Design discharge

Para 4 of substructure
code Hydrological design
investigations
Estimation of design
discharge : Para 4.2.2 of
Substructure code says
50 year return period.
 Bridge design : use of Q
Waterway : Pw = 1.811C Q
HFL 1
Q 3
2

Depth of scour : D = 0.473 f

Clearance V 2
A
2

h= + 0.01524 X 1
Afflux 17.88 a

Free Board
River training works

 FLOOD ESTIMATION
METHODS
1.Statistical analysis (flood frequency
approach)- when sufficient data is
available (probabilty distribution curves
e.g.Gumbel/gamma)
2.UNIT hydrograph approach : (not for
catchments more than 2500 sq km )
when limited or no records are
available. Use of flood estimation
reports
3.For catchments
Earlier methods were basedhaving
on empiricalarea <(Dickens,Ryves,
formulae 25 sqkm :
InglisModified rational
, Nawab Ali Jung etc) and hadformula
no concept of RDSO
frequency or
recurrence interval concept
report RBF-16
 SYNTHETIC UNIT
HYDROGRAPH (SUH)
Use of flood
estimation reports :
The country has been
divided into 7 hydro
meteorological
zones and 26
subzones .Flood
estimation reports
have been published.
(a joint work of CWC,
RDSO, IMD, and MOST)
 UNIT
HYDROGRAPH
C o n ce p ts
 UNIT HYDROGRAPH
-DEFINITION
The UH of a drainage basin is defined as
a hydrograph of direct runoff (DSRO)
resulting from one unit of effective
rainfall which is uniformly distributed
over the basin at a uniform rate during
the specified period of time known as
unit time or unit duration. The unit
quantity of effective rainfall is generally
taken as 1cm and the outflow
hydrograph is expressed by the
discharge ordinates. The unit duration
may be 1 hour, 2 hour, 3 hours or so
depending upon the size of the
catchment and storm characteristics.
However, the unit duration cannot be
more than the time of concentration tc,
which is the time that is taken by the
water from the furthest point of the
catchment to reach the outlet.
 ASSUMPTIONS
1.Effective rainfall is uniformly distributed over the basin, that is, if there are
N rain gauges spread uniformly over the basin, then all the gauges
should record almost same amount of rainfall during the specified time.

2.Effective rainfall is constant over the catchment during the unit time.

3.The direct runoff hydrograph for a given effective rainfall for a catchment is
always the same irrespective of when it occurs. Hence, any previous
rainfall event is not considered. This antecedent precipitation is otherwise
important because of its effect on soil-infiltration rate, depressional and
detention storage, and hence, on the resultant hydrograph.

4. The ordinates of the unit hydrograph are directly proportional to the

effective rainfall hyetograph ordinate. Hence, if a 6-h unit hydrograph due
to 1 cm rainfall is given, then a 6-h hydrograph due to 2 cm rainfall would
just mean doubling the unit hydrograph ordinates. Hence, the base of the
resulting hydrograph (from the start or rise up to the time when discharge
becomes zero) also remains the same
 Flood or discharge at
the point of interest
depends upon the
catchments
characteristics and
rainfall characteristics
Typical river system

Q
Q

Q Q

Q
Q
Q
Q

Q = Discharge
 Shape, size and slope of the
catchment

A catchment that is
shaped in the
form of a pear,
with the narrow
end towards the
upstream and the
broader end
nearer the
catchment outlet
(Figure 1a) shall
have a
hydrograph that
is fast rising and
has a rather
concentrated
high peak
 Shape, size and slope of the
catchment

A catchment with the same

area but shaped with its
narrow end towards the outlet
(oblong shape) has a
hydrograph that is slow rising
and with a somewhat lower
peak (Figure 2) for the same
amount of rainfall.
 Loss rate
Interception ,
evaporation,
transpiration, evapo-
transpiration, infiltration,
watershed leakage etc
Catchment characteristics
are reflected in the UH of
the typical catchment
 Rainfall characteristics

Rainfall intensity
Rainfall or storm duration
Areal distribution of rainfall
Time distribution of rainfall
Direction of storm w.r.t.
catchment

Rainfall characteristics
0.8

0.7

0.6

Rainfall excess
Precipitation (inches)

0.5

Uniform loss rate of

0.4 0.2 inches per hour.

0.3

0.2
Hyetograph
0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Time (hrs.)
Rainfall or storm
duration

0.9

Derived unit hydrograph is the

0.8
result of approximately 6 hours
of excess precipitation.
0.7
Excess Prec. (inches)

Small amounts of
0.6
excess precipitation at
beginning and end may
0.5
be omitted.

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
 TIME AND AREAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL

The concept of Isochrones might be

helpful for explaining the effect of the
duration of a uniform rainfall on the shape
of hydrograph. Isochrones are imaginary
lines across the catchment (see Figure 5)
from where water particles traveling
downward take the same time to reach the
catchment outlet.
Version

If the rainfall event starts at time zero, then the hydrograph at the catchment
outlet will go on rising and after a timet, the flow from the isochrone I would
have reached the catchment outlet. Thus, after a gap of time t, all the area A1
contributes to the outflow hydrograph.
Continuing in this fashion, it can be concluded that after a lapse of time 4t, all
the catchment area would be contributing to the catchment outflow, provided the
rain continues to fall for atleast up to a time 4t. If rainfall continues further, then
the hydrograph would not increase further and thus would reach a plateau.
DIRECT RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH CAN BE DERIVED
BY SUMMATION OF INDIVIDUAL HYDROGRAPHS
Finding catchment use of
TOPO sheets
Identifying features on
toposheets
STREAMS

1.Blue lines
2.pattern of the contour
lines V patterns. V
always points u/s

On flood plains, drainage lines are less well defined and the contour
lines flatten out. Run-off flows across the whole of the floodplain rather
than in a well-defined channel.
 Identifying ridge line and
streams (valley)
Contour lines in valleys form
'V' shapes (typically
narrowing and steep
valleys), which can spread
to wide 'U' shapes
(typically broad, shallow
valleys) - but the effect is
the same - the closed end
points to higher ground
(see Fig. 2).

Ridge contours can be

confused with valley
contours as they, too, form
'U' shapes - the difference
is that the closed end of
the 'U' points to lower
 IDENTIFYING AN ISOLATED HILL/SADDLE

One of the easiest landscapes to visualize

on a topographic map is an isolated hill. If
this hill is more or less circular the map will
show it as a series of more or less
concentric circles . A contour is a line that
joins points of equal elevation
Contour interval is the vertical distance
between contour lines

Very often the closed ends of two 'U's'

can be seen pointing toward each other.
This is a sure indication of a saddle
between two areas of higher ground.
 Contour

Patterns
Contour lines close
together show steep
slopes
Contour lines far apart
show gentle slopes
Contour lines evenly
spaced show uniform
slope
If the spacing decreases
when going from high
to low, the slope is
convex
If the spacing increases
when going from high
Delineating catchment on toposheets

After identifying the stream we locate

highest point of each stream/tributary.
A general rule of thumb is that
topographic lines always point
upstream. In the Figure for example,
the direction of stream flow is from
point A to point B. Ultimately, we
reach the highest point upstream.
This is the head of the watershed,
beyond which the land slopes away
into another watershed or catchment.
If we join all of these high points
around the stream we have the
watershed boundary. (High points are
generally hill tops, ridge lines, or
saddles).
Delineating catchment on topo
sheet
 Catchment
Parameters

5 AREA OF CATCHMENT -A
4

CG OF THE CATCHMENT
3
LENGTH OF LONGEST STREAM : L
L
Lc 2 LENGTH OF STREAM FROM NEAREST TO CG TO THE BRIDGE

1 EQ. OR STASTICAL STREAM SLOPE

FLOOD ESTIMATION STEP BY
STEP
1.Calculate catchment parameters
2.Calculate SUH parameters using the equations
(equations given in the subzone reports)
3.Develop SUH
4.Obtain effective rainfall excess of design
duration
5.Apply effective rainfall excess on the SUH to
obtain the flood hydrograph or peak flood.
 STEP-1 Catchment
parameters
1. Find catchment area A-in sqkm planimeter, graph by
counting squares, autocad
2. Find length of the longest stream L in KM
3. Find CG of the area- by hanging a cardboard of the shape of
catchment area and joining the line
4. Length of the stream from the bridge site near to CG. Take
the same stream which was taken for step-2
5. Calculation of equivalent stream slope S- using analytical
method or graphical method as given in the flood
estimation report.
6. LL Is observed to be an important parameter of the
c
catchment and related with the basin lag tp
S
 Determining stream slope
(equivalent or statistical slope)
e6
e5
e4
e3
D5 D6
e2 D3 D4
e0 e1 D2
D1 Datum
D0

1 2 3 4 5

l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l6

S =
n
( Di + Di 1 ) li
L2
1
 STEP-2Calculating UH parameters

UH equations for subzone-3(f)

qp LL c
0.45

t p = 0.253 X
S
WR 7 5
q p =1.968 (t p )
0.842

W50 = 2.3(q p )
W75 1.018

W75 = 0.581 (q p )
Q-cumecs

1.035
W50

WR 50 = 0.954 (q p )
1.078
WR 5 0
WR 75 = 0.581 (q p )
1.035

TB
TB = 4.572 (t p )
0.9

Time - Hrs
 Calculation of UH
ter the the stream the
parameters
Parame Area of Length of Length of Equivalen qp = tp =
t slope
W50 =1 W75 =1. WR50 =0. WR75 =0. TB =
0.9178 1.5607 .9251( 0189(q 5788(qp) 3469(qp 7.3801(t /2
tm=tp+tr Qp=qp*
A
Design
storm
R50 : 50 R50 (Td)
year 24 : 50
R50 (Td)
: 50
catchme from longest m/km
*(L/s) - *(q )- q )-
p p p) -1.0443 -1.1072
) -1.0538 p)0.734 duratio hrs year td year td
farthest strem
nt A 0.4313 1.0814 1.0896 3 n Td point hrs hrs
point of from the
the point =1.1*tp rainfall point areal
catchment nearest to rainfall rainfall
to the CG to the
bridge L bridge Lc

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Br No sqkm km km m/km cumecs hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs cumecs hrs mm mm mm
/sq km

119 11.3 6.75 3.25 8.22 0.999 1.56 1.93 1.02 0.58 0.35 10.24 2.06 11.26 1.72 420 159.6 156.41
125 3.7 4.3 2.25 10.78 1.364 1.12 1.37 0.74 0.41 0.25 8.00 1.62 5.06 1.23 440 154 154
135 17.6 7.2 4.7 2.49 0.581 2.81 3.48 1.80 1.06 0.62 15.76 3.31 10.23 3.09 440 211.2 202.75
&136
166 10.6 5.75 2.9 3.03 0.696 2.31 2.86 1.49 0.86 0.51 13.64 2.81 7.40 2.54 440 193.6 183.92
169 232.8 19.55 10.1 3.26 0.424 3.95 4.91 2.50 1.50 0.86 20.23 4.45 98.68 4.34 440 237.6 197.21
173 24.6 14.15 7.9 7.77 0.709 2.27 2.80 1.46 0.85 0.50 13.45 2.77 17.41 2.49 440 198 186.12
318 2.2 2.2 1.1 11.36 1.863 0.80 0.98 0.53 0.29 0.18 6.24 1.30 4.02 0.88 480 144 144
358+35 1352.0 81 40 2.36 0.200 8.91 11.13 5.48 3.44 1.89 36.77 9.41 270.09 9.80 520 379.6 273.31
9
400+40 2072.0 160.25 82.25 2.59 0.155 11.73 14.69 7.15 4.56 2.48 45.00 12.23 320.92 12.90 520 416 312
1
411 23.4 8.55 4.05 1.46 0.428 3.91 4.86 2.47 1.48 0.85 20.09 4.41 10.02 4.30 380 173.3 166.37
428 36.9 14.15 7.75 1.12 0.307 5.60 6.97 3.50 2.14 1.20 26.15 6.10 11.33 6.16 380 200 192
17 46.1 20 11 1.01 0.254 6.88 8.58 4.27 2.64 1.47 30.42 7.38 11.68 7.57 380 220 211.2
 Drawing 1 Hr UH.
qp
Xp
Para X Cordinates
Cordinates
of b1Cordinates
of b2 Cordinat
of c1
meter Cor es of c2
WR 75 dina
te of
X3 X4 pea
WW7 5
75 k
Q-cumecs

Br No Xp X1 Y1 X2 Y2 X3 Y3 X4 Y4

X1 X2 119 2.06 1.48 5.63 3.41 5.63 1.71 8.44 2.73 8.44
W5 0 125 1.62 1.21 2.53 2.58 2.53 1.37 3.80 2.10 3.80
135 &136 3.31 2.25 5.12 5.73 5.12 2.69 7.68 4.49 7.68
166 2.81 1.94 3.70 4.80 3.70 2.30 5.55 3.79 5.55
WR 50
169 4.45 2.95 49.34 7.86 49.34 3.59 74.01 6.09 74.01
173 2.77 1.92 8.70 4.72 8.70 2.27 13.06 3.73 13.06
318 1.30 1.01 2.01 1.98 2.01 1.12 3.02 1.65 3.02
358+359 9.41 5.96 135.0 17.10 135.05 7.51 202.57 12.99 202.57
TB 400+401 12.23 7.66 160.4 22.35 160.46 9.75 240.69 16.90 240.69

Time - Hrs
Measure hourly UH
ordinates
Br No 169 Virar Surat
Time Hr UH
0 0
1 5
2 17
3 40
4 85
5 95
6 75
7 64
8 51
9 43
10 35
11 29
12 24
13 20
14 17
15 14
16 12
17 8
18 6
19 4
20 2
21 0
 STEP-4 -Rainfall
Characteristics
i. Design storm duration TD = 1.1 x
tp- it gives maximum flood peak
ii. Then to find TD hr rainfall - find 24 hr
point rainfall from isopluvialmaps
(if not available directly) and
multiply with the conversion factor
to get TD hr point rainfall.
iii. Multiply by areal reduction
factor (ARF) given in the
relevant sub-zone report to
get TD hr areal rainfall
iv. Use time distribution graphs
/tables to obtain rainfall depth
(cumulative) for each 1 hr
interval.
v. then find rainfall increments by
subtraction of successive
cumulative values
vi. Obtain 1 hr effective rainfall
increment by subtracting the
loss rate (given for each
Rainfall characteristics
0.8

0.7

0.6

Rainfall excess or 1
0.5
hr -effective rainfall
Precipitation (inches)

Uniform loss rate of

0.4 0.2 inches per hour.

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Time (hrs.)

Rainfall Hyetograph
 Example : 4-Hr duration
rainfall in sub-zone 5(a) Br

No
A = 233 sq km
169 in VR-ST
L = 19.55 KM
Lc : 10.1 KM
Slope : 3.26 m/ KM
R50 24 Hrs rainfall : 400 mm
R50 4 hrs rainfall : 180 mm
Loss rate : 0.19 cm/hr
Base flow : 0.15 cumecs/sq KM
rainfall dist in 4 hrs : 57%,81%,94%,100% This comes to
13.28 , 18.87,21.9,23.3cm
Hence rainfall excess : 13.28, (18.87-13.28)=5.59, (21.9-
18.87)=3.03, (23.3-21.9)=1.4
Effective rainfall excess : (13.28-0.19) , (5.59-0.19), (3.03-
0.19), (1.4-0.19)
: 13.09 5.4 2.84
1.21

STEP-5: (i) Critical sequence
of 1-hr effective areal

rainfall excess Br No 169 Virar Surat
Time Hr UH RE Q
Arrange 1 hr effective areal 0 0
rainfall against 1 hr UG ordinates 1 5
such that max value against max 2 17
3 40
ordinate and next lower value 4 85 5.4 459.17
against next lower ordinate and 5 95 13.09 1243.65
so on this can be done easily in 6 75 2.84 212.93
7 64 1.21 77.31
Microsoft excel worksheet. 8 51 1993.1
Multiply the UH ordinate by the 9 43 B/FLOW 35.00
above corresponding values and 10 35 2028.1
add them to get DSRO. Add base 11 29
12 24
flow to get Q 13 20
14 17
15 14
16 12
17 8
18 6
19 4
20 2
21 0
 STEP-V-ii :Obtaining flood
Time UH
hydrograph
1 Hr effective rainfall cm Total Base Total
ord D.S.R. flow flow
Hr Q 1.21 2.84 13.09 5.40 O cumecs
0 0 0.0 0 35 35
1 5 6.0 0.0 6 35 41
2 17 20.5 14.2 0.0 35 35 70
3 40 48.3 48.3 65.5 0.0 162 35 197
4 85 102.7 113.6 222.5 27.0 466 35 501
5 95 114.8 241.3 523.6 91.8 972 35 1007
6 75 90.6 269.7 1112.7 216.1 1689 35 1724
7 64 77.3 212.9 1243.6 459.2 1993 35 2028
8 51 61.6 181.7 981.8 513.2 1738 35 1773
9 43 51.9 144.8 837.8 405.2 1440 35 1475
10 35 42.3 122.1 667.6 345.7 1178 35 1213 Reverse the sequence of 1 hr
11 29 35.0 99.4 562.9 275.5 973 35 1008
12 24 29.0 82.3 458.2 232.3 802 35 837 effective areal rainfall and
13 20 24.2 68.1 379.6 189.1 661 35 696 obtain ordinate for each
14 17 20.5 56.8 314.2 156.7 548 35 583
15 14 16.9 48.3 261.8 129.6 457 35 492
hydrograph by multiplying the
16 12 14.5 39.7 222.5 108.0 385 35 420 corresponding UHG ordinates
17 8 9.7 34.1 183.3 91.8 319 35 354 and adding all such hydrographs
18 6 7.2 22.7 157.1 75.6 263 35 298
19 4 4.8 17.0 104.7 64.8 191 35 226 (ordinates) to obtain flood
20 2 2.4 11.4 78.5 43.2 136 35 171 hydrograph (ordinates)
21 0 0.0 5.7 52.4 32.4 90 35 125
0.0 26.2 21.6 48 35 83
0.0 10.8 11 35 46
0.0 0 35 35
 Alternative method :
Simplified equations- RDSO
report TM 50
Developed for some sub-zones and
recommended for preliminary
checks /surveys or temporary
works LL
0.45

t d = 0.388 c
S
st
e.g. for 3(f) : S st 0.18945
Q50 = KAR50 (td )
0.2548
( LLc )

 Flood estimation for

small catchments : area
< 25 sq km RDSO report
RBF-16
Uniform rainfall characteristics
tc is very small therefore we need UH
of very small unit duration. Such
data od small intervals are
generally not available.
 Modified rational

formula
RBF-16 suggests to use modified rational
formula which incorporate s recurrence
interval concept over the normal rational
formula

C= runoff coefficient
Q50 = 0.278CI 50 A A : catchment area in sq

KM
I
50 : 50 year rainfall
intensity mm/hr =
R50(tc) /tc

 Runoff coefficient
Depends upon nature of soil, soil
cover and location of catchment :

C = K ( R.F ) 0.2

R = 50 year 24 hrs rainfall (cm)

F : Areal reduction factor
K : 0.249 to 0.498 depends on soil
type and location
 Runoff coefficient
In absence of no description of
catchment is available then
0.1

C = 0.537 R 0.179
tc

Where R : R : 50 year tchour point rainfall and tc is

50 ( t c )
given by
0.345
L3
tc =
For normal situations H
H : Elevation of farthest point above
the elevation of the bridge 0.618.L
tc = 0.1 0.2
A .Sl
 Sample calculations Virar
-Surat
Bridg 50 year Area 50 Length of Area Diff of
the elevation
tc = C = tc hr 1 hr coeffic R50 (1) R50 (tc I50 =R5 Q50 =0
e No 24 hrs reduc year 1 stream of the of bed at (L3/ 0.33 ratio ratio ient K =0.38* ) = K * 0(tc)/t .278*
rainfall tion hrs from catch farthest H)0.3 2*(R. R50 (t R50 (t = (10)/ R50 (24 R50 (1) c C*I50 *
R50 (24) factor rainfal farthest ment point of 45 F)0.2 c)/R5 c)/R50 (11) ) A
(Ref Map F l R50(1) point of A catchmen
(24) (24)
6.1 p53 of (Table the t and the 0
TM 50) 6.2 p 42 catchme bridge H
TM 50) nt to the
bridge L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Br No cm cm km sqkm m hrs mm mm mm/hrs cumecs
119 42 0.7 15.96 6.75 11.2675 297 1.01 0.65 0.425 0.38 1.12 159.6 178.50 176.36 360.65
125 44 0.71 16.72 4.3 3.7125 98 0.93 0.66 0.4 0.38 1.05 167.2 176.00 189.17 129.01
135 &13644 0.68 16.72 7.2 17.63 19 2.79 0.66 0.58 0.38 1.53 167.2 255.20 91.35 293.32
166 44 0.7 16.72 5.75 10.63 58 1.51 0.66 0.48 0.38 1.26 167.2 211.20 140.22 273.05
169 44 0.68 16.72 19.55 232.83 104 4.37 0.66 0.58 0.38 1.53 167.2 255.20 58.40 2476.48
173 44 0.68 16.72 14.15 24.565 456 1.88 0.66 0.53 0.38 1.39 167.2 233.20 124.18 555.56
318 40 0.72 15.2 2.2 2.16 40 0.63 0.65 0.33 0.38 0.87 152 132.00 208.39 81.36
358+359 52 0.68 19.76 81 1352 649 10.12 0.68 0.58 0.38 1.53 197.6 301.60 29.81 7589.90
400+401 52 0.68 19.76 160.25 2072 1095 17.11 0.68 0.58 0.38 1.53 197.6 301.60 17.62 6876.04
411 38 0.68 14.44 8.55 23.425 10 4.16 0.64 0.58 0.38 1.53 144.4 220.40 52.92 219.25
428 38 0.68 14.44 14.15 36.935 15 6.10 0.64 0.58 0.38 1.53 144.4 220.40 36.14 236.05
17 38 0.68 14.44 20 46.05 20 7.90 0.64 0.58 0.38 1.53 144.4 220.40 27.89 227.18
 Deciding HFL
H.F.L. from enquiry : observed HFL
Calculated HFL : using design
discharges Q By area velocity
relationship : velocity by mannings
formula 1 -trial and error
2 1
V= R S 3 2
n

Effect of afflux
Effect of constraint of waterway at
D/S
EFFECT OF AFFLUX
EFFECT OF VARIATION IN
VELOCITY
 For larger streams depth
can be calculated for each
compartment
THANKS