Professional Documents
Culture Documents
44 Questions
Directions
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follow a link. One is to move the flashing text cursor, or caret, into the
hyperlinked text and press the Enter key; the other is to place the
mouse cursor, or pointer, over the hyperlinked text and press
Ctrl+left-click (that is, press and release the left button on the mouse
while holding down the Ctrl key on the keyboard).
After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that
most effectively improves the quality of writing in the passage or that
makes the passage conform to the conventions of standard written
English. Many questions include a NO CHANGE option. Choose that
option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of
the passage as it is.
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Questions 1 through 11 are based on the following
passage.
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search methods. Many of whom teach classes in Internet navigation,
database and software use, and digital information literacy. While
these classes are particularly helpful to young students developing
basic research skills, [Q8] but adult patrons can also benefit from
librarian assistance in that they can acquire job-relevant computer
skills. [Q9] Free to all who utilize their services, public libraries and
librarians are especially valuable, because they offer free resources
that may be difficult to find elsewhere, such as help with online job
searches as well as rsum and job material development. An
overwhelming number of public libraries also report that they provide
help with electronic government resources related to income taxes,
[Q10] law troubles, and retirement programs.
In sum, the Internet does not replace the need for librarians, and
librarians are hardly obsolete. [Q11] Like books, librarians have been
around for a long time, but the Internet is extremely useful for many
types of research.
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Question 1.
A. NO CHANGE (reducing)
B. reductions
C. deducting
D. deducts
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Question 2.
A. NO CHANGE (However,)
B. Consequently,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Previously,
D. Previously, library staffing has been cut by almost four percent since
2008, and the demand for librarians continues to decrease, even
though half of public libraries report that they have an insufficient
number of staff to meet their patrons needs.
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Explanation for question 2.
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Question 3.
A. NO CHANGE (has)
B. have
C. which have
D. which has
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Question 4.
At this point, the writer is considering adding the following information.
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Question 5.
A. NO CHANGE (for them to circulate.)
B. to be circulated by them.
D. for circulation.
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Question 6.
A. NO CHANGE (catalog,)
B. librarians cataloging,
C. to catalog,
D. cataloging,
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Question 7.
Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?
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Question 8.
A. NO CHANGE (but)
B. and
C. for
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Explanation for question 8.
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Question 9.
Which choice most effectively sets up the examples given at the end of
the sentence?
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online job searches as well as rsum and job material
development.
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Question 10.
A. NO CHANGE (law troubles,)
B. legal issues,
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Question 11.
Which choice most clearly ends the passage with a restatement of the
writers primary claim?
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Answers and Explanations for
Questions 1 through 11
Explanation for question 1.
Choice B is the best answer because it provides a noun, reductions,
yielding a grammatically complete and coherent sentence.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the plural verb have does
not agree with the singular subject trend, and the relative pronoun
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which unnecessarily interrupts the direct relationship between
trend and the verb.
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Explanation for question 4.
Choice A is the best answer because it states accurately why the
proposed clause should be added to the sentence. Without these
specific examples, readers have only a vague sense of what nonprint
formats might be.
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Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each is either unnecessarily
wordy or uses colloquial language that does not correspond with the
tone of the passage.
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Explanation for question 11.
Choice C is the best answer because it restates the writers primary
argument, which may be found at the end of the first paragraph:
As public libraries adapt to rapid technological advances in information
distribution, librarians roles are actually expanding.
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Questions 12 through 22 are based on the
following passage.
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
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wall is a glass pane through which museumgoers observe. The rooms
and their furnishings were painstakingly created to scale at 1/12th
their actual size, so that one inch in the exhibit correlates with
one foot in real life. A couch, for example, is seven inches long, and
[Q17] that is based on a seven-foot-long couch. Each room represents
a distinctive style of European, American, or Asian interior design from
the thirteenth to twentieth centuries.
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 5
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Question 22 asks about the previous passage as a
whole.
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Question 12.
A. NO CHANGE (On one hand,)
B. For instance,
C. However,
D. Similarly,
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Question 13.
A. NO CHANGE (painter, Georges Seurats,)
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Question 14.
A. NO CHANGE (its tiniest;)
B. its tiniest;
C. its tiniest:
D. its tiniest,
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Question 15.
At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.
D. No, because it implies that the interior designer of the salon had
political motivations.
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Question 16.
A. NO CHANGE (legs, they)
C. legs and
D. legs,
B. The couch and chairs, in keeping with the style of the time, are
characterized by elegantly curved arms and legs, the couch and
chairs are covered in luxurious velvet.
C. The couch and chairs, in keeping with the style of the time, are
characterized by elegantly curved arms and legs and are covered in
luxurious velvet.
D. The couch and chairs, in keeping with the style of the time, are
characterized by elegantly curved arms and legs, are covered in
luxurious velvet.
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Question 17.
Which choice gives a second supporting example that is most similar
to the example already in the sentence?
B. A couch, for example, is seven inches long, and a tea cup is about a
quarter of an inch.
C. A couch, for example, is seven inches long, and there are even tiny
cushions on some.
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Question 18.
Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the
underlined portion (furnished. Their)?
A. furnished by their
C. furnished: their
D. furnished, whereas
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Question 19.
Which choice most closely matches the stylistic pattern established
earlier in the sentence?
B. The room is simple but spacious, with a small sink and counter
along one wall, a cast-iron wood stove and some hanging pots and
pans against another wall, and a small table is under the third walls
window.
C. The room is simple but spacious, with a small sink and counter
along one wall, a cast-iron wood stove and some hanging pots and
pans against another wall, and the third wall has a window and
small table.
D. The room is simple but spacious, with a small sink and counter
along one wall, a cast-iron wood stove and some hanging pots and
pans against another wall, and the third wall has a small table
against it and a window.
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End skippable content.
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Question 20.
A. NO CHANGE (visitors remark,)
B. visitors remarking,
C. visitor remarked,
D. visitor remark,
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Question 21.
A. NO CHANGE (Dotted with pin-sized knobs, another visitor noticed
my fascination with a tiny writing desk and its drawers.)
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D. As I walked through the exhibit, I overheard a visitors remark, You
know, that grandfather clock actually runs. Its glass door swings
open, and the clock can be wound up. Another visitor noticed my
fascination with a tiny writing desk and its drawers, dotted with
pin-sized knobs.
Question 22.
To make the passage most logical, paragraph 2 should be placed
A. where it is now.
B. after paragraph 3.
C. after paragraph 4.
D. after paragraph 5.
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Answers and Explanations for
Questions 12 through 22
Explanation for question 12.
Choice B is the best answer because it clarifies that the sentence,
which mentions a specific large-scale painting at the Art Institute of
Chicago, is an example supporting the preceding claim about
large-scale paintings.
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Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because none contains both the
appropriate possessive form of it and punctuation that creates a
grammatically standard sentence.
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Explanation for question 18.
Choice B is the best answer because it provides correct punctuation
and the coordinating conjunction but, which acknowledges the
possible contrast between being sparsely furnished and displaying
just as true period details.
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Questions 23 through 33 are based on the
following passage and supplementary material.
Environmentalist Otters
It has long been known that the sea otters [Q23] living along the West
Coast of North America help keep kelp forests in their habitat healthy
and vital. They do this by feeding on sea urchins and other
herbivorous invertebrates that graze voraciously on kelp. With
sea otters to keep the population of sea urchins in check, kelp forests
can flourish. In fact, [Q24] two years or less of sea otters can
completely eliminate sea urchins in a coastal area (see chart).
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Adapted from David O. Duggins, Kelp Beds and Sea Otters: An
Experimental Approach. Copyright 1980 by the Ecological Society
of America.
For otters present for 2 years or less: sea urchins 1; kelp 11.
For otters present for 10 years or more: sea urchins, 0; kelp 50.
Without sea otters present, [Q25] nevertheless, kelp forests run the
danger of becoming barren stretches of coastal wasteland known as
urchin barrens.
Wilmers and Estes caution, however, that [Q32] having more otters
will not automatically solve the problem of higher levels of
carbon dioxide in the air. But they suggest that the presence of otters
provides a good model of how carbon can be sequestered, [Q33] or
removed; from the atmosphere through the management of animal
populations. If ecologists can better understand what kinds of impacts
animals might have on the environment, Wilmers contends, there
might be opportunities for win-win conservation scenarios, whereby
animal species are protected or enhanced, and carbon gets
sequestered.
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Question 23.
A. NO CHANGE (living along the West Coast of North America help)
C. that live along the West Coast of North America and help to
D. that live along the West Coast of North America, where they help
B. It has long been known that the sea otters living along the West
Coast of North America, they help keep kelp forests in their habitat
healthy and vital.
C. It has long been known that the sea otters that live along the West
Coast of North America and help to keep kelp forests in their habitat
healthy and vital.
D. It has long been known that the sea otters that live along the West
Coast of North America, where they help keep kelp forests in their
habitat healthy and vital.
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Question 24.
Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the data in the chart?
B. even two years or less of sea otter presence can reduce the sea
urchin threat
D. even after sea otters were present for ten years or more, kelp
density was still lower than sea urchin density
B. In fact, even two years or less of sea otter presence can reduce the
sea urchin threat in a coastal area (see chart).
D. In fact, even after sea otters were present for ten years or more,
kelp density was still lower than sea urchin density in a coastal area
(see chart).
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Question 25.
A. NO CHANGE (nevertheless,)
B. however,
C. hence,
D. likewise,
B. Without sea otters present, however, kelp forests run the danger of
becoming barren stretches of coastal wasteland known as urchin
barrens.
C. Without sea otters present, hence, kelp forests run the danger of
becoming barren stretches of coastal wasteland known as urchin
barrens.
D. Without sea otters present, likewise, kelp forests run the danger of
becoming barren stretches of coastal wasteland known as urchin
barrens.
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Question 26.
At this point, the writer is considering adding the following information.
B. Yes, because it explains the key role sea otters, sea urchins, and
kelp forests play in combating global warming.
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Question 27.
A. NO CHANGE (suggests, that)
B. suggeststhat
C. suggests, that
D. suggests that
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D. A recent study by two professors at the University of California,
Santa Cruz, Chris Wilmers and James Estes, suggests that kelp
forests protected by sea otters can absorb as much as twelve times
the amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as those where
sea urchins are allowed to devour the kelp.
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Question 28.
A. NO CHANGE (devour)
B. dispatch
C. overindulge on
D. dispose of
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the amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as those where
sea urchins are allowed to dispose of the kelp.
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Question 29.
A. NO CHANGE (their)
B. theyre
C. its
D. its
C. Like its terrestrial plant cousins, kelp removes carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere, turning it into sugar fuel through photosynthesis,
and releases oxygen back into the air.
D. Like its terrestrial plant cousins, kelp removes carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere, turning it into sugar fuel through photosynthesis,
and releases oxygen back into the air.
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Question 30.
A. NO CHANGE (how large a role they played)
B. Scientists knew this but did not recognize how large a role that it
played in helping kelp forests to significantly decrease the amount
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
C. Scientists knew this but did not recognize how large a role sea
otters played in helping kelp forests to significantly decrease the
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
D. Scientists knew this but did not recognize that they played such a
large role in helping kelp forests to significantly decrease the
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
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Question 31.
Where is the most logical place in this paragraph to add the following
sentence?
A. After sentence 1
B. After sentence 3
C. After sentence 4
D. After sentence 5
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C. Like their terrestrial plant cousins, kelp removes carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere, turning it into sugar fuel through
photosynthesis, and releases oxygen back into the air. What
Wilmers and Estes discovered in their study, therefore, surprised
them. Scientists knew this but did not recognize how large a role
they played in helping kelp forests to significantly decrease the
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
D. Scientists knew this but did not recognize how large a role they
played in helping kelp forests to significantly decrease the amount
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. What Wilmers and Estes
discovered in their study, therefore, surprised them. Far from
making no difference to the ecosystem, the presence of otters was
found to increase the carbon storage of kelp forests by 4.4 to
8.7 megatons annually, offsetting the amount of carbon dioxide
emitted by three million to six million passenger cars each year.
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Question 32.
A. NO CHANGE (having more otters)
C. Wilmers and Estes caution, however, that the otters multiplying will
not automatically solve the problem of higher levels of carbon
dioxide in the air.
D. Wilmers and Estes caution, however, that having more otters than
other locations will not automatically solve the problem of higher
levels of carbon dioxide in the air.
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Question 33.
A. NO CHANGE (or removed; from)
B. or removed from,
D. or removed, from
B. But they suggest that the presence of otters provides a good model
of how carbon can be sequestered, or removed from, the
atmosphere through the management of animal populations.
C. But they suggest that the presence of otters provides a good model
of how carbon can be sequestered, or, removed from, the
atmosphere through the management of animal populations.
D. But they suggest that the presence of otters provides a good model
of how carbon can be sequestered, or removed, from the
atmosphere through the management of animal populations.
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Answers and explanations for questions 23 through 33 are
provided in the next section of this document. You may skip
directly to the beginning of the next passage if you do not want
to review answers and explanations now.
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Answers and Explanations for
Questions 23 through 33
Explanation for question 23.
Choice A is the best answer because it correctly completes the noun
phrase that begins with sea otters, and directly follows the noun
phrase with the verb help.
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Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each presents a conjunctive
adverb that does not accurately depict the relationship between the
preceding sentence and the sentence with the underlined word.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because each offers a term that does
not accurately describe the behavior of sea otters.
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Explanation for question 29.
Choice C is the best answer because the possessive singular pronoun
its corresponds with the referent kelp, which appears later in the
sentence, and with the possessive relationship between the pronoun
and the terrestrial plant cousins.
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Explanation for question 32.
Choice B is the best answer because its clear wording and formal tone
correspond with the passages established style.
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Explanation for question 33.
Choice D is the best answer because it provides punctuation that
appropriately identifies removed as the definition of sequestered.
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Questions 34 through 44 are based on the
following passage.
[Sentence 1] More like a [Q38] fair then an actual caf, the first
Repair Caf took place in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [Sentence 2] It
was the brainchild of former journalist Martine Postma, [Q39] wanting
to take a practical stand in a throwaway culture. [Sentence 3] Her
goals were [Q40] straightforward, however: reduce waste, maintain
and perpetuate knowledge and skills, and strengthen community.
[Sentence 4] Participants bring all manner of damaged articles
clothing, appliances, furniture, and moreto be repaired by a staff of
volunteer specialists including tailors, electricians, and carpenters.
[Sentence 5] Since the inaugural Repair Caf, others have been hosted
in theater foyers, community centers, hotels, and auditoriums.
[Sentence 6] While [Q41] they await for service, patrons can enjoy
coffee and snacks and mingle with their neighbors in need. [Q42]
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Though only about 3 percent of the Netherlands municipal waste ends
up in landfills, Repair Cafs still raise awareness about what may
otherwise be mindless acts of waste by providing a venue for people to
share and learn valuable skills that are in danger of being lost. [Q43]
It is easy to classify old but fixable items as junk in an era that
places great emphasis on the next big thing. In helping people
consider how the goods they use on a daily basis work and are made,
Repair Cafs restore a sense of relationship between human beings
and material goods.
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Question 34.
A. NO CHANGE (at which)
B. from which
C. so that
D. whereby
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Question 35.
A. NO CHANGE (usefulness,)
B. usefulness
C. usefulness;
D. usefulness
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Question 36.
A. NO CHANGE (austere)
B. egregious
C. unmitigated
D. stark
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Question 37.
Which choice provides information that best supports the claim made
by this sentence?
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Explanation for question 37.
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Question 38.
A. NO CHANGE (fair then)
B. fair than
C. fare than
D. fair, then
B. More like a fair than an actual caf, the first Repair Caf took place
in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
C. More like a fare than an actual caf, the first Repair Caf took place
in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
D. More like a fair, then an actual caf, the first Repair Caf took place
in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Question 39.
A. NO CHANGE (wanting)
B. whom wants
C. who wanted
D. she wanted
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Question 40.
A. NO CHANGE (straightforward, however:)
B. straightforward, therefore:
C. straightforward, nonetheless:
D. straightforward:
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Question 41.
A. NO CHANGE (they await)
B. awaiting
C. they waited
D. waiting
B. While awaiting for service, patrons can enjoy coffee and snacks and
mingle with their neighbors in need.
C. While they waited for service, patrons can enjoy coffee and snacks
and mingle with their neighbors in need.
D. While waiting for service, patrons can enjoy coffee and snacks and
mingle with their neighbors in need.
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Question 42.
To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 5 should be placed
A. where it is now.
B. before sentence 1.
C. after sentence 3.
D. after sentence 6.
B. Since the inaugural Repair Caf, others have been hosted in theater
foyers, community centers, hotels, and auditoriums. More like a fair
then an actual caf, the first Repair Caf took place in Amsterdam,
the Netherlands.
Question 43.
At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.
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Question 44.
A. NO CHANGE (on top of that.)
B. in addition.
C. likewise.
D. DELETE the underlined portion, and end the sentence with a period.
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Explanation for question 44.
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Stop.
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on
this section only. Do not turn to any other section.
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Answers and Explanations for
Questions 34 through 44
Explanation for question 34.
Choice D is the best answer because it provides a conjunction that
correctly identifies the relationship between a practice and the
actions involved in the practice.
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Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because none provides an adjective
that appropriately modifies contrast in the context of the paragraph.
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Explanation for question 37.
Choice A is the best answer because by mentioning the specialized
methods used in repair shops, it suggests that repairing goods is seen
as a specialty rather than as a common activity. This connects logically
with the rare repair shops introduced just before the underlined
portion.
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Choice D is the best answer because it provides the most concise
phrasing and links the sentence appropriately to the previous
sentence.
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