Reflection of water waves

1. Concrete protection
Concrete or barrier walls
are built to reflect sea
waves and protect the
shore from erosion

2. Optical fibres
Reflect light waves to
transmit information

3. Endoscope
Can display a full colour of
image
Use to examine internal
Reflection of sound waves organs
1. Echoes Enable operations without
Produce by the reflection cutting big holes
of sound waves on the
hard reflecting surfaces
Used to measure the
speed of the sound in air

4. Radar system () in air

defence
Works on the reflection of
microwaves
Reflection of light waves Transmit waves at high
1. Rear reflectors on cars frequency
Used to determine the range,
and cycles
angle or velocity of objects
Contain many tiny prisms
Use total internal
reflection to send light
back to the opposite
direction

Refraction of light waves
1. Convex lenses
Used to correct
hypermetropia
(long-sightedness)
2. Concave lenses
Used to correct myopia
(short-sightedness)
bend away from it
(energy of wave spreads
to a wider area).
The amplitude of the
water wave is low.
The wave energy focused
at the headlands.
The sea near the
headlands is more
choppy and more
dangerous.
The sea near the bay is
suitable for swimming as
the wave energy diverge
away from the bay.

Refraction of water waves

1. The wave fronts in the
sea follow the shape of
coastline
The depth of sea
gradually decreases
towards the shore/ coast.
When the water waves Hotel and resort are built
approach the shore, the near the bay.
water is shallower.
Refraction occurs and the
wave fronts are refracted.
The speed and the
wavelength of water
wave decreases.
The direction of the wave
fronts bend towards the
headland and away from
the bay.
The sea near the bay is
calmer as the sea waves
 The waves are calmer
3. Height
Built at high position
The waves will not
overflow
4. Shape
Built in bow shape
To reflect the waves from
the shore
5. Gap
Diffraction of radio waves
Waves passing through
Shorter wavelength TV
the gap carry only a
and FM radio do not
small portion energy with
diffract much.
it
Long wavelength of radio
waves diffract easily over
hills.
Houses will get reception
of long wave radio
instead of TV and FM
radio.

Diffraction of sound waves

Diffraction of water waves

Sea walls in a Harbour jetty
1. Structure of walls
Tough concrete wall
Built closer to the
harbour to protect the
ship from ruined caused
by strong waves
2. Location
Built in front of/ near the
bay
The cleaner standing at
the point where he
cannot see the radio
(beyond his vision) still
can hear the sound from
it due to diffraction of
 sound waves by the wall prevent production of
corner. counterfeit cards.

3. Destructive interference
in Aviation
Microphones are used to
detect sound in the cabin
and the information is fed
into a small computer.
Computer will generate
sound that will interfere
Applications of interference of destructively with the
waves in daily life sound in the cabin and
1. Hologram the cabin becomes
Development on quieter.
photographic film to
produce photographs
that are three-
dimensional.

4. Compact disc
Used to store music nd
data in coded form
2. Hologram in credit cards theough the thousands of
Credit cards have tiny pits on the surface.
reflection holograms When light shine on the
printed on them for surface, diffraction and
improved security and to interference occur to
 produce multi-colour
patterns.
5. Headphone
Noise-cancelling headphone
reduce unwanted sounds
(noise) by generating
antinoise sound wave with
thw opposite polarity to the
sound wave arriving at the
microphone. This results in
destructive interference
which cancels out the noise
and the user enjoys the
music without raising the
volume unnecessarily.
Applications of sound waves
1. Ultrasound scanning
Used to check the
development of foetuses
or detect tumor in patient
body
Transmitters send
ultrasonic waves into the
body.
Bone, fat and muscle all
reflect ultrasonic waves
differently.
Signals are processed
electronically to produce
an image on the screen.
2. Navigate, locate prey and
communication
Dolphins use ultrasound
(150 Hz) for
communication and
navigations.
Elephants and
rhinoceroses use
infrasound to
communicate.
3. Cleaning of jewellery
Opticians and goldsmiths
use ultrasound to clean
spectacles, jewellery and
ornaments. The water
used for the cleaning
purpose is vibrated by
ultrasound.
The vibrations shake off
dirt attached to these
objects.
4. Navigation of bat
A bat can navigate in
complete darkness by
emitting very high-
pitched sound waves in
the ultrasonic range.
When these waves hit an
object, they are reflected
back and received by the
bat.
 The time between the
emission of the sound
waves and the reception
of the reflected waves
enables the bat to
estimate the position of
object accurately.
5. Detect flaws in a piece of
metal
An ultrasonic transmitter
sends out pulses of
ultrasound in the metal.
A receiver picks up the
echoes from different
parts of the metal and
sends the information to
a C.R.O.
The C.R.O. displays the
information on its screen.
6. Killing of bacteria
Bacteria, particularly
those in sewage, can be
disintegrated (killed) by
using ultrasonic waves.
7. Detect cracks in metal
Ultrasonic waves are sent
through the metal blocks
and if there are cracks,
the waves are reflected
back and the cracks can
be detected.