JURNAL SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI INDUSTRI
Autodesk 2011 used for simulation because this software
(Judul Praktikum)
Abstrak berisi mengenai grais besar praktikum meliputi
(Nama Kelompok) Nugrahani. Elita Fidiya1, Vinaya. Anindita Adikaputri2
Departemen Manajemen Rekayasa, Fakultas Teknologi Industri dan
Agroindustri,
Universitas Internasional Semen Indonesia
Jl.Veteran, Kompleks PT.Semen Indonesia, Gresik 61121
E-mail: 1elita.nugrahani@gmail.com,2anindita.vinaya@uisi.ac.id
tujuan, cara kerja, dan hasil praktikum.
Kata kunci kata yang penting dalam praktikum.
I. PENDAHULUAN
M Eliputi latar belakang, rumusan masalah, tujuan,
dan batasan yang dirangkai dalam beberapa
paragraph dan diberi sitasi bila diperlukan.
Contoh: The building sector contributes 26% of the world
GHG. The amount of carbon dioxide emissions increased at an
annual rate of 2% during 1974 to 2004 [1]. Furthermore, the
largest share of CO2 emission for building is came from
developing countries in Asia, including Indonesia. Nelson
conducted research in green real estate business market in
some countries including Indonesia. Indonesia has high GDP
growth of 6%, but low green score [2]. Indonesia has large
potential for green building sector. It was estimating that
building sector can technically save 25% of baseline GHG or
13.5 million tCO2 [1].
In the case of Surabaya- Indonesia, the highest energy
consumption in building is for cooling purpose. Almost all
buildings in Surabaya require artificial cooling system because
it is humid tropical areas where humidity is very high that
reaches maximum humidity of nearly 100% and an average of
80% [3]. This leads to indoor temperature is relatively higher
than the outdoor temperature. The efforts to reduce the energy
consumption on the building operation are necessary; on the
other hand, the requirement of human comfort needs to be
fulfilled [4].
Realization of energy efficient university campus buildings
has to be considered because this can partly contribute in
addressing global warming. Moreover, universities are the
places where young people come every year to study. They
can learn about sustainable low carbon activities and designs,
and also apply their knowledge after graduation. Institut
Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya is a one of the
Institute in Surabaya Indonesia with total area of 0.15 km2
used for buildings [5].The research in energy performance in
building needed to be carried out in order to estimate the
present energy consumption and identify areas to reduce
energy consumption, mainly in electricity consumption due to
cooling purpose.
The objective of this research is temperature improvement
in existing building to reduce electricity consumption. Three
scenarios will be estimated in this study. Rektorat ITS building
is used as model in this research. Furthermore, Ecotect
1
offers complete analysis in energy performance including
rooms temperature and cooling load.
II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Berisi tinjauan pustaka secara ringkas. Contoh:
A. Cooling Load
For air-conditioning building, space load (heating/cooling
load) calculation is very important thing to estimate the
capacity of air-conditioning plant. In the tropical zone, only
cooling load calculation that is needed. Cooling load
calculation is depends on: opaque surfaces (wall, roof, and
door), transparent surfaces (window), partition, ventilation,
occupants, and appliances [6].
The study was conducted for typical home with 185 m 2 in
Florida US. Main contribution in cooling load is building
envelope (windows, walls, and roof) at 56%, followed by
appliances, duck leaks and gain for air conditioner, and
infiltration respectively [7].
B. Thermal Comfort
Thermal comfort is difficult to measure because it is highly
subjective. The temperature of the skin is not uniform on all
areas of the body. There are variations in different parts of the
body which reflect the variations in blood flow and
subcutaneous fat. The isolative quality of clothing also has a
marked effect on the level and distribution of skin
temperature. A simplified, ASHRAE standard that shown in
psychometric chart given comfort range: dry bulb temperature
(DBT) from 244C to 294C and absolute humidity (AH) from 4 to
19, it is the vapor content of air, given in grams of water vapor
per kilogram of air[8].
The study on thermal comfort has been carried out in
Jakarta by survey to 596 officers in seven buildings. The result
is 87% officers feel comfortable in the range 21.74C to 29. 04C
with neutral temperature 25.34C [9].
C. Attempt to Improve Electricity Consumption for
Cooling
Major possibilities to improve energy efficiency by cooling
reduction in existing building are add fabric insulation (wall,
roof, partition), window retrofits (double glazing, low E
coating, and shading system), cool roof, cool coating, and air
tightness [10].
Graha Wonokoyo building is an example of green design
and architecture energy efficient in office building in
Surabaya, Indonesia. Total site area is 1870 m 2 with 10 floors.
Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) of this building is 88.97
kWh/m2.year based on 2000 operational hours. This EEI value
JURNAL SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI INDUSTRI 2

is lower than standard office building value which is 246

kWh/m2/year in ASEAN and 189 kWh/m2/year in USA [11].
The energy efficient design concept used in Graha
Wonokoyo is given below:
Building layout
Orientation and usage part in building are important to
get natural lighting and reduce cooling load. In the west
part is a buffer zone, use for warehouse, file storage,
and meeting room. North part, used for air conditioner
ventilated outdoor space; data room, emergency exit,
and pantry serve in each floor. West part used for office
workshop and has maximize natural lighting. Office
workspace is located in the southern part of building.
Facade design
Figure 1 Flowchart of research.
The facade design was followed Indonesia standard of
03-6389-2000, with cooling load 45W/m2.
Material A. Collected Data
Glass and wall material chosen and combined with Building information data collected from Rektorat building,
considering low Overall Thermal Transfer Value ITS, Surabaya shows in Table 1.
(OTTV) of 23.09 W/m2.
Table 1 Detailed data of Rektorat building.
Lighting system
Properties of building Detail
Lighting is controlled by using dimmer and occupancy
sensor used in meeting room. Total floor area (three floors) 5962.8 m2
Air conditioner system Total cooling space 3876.5 m2
Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV) used as the cooling
and heating medium, and allows one outdoor Number of rooms (not include inside partition) 30
condensing unit to be connected to multiple indoor fan- Occupancy 12 m2/ each people
coil units (FCUs), each individually controllable by its
Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) 107.95 kWh/m2/year
user, while modulating the amount of refrigerant being
sent to each evaporator. By operating at varying speeds, Cooling purpose from total appliances sharing 47%
VRV units work only at the needed rate allowing for Type of HVAC Split AC
substantial energy savings at part-load conditions.
Average appliance load 12 Watt/m2
D. Validation of Ecotect Software
Type of floor Concrete floor
Several reasearch have been conducted to validate the suspended
simulation model in Ecotect with other validated software or U-value of floor 2.9 W/m2.K
real measurement. Bakar and Abdullah (2012) from Universiti Type of window Single glass aluminum
Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) simulated the thermal frame
performance using Ecotect. The research conducted in office U-value of window 6 W/m2.K
building of UTHM that has two floors. The thermal comfort Type of wall Brick plaster
station was measured and recorded: air temperature, globe U-value of wall 2.62 W/m2. K
temperature, mean radiant temperature, air velocity, relative
humidity and the effect of indoor thermal environment on Type of roof Clay tiled roof
human comfort. The simulated results were validated with U-value of roof 3.1 W/m2.K
field measurement data. The thermal analysis in Ecotect Type of ceiling in ground and second floor Suspended concrete
simulation indicated a good agreement with difference value ceiling
less than 10% [12]. U-value of ceiling in ground and second floor 2.56 W/m2.K
Similar research conducted in tropical house at Universiti Infiltration air 0.5 air change/hr
Teknologi Malaysia. The thermal comfort study in this
research involved the use of field measurement and computer
simulation using Ecotect software. Validation of Ecotect was Weather data were taken from Metrological Station Juanda
done by comparing the computer simulation result with the Surabaya. The weather data contain: dry bulb temperature ( 4
field measurement. The average difference between the C) , wet bulb temperature ( 4 C), cloudiness (%), Relative
measurement and simulation for ambient temperature was 5%; Humidity (m/s), direct solar radiation (W/m2), and diffuse
the maximum difference was 9% for the cavity 07:00h of solar radiation (W/m2). All of the data were sampling hourly in
indoor temperature [13]. 2012. Weather data convert in wma format to proceed in
Ecotect software. Example of hourly weather data in 1st
III. METODOLOGI January 2012 is shown in Figure 2.
Berisi flowchart atau cara praktikum. Contoh:
JURNAL SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI INDUSTRI 3

C
MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - Weather in Surabaya.csv,
W/m 3%, this acceptance value based on accuracy in digital
40 1.0k
thermometer.
30 0.8k
D. Scenario
20 0.6k
Three scenarios will be estimated in this study is shown in
Table 2. The scenarios consist: use high efficiency AC, change
window material and add roofs insulation. Scenario II and III
10 0.4k

0 0.2k
are followed scenario I which use high efficiency AC.
-10 0.0k
J an Feb Mar Apr May J un J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Table 2 Detailed scenarios for reducing energy consumption in cooling.
C
DAILY CONDITIONS - 1st J anuary (1)
W/m
Numbe
r Detailed Scenario
40 1.0k

30 0.8k I Use high efficiency AC: 90%

20 0.6k
All cooling load remove from the building and
LEGEND compare with real electricity consumption (65% for
Comfort: Thermal Neutrality 10 0.4k
cooling) to find present efficiency AC. Thermostat
Temperature Direct Solar
Rel.Humidity Diffuse Solar
0 0.2k setting at temperature 21.7C to 29.0C with
Wind Speed Cloud Cover
-10 0.0k temperature neutral 25.3C. If rooms temperature
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
upper 29.0C, it will bring to (25.3+1.75) C to fulfill
Figure 2 Trend of weather data hourly in 1st January 2012. comfort temperature.
II Change window material:
B. Simulation
Double glazed aluminum frame (add one more single
Ecotect is energy analysis software based on 3D CAD. The a glass). U value: 2.7 W/m2.K
building model can duplicate in Ecotect software. Input and Change to double glazed low emission with aluminum
output that will be considered in this study is temperature and b frame. U value: 2.4 W/m2.K
Add insulation aluminum foil and plaster below the
cooling load. Input of this software is: building orientation, III clay tile roof. U value: 1.82 W/m2.K
dimension, specification of material, appliances, lamp,
occupancy, and schedule.

IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN

Berisi hasil praktikum dan pembahasan per individu
A. Temperature Validation
The measurements were taken in daytime from 08:00 am to
06:00 pm when the air conditioner turns on. Three rooms were
measured: meeting room in ground floor (Figure 4),
international office (Figure 5), and Dean FMIPA (Figure 6).

Figure 3 Simulation of Rektorat building in Ecotect software.

C. Validation
Figure 4 Comparison inside temperature (C) in meeting room, ground
Inside temperature in simulation will be validating with real
floor on 3rd August 2013.
temperature measurement. The temperature measurement was
taken by digital thermometer (resolution: o.o1 4C, accuracy:+- Figure 4 shows comparison of inside temperature between
3%). The temperature data taken hourly in daytime (08.00- measurement and simulation in meeting room ground floor on
18.00), in three rooms: meeting room in ground floor, 3rd August 2013. Rooms conditions when taken data are
international office in first floor, and dean FMIPA (Fakultas turned off AC, two people inside the room, and 19.3 W/m 2
Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam) in second floor. The sensible gains from appliances. The line graph shows that the
acceptance error between simulation and measurement data is simulation temperature below the measurement temperature
JURNAL SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI INDUSTRI
around 0.24 C to 0.74C. All of temperature difference or error is
below 3% with average 1.63%.
Figure 5 Comparison inside temperature (C) in meeting room, first
floor on 4th August 2013.
Figure 5 shows comparison of inside temperature between
measurement and simulation in international office first floor
on 4th August 2013. Rooms conditions when taken data are
turned off AC, 11 people inside the room, and 12 W/m 2
sensible gains from appliances. The average of temperature
difference is 0.29.
Figure 6 Comparison inside temperature (C) in dean FMIPA, second
floor on 5th August 2013.
Figure 6 shows comparison of inside temperature between
measurement and simulation dean FMIPA second floor on 5 th
August 2013. Rooms conditions when taken data are turned
off AC, 2 people inside the room, and 10.88 W/m2 sensible
gains from appliances. The average of temperature difference
is 0.29. All of error from three rooms is below than 3%, so it is
in range of acceptance error. This simulation model is
convenient to use and approach real situation of building.
B. Cooling Load
Electricity consumption for cooling relate with cooling load.
But the value of cooling load and electricity consumption for
cooling may different due to efficiency of split AC, usage of
AC and not all cooling load remove from the room. Figure 7
shows comparison actual cooling load from simulation and
actual electricity consumption for cooling in 2012. In
simulation, it used 100% efficient of HVAC or 100% cooling
4
load remove room the room. For actual electricity
consumption, it calculates 65% from electricity consumption
per month in 2012.
Most of electricity consumption for cooling are higher than
actual cooling load. The exception in September, electricity
consumption for cooling is lower than cooling load because in
this month has long holiday in ITS but the simulation calculate
same HVAC schedule for weekend and weekday for all day.
Difference amount for one year between actual cooling load
and electricity consumption for cooling is 139690.7 kWh. This
value is potential saving for cooling.
Figure 7 Comparison between actual cooling load from simulation and actual
electricity consumption for cooling space.
C. PEMBAHASAN (ELITA FIDIYA N.)
Scenarios are designed to reduce rooms temperature and
electricity consumption for cooling space. Figure 8 shows
comparison inside temperature in meeting room ground floor
when the hottest day (10th November), average outdoor
temperature in daytime (08:00 to 18:00) is 32.44C. This graph
shows temperature when the AC turns off. The present
temperature in the room is around 32.74C to 31.94C.
Scenario I (increase efficiency of AC to 90%) is same with
present temperature because it does not change building
envelope. Scenario IIa (change window material to double
glazed window with aluminum frame) decrease the present
temperature 0.14C in 10:00 and 15:00, and 0.24C in 14:00.
Scenario IIb (change window material to double glazed low
emission with aluminum frame) decrease around 0.14C to 0.34C.
Scenario III (add roof insulation) does not give significant
effect to meeting room in ground floor. Temperature in
scenario III is overlap with present temperature and some
temperature are higher than present.
Change in rooms temperature is due to change the U-value in
window and roof. For scenario IIa and IIb, U value for
window decrease from 6 W/m2.K to 2.4 W/m2.K and 2.6
W/m2.K. This will increase performance in conductivity from
outside to inside or reverse. In scenario III, U value is decrease
from 3.1 W/m2.K to 1.82 W/m2.K by add aluminum foil below
clay tile but the temperature is increase because when inside
temperature is higher than outside, the heat will trap on inside
and increase the temperature.
JURNAL SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI INDUSTRI
Figure 8 Comparison each scenario on meeting room temperature in hottest
day.
D. PEMBAHASAN (ANINDITA ADIKAPUTRI V.)
Even the decreasing temperature does not cahange
significantly in one day. But it affect significantly in elecricity
consumption for one year, in the case of 2012. Actual
electricity consumption for cooling is 416946.85 kWh in one
year. In the scenario I, electricity consumption for cooling
decrease 35% by increase performance of split AC to 90%.
The action that should be take is check AC performance one
by one, mainly for old split AC and maintenance the
cleanliness regularly. In the scenerio IIia, the saving is 168631
kWh by add glass and make double glazed window with
aluminum frame. In scenario IIb, change window material to
double glazed low emission has potential saving 198628 kWh
or 47% from baseline. For the scenario III by add insulation in
roof has highest electricity consumption than others.
5
V. KESIMPULAN
In summary, the study to reduce electricity consumption for
cooling space has been conducted in Rektorat Building, ITS
Surabaya. The validation inside temperature carried in three
rooms give error in the acceptance range, below than 3%.
Difference value between actual cooling load and electricity
consumption for cooling is 139690.7 kWh for one year. Four
scenarios were estimated: increase efficiency of AC, change
window material to double glazed aluminum frame, change to
double glazed low emission aluminum frame, and add
insulation to roof have potential saving in electricity
consumption for cooling 35%, 40%, 47%, and 33%,
respectively.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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Estate Investment, RREEF Research No.64.
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2013.
[4] Dewi Larasati Z.R. and Said Mochtara. (2013). Application of
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[7] Florida Solar Energy Center. (2007). Building Science Basics. Retrieved
October 3,2013, from Florida Solar Energy Center.
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/buildings/homes/priorities.htm
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http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/architecture/4-401-introduction-to-building-
technology-spring-2006/
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