4 (Ome2D) ge wenn Heod lvYangper + yedu the heat 0: Is. Thewe ae 4 cligeeurt | a | LDnsulationg ose usecl © | into me cryogenic vesse metnods of heat Aran sper: UD Solid conduction . (Gi) Gos cwovection Gi) Radiacioo. Uv) Resiclual gas econdutton. we more op Mmese methods apf heat ~hansper | ia weclucecl or eleroerated by te use of ineulachn g moatenials Lolid conduction ts veduud by using Jnsulocting. motenals op low thermal Pog, Gos convection 1& weduud by oveathy Cure Rodtochan 1 veducel by Incotporeah vadli ection Ghields and Residual “gas conductor ig veduud : by usdog Powder lnsulatons ~eaidlual gos Conduchoo Even opter create good vacuurs pressunt, Here woulall be Some amount OP g moeculzs Oseraty Gee oe called ¢& residual) gas poole cules. | Since Dee MO: of Eaoloctuiess ie lescechacle, mean pree pate Cdiciancee moves petoeen BuccessiVe collidom) is rove COMER compared tp tree goP-There pore, Trese rnolecules | collide wits vooenr suapacte and absotks Neat. Rates : ee - swyaw —7| + Trey will not colide cold witn ome rmoolecules pour as tmeiy reean _pree th je high) Vues wom before energy > | colliding wits me AbsovBeq | cold Space - | _ | wore colitde wits | “the. coke oa amey Welease oat a | wae. heoct. ie | lina, ctype OC eects taint 12 ealted wesidual Gee conduction | | Aceormedatioe oogp tolen + (ad Te LOAD avopaw so toe molecules. Woentee molecules bi energy get tranapesved | | Acco mediation cosgpicient 1S depined as acwa\ energy -ranpre, Naxirnure possible. eres tanner Maxirouns enengy 1S transpersed | 16 she mroleate Je, collision is Ot sme. cherspenatae same Himeacey isan Cae SUPA lee (Equi titers ao)CRYOGENIC INSULATIONS + The es of lasulatons used I> Cryomric equipmenis in toe imcreasioc order of telr Petpovrmanw and cost ome lise below: (a) Enpanded -poares (©) qose —-pilled powders aod pibsus Iosulations (@ vacuurn alone (@) Evacuciec| powders aod -Pitowue ramevials © Opaciriec povoders (A) Muti - layer insulectoo. * Tre choice ane re OF insulorhen ig a Comprmery Se betioeen tre po ocales PaAcHorS — “thermal conduct vihy — terspevattune Be ee eee oP insulahed — cost — Ease af apPiicottos ame — weight acd cera (8) Expanded _poame. osity collulon HAructae formed « Toes ane low de Pines by evening gases Auaing manupackcs gases uted ave Jererally eg and -pveon > Ex: polystyxene fooro Polyaretrene. foam Bico. and Gigs ones + Te sicts foors Te —inermal conduchv! Je PHmorily clue 4o conduction: Convection. and wodiocton es ce tas Oa oe qUaeLcse Advact e = bag palo cot. - oele supporting Jowo cost 2 Daadyaciege | — Wher tee Poar toropevoture. , “me CO2r “ne -hoewmal conducty: 7, He,ancd H, dipeuce 19tp me conduct vig ig eutgected to Hegurel Dityogeo condenses, whricts Incresoe — Wite ee, ai Poars lncreaarg -me trermal large -hoevena) comtsacton behween re +fempesaturr rou or adc to 24.Asar vesalh , 4+ CIACKS @avm , de.gvackrg wre Performance. (OD Gas_-illed powdvers and Fibrous Insulecti oes s- = powdered cork. lite -piceie glass yock wool « Toe pBmrmasy mechanians for insulah on \e tre arnatterse of weduchor or elimination ap convection, clue to tre Small ize of voids withie tre moetesial Also, In fice powders, re distance belwecs toe Particles le jess thar -he mar er oee ports of gases Tinere-fore gas conduchos mecbamern Shit prom comb ou te free cnotecular eonduchon: it reduce toe ermal conduct yty of toe poder insulation: 2 A Alcadvactoge of hoe merevia) 1S trot, rHciehac and air digpuse —tos0ggis Poe povusders~# Also macs settle AowONn Ander Nib teijom ONG increase solicl comducthoc - = Nnence (2) Yacuur Lreuleton: 2 Tre vacuurs jeswlahoes eliminate eolid conduchen owed gasenus comvection. The het “transfer cae stake piace only Anreuge yvadioection The vadiation heat excharge belween toe Guiesacd lace. \oceon are by stereo boltzman oe Os, C 8 = ef_o4 (RM) Whernt = emisssvi nA A= surpand OR2O- Ti = outer jacket temperature. T= toner jocket ernperodtuy e+ be seduced - Padiatior Heat Awansfer 1 etvielde b tacor powoh og Ploatieg 6g Higily ~eplechye moaienol yessels- woadioctio peter? re The wesidual gae molecales, preseot 12 tre Varuurn gpace Comic buies We -f Ce FIOWCU\AY conduction. However sine trey do net get enowgh tre so maietal\l anermal equi lismere wits tee auspocas » tee sracspered every ilies less His geo by ac aciva\ evensy See Maxicoure Sine Boesqgd frarsper + comodaon e-gpeiens >: ar(4) Evacuated Pooder and Fibwous Tosulations: © powder R e To simple Pere acd pierous insulation te eee mode of beat transfer is by oseous cooduction: Thus tee gas is evacuatec| sp seduaw +e mode ap heat transpes. zweduas tee. = Also, hoe presence of pooder & Cooducton- free moleculon Fee yesi dual ga + The variaton of “tnermal conductivity Cig) wits gos pressunt inate toe powder te giver belovo Ciory) e These mateials ano a Superior perporvan 19 200-T1K wn Compemed to Vacuum Alone As wodlochon edt —pransfer 16 compoaltively less,@) Opacieted Fowders * The wadiatios heat Avansper. 12 evacuoned powder \osuilavor is vtren veduceadl b Weieg adding CoppaHr oF Alursiaiuns’ P lakes tp toe. evacuccied powales s Mey och o> ued wodiotion anieids and hente called as apacipiers. 2 Tre trervmal cooduchity of Opactered powders Os a pucctioe of wet grt “oe epacipl ers ane js Shower below - | ; A) -plakes | / foc flake ee Mol me . —> ophmure power a pi feo). ne % opacipiey bog welgior Wee trevmal cooductyigy 1S veducd by about SS -ieoes women ‘Coropeesd to evoruated ooders * From aasehy POR OF View Copper flakes ara more preperred becaune Aluminium hoes a losge neat Of comiousthon wito ease(FP) Multlayer ioeulehon Kh consist, op AHernatng layers opp highly veplectin moctestal such ag Auminioum peilgcopper Poll parol are Nae Spacer Such as -piberglase a lov trem! con Ov paper. functors of wach compooents: Hey have hight veplechvity and hene seduce yadliation heat transfer conduchyidy andy lowe neva! ALoct Avanapes ( Spocers : have hence vedute Conductor Cy Rodiatior ehieldde : Gi) Vacuurs : Residual gas conduction and convection ane miniroieed According +o tne type of spacers trey ome Claseified a6: W Mattipie ecru > Fioves one oowrcenged posaite) Spaces to velur contact A qsiol op nylorm spacers (@ Poiot comtoct spacers used to separ]. wodiochor ehields The abieldls wsed aw op Suro thickness . The vesidual gas apeduction jneide bee insulochos clepends e eptreurs pexpormanw pressvar ity On pressv9a. Th Fiske DeeCoropomsen ef LTnsulabeng i 7 mal | Advantages Dieodvastoges | | | |. Expanded -Pearng: | sLow coset ke High tnemal coniracton | + No need pox sigid | AVitu May Che vaeuun deren!) i : a aid 3 ay | * Good Mechanica) ] | Stvergte | (2 Gas -filled powders | e <8 IANS | eLow cost | + Easily applied + Ivveguiay Shapes * Non plaromable 3. Yocuurs dalooe +Coroplicerled ehapes | rag be ineuloted *Srmall cool down loss slow heat plux pov Small icknees, 4. Evacuojed povoders Bock plz vo tupac ate) eVacuurs level less Sta ogest AS Multi fay \ngulactions: *Coropliceded shapes may be insulocded o Brey to evocucte \5 cigied Powders | *Betler Performan 2 Reduces wadioction beod Aransper Tras evacuated poobe + Cannot Use Al Por Oz | | 2 Vapow bovyvies 1s sequiyed Powder Seles uncer Vievation - Need for pump: 2 Low emiseivi bouncy Succpacee % eas xed + Setice undea Viovation 2 Vacuuns-Ft hens Ore. requira). must be Provectect.frem exposue “to mei et Oe + Higber cost | taks o8 4+ explosion 2 May Sehle ID Viknertien lead: -toDi SOONG eS 5 ee | | | | + Bes} perporman of * igh cost per uort Volume A\l ineulactions 2 low Weight 2 Lower cool down lose + Betler stability + Mose stongent Vacuum = Diggieult eo applg “© cor spiicoied Shapes.YVACUDM TECHNOLOGY Eormpocears ef Wonttino éeetems: fg: Besic elercents op @ Vactun splen The coroponens Ss ea: Li) Coenecti hoes (OD Cold 4vaps and Bageles Gi) Vacuurn valves () pore purp Cit sequed) Cryogenic ingulaction vequives Crecdingoo op \inig pe AGU Alcala mec banhea\ Pane ean mot ereate such higo Vocuwurd presence Thew pore epecial pumps like, Digeusion pumpsp Jom Pumps coe usedl.te Trey operate 16 £vee molecules wegine., for Whicia Ae presse Sie ge ea a a a adele Os, Ramee i ieee ac seeinn Se RMThie 1s dome by & mechanical parp. This Operoxied 16 Cca\ted ROME PUPIO| operation - Cold toaps > Bareles. Cola traps and Bapples One Caovided se ise holed ap pee perme (prev ere aR backet rearing Coreverse. -plo®) of \ulessi cons ng OW epee. sai ee VOT: space Trey One Cold aunfoces and pene condenses “oe Heer el\| vapours:Nocusro Peeps a (OMechacical Varware purpe+= Mechanical pumps ome gererally used to reduc. che pressure beppoe tre wie Of Ofer Pparmps toheh operate 1m pree roolewlor egies vee. a3, a porvepurop Treg ray be wt om positve dieplatancerst ype Rotor pumps The ger pump, Vane pumps, mmote blower cox used -for high pumping speed wdnena Oo wecl prcedhng Parnps one used for large: gratia of, CNaGde ams Mechanical Pumps ae used —b veach a ' presese Up do 4kPo Much lower ‘Presevows are Ochieved ae mutt sw!" A ehece valve Coon —veturn vo\we) is vsed at me ump enhaust to Ppreven® pook sven A aypteal votesy- pretoo mechanical Pump Ve ewes below’ oniete =(DDippusios pump: A Aigeusioe Pump operates 1m tme pwee moleculoy pede. nae ie tre Coothnusus yvegime. A schenahe apo dippusioes Purp ts shown betoio: = oo Cacg esis vines SSS ear Fg: Digestion Pam? The woking pluid optoe Pump 12 eunnoyaiede SR iemuiee Gee ees eine nel Clear en) Tee Vapour flows up Ane Chironey ana is eject ed at pige Velocities 1 We dowrvsend direchon *rerovgs se. nozzles: Tre vapoa molecules atike “te 4 molecules and (repeat a momentirs 10 ne Aovoowsed| divecthon: The gas molecules “nus move dovornweads amd pone on ormugis tee enhance Tre vaopovs, motecubes which hes & bighou boiling Pant gets Condensed at “Wwe coater cooled wails and 'S Sececd ao siee. Dolley Dikeusioe Pumps pe CacalatO mene Oni emer upto 2 fa . Tee purop fluid used ane hydrwcstoor oils, Biocry! pemalele Coctsi!) goa ocig( seeaeale (petoll-S) Tre cheodvarntege Je preat, 1 carnnet be wed at bigre Pressure Ipencatia Gor sock toa c- is evened pitt Mae era AME Mee ee, ae Fs pozele and wesee Vapeu molecules aro : : PO lovper move in downward divecton alone . See Bor @& moving YO Yandon diverios and See eeveve back etsenrel oa %. Ton Pumps | Too- pump eroploys a combination of \onisaborn aS AOD Poe weroval OF aes and crerica\ AbSso molecules ee si ©9000 aas0cs + Sent (few Ig: Semarhe af Too- pump Aloage potersha) digpevence 16 applied beloeen tne anode and catmode: A ~veceives te kept behind tne Catnod to wece\ve Toe gos lons. A sivoog megnatc gield 1& applted acrvosS toé Purp: Working On appleociom of & losge potectial dlpgeveow, tne cacinode emits electvons. Trey get atvacted bg +welg croaged anode: Thus tre moving cherge Celector) qet= aeplecied by “tre mognehe Pier and roves 12 & aycloi olen pam beluween commode and Boe castle iy oot oe ate molecule, Qo collision vito foae mavlecu|es tse, A ereagt sed elactwe ,.vemoves a esee ClectiOs PIM tre gas melecute and convetts HW into +vely chasged fon Thie postively @ d ions poove te te exmoda(vO Most op -poers pass fomugio “wwe gapand ote collected in toe Collector: The long ane holdlecl I> toe Cojector by Chemical bonds© Remaining jens Sivikes tre axnede and +ean out (Cgpasey) bis op HHanium metal prom te cathode, hat Shower om tne Colleciox plate: The previovely collected ions gets puved Under these parhies, The lom purnps have high parnping eppiclence. and aw used sto Produ VACUO ExPRD aa $m iormPa to lOnPa. pe oe Condensation op a gas en a enyogenicarig ~ aooled aurypace to produce ao ‘Varun is eatied Cs aaa lake The pump Cooled Surepow) 18 kept inside me apore Fo be evacuated: IE conciete oP a CYopare at Looted bg heliurs gas (20K) and @ Shielding Surpace at liquid PeLaro gee Term penatvee: Tire shield is used +o Provect e panel prom vadiast heat a load. The Aippenont aonangements OL Shown beJou- Warr Suvpo Coe D Zaor: 7K sce ons (&)Chevren Clanus jacket ooaangeraos Ca) pavatiel O92 PTD(@) Sacer osaargement ¢ Nechaniem: woo? Suse conclansate lager > Sei Beoid Sea Cxvessel) 2. @ molecules Stoke Tne Woerr aunpaw, albeosb energy. and berorve Basing “the cold seagate VA hits tree cxyopanel. Since me Cryoparel have a very |ow Ternperotunc pte. gas molecules condénses. Tre aaomodaton coepiciest 6 he ergopanels One ewer assurned to be aaa weduces, “tre. Pressunr feo, Truss GO eryopump role cule by comdensobhon , Temoving molecule log le \s Aegined O32 “me wacnd af Number oF moleckes mat stick te toe seen) euaroua, tp toe Number OF roolecwies “pat Siti ke Tine see ee ,Among me Aippened 4+ Cnmangemens Chev-ro2 ATO ot Rave higher eppiciery as i+ 16 Aipgi cult witnout -Feuchi Boom eS. molecules tp escape ra me cooled Bar pace C Ase used to achieve term, pressure ae eae apo F Ligue Lever in A Speags VESSEL | 1. Hydvostahe Gouge | lb is One of Mme Simple and prmitve preted of Diquid level measurement: The aipprectial ie YELEUNL ACYOSS Me step and botera of TPS] | oak yereel ic “pound using QA manometey OTA | Bour doo gouge ___criny ate Sicce fing << Faia » te cigpueomal Pressey (apis | " an indication of toe Niauiq jevel inside tre | comtaineds © ee Va * Febg? | sinw fa “4 Po Ap & PLY The 2a pilloag toe Poy manometes conrmechoo coust | be pode Wg Seg ie Preveor draining euch ap liquid into toe goge Tire. fienrtetation ap tris metved 12 lov eendtyiy or Niquial hyd rege and Jiqui¢ bellum due to “Meir Jow Aenrsisies.1 @. Eleciwical Recistance Gauge : lt works © me principle “mat,me heat Ayansper | apse ruictem i pox ce MIQWICINS) Greed) laaia: aacaa nays ce | Vapow: Thus, wree ar elect cally heated woiveis | exposed “to vapour, me ters pevortunc of “Me wire | voll be @veates -mas when i+ Ve \romensed Im & Vqui | as Resistor A Fig. _ motes sone snes ia oa The vapour—liquid imtereace ma joe Aetected by slowly Taising ac elect sically heated vive: A+ re! ciipe Paes. Ope Ie moves Out OF Iiquid hee arene locreasez and gesigtiandw Changes. This is Obtainsa _| lecrhormmeivic method of POEASUT SMA + by pot | “To measuring {| i] ae _ Resistor intiguiaThe lequid fevé] Cae be coofhouousty meni measwoad jy by immersing vertical Stmpg Bf wives josidle Tre. liquid. The change ig level ig indiceled by ne enange jin wire yesistang- The ehyawback 1s -mad more energy IS digsiport ed woitain ine vessel. 2 lp & COOMMu.cUs veadiog ig net ceeded » 2-0 5 cavboo yvesiGinrg located at ‘ietvals ge peameet Impormodhion about tre level o¢ [quid %. Capacitance Liquid level e eapacttance qua leve\ Ane i electwmc cOoNnslamAsS on re pond ple Heats Pe ai of Nquid and Vapour prase 1s cippevert : ANGE works ‘To capacitance- ia Outer cylinder Inner rod Ve consist of tuo conceminc ode Jelecivodes immersed 19 me liquidas well as vapove as sb0en- As me evel Changes he capacitank vomesy dm ro -me. dippevene Vn di-elecime cocstant+ of liquid and vapour The anpacitane Gilead vem e C= C+ Cg = 2 (hifi hy Eg) eo In(De/Di)whene, lg = Peighy 2 biqui La a height of Vapour cator \)& nat tree Ania indi The advantage © , oe gensihvity 1S jadepeadent OP ee eines ee dpi egies Saks le depends oMly 09 me diameter yatio -H 16 ActuUHOrle , Sfaro/ e_ eek bat fee expensive - 4. Therreodynamic Liquid level Probe The trermodynamic liquid level probe ts ieesedl oo ctae pvincliple ampahs ape) Volume: occupied tre Vapous 1S more tram —me Volume occupied by toe liquid on condeneation- Working The liduid level pwre comslete ap A capilloay io vonicy se gas E0F high boiling polio oe OF me Game gas A Mat inme i Vesee] ie Pied. PTDWhen me probe | irammersed ID me Oe ae 12) Nquid, toe gas ie “toe probe iS Condensed Tre. cna ID Volume er gaze er condensation, veduae “me Pressver IMME CcApillony and consequently im ane deod volume. The enange \o Ppresoune ja a meosune ee toe liquid level ie pe vessel. Move te level op liquid, more voll be Bie es ee een The pressvoe and tempencter SF je velated by Ane equates ap aale as p= ZpRt Faas compressibility factor.TEMPERATORE MEASUREMENT é cy ) Vapour- Precoune. Thermometer le \8 based of “me PHociple net, -ooe_ Va.poue. Pressing tl Cnemnical Sapstacnkw ebarge voto Tempenduane ae Platinum resistance LJ thermometer Thermoccnphe [1 insulating Onygen shield bubbler Commercial liquid oxygen Dewar Heavy copper city 5 kg) Pure liquid oxygen ORIN LEAN DEWERSINGE The t+remmometar consists of A heavy cop pox cylinder immesseck in commercial liquid Ox eo Trside 40e block, etme bulls 1s partiatty filled rt pune Wauia oxy ger! The copilosy op tne lol 12 connected to a CSc PRANMOMOF CA . Fa Wes tne temperatwe op toe bulls Increaues , toe VApPOU prvessune Vacteanes Los more Ox4920 gete converted to vapour, The increase \o Manomeisic head eis ous proportional a “Mme increase 1D Ter perature és TOThe temperate of tre Bulb fo jncreased by batobling oxygen gas into tre bata. enariles Unlpotrs tern pevortune diets cation - This Bhermomeia may Also be used oe au Becordo%y Biardosa for caliorvatirg RTRs and tesmocOuples, whicn ~m A\se be Ieos povat ed inside tre copper lock: Ao adlvantage op “vapour pressuac. —reymomelr \eAnect “trey have a bigh sensitivity ar R Supercooducthog Thesmometers CBolornetevs ) Ik 18 based om mre principle, tnat the elecisica) wesistanw OP CEettan polyorystolline TOKLBANS suddecly dwps at a amail wange of tempesclue J m 5 Hi opera a peers i u a et, ec Seana aera aa Tern pesature A duperconduchyg element is kept iat ou terspeatow op mid point e¢tne —transition cveve- A yotating Slotied Loree) is used 4p pass \otewpred yadiabon ab ceitain ~Prequantss, When —mnis tTadiaten falis on “ine Mocdewialj +e vesiatane Char and whan i+ c3eaze to fal, woe BESiMianw doops.Wagnetic Tresmomeien Mogrehe sinesmometes is used to measure ters percctae lnelovo Ik. Tre paysical propesiy tna Changes wits ters peduoe i6 “re nese suscepO oily (éD) At higher Hermpevotaes, te magnetic. aucepbility 1S Gace og Cuna Belodca0O eee i we es magnetic Sup Rei ay Ta megnehe moment Ca cumie content \+= \nrersitg ee Aes T= aecolurse Tem perctioe » Soa oad At Very lowe Crop erates tree ee Aeniod ous” me tie welaton and —ne tneovetical tempoale je designated a8 TX called magnenc Tomperrctione : Precision variable ‘outa inductance Detector SP Compensating AC put secondary Specimen secondary eraniagnetic salt 8 sensing eles 5 echematc of A tog rene. Thommomedler5 “me vsesietana of ine matenal (uctudlbs « Thu of 2 \e produa YoHoot flucwohons vob ico eneagice a nigh -raho Aang Powran - Tt ig “meso amphpled by ac amplipier and could be Sbsemr~ed ia ane indicator. The achomate of a suprcocducing Bolomrtan ta Cause foelow . Indicator-recorder oothed-wieel chopper interrupting the energy bbeam at a constant frequency 5 x Narrowband ampliior tuned tothe signal frequency Lov. cn fig Q Superconducting Bolorne-tes,, Such —tharmomedes coe used to measure Bodiobos beat +ranseQ /irrenssy OF yadietion Niotiuns nlieide,Phospho- Bwnze oy lead-Bemuts one ey used SS as Superconductivg alo Mmotamatls .Ta orden to undeactamt roe selation betoeen iy = reagnstic Benpenctune TR ond absolute tempoesdluoe T, ane pasarragnecic Salb 1S Cooted to GG tompesrervar Jeon trex rod yO e eoale+ Then toe Salt ie mognehsed ‘isotoermally magnetised Os Shove No 19 below: “The changes in entropy accompanying these magnetisations are measured 7 rm Tn this region temperatures are first ‘obiained on the magnetic scale The amount of neat genenatec le ootained by evape rneasusing “me @mourt CF haul peliuro apovoded and “me entropy charge is also D catertoad: CA%,) Apter knowing, dS, TW magnetic Feld He Sait ia derognansed Iseotvopiealiy, to =r Now, adding neat by A gamma sou , toe ie beugn back ap tom pemeture Ty, Mus Sal+ pbtained ne veehon ‘Ag > ae AT H=0 Tavaeny lltoe. . epmcora NAN Mag eto Alacolute aciual Lermpeatr T iS Obtained og