Introduction:

Psychotic disorders are a group of serious illnesses that affect the mind. They make it hard for
someone to think clearly, make good judgments, respond emotionally, communicate effectively,
understand reality, and behave appropriately.

When symptoms are severe, people with psychotic disorders have trouble staying in touch with
reality and often are unable to handle daily life. But even severe psychotic disorders usually can
be treated.

There are different types of psychotic disorders, including. Hallucination is one of

them.

History of Psychotic:
The word psychosis was introduced to the psychiatric literature in 1841 by Karl
Friedrich Canstatt in his work Handbuch der Medizinischen Klinik. He used it as a
shorthand for 'psychic neurosis'. At that time neurosis meant any disease of the
nervous system, and Canstatt was thus referring to what was considered a
psychological manifestation of brain disease. Ernst von Feuchtersleben is also
widely credited as introducing the term in 1845, ] as an alternative to insanity and
mania.

The word was also used to distinguish a condition considered a disorder of the mind,
as opposed to neurosis, which was considered a disorder of the nervous system.
The psychoses thus became the modern equivalent of the old notion of madness,
and hence there was much debate on whether there was only one (unitary) or many
forms of the new disease. One type of broad usage would later be narrowed down
by Koch in 1891 to the 'psychopathic inferiorities' - later renamed abnormal
personalities by Schneider.

The division of the major psychoses into manic depressive illness (now called
bipolar disorder) and dementia praecox (now called schizophrenia) was made by
Emil Kraepelin, who attempted to create a synthesis of the various mental disorders
identified by 19th century psychiatrists, by grouping diseases together based on
classification of common symptoms. Kraepelin used the term 'manic depressive
insanity' to describe the whole spectrum of mood disorders, in a far wider sense
than it is usually used today.

Who can get psychotic disorder?

Approximately 1 percent of the population suffers from a psychotic disorder. These
conditions are most commonly found in people in their late teens to early thirties
and effects men and women equally. Like many other mental disorders, psychotic
disorders are often genetic. People who have a family member with this type of
disorder are more likely to develop it than those who do not have a family history of
it. It is also believed that these disorders are related to the hyper activity of
chemicals in the brain that are vital to normal functioning. Additionally, those who
experienced brain injury during fetal development or childhood are at a higher risk
of developing the condition.
What is Hallucination ?
Hallucination is a part of psychotic desease.A hallucination is a sensation or sensory perception
that a person experiences in the absence of a relevant external stimulus. Hallucinations involve
sensing things such as visions, sounds, or smells that seem real but are not. These things are
created by the mind.

A hallucination can occur in any sensory modality visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory,
tactile, etc. Hallucinations can often be meaningful to the person experiencing them. Many times,
the voices are those of someone they know. Most commonly, the voices are critical, vulgar, or
abusive. Hallucinations also tend to be worse when the person is alone.

If you're like most folks, you probably think hallucinations have to do with seeing things that
aren't really there. But there's a lot more to it than that. It could mean you touch or even smell
something that doesn't exist. There are many different causes. It could be a mental illness called
schizophrenia or a nervous system problem like Parkinson's disease.

How Someone Might Hallucinate

Hallucination can occur with a person in many ways..

Auditory Hallucination

Auditory hallucinations are false perceptions of sound. They have been

described as the experience of internal words or noises that have no real
origin in the outside world and are perceived to be separate from the
persons mental processes. Auditory hallucinations have veridical perceptual
qualities in the sense that individuals are often convinced of the objective
reality of the experience. In most cases, auditory hallucinations are
unintentional, intrusive, and unwanted. Affected individuals may or may not
have insight into the hallucinations. A person with insight will acknowledge
that the experience is abnormal and will report less interference with daily
activities than a person with no insight.

A person may sense that the sounds are coming from inside or outside your
mind. You might hear the voices talking to each other or feel like they're
telling you to do something.

Visual Hallucination

See things. This is also known as a "visual hallucination." For example, you might
see insects crawling on your hand or on the face of someone you know. Visual
hallucinations may be characterized as either simple or complex, depending upon
their content. Simple (elementary) hallucinations include spots of light, lines and
patterns, and are associated with the striate cortex. On the other hand, complex
hallucinations yield vivid, formed, well-organized images, and are linked to the
visual association areas. More specifically, complex hallucinations may feature
images of people, faces, birds, animals or scenery. Additionally, miniature images
(lilliputian) are often reported, and may be either dynamic or static.

Sometimes they look like flashes of light. A rare type of seizure called "occipital"
may cause you to see brightly colored spots or shapes. No matter the form, when
hallucinations occur in the visually impaired, the outstanding clarity of the phantom
image sharply contrasts with the individual's habitually degraded vision.

Olfactory Hallucination
An olfactory hallucination (phantosmia) makes you detect smells that aren't
really present in your environment. The odors detected in phantosmia vary
from person to person and may be foul or pleasant. They can occur in one or
both nostrils. The phantom smell may seem to always be present or it may
come and go.

Phantosmia may occur after a head injury or upper respiratory infection. It

can also be caused by temporal lobe seizures, inflamed sinuses, brain tumors
and Parkinson's disease. Consult your doctor if you experience the symptoms
of phantosmia, so that your doctor can rule out any serious underlying
disorders that may be causing the detected smell.Parosmia is another smell
disorder that's similar to phantosmia. But, in parosmia a smell that's present
in your environment is distorted. Parosmia can occur with damage to the
olfactory system, such as after a severe respiratory infection.

Gustatory Hallucinations

Gustatory hallucinations tend to be enduring, unpleasant taste sensation qualified

simply in terms of bitter, sour, sweet, disgusting, etc. However, they can also be
described in more specific terms such as chloroform, charcoal, tobacco, rusty iron,
blood, sperm, bile, garlic, grilled, peanuts, oysters, and mussels. Reports of pleasant
taste sensation are rare. Most gustatory hallucinations are rare. Most gustatory
hallucinations have occasionally been reported in association with contralateral
epileptic seizures. Traditionally gustatory hallucinations have been distinguished
from taste disorders that are not classified as hallucinations that are ageusia,
hypogeusia, dysgeusia, hypergeusia, and taste agnosia.

Pathophysiologically, the mediation of gustatory hallucination is associated

primarily with aberrant neuronal discharges in the primary gustatory areas, which
are tentatively located in the temporal and/or parietal lobes.

Tactile hallucination
Feel things. Doctors call this a "tactile hallucination." It might seem to you that
you're being tickled even when no one else is around, or you may have a sense that
insects are crawling on or under your skin. You might feel a blast of hot air on your
face that isn't real.

What Causes Hallucinations?

Schizophrenia. More than 70% of people with this illness get visual hallucinations, and 60%-
90% hear voices. But some may also smell and taste things that aren't there.

Parkinson's disease. Up to half of people who have this condition sometimes see things that
aren't there.

Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia . They cause changes in the brain that can
bring on hallucinations. It may be more likely to happen when your disease is more advanced.

Whats the Treatment?

First, your doctor needs to find out what's causing your hallucinations. He'll take your medical
history and do a physical exam. He'll ask about your symptoms.
You may need tests to help identify the problem. For instance, an EEG, or electroencephalogram,
checks for unusual patterns of electrical activity in your brain. It could show if your
hallucinations are due to seizures.

You might get an MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging, which uses powerful magnets and radio
waves to make pictures of structures inside your body. It can find out if a brain tumor or
something else, like an area that's had a small stroke, could be causing your hallucinations.

Your doctor will treat the condition that's causing the hallucinations. The treatment can include
things like:

Medication for schizophrenia or dementias such as Alzheimer's disease

Antiseizure drugs to treat epilepsy

Treatment for macular degeneration, glaucoma, and cataracts

Surgery or radiation to treat tumors

Drugs called triptans, beta-blockers, or anticonvulsants for people with migraines

Your doctor may prescribe pimavanserin (Nuplazid). This medicine has been effective in treating
hallucinations and delusions linked to psychosis that affects some people with Parkinsons
disease.

Sessions with a therapist can also help. For example, cognitive behavioral therapy, which focuses
on changes in thinking and behavior, helps some people manage their symptoms better.

Causes

There are various causes for experiencing persistent, often distressing hallucinations. When
people are deprived of their senses in deserts or jailed in bare cells for brainwashing, they
often hear and see hallucinated objects. People deprived of sleep or who are completing long,
monotonous tasks, such as long-distance driving, can also have hallucinations. It is also possible
to induce hallucinations. Here are 5 of the most common reasons people experience
hallucinations:
Drugs, including alcohol and marijuana, cocaine, crack, heroin, and LSD. Some cultures and
cults cultivate crops to provide the material to induce hallucinations.

High fever, especially in young or old people.

Disability. Those with very specific sensory problems like blindness or deafness often experience
hallucinations. People who go deaf often say they hear voices. Similarly, those who have had
limbs amputated experience "phantom limbs" with all the movement, even pain, experienced.

Severe physical illness, such as brain cancer, or kidney or liver failure, or later-life dementia, or
alcohol-related delirium tremens.

Severe psychotic disorder, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and schizophrenia.
Those who have experienced PTSD often experience flashbacks. When they hear certain sounds
or detect certain smells, they are instantly transformed back to times of traumawar or
accidents, for exampleand may have powerful flashback hallucinations of particular events. In
times of great stress and mourning, some people hear reassuring voices that calm their senses.

Conclusion:

Hallucination may be a fatal psychic disease. It creates imbalance and disturb in our daily life.
But by proper treatment we can solve it. Otherwise this disease can spread one tribe to another
tribe. Now days our medical field is so advance. So it is no more curse ore barrier for this new
era.