constant (A) Factors (A/Ac) for 6" pipe
4 9.036 * 10-11 8.78
6 1.029 * 10-11 1.00
8 2.482 * 10-12 2.41 * 10-1
10 7.818 * 10-13 7.59 * 10-2
12 3.170 * 10-13 3.08 * 10-2

Where, A= Constant.
Ac= Constant for desired equivalent diameter.
Specific gravity of gas = .60.
Gas flow in MSCFH (Million standard cubic feet per hour).

Hardy-cross method is mainly used in low pressure gas distribution to determine the
individual flow-rate sand pressure drops.

31
4.6 SCADA (SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION) SYSTEM:
SCADA system is the latest technology 10 control the transmission and distribution
operations of gas flow. So any proposed project should include SCADA system to improve
performance.
A short description of SCADA system is given below:

A. Reasons for using SCADA system

i) It controls the flow and direction of gas through the network.
Ii) SCADA system can maintain proper flow.
iii) SCADA system gives the information for any kind of interruption, damage or leakage
in gas operation.
v) By this system, compressor and regulators can be controlled remotely and automatically.
vi) SCADA ensures flows throughout the system arc balanced and gas is available to all
types of customer including interruptible customers.
vi) It provides intelligent decisions.
vii) This system ensures uninterruptible gas flow through the network and is beneficial to
the customer.

B. Function of SCADA system.

i) Data acquisition function is an analog system, used to measure pressure, temperature and
flow rate of gas. Sending a signal through transmitter (connecting with pipeline) to the
Remote terminal units (RTU). RTU contacts with the SCADA master station.
ii) Supervisory control function is related 10the remotely control system or valve
compressors and regulators to ensure proper pipeline operation.
ii) Data processing function related to the master station and the RTU to display the
message on operators and highlighted on screen to store in historical data (SCADA function
in pipeline-February 1998).

C. Controlling the center security

The following recommendations are necessary for the security of control of SCADA
system.
i) The control room should be well-secured.
ii) Securing door should be provided.
iii) Commercial metal detector should be used.
32
iv) Properly securing and storing of all keys.
v) Multiple security zones are desirable.

4.7 PIPESIM SOFTWARE

The basis for hydraulic analysis of a gas network is a simulation model. Individual,
consultant and many organization simulated present and future supply situation considering
existing and planned transmission and production situation by commercial software. In this
study pipeline simulation network of total transmission system of Bangladesh is designed
by commercial software PIPESIM, which is a steady-state, multiphase flow simulator used
for the design and analysis of gas production systems. [13]

Introduction
PIPESIM for Windows is a user-friendly and multiphase software product developed by
Baker Jardine. The PIPES 1M for Windows family of multiphase software consists of:
PIPES 1M for Windows-Single Branch, PIPES 1M-Net, PIPESIM-Goal, HoSIM,
PlPESIM-FPT, WinGLUE (13). In this study PIPES 1M-Net software is used for network
analysis.

PIPESIM-Net

PIPES 1M-Net is a network analysis model extension to PIPESIM for Windows Single
Branch. Features of the network model include: unique network solution algorithm to
model wells. In large networks, rigorous thermal modeling of all network components,
multiple looped pipeline/flow line capability, well inflow performance modeling
capabilities, rigorous modeling of gas lifted wells in complex networks, comprehensive
pipeline equipment models and gathering and distributing networks.

Baker Jardine's PIPES 1M-Net for Windows is a highly sophisticated but user-friendly
software package for modelling steady state flow in networks. Combining powerful three
phase and thermodynamic analysis methods with rapid convergence algorithms

PIPESIM-Net for Windows will give accurate results in the shortest possible time.
Furthermore, with PIPES 1M-Net for Windows the user can simulate networks having
multiple sources and multiple sinks, flowing compositional mixtures or black oil fluids.

33
And, since PIPESIM-Net for Windows is truly Microsoft Windows compatible, the user
enjoy multi-tasking, printer sharing, data exchange and all the other benefits of this
operating system.
PIPES 1M-Net allows the users to simulate networks flowing just about any single phase
or two-phase mixture. If the user wish to get up and running quickly then the user can
specify different source fluids as a simple black oils. However, the users are also able to
enter full compositional data for each source should the user wish. Furthermore, the users
are free to enter either global fluid properties or completely different fluids at different
sources. [13]

Before PIPESIM-Net for Windows can be run using rigorous compositional data, a
composition file must be created which contains a component list, quantities and the
equation of state (EOS) to be used. This file contains all input information entered by the
user and so this file can be restored and modified if necessary. Stream components can be
selected fr.om the built-in library, and/or created using the petroleum fraction prediction
utility.

In reality, oil systems contain many thousands of pure components, consisting of a

spectrum of molecules with different carbon numbers and exponentially increasing
numbers of different isomers of each. It would be impossible to model the behavior of such
systems by explicitly defining the amount of each of these molecules, both because of the
excessive computing power needed and the fact that laboratory reports could not possibly
to supply all this information. Luckily, since the alkane hydrocarbons are nonpolar and
therefore mutually relatively ideal, lumping them together in the form of a number of
'pseudo-components' results in fairly accurate phase behavior and physical' property
predictions.

Calibration Data
The PIPESIM-Net for Windows toolbox contains all the components that the user will need
to view and build and edit a network flow sheet, namely; branches, manifolds, sources and
sinks. In PIPESIM-Net the User is able to specify volumetric flow rates at both sources and
sinks. The flow rate specification is made in STOCK TANK or STANDARD volume units
and is applied to the volumetric flow rate of either the gas or liquid phase depending on
whether the User chooses a GAS RATE or a LIQUID RATE.
34
The ability in PIPES 1M-Net to specify Stock Tank flow rates is exceedingly convenient
for most Petroleum Industry applications since flow rates of hydrocarbons are normally
reported at Stock Tank conditions. However, it is important to remember that specifying
flow rate in this way increases the chance of the user providing PIPESIM-Net with a set of
unphysical specifications. [13]

Model
A model is only as good as the data that is used to build it. Analysis based on incorrect
values will yield incorrect results. The analysis results should be evaluated and validated
with the proper weight. In most gas distribution models, customer usage and load
distribution will be the most critical parameter in the analysis.

Benefits of Modeling
The ability to anticipate operating conditions within the system.
and trouble-shoot problems before they become
serious.

rios without physical manipulation of the gas

system of actual operating settings.

Model Overview

PIPESIM-Net for Windows follows Baker Jardine's PIPES 1M-Net 2.01, which itself was
designed as a logical extension to PIPES 1M, a successful point-to-point pipeline simulator.
It is a powerful commercial software to solve just about any possible multiphase network,
and also retains most of the functionality of both DOS PIPES 1M and PIPES 1M for
Windows. PIPES 1M-Net for Windows allows the user unlimited flexibility with regard to
type of problem
Unlimited number of source and sink nodes (max. 256 branches)
Reverse flow if boundary conditions so dictate
Any number of branches connected to a particular node
Loop, crossover and recycle specifications

35
Network Validation

All computers modelling software requires a certain amount of physical data before
simulation can proceed. PIPES1M-Net for Windows is no different in this respect since the
solving of a network requires that values specified for pressure, flow rate and temperature
around the system will allow a solution. The criteria that must be satisfied when seeking to
model any network with PIPES 1M-Net for Windows can be summarized as follows: [14]
The connectivity of the network must be defined
The fluid composition at all sources must be defined
At least one pressure must be specified somewhere in the system.
The total number of boundary conditions must equal the total number of lone
nodes.

Flow Equations.
The Weymouth, Panhandle A, and Panhandle B equations were developed to simulate
compressible gas flow in long pipelines. The Weymouth is the oldest and most common of
the three. It was developed in 1912. The Panhandle A was developed in the 1940s and
Panhandle B in 1956[9]. The equations were developed from the fundamental energy
equation for compressible flow, but each has a special representation of the friction factor
to allow the equations to be solved analytically. The Weymouth equation is the most
common of the three - probably because it has been around the longest. The equations were
developed for turbulent flow in long pipelines. For low flows, low pressures, or short pipes,
they may not be applicable.

Some considerations

i) If the pressure drop in a pipeline is less than 40% of upstream pressure (P1) then
Darcy-Weisbach incompressible flow calculation may be more accurate than
the Weymouth or Panhandles for a short pipe or low flow.
ii) If the pressure drop is less than 10% of P1 and it is used an incompressible
model, then the gas density should be based on either the upstream or the
downstream conditions.
iii) If the pressure drop exceeds 40% of P1, then use a compressible model, like the
Weymouth, Panhandle A, or Panhandle B [10]

36
Flow Correlations

Single-phase correlations are, as the name, implies, used by PIPES 1M-Net for Windows
for the simulation of pure gas or pure liquid i.e. not multiphase conditions. A number of
correlations are available including Moody and AGA (for dry gas). P1PES1M-Net for
Windows provides the user with a multitude of multiphase pressure drop and holdup
correlations for Horizontal and Vertical Flow Correlations.

Horizontal Flow
The following horizontal flow correlations are currently available in P1PES1M-Net for
Windows
Duns & Ros
Beggs and Brill (Original)
Beggs and Brill (Revised)
Oliemans
No Slip
Mukherjee and Brill
Dukler (AGA and Flanagan)
Mukherjee and Brill
Swap Angle is an angle (default 45 degrees) above which horizontal flow correlations are
used.

Vertical Flow
The following vertical flow correlations are currently available 111 P1PES1M-Net for
Windows
Duns and Ros
Beggs and Brill (Original)
Baker Jardine (Revised)
Orkiszewski
Hagedorn and Brown
No Slip
Govier, Aziz and Fogarasi
Mukherjee and Brill
Gray

37
Single Phase Correlations
Several single-phase pressure drop correlations are available for both liquid and gas based
systems. PIPES 1M will automatically select either the specified two-phase or single-phase
correlation depending on the phase behavior at the particular section in the pipeline. The
single-phase correlation is set by default to the MOODY correlation. So, by default if
single-phase flow is encountered in the system, the program will automatically switch to
the MOODY correlation.

The available single-phase correlations are briefly described below:

AGA- Turbulent
Applicable to transmission systems with fully turbulent flow conditions.

Accounts for relative pipe roughness using rough pipe law.

Moderately conservative compared to other transmission style equations.

Panhandle A [14]
Applicable to transmission systems.

Yields moderate results.

Developed in the 1940s.

The Gas Engineers Handbook reports that the equation is applicable for large diameter
transmission piping where the Reynolds number varies between 5 and 20 million. And
suggests an average efficiency for steel pipelines of 0.92 for this equation.
The Gas Process Suppliers Association (GPSA) data book reports that this equation is
intended to reflect flow of gas through smooth pipes. When used with an efficiency of
0.90 the equation reasonably approximates the partially turbulent general flow equation.
The AGA GEOP text reports that this equation is applicable to distribution systems
where the Reynolds numbers range between 1,300,000 and 75,000,000 with 2% deviation
from the smooth pipe and 16 inch and larger diameter pipe operating between 20 Psig and
higher.
Reynolds number dependent.

Panhandle B [14]
Applicable to transmission systems.

38
Revised version of Panhandle A, published in 1956.

Less conservative transmission equation.

The Gas Engineers Handbook notes that the equation is applicable for large diameter
transmission piping where the Reynolds number varies between 5 and 20 million. And
suggests an average efficiency for steel pipelines of 0.9 for this equation.

Efficiency factors of 0.88 to 0.94 are often used with this equation.

Reynolds number dependent.

Weymouth
Applicable to transmission systems, though often for both distribution and
transmission.

Yields conservative results.

Equation published in 1912.

The Gas Engineers Handbook reports that this equation provides a reasonable
approximation of the general rough pipe equation for diameter equal to ten inch, and
effective pipe wall roughness equal 0.002 inches. And suggests an average efficiency for
steel pipelines of 1.10 for this equation.

The GPSA data book reports that for short pipelines and gathering systems this
equation agrees closely with metered volumes. However, the degree of error increases
with pressure.

The AGA GEOP text suggests that the equation is not applicable to calculations in
distribution systems.

Not a Reynolds number dependent equation.

Assumptions
For the simplicity of calculation, the following assumptions are often made:

No external work is done on the system i.e. w = 0;

The gas flow is at constant temperature;

The gas behaves as an ideal gas.

The compressibility factor Z is taken into account;

Differences in elevation on long pipelines are disregarded;

39
 CHAPTER 5

FUTURE OF PIPELINE SYSTEM IN BANGLADESH

The main source of energy of Bangladesh is indigenous natural gas. In this respect it must
understand and take into consideration the demand-supply situation of the natural gas in
the country. There is a widening gap between the amount of gas supplies available and the
growing demand for natural gas. There are lot of industrial units exists in the country which
just cannot go into operation in absence of gas. Many industries in Chittagong are already
in idle condition because of non-availability of gas. There are lots of industries other than
Chittagong area which cannot undertake the expansion activities of their present operations.
From practical point of view, it has been observed that if infrastructures like road
communication, power generation and or expansion of gas networks are established in
some areas, industrial units are set up in those areas quickly. Once the Nalka-Khulna gas
transmission pipeline is brought into operation, within a short span of time, the installation
of industrial units in those areas will increase. As the present gas reserve is not in a position
to deliver the required quantities of gas, it is must to look for alternative source of gas
supply. Gas consumption will continue to increase despite the declining domestic supply
and imports can help to fill the growing gap. In absence of natural gas, power generation
with costly liquid fuel is being planned with lot of logistics problem. In this situation
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) could be the alternative of natural gas to mitigate the
problem.

The government took the initiative to import LNG and it has been planned to use the
Floating Storage & Regasification Unit (FSRU) near Moheshkhali where required draught
is available at about 5-6 km offshore of Moheshkhali coast. The mother vessel carrying
LNG would be transferred to the FSRU which would be moored at about 5-6 km off-coast
of Moheshkhali. An offshore pipeline would be installed from the FSRU and a delivery
point will be stationed on-shore at Moheshkhali Island. From the delivery point, a gas
transmission pipeline of about 85-90 km would be installed to bring the gas at the port city
of Chittagong as shown in Figure 5.8. In Chittagong, it would be hooked up with

40
Karnaphuly gas system and the gas would be supplied to the customers. Thus the supply-
demand gap between production area and demand area will be solved [15].

Figure 5.1- Proposed pipeline route for additional gas from LNG [3]

The government may take various measures in the future to cope with the gas
demand/supply imbalance. However, it is forecast that the potential gas demand would

41
increase to 4500MMscfd in near future and the gas supply would fall. According to
Petrobangla, the existing gas fields are capable of produce maximum 3000 MMscfd gas.
Under such circumstances to secure the gas supply for future gas demand around 1500
MMscfd gas from LNG will be supplied to the pipeline network in Bangladesh [19]. The
predicted demand of the marketing companies is shown in Table 5.1
Table 5.1- Estimated demand in 2030 [8]

This case study will show how 4500 MMscfd gas cope with the total pipeline network
considering the local gas production from existing gas field remain same as case 2. This
is the maximum possible gas that needs to be handled by the entire network in near future.
In other words, this study analyzes the effect of additional 1500 MMscfd gas from LNG
to the network.

42
 CHAPTER 6

SCENARIO OF GAS TRANSMISSION LINE IN

BANGLADESH
North South Gas Transmission Pipeline (N-S line)

The North South pipelines was built under the Projcct Implementation Unit (PIU) of
Petrobangla which was then transferred to the Gas Transmission Company Limited
(GTCL), now in charge of operating this pipeline. World Bank financed this project. The
North South pipeline was commissioned in May 1992 but put in operation in September
1993. It is a 175 km pipelinc of 24" diameter, made of OS' wall thickness API5L grade
X56 line pipes. Its origin is at Kailashtilla manifold station and termination point is at
Ashugonj metcring station where metering, regulating and fractionation facilities are in
place. It was built by SAIPEM (Itally). It transports gas from Kailashtilla gas field, J
alalabad gas field and Beanibazar gas field ta the inlet .of Narth Sauth pipeline
(Kailashtilla manifald statian). Gas alsa carnes from Rashidpur gas field and Habiganj
gas field ta the Narth-Sauth line at Rashidpur manifald statian and Habiganj manifald
statian respectively. There is na bulk cansumer from Narth-Sauth line except 90 MW
Fenchuganj pawer plant, which cansume gas from Fenchuganj manifold statian. The
maximum allawable .operating pressure .of the N-S pipeline is 1135 psig, its maximum
inlet pressure 1090 psig. And the narmal pressure at Ashuganj is 850 psig. The capacity
afthis line is 385 MMSCFD. [6]

Bakhrabad to Chittagong Gas Transmission'Pipeline (B-C line)

Bakhrabad -Chittagong line is a 174 km long, 24" diameter pipeline. Its inlet paint is at
Bakhrabadmanifold station and .outlet paint is at Faujdarhat city gate station. There is no
bulk consumer along this line.Its capacity is 350 MMSCFD. The pressure at Bakhrabad
manifold station is between 850 and 900 psig and with the maximum flaw rate of 170
MMSCFD at Bakhrabad. The pressure drop is about 100 psig to go to Chittagong. The
gas at Chittagong is distributed in a 350 psig ring main around the city. Most consumers
there are bulk consumers, power plants .or fertilizer factories. The domestic consumption
is only 4% of the total. The delivery pressure to all power and fertilizer plants is 350 psig

43
except the delivery pressure ta KAFCO fertilizer plant in Chittagong, which is .only 120
psig. B-C line is unfortunately limited at ANSI 400. This is inconvenient because it limits
the pipeline MAOP ta 960 psig but also because ANSI 400 valves and fittings are not
easily found the market and cannot be exchanged with anther gas transmission companies
which are using ANSI 600 equipment. A catholic protection is applied the pipeline with
a negative voltage .of at least 0.85 V between the pipe and a saturated caper- caper sulfate
reference electrode, which is satisfactory. [6]

Ashugonj to Bakhrabad Gas Transmission Pipeline (A-B line)

To create stability in transmission system of Bakhrabad Franchise Area, A-B line is
constructed. It has also benefited from the physical integration of the three systems, such
as JFA, TFA, and BFA. GTCL is responsible for the operation of the A-B line. This
pipeline is 59 km long, 30" diameter, made of APIX52 line pipes with a MAOP of 1000
psig and ANSI 600 ancillaries. A 10m wide right of way was acquired with a IS m wide
working area during construction. This line delivers gas from Ashugonj metering station
to Bakhrabad manifold station. There is no bulk consumer from this line. Its capacity is
500 MMSCFD. Mc Connel-Dowel of Australia constructed this line.

Bakhrabad to Demra Gas Transmission Pipeline (B-D line)

The gas flowing from Ashugonj to Bakhrabad will supplement the short supply from the
Bakhrabad gas field to the Chittagong area. To create stability in the transmission system
an idle pipeline was constructed to flow gas from Bakhrabad to Demra. It is a 68 km
long, 20" diameter pipeline. Its origin is at Bakhrabad manifold station and termination
point is at Demra City Gate Station. Haripur power plant receives gas from Dewanbag
manifold station of Bakhrabad-Demra line. Its capacity is 250 MMSCFD. The pressure
of Bakhrabad-Demra line is smaller than the other transmission lines due to the pressure
problem of Bakhrabad gas fields. There are valves in inlet and outlet of Bakhrabad-
Demra line for controlling flow as well as pressure in Bakhrabad-Demra line. There is
also a bypass line from Bakhrabad manifold station to the point where Bakhrabad gas
field connects with the B-D line. A pressure regulator is connected to this by pass line to
regulate pressure according to the pressure of Bakhrabad gas field. Even though, Demra
City gate station accepts gas from Bakhrabad-Demra line by controlling pressure (using

44
pressure regulator) ofDemra city gate station. Spie-Capag of France completed sub-
surface drilling over Meghna River (4700 feet) by Directional Drilling Method.

Ashugonj to Elenga Gas Transmission Pipeline (A-E line)

A-E line, which is known as Brahmaputtra Basin line, is a 124 km, 24" diameter pipeline.
Its inlet point is at Ashugonj metering station and outlet point is at Elenga manifold
station. It delivers gas to Kishoregonj from Monohordi manifold station; Netrokona,
Mymenshing power plant from Dhanua manifold station; Sherpur, Jamuna fertilizer
factory, Jamalpur from Elenga manifold station. Its capacity is 340 MMSCFD.
A-E.line was commissioned in 1991. Spie Capag of France constructed Titas-Elenga
Transmission lines. Both Elenga-Tarakandi line (43 km, 12" aD) and Dhanua-
Mymenshing line (56 km, 12" aD) were commissioned in 1991. Both Monohordi-
Kishoregonj line (35 km, 4" aD) and Tarakandi-Sherpur line (47 km. 8"/6" aD) were
commissioned in 1993. 40 km, 8"/6" Mymenshing-Netrokona line was also
commissioned in 1993.

Titas-Narsingdi-Demra Gas Transmission Pipeline (T-D line)

It is an 81 km long, 14" diameter pipeline. Its capacity is 175 MMSCFD. There are two
bulk consumers (Ashugonj power station and Zia fertilizer factory) from this line. Its
origin is at Titas gas field and termination point is at Demra city gate station. This line is
commissioned in 1968. Mis Society Des Grands Travaux De Marseille (GTH) of France
constructs this line. [6]

Titas-Narsingdi-Joydevpnr Gas Transmission Pipeline (T-J line)

It is an 82.81 km (46.3Ikm + 36.50km) long, 16"/14" diameter pipeline. Its capacity is
265/220 MMSCFD. Its origin is at Titas gas field and termination point is at Narshindil
Joydevpur city gate station. Both Titas-Narshindi line (46.31 km, 16" aD) and Narshindi-
Joydevpur line (36 km, 14" aD) were commissioned in 1985. There are two lines between
Narshindi city gate stations to Ghorasal manifold station. One line is 12 km long, 14"
diameter and other line is 12 km long, 16" diameter which is parallel to each other. 12
km, 14" aD Narshingdi-Ghorasalline was commissioned in 1970 and 12 km, 16" aD
Narshingdi-Ghorasal line was commissioned in 1999. Ghorasal manifold station is the
focal manifold of this line because two fertilizers and one power station receive gas from
this manifold. The capacity of Narshingdi to Ghorasal line is 370 MMSCFD.

45
Monohordi-Narsingdi-Shiddhirgonj Gas Transmission Pipeline (M-S line)
It is a 67 km long, 20" diameter pipeline. Its starting point is Monohordi manifold station
and ending is Shiddhirgonj District Regulating station. Shiddhirgonj power station
consumes gas from this line. This line is inter connected to 14" Narshingdi- Demra line.
Monohordi-Narshingdi line and Narshingdi-Shiddirgonj line were commissioned in 1997
and 1999 respectively.

Western Region Gas Transmission Line

It is 70 km long, 24"/30"/24"/20" diameter pipe line. Its ongm is Elenga manifold station
and tennination point is Baghabari station. Baghabari power station consumes gas from
this line. [6]

46
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

7.1 CONCLUSIONS
Till now 26 gas fields have been discovered with 96 producing wells. The average gas
production is 2740 MMscf and the demand is almost 3300 MMscfD.The total
transmission pipeline including condensate pipeline is 1450km. Petrobangla is
continuously upgrading the transmission network for supplying gas to the load centers at
desired pressure .To improve the supply/demand balance and to enhance the satisfaction
of gas customers, Petrobangla has moved progressively from four separate systems (JFA,
TFA, BFA and WFA) to an integrated transmission network. The reliability and security
of gas supply in the national gas grid is largely dependent on the following pipelines:
1. 175 km, 24" OD North-South Gas Transmission Pipeline
2. 58 km,30"OD A-B OD Transmission Pipeline
3. (Bangabandhu bridge 30"OD +Elenga-Nalka 24"OD +Elenga-Baghabari 20"OD)
62km Gas Transmission Pipeline
4. 16"/14" OD 82.81 km Titas-Narshindi-Joydevpur Gas Transmission Pipeline
5. 20" OD 48 km Bakhrabad-Demra Gas Transmission Pipeline
6. 20" OD 48 km offshore Sub Sea Sangu Gas Transmission Pipeline
7. 14" OD 15 km Jalalabad - Kailashtilla Gas Transmission Pipeline
8. 20" OD 18 km Beanibazar-Kailashtilla Gas Transmission Pipeline
9. II" OD 37 km Salda- Bakhrabad Gas Transmission Pipeline
10. 8" OD 28 km Meghna Gas Field- Bakhrabad Pipeline
11. 28km 24" OD Rashidpur Habiganj Gas Transmission Pipeline
12. 51km 30" Monohordi-Dhanua Gas Transmission Pipeline
13. 174.5 km Bakhrabad-Chittagong 24" Gas Transmission Pipeline
14. 136km 36" Dhanua Gas transmission Pipeline
15. 124km 24" Ashuganj-Elenga Gas Transmission Pipeline
16. 53km 12" Bonpara-Rajshahi Gas Transmission Pipeline

47
7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
i) Required clear and elaborate map of existing pipeline,
ii) Recording storage system of Narsingdi gas-office, should be modernized.
iii) To improve data reporting, recording and storage, SCADA system should be
implemented.
iv) Difficulties to design for unauthorized customer. To make realistic and appropriate
design all unauthorized connections should be identified and terminated.
v) Modernized communication system should be implemented.
vi) Skillful and effective maintenance and monitoring system should be adapted to
provide smooth network operation.
vii) If investment cost increase, then gas price have to be increased

48
 REFERENCES

[1] Imam, Badrul; Energy Resources of Bangladesh (2005), University Grants

Commssion.
[2]https://www.google.com/search?q=gas+pipeline+network+flowchart&biw=1366&bi
h=662&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT5e3n947SAhWLgLwKHdD
OBgAQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=gas+pipeline+flowchart&imgdii=ukDKYy6p3bqCM
M:&imgrc=evoA_J-bHmj69M
[3] Petrobangla.org.bd
[4] Md. Nazimuzzaman, Network Analysis And Design Of Natural Gas Distribution In
Narsingdi, Department Of Petroleum & Mineral Resources Engineering, Bangladesh
University Of Engineering And Technology, Dhaka, February, 2006, p-7-11
[5] Ersin Fatih Gunes, Optimal design of a gas transmission network: A case study of
the Turkish natural gas pipeline network system Iowa State University, January, 2013,
p- 28-32
[6] Pradip Chandra Mandal, Analysis Of Gas Transmission Network Of Bangladesh
Department Of Petroleum & Mineral Resources Engineering, Bangladesh University Of
Engineering And Technology, Dhaka, June, 2002, P- 17-22
[7] S. M. Amir Hossain, Network Modeling And Analysis: West Zone Gas
Transmission Pipeline Network Of Bangladesh, Department Of Petroleum & Mineral
Resources Engineering, Bangladesh University Of Engineering And Technology, Dhaka,
May, 2005, p- 21-27
[8] Md. Lutfur Rahaman, An Integrated Simulation Study Of Gas Pipeline Network In
Bangladesh Department Of Petroleum & Mineral Resources Engineering, Bangladesh
University Of Engineering And Technology, Dhaka, August 2015, p- 21-27
[9] Annual Report, 2016, Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Minerals Corporation (Petrobangala),
Dhaka, Bangladesh.
[10] Annual Report 2014-2015 of Gas Transmission Company Limited, Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
[11] Daily Gas Production and Supply Statistics, 02-03 February 2017, Gas Transmission
Company Limited (GTCL).
[12] PIPESIM Fundamental: Training and Exercise Guide, Version 2007.1,
Schlumberger.

49
[13] Management Information System (MIS) Report, December 2016, Volume 391,
Bangladesh Oil Gas and Minerals Corporation (Petrobangla), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
[14] National Energy Policy, Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources,
Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, May 2004.
[15] GPSA (Gas Processors Suppliers Association). Engineering Data Book. 11ed. 1998.

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