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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIA.2016.2594283, IEEE
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the effects of PV units with or without LVRT capability on project in Taiwan (with total installed capacity of 15MW).
system stability are analyzed. The analyzed results will Figure 1 presents the location of integration and the affected
provide a significant reference to revise the current grid code distribution system.
in Taiwan.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II 5545
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simulation that is discussed below, the total summer peak MCCC to 46%. However, the interconnection of 15 MW PV
load is 68MW. reduces the MCCC to 22% under normal conditions and to
34% under the N-1 criterion. Analytical results reveal no
III. SYSTEM IMPACT ANALYSES overload before or after the integration of PV. Table I
The impacts of the connection of the two systems that are demonstrates that equivalent results were obtained for Penghu
described above are studied. The summer peak period of July Island. Analysis of the impact of PV connection on voltage
2014 is considered in both analyses. Steady-state and shows that the voltage at various buses around the CTSP is
dynamic simulations with current PV installed capacity are slightly increased because PV generation reduces the feeder
conducted using PSS/E. load current. Table II presents the voltage values of the CTSP
In this study, the PSS/E program was used to develop the and Penghu Island before and after PV integration. Clearly,
PV generator model for simulation purposes. PSS/E supports voltage deviations on Penghu Island exceed those in the
four types (type 1~4) of the generic wind and PV models. The CTSP interconnected system.
PSS/E Solar PV Unit dynamic stability model is based on the TABLE I
COMPARISON OF THE MAXIMUM CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY (%) BEFORE
generic type 4 model, with the added ability to simulate AND AFTER THE PV INTEGRATION
output changes that are caused by solar irradiation. This Before After
model is composed of four parts, which is displayed in Fig. 3. PV connection
N N-1 N N-1
PVGU: power converter/generator module CTSP 31 46 22 34
PVEU: electrical control module Penghu Island 25 50 24 49
PANEL: linearized model of a panel's output curve
IRRAD: linearized solar irradiance profile TABLE II
Rest of COMPARISON OF SYSTEM IMPACTS BEFORE AND AFTER PV INTEGRATION
IRRAD module Panel module Converter module:
9.0 1000(W/m2)
240
PVEU and PVGU system CTSP
8.0 220
Irradiance module 200
1.2 7.0
6.0
800(W/m2)
180
160
Bus Voltage variation (p.u.) Fault current (A)
Current(A)
1.0
Power(W)
0.8 5.0
600(W/m2) 140
120
Voltage
Number1 Before After V (10-3) Before After I
0.6 4.0 100 WT4 PSS/E
0.4
Irrad(I)
3.0 80
Pdc(I)
2171H 1.0119 1.0121 0.284 9,442.2 9,442.8 0.6
0.2
2.0 60
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1.0
40
20
IP,IQ 2172H 1.0099 1.0102 0.288 17,017.9 17,019.9 2
Time 0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Voltage(V)
0
2251H 1.0167 1.0172 0.444 32,327.6 32,356.7 29.1
3521H 1.0202 1.0207 0.529 39,105.5 39,155.2 49.7
5545H 1.0197 1.0202 0.516 26,560.6 26,579.8 19.2
Fig. 3. PSS/E PV model
5651H 1.0203 1.0209 0.554 36,719.6 36,772.2 52.6
5653H 1.0204 1.0209 0.572 33,712.6 33,772.5 59.9
Based on the PV model, if the PV installed capacity is 5655H 1.0199 1.0205 0.524 39,764.8 39,811.8 47
1MW, then the relationship between the irradiance and the 5657H 1.0200 1.0206 0.52 40,143.6 40,190.4 46.8
PV power output is as presented in Fig. 4. More details of the 5659H 1.0182 1.0188 0.575 28,026.6 28,048 21.4
modeling and control of PV generators using the PSS/E 5663H 1.0196 1.0202 0.544 33,786.1 33,828.3 42.2
5665H 1.0199 1.0204 0.535 34,937.8 34,979.6 41.8
program can be found elsewhere [27]. Notably, the 5667H 1.0199 1.0204 0.532 35,134.2 35,175.2 41
relationship between the change of voltage (or frequency) and 5669H 1.0203 1.0209 0.531 30,578.8 30,609.5 30.7
irradiance depends on the parameters of the power system and 5671H 1.0199 1.0204 0.534 35,264.9 35,306.7 41.8
the rate of change of irradiance. For example, if the point of 5683H 1.0161 1.0165 0.445 28,464.9 28,487.5 22.6
interconnection of the PV system is a strong one, the variation 5685H 1.0200 1.0206 0.525 38,463 38,507.1 44.1
in voltage with the irradiance would be small, and vice versa. 5693H 1.0204 1.0209 0.532 27,099.3 27,123.5 24.2
5777H 1.0093 1.0096 0.287 16,206.8 16,208.4 1.6
5789H 1.0162 1.0166 0.444 28,556.2 28,578.9 22.7
8368H 1.0097 1.0100 0.288 16,357.4 16,359.1 1.7
8369H 1.0093 1.0096 0.288 15,216.3 15,217.7 1.4
8370H 1.0093 1.0096 0.288 15,443.9 15,445.3 1.4
8371H 1.0099 1.0102 0.288 16,135.8 16,137.4 1.6
8379H 1.0099 1.0101 0.288 16,291.5 16,293.1 1.6
8380H 1.0098 1.0101 0.288 16,252.7 16,254.3 1.6
8550H 1.0094 1.0096 0.288 15,444.5 15,445.9 1.4
Penghu Island
Bus Voltage variation (p.u.) Fault current (A)2
Number Before After V Before After I
6901 0.96824 0.96913 0.091919 2,325.2 2,342 16.8
Fig.4. Relationship between the irradiance and PV power output by PSS/E 6991 0.97375 0.97454 0.08113 2,516.1 2,534 17.9
PV model
7030 0.99462 0.99728 0.267439 -- -- --
A. Steady-state 7031 0.99369 0.99637 0.269702 -- -- --
7032 0.99353 0.99621 0.269745 -- -- --
In the load flow analysis, the maximum current carrying 7033 0.99292 0.9956 0.269911 -- -- --
capacity (MCCC) of power lines under normal conditions 7034 0.99282 0.99551 0.270945 -- -- --
before the PV connection in CTSP was found to be 31%. The 1. THE BUS NUMBERS (8368 TO 8550) ARE EXTRA-HIGH VOLTAGE USERS, IN WHICH THE 345KV IS
CONVERTED INTO 161KV BY TRANSFORMERS IN 5777 D/S AND 2171 E/S SUBSTATIONS.
imposition of the N-1 contingency criterion increases the 2. THE FAULT CURRENT IS OBSERVED IN THE MAIN BUSES (6901 AND 6991).
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(a)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5. Effect of solar radiance variation on system transient voltage and
frequency in (a) CTSP and (b) Penghu Island.
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where Xi and Xj are the positions of the ith and jth CPs, q3
respectively; Xbest is position of the current best CP, and is a
F14
small positive number that prevents singularities. q5
2) Rule 2: The initial CP positions are set randomly in the
search space. F34
x ( 0)
i, j xi ,min rand ( xi ,max xi ,min ), i 1,2,..., n (3)
F24 q4 F64
where xi,0j determines the initial value of the i variable for th q2
q6
the jth CP; xi,min and xi,max are the minimum and maximum
allowable values for the ith variable, respectively; rand is a
random number in the interval [0,1]; and n is the number of
variables. The CPs have an initial velocity of zero.
Fig. 7. Determining the resultant electrical force acting on a CP.
vi(,0j) 0, i 1,2,..., n (4)
5) Rule 5: The new position and velocity of each CP are
3) Rule 3: Three conditions govern the attractive forces. calculated as,
First, any CP can affect another; a bad CP can influence a
good one and vice versa (pij = 1). A CP can attract another Fj
X j ,new rand j1 ka t 2 rand j 2 kv V j ,old t X j ,old (8)
if its electric charge exceeds that of the other CP. Restated, mj
a good CP attracts a bad CP:
X j ,new X j ,old
1 fit j fit i V j ,new (9)
pij (5) t
0 otherwise where ka is the acceleration coefficient; kv is the velocity
Then, based on the following probability function, all good coefficient that controls the effect of the previous velocity on
CPs can attract bad CPs, but only some bad CPs attract good the CP, and randj1 and randj2 are two random numbers that
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are uniformly distributed in the range of (0,1). mj is the mass factors, such as loss, voltage deviation, stability and others.
of the jth CP, which equals qj. t is the time step and is set to Different objective functions, including the minimizations of
unity. curtailed PV energy [28], voltage deviation [29], transformer
Since ka is the parameter that is related to the forces of tap changer switching [30], or network losses [31-33] have
attraction, setting a large value for this parameter may cause a been proposed. Network loss is one of the main concerns in
rapid convergence. Conversely, a small value can increase the relation to the optimal problem because network losses are
computational time. The velocity coefficient kv actually typically used to evaluate the performance of the PV
controls the exploration process and so a decreasing function distribution scheme.
Start
can be chosen to represent it. kv and ka are thus defined as:
Input simulation data of system, solve power flow by PSS/E,
kv 0.5(1 iter / itermax ), ka 0.5(1 iter / itermax ) (10) and output voltage at each bus before integrating PV
where iter is the number of the current iteration and itermax is Generate randomly the PV capacity at each integration point (i.e. initial
the maximum number of iterations. In (10), kv is reduced position of each CP). The initial velocity of CPs is set as zero.
linearly to zero, whereas ka increases to unity as the number Transfer the PV capacity at each integration point to solve power flow by
of iterations increases. This approach maintains the balance PSS/E, output transmission loss of system (fitness value) and voltage at
between the need for exploration and the need for rapid each bus after integrating PV, and return the result to MATLAB.
convergence. Given the values of these parameters, Eqs. (8)
and (9) can be rewritten as: Calculate the magnitude of charge (qi) for each CP based on (1)
qi q
X j ,new 0.5rand j1 (1 iter / itermax ) ( r i 2i i2 ) pij ( X i X j )
3 ij 1
Calculate the separation distance (rij) between two CPs based on (2)
i ,i j a rij
0.5rand j 2 (1 iter / itermax )V j ,old X j ,old (11) Determine the probability of moving each CP toward others
based on (6)
V j ,new X j ,new X j ,old (12)
Calculate the attracting force vector for each CP based on (7)
6) Rule 6: To improve the performance of the algorithm
without increasing the computational burden, charged Move each CP to the new position and find the velocities
memory (CM) is used to save a number of the best-so-far based on (11) and (12)
solutions. Rules 5 and 6 concern cooperation of CPs, in
After updating the PV capacity at each integration point, solve power flow
which CPs collaborate by sharing information. by PSS/E, output transmission loss of system (fitness value) and voltage at
each bus after integrating PV, and return the result to MATLAB.
The CSS algorithm eventually terminates when the pre-
specified maximum number of iterations is reached. Set the record of the obtained solution as the best solution.
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interconnected 161kV buses, of which each has a In dynamic analysis, it is assumed that the solar radiation
161kV/22.8kV transformer. According to the current falls from 1,000W/m2 to 0W/m2 at different rates (5s, 10s, 30s,
specifications provided by TPC, generation equipment with and 60s). Figure 9(a) shows that, even if the solar radiation
total capacity of over 100 kW and below 20 MW must be declines from 1,000W/m2 to 0W/m2 in 5s, the decrease in
connected to the 22.8kV system. Table IV also presents the frequency remains very small (from 60Hz to 59.91 Hz).
installed capacity at each bus that is obtained using the CSS Additionally, the voltage fluctuation is not large (Fig. 9(b)).
method. To evaluate the performance of CSS algorithm, other Restated, a large variation in solar radiation does not rapidly
mature algorithms, including Genetic Algorithm (GA) and alter the voltage or frequency in the CTSP system. Therefore,
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) were utilized to find the its impact on dynamic system performance is marginal.
transmission losses and voltage variation. Table V compares
the results obtained using CSS, average distribution, PSO, TABLE VII
and GA. The table reveals that the transmission loss and COMPARISON OF SYSTEM IMPACTS BEFORE AND AFTER LARGE-SCALE PV
voltage variation that are obtained using the CSS method are INTEGRATION BY CSS METHOD
less than those obtained by the average distributed, PSO, and CTSP
GA methods. Bus Voltage variation (p.u.) Fault current (A)
TABLE IV Number Before After V (10-3) Before After I
PV INTEGRATED CAPACITY IN CTSP BY CSS METHOD 2171H 1.0119 1.0149 3 9,442.2 9,486.4 44.2
CSS CSS 2172H 1.0099 1.013 3.1 17,017.9 17,073.6 55.7
Bus Number Bus Number 2251H 1.0167 1.0208 4.1 32,327.6 32,617.6 290
(MW) (MW)
2251D 4.696 5653D 10.129 3521H 1.0202 1.025 4.8 39,105.5 39,681.0 575.5
5693D 10.729 5657D 13.407 5545H 1.0197 1.0244 4.7 26,560.6 26,811.4 250.8
5777D 10.527 5665D 10.389 5651H 1.0203 1.0252 4.9 36,719.6 37,239.6 520
2171D 11.294 3521D 10.766 5653H 1.0204 1.0252 4.8 33,712.6 34,143.5 430.9
5545D 9.741 5655D 5.723 5655H 1.0199 1.0247 4.8 39,764.8 40,324.1 559.3
5683D 11.466 5671D 11.753 5657H 1.02 1.0248 4.8 40,143.6 40,704.9 561.3
5659D 8.494 5651D 7.956 5659H 1.0182 1.023 4.8 28,026.6 28,300 273.4
5669D 14.023 5663D 7.028 5663H 1.0196 1.0246 5 33,786.1 34,239.6 453.5
5789D 9.706 5667D 16.924 5665H 1.0199 1.0248 4.9 34,937.8 35,425 487.2
5685D 10.138 5667H 1.0199 1.0248 4.9 35,134.2 35,629.5 495.3
5669H 1.0203 1.0253 5 30,578.8 30,971.8 393
TABLE V 5671H 1.0199 1.0248 4.9 35,264.9 35,762.1 497.2
COMPARISON AMONG FOUR SIMULATION RESULTS 5683H 1.0161 1.0202 4.1 28,464.9 28,704 239.1
Average PSO GA CSS 5685H 1.02 1.0248 4.8 38,463 38,988.3 525.3
Algorithm 5693H 1.0204 1.0254 5 27,099.3 27,415.5 316.2
distributed
Loss (MW) 512.89 508.76 509.39 507.84 5777H 1.0093 1.0124 3.1 16,206.8 16,260.6 53.8
V (p.u.) 0.0947 0.05912 0.06351 0.05548 5789H 1.0162 1.0203 4.1 28,556.2 28,796.4 240.2
8368H 1.0097 1.0128 3.1 16,357.4 16,408.8 51.4
8369H 1.0093 1.0125 3.2 15,216.3 15,263.7 47.4
Load flow analysis indicates that, under normal conditions, 8370H 1.0093 1.0125 3.2 15,443.9 15,492.7 48.8
the MCCC of the power lines after PV integration is 17%. As 8371H 1.0099 1.0131 3.2 16,135.8 16,185.8 50
N-1 occurs, it increases to 25% (see Table VI). The relevant 8379H 1.0099 1.013 3.1 16,291.5 16,342.4 50.9
8380H 1.0098 1.013 3.2 16,252.7 16,303.5 50.8
results show that the system lines are not overloaded 8550H 1.0094 1.0125 3.1 15,444.5 15,493.3 48.8
following the PV connection, which reduces the line current Penghu Island
carrying rate, obviating the need to increase the capacity of Bus Voltage variation (p.u.) Fault current (A)
distribution lines. Number Before After V (10-3) Before After I
TABLE VI 6901 -- -- -- 2,325.2 2,238.4 -86.8
COMPARISON OF THE MAXIMUM CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY (%) BEFORE 6991 -- -- -- 2,516.1 2,394.2 -121.9
AND AFTER THE LARGE-SCALE PV INTEGRATION BY CSS METHOD 7030 0.99462 0.9927 -1.92 -- -- --
Before After 7031 0.99369 0.9927 -0.99 -- -- --
PV connection
N N-1 N N-1 7032 0.99353 0.9927 -0.83 -- -- --
CTSP 31 46 17 25 7033 0.99292 0.993 0.08 -- -- --
Penghu Island 25 50 18 37 7034 0.99282 0.9934 0.58 -- -- --
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revealing that the CSS gives the lowest voltage variation 7037 0.469 7120 0.4
compared to other methods. 7131 0.684 7043 1.545
7087 0.691 7132 1.342
Integrating 20MW PV into the system reduces the MCCC
under normal conditions from 25% to 18%, and that under N- TABLE IX
1 from 50% to 37%, as indicated in Table VI. The system COMPARISON AMONG FOUR SIMULATION RESULTS
lines are not overloaded following PV integration. According Algorithm
Average PSO GA CSS
to fault current analysis, the fault current in the 69 kV system distributed
Loss (MW) 0.66 0.59 0.60 0.58
is lower than 40 kA before and after 20 MW PV connection. V (p.u.) 0.2678 0.2105 0.2098 0.2031
Therefore, the existing system protection is unaffected.
Figures 10 (a) and (b) plot the variations in frequency and
voltage with declining solar radiation from 1,000W/m2 to
0W/m2 at different rates (5s, 10s, 30s and 60s). Among the
four analyzed scenarios, the minimum frequency is 57.19Hz,
which triggers the first-stage low-frequency protective relay
(57.4Hz) and causes a blackout in some areas of Penghu.
However, the voltage fluctuation in the system is small.
Accordingly, the variation in large solar radiation does not
rapidly change the voltage but significantly affects the
frequency because the PV penetration is high approximately
30%. The frequency stability can be improved by starting up
additional generators to increase the spinning reserve of the
system.
(a)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 9. The variations of (a) frequency and (b) voltage in different
scenarios of solar radiation changes as 200MW PV integrated with CTSP.
TABLE VIII
PV INTEGRATION CAPACITY IN PENGHU ISLAND BY THE CSS
METHOD
CSS CSS
Bus Number Bus Number
(MW) (MW)
7134 0.141 7048 1.54
7029 0.73 7063 0.191
7059 0.129 7083 0.856
7110 0.475 7069 0.153
7089 0.557 7133 0.574
7045 0.235 7105 0.934
7040 0.988 7125 0.26
7034 0.921 7025 1.208 (b)
7094 0.135 7099 0.818 Fig. 10. The variations of (a) frequency and (b) voltage in different
7091 0.126 7054 0.207 scenarios of solar radiation changes as 20MW PV integrated with Penghu
7108 0.1 7057 1.138 area
7065 0.39 7081 1.505
7077 0.165 7118 0.393
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disconnection from the grid. As PV penetration increases, the 3. PV inverter trip out (with/without LVRT function)
dynamic behavior and the interaction of the PV generators In a system with high PV penetration, PV inverters cannot
with power systems will be dominated by the characteristics trip out easily during a system fault. Therefore, the LVRT
and control of the inverters. requirement for PV inverters in a system with high PV
penetration is significant. Enabling the LVRT feature allows
B. Simulated impact of PV integration on grid
the PV system to ride through the fault event, favoring the
In this study, two systems with different characteristics restoration of the system to its original state immediately after
were analyzed. The PV system in the CTSP is connected to the fault is cleared.
the whole Taiwan grid. Therefore, the PV penetration in this With respect to the impact of PV integration on voltage,
case is very small. Accordingly, the simulation results reveal Table XIII presents the transient minimum voltages for
that its impact on voltage, frequency and stability is very various PV penetration levels that are associated with the
small. The system can operate reliably after a 200MW PV cloud transients. The results reveal that the voltage varies
system is integrated. If the PV integrated capacity increases slightly as the PV capacity increases; this effect differs from
beyond 200MW, then thermal overload and voltage rise that on frequency because frequency variation depends
problems would occur first. In contrast, the Penghu system is strongly on system inertia.
a completely isolated grid. Therefore, high PV penetration
strongly affects frequency stability, and more attention should TABLE XIII
be paid to the impact of PV integration on frequency. The THE MINIMUM VOLTAGE WITH DIFFERENT PV PENETRATIONS
following three factors that influence frequency stability are AND RATES OF CHANGE OF SOLAR IRRADIANCE
Penetration 5s 10s 30s 60s
addressed herein.
5% 0.9724pu 0.9727pu 0.9731pu 0.9733pu
10% 0.9714pu 0.9721pu 0.9727pu 0.9730pu
1. Reduced system rotational inertia 20% 0.9701pu 0.9714pu 0.9723pu 0.9726pu
The integration of, or replacement of traditional thermal 30% 0.9692pu 0.9709pu 0.9720pu 0.9723pu
power plants by, PV systems reduces rotating inertia and may
reduce the dynamic stability of the system. Table XII presents As revealed by the simulation results (Tables X and XI),
the results of the scenario-analysis for various rates of decline when a grid fault occurs, the PV system without the LVRT
of solar irradiance and PV penetrations, in which the solar function is disconnected from the grid, causing a larger
irradiance is assumed to fall from 1000 W/m2 to 0 W/m2. frequency drop than in a system with the LVRT function;
Clearly, increasing PV penetration reduces inertia and however, the difference is not significant.
frequency stability. In this scenario analysis, the integrated
C. Penetration study with the worst case scenario
buses with PV generation in the Penghu Island are the same
as in Table VIII. This work is mainly concerned with the effects of PV
TABLE XII integration on the two analyzed systems. The penetration
THE MINIMUM FREQUENCY WITH DIFFERENT PV PENETRATIONS study considers many scenarios and the maximum allowed
AND RATES OF CHANGE OF SOLAR IRRADIANCE PV capacity cannot be represented simply as a specified value.
Penetration 5s 10s 30s 60s
Different systems have different characteristics and issues.
5% 59.51Hz 59.72Hz 59.89Hz 59.94Hz
10% 59.01Hz 59.43Hz 59.78Hz 59.89Hz For example, Penghus power system is a diesel-renewable
20% 58.02Hz 58.87Hz 59.57Hz 59.77Hz hybrid system but Taiwans power system includes various
30% 57.10Hz 58.12Hz 59.27Hz 59.63Hz generators, including coal, gas, and oil-fired generating units.
Accordingly, the generators in both systems differ in terms of
2. Rapidly changing solar irradiance flexibility, affecting the results of the penetration study.
The rate of change of solar irradiance affects frequency Additionally, the R/X ratio of lines in distribution systems
stability. As shown in Table XII, if the rate of change is slow, typically exceeds that in transmission systems, so PV
then the transient frequency minimum is near to the normal variation can have a comparable effect on grid voltage.
operating frequency. However, if the rate of change is high, Traditional offshore island power systems, such as
then the transient frequency minimum falls to a low value, Penghus system, include fewer generators than large systems,
reflecting low frequency stability. Close attention should be each with a higher individual capacity, usually resulting in
paid to such a rapid change of solar irradiance, which may be high off-peak penetration of each generator. When a
caused by cloud transients. Historical measurements in contingency event occurs or renewable energy generation
several areas have revealed that short-term PV volatility can varies sharply, the transient frequency drop of the system is
reach high values in a very short time, and remarkable power likely to trigger the under-frequency shedding relay.
gradients will become more frequent in the future. Therefore, Accordingly, frequency stability is a major concern in relation
the need for controllable power to balance the power system to small offshore island power systems, and the maximum
frequency is going to rise. penetration is determined by it. A penetration study of the
Penghu power system herein considers the effect of solar
The aforementioned sensitivity analysis demonstrates the irradiance and PV tripping on frequency stability.
considerable impacts on frequency stability of various PV 1. Effect of sudden change of solar irradiance on frequency
penetrations and rates of change of solar irradiance. stability
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The effects of cloud transients on the systems frequency (minimum transient frequency fmin) after the contingency
and voltage warrant close examination. To examine the would be low. The frequency nadir is determined by the
impact of the change of irradiance on the frequency stability operating system parameters, such as inertia, spinning reserve,
of the Penghus system, the solar irradiance is assumed to fall generator flexibility, number of online units and other
from 1000 W/m2 to 0 W/m2 in 5s, representing the worst case variables. Figure 15 plots the frequency responses in different
for PV variability. The purpose is to find the maximum PV scenarios. For instance, when 12MW, 13.5MW or 15MW PV
penetration above which the system may become unstable or trips out at 5s, the frequency nadir is 57.68, 57.4, or 57.13Hz,
require some load shedding. Figure 13 plots the frequency respectively. Consequently, as the penetration increases, the
response during the change of irradiance. If the installed PV impact of PV tripping on the frequency stability also
capacity is 16MW (23.59% penetration) or 20MW (29.41%), increases. The maximum PV penetration in this case is
then the specified change in irradiance in 5s would cause a 19.85%. If the PV penetration exceeds 19.85%, then the
frequency drop to 57.67 Hz or 57.19Hz, respectively. When system operators have to curtail PV generation or shed load if
the PV penetration is 26.32%, the frequency nadir is 57.4Hz, PV tripping occurs.
which is the first-stage under-frequency load shedding From the above simulations, it is obviously that the
frequency. Consequently, the critical PV penetration in this maximum PV penetration depends on different operating
case is 26.32%. However, if the ramp-down time of the solar scenarios; it cannot be represented simply as a specified value.
irradiance is extended from 5s to 30s, then the transient
frequency drop during this period would not be severe. Figure
14 plots the frequency response during the change of
irradiance. The above simulation considers the effect of solar
irradiance on the frequency stability.
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VII. CONCLUSIONS utility system operations: Analytical framework and Arizona case
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Transactions on Industry Applications
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