Professional Documents
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Saya THIEN CHEN YAN mengaku membenarkan tesis Sarjana ini disimpan di
Perpustakaan Universiti Malaysia Sabah dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti
berikut:
PERPUSTAKAAN
UNIVERSlTI MALAYSIA Sl\B~1.l
Disahkan oleh:
vtL !
(Penulis: THIEN CHEN YAN) (TANDATANGAN PUSTAKAWAN)
Alamat Tetap:
No. 26, Taman Mitzi,
89608, Papar, Sabah
DECLARED BY
I hereby declare that the material in this thesis is my own except for quotations,
excerpts, equations, summaries and references, which have been duly acknowledge.
1 July 2008
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEM ENT
Firstly, I would like to thank Dr. Bonaventure Vun Leong Wan, the lecturer of School
of Science and Technology, University Malaysia Sabah willing to be my supervisor of
this dissertation and give me lots of advice to accomplish the work punctually. It's my
honour to work with him and hopefully in the future as well .
iii
ABSTRACT
This study has been carried out to understand the relationship between the
sustainability of Kota Kinabalu city and its public transportation system and also
to propose a reformation plan to enhance the current system as ineffective public
transport system would retard the city from heading towards sustainable
development. Through the study on the current service system, some negative
factors influencing the development and effectiveness of the present public
transportation system have been identified and also found that the ineffective
management is the root of these negatives factors. To overcome these problems,
a suggestion to implement centralized management and vertical supervision to
the current public bus system has been put forward. The central idea of this
proposal is for the government to take over fully the operation and work out the
contract for different routes; contractors have to proceed with a bidding process
before they obtain the right and only one contractor can operate at the specific
route. Through the reformation, the authorities would be able to supervise and
manage the system easier. The proposal also introduces the step to implement
the new system and the way to solve the negative effect after the reformation.
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ABSTRAK
v
2.1.2 The Impacts to the Economy Development 9
2.4.2 The Bus Type and Category of Service In Kota Kinabalu City 16
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 25
3.1.3 Questionnaire 26
4.1 Introduction 28
4.3 The Factors Retard the Development of the Current Public Bus 33
Service
vii
4.3.2 The Human Factors 34
4.5 The Roots Induced the Retarding Factors of Kota Kinabalu Public Bus 45
Service
5.1 Conclusion 58
viii
REFERENCES 60
APPENDIX 62
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 2.1 The distribution of the income of a teacher, admin officer and 12
an engineer in of Kota Kinabalu city.
Figure 2.2 The hypothetical scenario without (Before) and with (After) 15
public bus on road
Figure 2.3 The proportion of bus on all routes in Kota Kinabalu city 18
Figure 4.5 The proportion of people's inclination to the service after the 32
improvement
Figure 4.6 The flow chart of the process to obtain operating permit 50
Figure 4.8 The organization structure before and after the reformation 53
Figure 4.9 The process of the tracing of incident before and after the 54
reformation
x
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 The number of vehicle registered in Sabah from 2000 until 2005 9
Table 2.2 The amount of accident occurred in 2005 end 2006 in Kota 11
Kota Kinabalu city
xi
LIST OF PHOTOS
Page
Photo 2.3 The road widening construction causes the losing of green 8
plant
Photo 2.4 The map and list of some congested roads and areas in Kota 10
Kinabalu city
Photo 2.5 The private car is very common in Kota Kinabalu city 11
Photo 2.7 The appearances of the T.U.T (right) and P.U.T (left) buses 21
Photo 4.10 The vicious challenge from the state car company 43
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PREFACE
The rapid population growth in Kota Kinabalu has not only increased the number of
sales of cars, it has also caused severe traffic congestion for the residents of Kota
Kinabalu City over the past few years. The congestion gets worse during peak traffic
hours between 0800 to 1000 and 1700 to 1900 throughout the city's major inbound
or outbound routes. Most of the vehicles on the road are private cars and mostly
occupied with one or two passengers.
Traffic congestion is only one of the negative impacts that could be identified
visually, there are many' other impacts which are invisible. While people get frustrated
for being caught in the middle of traffic jam, it brings inverse impacts to the
environment simultaneously, such as the fuel consumed by the car, the hazardous
emission discharged from the exhaust pipe, the time wasted waiting in the car, the
car installment that has to be paid every month etc. Why do people have to endure
all these? How can people lives improve with a better public transportation system?
Sustainability is the hottest topic among all big and small cities around the world,
and Kota Kinabalu city is no exception. The transportation problem is a crucial factor
to determine the sustainability of every city and also an important criterion to
evaluate its sustainability (Deakin, 2003). Kota Kinabalu city will have difficulties in
achieving better sustainability should the transportation problem be unresolved.
Inevitably, transportation problem is a very common phenomenon that is
encountered by most cities in the world. It is an accumulative proble.m due to various
factors, such as ineffectiveness in the existing roadway system, large volume of
vehicles and poor public transportation system. The transportation problem can
potentially bring many negative impacts, both economical and environmental, to a
city. To mitigate the transportation problems for a better sustainability of the city, an
efficient public transportation is vital. This is because it is the very fund amental
means to overcome the problem; an efficient public transportation system ca n
effectively reduce the number of the vehicles on road and the transportation
problems can be resolved consequently. Among the various public transportations,
public bus is the most common modes of public transportation (Black, 1989).
The private cars on the road have increased in an alarming speed within Kota
Kinabalu city over recent years. Nowadays it is very common for every household to
own a personal car. This phenomenon is made possible by the government policies
and many other objective factors. Everyone wants to own a car badly, and the main
reason behind it is everyone thinks that it is very inconvenient to travel around Kota
Kinabalu city without a car. This exposes the fact that the public transportation in
Kota Kinabalu city is indeed very inefficient. As mentioned by Davison and Knowles
(2006), the personal freedom offered by the car, which has enhanced personal
mobility for many years has resulted in an unsustainable transport system in UK. This
is because automotive industry is highly consumptive, using many resources and
producing many waste' products. The rise in car ownership has allowed for the
dispersal of amenities and activity sites, which has in turn encouraged even greater
car use so accessibility is much easily available compared to those provided by public
transports.
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sustainable development city has to consider the three E's simultaneously, the
Economy, Environment and Equity (Deakin, 2003).
In the case of KK City, a two-year Sustainable Urban Developm ent Project was
implemented by Kota Kinabalu City Hall (DBKK) and co-sponsored by the Danish Co-
operation for Environment and Development in 1999 (DBKK, 2000). Although it was a
short-term project, it proved the government has finally realized the importance of
the sustainability and began to attach importance to the development of sustainability.
Public transport, also called public transit or mass transit, consists of all shared-
ride transport service systems in which the passengers do not travel in their own
vehicles. While in general it is presumed only as rail and bus services, wider
definitions would include scheduled airline services, ferries, taxicab services and any
system that transports members of the public (www.wikipedia.com. 2005). The
public transportation available in KK city is only public bus and taxi, and the public
bus is more utilized by the public because of its lower cost. Therefore, the public bus
is very important to the public transportation of KK city.
3
1.3.2 The Coexistence of the Public Transport and Private Car
Beside the public bus service in the city, the existing private cars in Kota Kinabalu city
cannot be neglected and it is impossible to create a zero private car city. In fact,
coexistence of public bus and private car is possible. For instance, people can take
public bus to go and back from work to avoid congestion whereas they could use
their own cars for leisure purposes such as shopping and dating. Through this way,
the number of private cars in the future can be reduced gradually starting from
reducing the utilization of private cars today. The increasing amount of car utilization
within urban centers will create the problem of congestion and hence will become a
threat to economic growth, poor air quality, noise and even global warming.
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
a. The Environment Pollution
The environmental pollutions due to the motor vehicles can be various; the air
pollutions and noise pollutions are the major pollution caused by the motor vehicle
(Wark et aL, 1998).
i. Air Pollution
The motor vehicle is one of the biggest non-point pollutant sources of the city. The
major pollutant of air pollution is the gaseous pollutants; these pollutants are the
substances in gaseous forms or as particulates matter discharge to the atmosphere
through human activities that can bring harm and impacts to human and
environment (Brennen et ai, 2005). Motor vehicles are the major sources of gaseous
pollutants in the urban area; the gaseous pollutant has complex components and
contains thousand of chemical substances. The general gaseous pollutants
discharged by the motor vehicle include particulate pollution, Hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) (Brennen et ai, 2005).
6
forever. It will definitely be exhausted one day. Motor vehicles need a great portion of
motor oil, along with the fast development of the car industry and the increase of the
demand on vehicles, this trend brings a driving demand on the crude oil. The
increase of demand on oil becomes an austere challenge to the provision and safety
of energy (Wright & Nebel, 2002).
7
Photo 2.2: The cars park at illegal place.
Photo 2.3: The road widening construction causes the losing of green plant.
8
be depl eting seriously. Moreover, the exploitation of those materials also causes
negative impacts to the environment simultaneously.
Table 2.1: The number of vehicle registered in Sabah from 2000 until 2005.
Type of
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
vehicle
Motorcycle 6,573 4, 399 3,250 5,852 7,429 9, 068
Car 15,439 17, 047 19, 365 24, 306 17, 428 32,139
Total 25, 901 25, 306 25,524 34, 210 36, 736 46, 485
Source: JPJ Kota Kinabalu (2006)
9
/--
~~
'-
0:-
Photo 2.4: The map and list of some congested roads and areas in Kota Kinabalu city: fE G
1. Center of Kota Kinabalu city [J
2. Mat Salleh road and Tunku Abdul Rahman road 2"
.....
3. Putatan road and Kepayan road ~
4. Tuaran road (Likas area)
5. Tuaran road and Damai Road
6. Bunga Ulam Raja road and Bundusan road.
The roads highlighted on the respective emphasized areas in Photo 2.4 are the
major congested areas, and there are still much small congestions around the Kota
Kinabalu city, such as the junctions without traffic light and roundabout areas.
Through Table 2.1 and Photo 2.4 have clearly showed that the number of cars is
increasing from year to year which is the main factor that induces the congestion .
Private cars in Sabah increase constantly every year. According to the data from JPJ,
there are 609, 911 motor vehicles registered and on the road in Sabah, the
respective numbers are 338,916 private cars, 113,460 motorcycles and 13,347
commercial vehicles (JPJ, 2005). Further reference to the car registration statistic of
10
REFERENCES
Abd Rahim Md Nor. 2004. Transport for the Under-served in Malaysia The Role of
Mif71buses in MalaysianTowns and Cities. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia
Maia, A. D. G. 2004. Analysis of the Impacts of the Urban Traffic in the Quality of Life:
An Application of the Lens Model. Article submitted at the 10th International
Conference on Mobility and Transport for Elderly and Disabled people -
TRANSED 2004 -Hamamatsu, Japan, 23 -26 May 2004.
Brennen, S. & Withgott, J. 2005. Environment the Science Behind the Stories. San
Francisco CA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Davison, L. J. & Knowles, R. D. 2006. Bus Quality Partnerships, Modal Shift and
Traffic Decongestion. Journal of Transport Geography. 14 : 177- 194.
Deakin, E. 2001. Strategies for economic prosperi~ environmental quali~ and equity.
Work Paper of University of California at Berkeley, Institute of Urban and
Regional Development. (Online) http://www-iurd.ced.berkeley.edu/pub/ WP-
2001-03.PDF. Printed on 8th August 2006.
Hou Xiang. 2003. The Examples of Overseas Public Transportation System. (On line)
http://www.chinahighway.com/news/2003/44350.php.Printed on 8 th August
2006.
Andrew R.W.Jackson & Julie M. Jackson. 1997. Environmental Science the Natural
Environment and Human Impact England: Addison Wesley England.
JPJ Sabah Official Web Site. 2006. Drivers Licensing & Testing Section. (On line)
http://www.jpjsabah.gov.my.Printed on 12th August 2006.
Keller, B. 2003. Environmental Science Earth as a Living Planet. (4th edition). New
York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Takeyam a, R. 2006. Standardization of the Information Design in Public
Transportation Facilities. (Online) http://www.idemployee.idl/g.w.m .ra uterberg
/confer ences/CDdoNotOpen/ADC/final paper/431. pdf . Printed on 1th
September 2006.
United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS). 2001. The role of urban
transport in sustainable human settlements development (Online) http://w
ww. un.orgesa/sustdev/csd/csd9_bp7. pdf. Printed on 4th Augu st 2006.
Wark, K, Warner, C.F & Davis, W.T. .1998. Air Po/lution .Jd Edition. Menlo Park, CA:
Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Wang Ping, Chen Liping & Xu Jie. 2006. Some problems of the sustainable
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Wright, R.T & Nebel, BJ. 2002. Environmental Science Toward a Sustainable Future.
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