Plastic in Concrete

REPLACEMENT OF SAND BY WASTE PLASTIC
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Industrial activities associated with significant amounts of non-biodegradable solid waste,
waste plastic being among the most prominent. Thirty kilograms of waste plastic of fabriform
shapes was used as a partial replacement for sand by 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% with 800 kg of
concrete mixtures. All of the concrete mixtures were tested at room temperature. These tests
include performing slump, fresh density, dry density, compressive strength, flexural strength,
and toughness indices. Seventy cubes were molded for compressive strength and dry density
tests, and 54 prisms were cast for flexural strength and toughness indices tests. Curing ages of
3, 7, 14, and 28 days for the concrete mixtures were applied in this work. The results proved
the arrest of the propagation of micro cracks by introducing waste plastic of fabriform shapes
to concrete mixtures. This study insures that reusing waste plastic as a sand-substitution
aggregate in concrete gives a good approach to reduce the cost of materials and solve some of
the solid waste problems posed by plastics. The creation of nondecaying and low
biodegradable waste materials, combined with a growing consumer population has resulted in
waste disposal crisis. One solution to this crisis is recycling wastes into useful products.
Many Government agencies, private organizations and individuals have completed or in the
process of completing a wide variety of studies and research projects concerning the
feasibility, environmental suitability and performance of using waste plastics in construction
field which needs better and cost effective construction material and reuse of waste plastics
and save our world from environmental Pollution. With the increase in development, there is
an increase in cost of construction and the maintenance of pavements. So, the Engineers and
Designers have been looking for new concept of using waste plastics in cement concrete
Paver Blocks and cubes. This pavement are less susceptible to rutting, minimum fatigue or
thermal cracking, low stripping due to moisture and offers great durability, little or no impact
on processing and also produces eco-friendly construction and costs less.
1.1 CONCRETE
Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with
a fluidcement which harden over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such
as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, such as cement
fond. However, road surfaces are also a type of concrete, asphalt, where the cement material
Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

is bitumen, and polymer concretes are sometimes used where the cementing material is a
polymer.
In Portland cement concrete (and other hydraulic cement concretes), when the
aggregate is mixed together with the dry cement and water, they form a fluid mass that is
easily molded into shape. The cement reacts chemically with the water and other ingredients
to form a hard matrix which binds all the materials together into a durable stone-like material
that has many uses. Often, admixturesare included in the mixture to improve the physical
properties of the wet mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing
materials (such as rebar) embedded to provide tensile strength, yielding reinforced.
1.1.1Components of Concrete
The major components of concrete are cement (typically Portland cement); sand;
gravel or stones; and water. The larger stones and gravel are called coarse aggregate and the
sand is referred to as fine aggregate. Air may also be considered a component of concrete. Air
bubbles are formed in finished concrete through the addition of special additives to the
mixture. Sand typically makes up about 25 percent of a wet concrete mixture.
1.1.2 Functions of concrete
1. It is used in building residential houses, apartments,etc

2. It is used in precast elements
3. It is used in underwater construction
4. It is used to construct infrastructures
1.2 OBJECTIVES
To cast both paver blocks and cubes using waste plastic.
To study the compressive strength of concrete blocks.
Utilization of plastic waste material in construction units.
To reduce land pollution due to waste plastic
To reduce the construction cost.
CHAPTER 2

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
THESE ARE THE MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE
Cement
Sand
Coarse aggregate
water
2.1 Cement
Cement is binding material in the cement concrete. This concrete is used for different
engineering works where strength and durability are of Prime importance.
2.1.1 Introduction to Cement
Portland cement gets its strength from chemical reactions between the cement and water. The
process is known as hydration. This is a complex process that is best understood by first
understanding the chemical composition of cement.
Functions of cement
1. It fills up voids existing in the fine aggregate and makes the concrete impermeable.
2. It provides strength to concrete on setting and hardening.
3. It binds the aggregate into a solid mass by virtue of its setting and hardening
properties when mixed with water.
Cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets and hardens and can bind
other materials together. Cements used in construction can be characterized as being
either hydraulic or non-hydraulic, depending upon the ability of the cement to set in the
presence of water (see hydraulic and non-hydraulic lime plaster).
Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage. It is a basic
ingredient of concrete, mortar and many plasters. English masonry
worker JosephASpdin patented Portland cement in 1824. It was named because of the
similarity of its color to Portland limestone, quarried from the English Isle of Portland and

used extensively in London architecture. It consists of a mixture of calcium silicates (alite,

belite), aluminates and ferrites - compounds which combine calcium, silicon, aluminum and
iron in forms which will react with water. Portland cement and similar materials are made by
heating limestone (a source of calcium) with clay and/or shale (a source of silicon, aluminum
and iron) and grinding this product (called clinker) with a source of sulfate (most
commonly gypsum).
2.1.2 Manufacture of Cement
Portland cement is manufactured by crushing, milling and proportioning the following

materials:
1. Lime or calcium oxide, CaO: from limestone, chalk, shells, shale or calcareous rock.
2. Silica, SiO2: from sand, old bottles, clay or argillaceous rock.
3. Alumina, Al2O3: from bauxite, recycled aluminium, clay.
4. Iron, Fe2O3: from clay, iron ore, scrap iron and fly ash.
5. Gypsum, CaSO4.2H20: found together with limestone.
The materials, without the gypsum, are proportioned to produce a mixture with the
desired chemical composition and then ground and blended by one of two processes dry
process or wet process. The materials are then fed through a kiln at 2,600 F to produce
grayish-black pellets known as clinker. The alumina and iron act as fluxing agents which
lower the melting point of silica from 3,000 to 2600 F. After this stage, the clinker is cooled,
pulverized and gypsum added to regulate setting time. It is then ground extremely fine to
produce cement.
2.1.3 Properties of Cement Compounds
These compounds contribute to the properties of cement in different ways
1. Tricalcium aluminate, C3A:- It liberates a lot of heat during the early stages of
hydration, but has little strength contribution. Gypsum slows down the hydration rate
of C3A. Cement low in C3A is sulfate resistant.
2. Tricalcium silicate, C3S:- This compound hydrates and hardens rapidly. It is largely
responsible for Portland cements initial set and early strength gain.

3. Dicalcium silicate, C2S:- C2S hydrates and hardens slowly. It is largely responsible
for strength gain after one week.
4. Ferrite, C4AF:- This is a fluxing agent which reduces the melting temperature of the
raw materials in the kiln (from 3,000o F to 2,600o F). It hydrates rapidly, but does not
contribute much to strength of the cement paste.
2.2 Sand
The most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually
in the form of quartz. Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed
of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
Fine aggregate plays a very important role in concrete in both its plastic and
hardened state. With State Materials Concrete Sand or Masonry Sand, you can
rest assured you have the very finest washed sand in the land. Our Sand is
legendary for being the cleanest, hardest, and most durable in the region.
Figure 2.2(a)
Fine aggregate is natural sand which has been washed and sieved to remove particles
larger than 5 mm and coarse aggregate is gravel which has been crushed, washed and
sieved so that the particles vary from 5 up to 50 mm in size. The fine and coarse
aggregate are delivered separately. Because they have to be sieved, a prepared mixture of
fine and coarse aggregate is more expensive than natural all-in aggregate. The reason for
using a mixture of fine and coarse aggregate is that by combining them in the correct
proportions, a concrete with very few voids or spaces in it can be made and this reduces
the quantity of comparatively expensive cement required to produce a strong concrete.
2.2.1Purpose & Uses

1. Increases the volume of concrete, thus reduces the cost.

2. Provide dimensional stability.
3. Influence hardness, abrasion resistance, elastic modulus and other properties of
concrete to make it more durable, strong and cheaper.
Aggregates are generally thought of as inert filler within a concrete mix. But a closer look
reveals the major role and influence aggregate plays in the properties of both fresh and
hardened concrete. Changes in gradation, maximum size, unit weight, and moisture content
can all alter the character and performance of your concrete mix.
Economy is another reason for thoughtful aggregate selection. You can often save money
by selecting the maximum allowable aggregate size. Using larger coarse aggregate typically
lowers the cost of a concrete mix by reducing cement requirements, the most costly
ingredient. Less cement (within reasonable limits for durability) will mean less water if the
water-cement (w/c) ratio is kept constant. Lower water content will reduce the potential for
shrinkage and for cracking associated with restrained volume change.
2.3 Coarse Aggregate

Those particles that are predominantly retained on the 4.75 mm sieve, are called coarse
aggregate
2.3.1Maximum size of coarse aggregate:

Maximum size of aggregate affects the workability and strength of concrete. It also
influences the water demand for getting a certain workability and fine aggregate content
required for achieving a cohesive mix.
For a given weight, higher the maximum size of aggregate, lower is the surface area
of coarse aggregates and vice versa. As maximum size of coarse aggregate reduces surface
area of coarse aggregate increases.Higher the surface area, greater is the water demand to
coat the particles and generate workability.
Figure 2.3.1(a)
Smaller maximum size of coarse aggregate will require greater fine aggregate content to coat
particles and maintain cohesiveness of concrete mix. Hence 40 mm down coarse aggregate
will require much less water than 20 mm down aggregate. In other words for the same
workability, 40mm down aggregate will have lower water/cement ratio, thus higher strength
when compared to 20mm down aggregate. Because of its lower water demand, advantage of
higher maximum size of coarse aggregate can be taken to lower the cement consumption.
Maximum size of aggregate is often restricted by clear cover and minimum distance between
the reinforcement bars. Maximum size of coarse aggregate should be 5 mm less than clear
cover or minimum distance between the reinforcement bars, so that the aggregates can pass
through the reinforcement in congested areas, to produce dense and homogenous concrete.
It is advantageous to use greater maximum size of coarse aggregate for concrete

grades up to M 35 where mortar failure is predominant. Lower water/cement ratio will mean
higher strength of mortar (which is the weakest link) and will result in higher strength of
concrete. However, for concrete grades above M40, bond failure becomes predominant.
Higher maximum size of aggregate, which will have lower area of contact with cement
mortar paste, will fail earlier because of bond failure. Hence for higher grades of concrete

(M40 and higher) it is advantageous to use lower maximum size of aggregate to prevent bond
failure.
2.3.2Grading of Coarse Aggregate
The coarse aggregate grading limits are given in IS 383 1970 table 2, Clause 4.1
and 4.2 for single size aggregate as well as graded aggregate. The grading of coarse aggregate
is important to get cohesive & dense concrete. The voids left by larger coarse aggregate
particles are filled by smaller coarse aggregate particles and so on. This way, the volume of
mortar (cement-sand-water paste) required to fill the final voids is minimum. However, in
some cases gap graded aggregate can be used where some intermediate size is not used. Use
of gap-graded aggregate may not have adverse effect on strength. By proper grading of coarse
aggregate, the possibility of segregation is minimized, especially for higher workability.
Proper grading of coarse aggregates also improves the compatibility of concrete.
2.3.3 Shape of Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregates can have round, angular, or irregular shape. Rounded aggregates
because of lower surface area will have lowest water demand and also have lowest mortar
paste requirement. Hence they will result in most economical mixes for concrete grades up to
M35. However, for concrete grades of M40 and above (as in case of max size of aggregate)
the possibility of bond failure will tilt the balance in favor of angular aggregate with more
surface area. Flaky and elongated coarse aggregate particles not only increase the water
demand but also increase the tendency of segregation. Flakiness and elongation also reduce
the flexural strength of concrete. Specifications by Ministry of Surface Transport restrict the
combined flakiness and elongation to 30% by weight of coarse aggregates.
2.3.4 Strength of Coarse Aggregate
Material strength of coarse aggregate is indicated by crushing strength of rock,

aggregate crushing value, aggregate impact value, aggregate abrasion value. In Maharashtra
the coarse aggregates are made of basalt rock, which has strengths in excess of 100 N/mm2.
Hence aggregates rarely fail in strength.
2.3.5 Functions
1. Coarse aggregate makes solid and hard mass of concrete with cement and sand.
2. It increases the crushing strength of concrete.

3. It reduces the cost of concrete, since it occupies major volume.
Requirements:Coarse aggregate used may be crushed stone, gravel and broken bricks.
Crushed stone: It is an excellent coarse aggregate provided. It is obtained by crushing

granite, sandstone and close grained limestone.
Crushed granite chips are commonly and advantageously used in reinforced cement concrete.
Broken bricks well burnt and over burnt bricks are broken into suitable size and used
as aggregate. It should be well watered before its use. Broken bricks are used as aggregate for
concrete in foundations and under floor.But generally crushed stone is only used as coarse
aggregate.
2.4 Water
The water is used in concrete plays an important part in the mixing, laying compaction
setting and hardening of concrete. The strength of concrete directly depends on the quantity
and quality of water is used in the mix.
2.4.1 Functions
1. Water is only the ingredient that reacts chemically with cement and thus setting and
hardening takes place.
2. Water acts as a lubricant for the aggregate and makes the concrete workable.
3. It facilitates the spreading of cement over the fine aggregate.
CHAPTER 3

IMPORTANCE OF SAND IN CONCRETE

3.1 Function of Aggregate
The total aggregate in a concrete mixture comprises up to three-quarters of the
mixture; the Portland cement is approximately 10 to 15 percent. The coarse aggregate is the
volume of finished concrete, and the sand fills in the spaces between the larger stones of the
coarse aggregate. The cement in its wet form should coat the individual pieces of aggregate
and as the cement dries and hardens, it locks the gravel and sand into a matrix of small-to-
larger aggregate pieces, giving strength to the concrete.
3.2 Properties of Sand

Sand for concrete can be classified as soft or sharp sand. Soft sand has a smooth
surface on the individual granules. It is natural sand formed by erosion factors such as water
movement on a beach. Sharp sand granules have a rough surface. This sand is the result of
manufacturing by crushing larger forms of aggregate. The most important factor concerning
sand used in concrete is that it must be clean sand. Impurities in the sand such as silt or
organic matter will weaken the final hardened concrete.
Sand consists of small angular or rounded grains of silica. Sand is commonly used as
the fine aggregate in cement concrete. Both natural and artificial sands are used for this
purpose.
3.3 Functions of Sand

1. It fills the voids existing in the coarse aggregate.
2. It reduces shrinkage and cracking of concrete.
3. By varying the proportion of sand concrete can be prepared economically for any required
strength.
4. It helps in hardening of cement by allowing the water through its voids.
5. To form hard mass of silicates as it is believed that some chemical reaction takes place
between silica of sand and constituents of cement.
3.4 Requirements
1. Fine aggregate should consist of coarse angular sharp and hard grains.
2. It must be free from coatings of clay and silt.
3. It should not contain any organic matter.
4. It should be free from hygroscopic salt.
5. It should be strong and durable and chemical inert.
6. The size of sand grains should pass through 4.75mm IS sieve and should be entirely
retained on 75 micron IS sieve.
Chapter4

WASTE PLASTIC
The aim of this study is to explore the possibility of recycling a plastic waste material
that is now produced in large quantities in the formulation of concrete as fine aggregate
by substitution of variable percentages of sand [0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,and 25%].The
influence of the plastic waste on the fresh and hardened state properties of the concrete
workability, bulk density. Compressivestrength of different concrete has been investigated
and analyzed in comparison to the control concrete. The results show that the use of
plastic waste improves the workability and density, reduce the compressive strength of
concrete. The result of this investigation consolidates the idea of the use of waste plastic
in field of construction in the formulation of concrete.
CHAPTER 5


Due to the rapid growth of population in many developing countries like India the
disposing of solid waste is a major problem in our daily life. Solid waste management is one
of the major environmental concerns. Among the waste material, plastic is the material that is
the major concern to most of the environmental effects. There are different types of plastic
which are classified on the basic of the physical property and how they react with the
temperature. As the plastic waste is non-degradable, it must be recycled or reused. The
objective of the study is to study the behaviour of the concrete which is made of the recycled
plastic materials along with the study of the some of the physical properties that are related.
Usually M20 grade of the concrete is the most commonly used in the constructional works,
hence in this study M20 Cement concrete is considered in which the recycled plastic waste is
used as the replacement of the sand in the concrete. Concrete cubes were casted taking 0% to
25 % of plastic as partial replacement of sand and tested for 7 and 28 days of the compressive
strength.
Disposal of plastic waste in environment is considered to be a big problem due to its

very low biodegradability and presence in large quantities. In recent time significant research
is underway to study the possibility of disposal of these wastes in mass concrete where
strength of concrete may not be major criteria under consideration, such as heavy mass of
concreting in PCC in pavements. If plastic wastes can be mixed in the concrete mass in some
form, without significant effect on its other properties or slight compromise in strength, we
can consume large quantities of plastic waste by mixing it in the concrete mass. Plastic is one
component of municipal solid waste (MSW) which is becoming a major research issue for its
possible use in concrete especially in self-compacting concrete and light weight concrete.
Although some of these materials can be beneficially incorporated in concrete, both as part of
the cementations binder phase or as aggregates, it is important to realize that not all waste
materials are suitable for such use.
The results showed that the resins based on recycled plastic waste can be used to
produce a good quality of precast concrete investigated the utilization of MSW for the
production of mortar. Investigatedthe effects of waste plastic aggregate on properties of
concrete. The waste plastic could reduce the weight by 26% of normal weight concrete.
Recently, studied the use of consumed plastic waste as sand-substitution aggregate within
composite materials for building applications and showed the effects of plastic waste on the

density and compressive strength of concrete. It was found that the density and compressive
strength decreased when the plastic aggregates exceeded 50% by volume of sand.
Investigated the mechanical properties such as compressive strength of polymer concrete
using an unsaturated polyester resin based on recycled plastic, which contributes in reducing
the cost of the material and saving energy.Used plastic material particles incorporated as
aggregate in concrete and evaluated the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. The
results showed that the addition of polymeric material in fractions <10% in volume inside of
cement matrix does not imply a significant variation of the concrete mechanical features.
The main objective of this paper is to study the behavior of M20 grade waste plastic
mix concrete without super plasticizer.
The valorization of waste in civil engineering is an important sector to the products to

be obtained is not subjected to rigorous quality standards too.
The valorization of waste effects two major impacts is solve by disposing of such
waste and the economic impact is the use of that in industry or in the field of construction.
This waste has the advantages of being available in large quantity and low value. The
cementing material by performance in terms of mechanical strength and durability dominate
the market of construction material. The additional of polymer waste to concrete
corresponding a new perspective in research activities, integrating the area of concrete
technology and environment technology. Industrial and domestic waste has significant per of
polymeric material in its constitution which occupying a considerable volume of land filled.
Therefore its recycle is interesting to research and development for minimize the problem
cause by this waste.
CHAPTER 6
METHODOLOGY
Reporting of results
The slump measured should be recorded in mm of subsidence of the specimen during the test.
Any slump specimen which collapses or shears of laterally, gives incorrect result and if this
occurs, the test should be repeated with another sample. If in the repeat test also, the
specimen shears, the slump should be measured and the fact that the specimen sheared,
should be recorded.
6.1Preparation and testing of specimens
The several factors which were considered in preparing the normal and dust are concrete
1. Measurement of materials.
2. Mixing of concrete.
3. Placing, compaction and finishing of concrete.
4. Curing of concrete.
6.1.1 Measurement of materials
The measurement or batching of materials was done by weight. Weighing was done by
electronic weighing machine. The water is measured by volume
6.1.2 Mixing of concrete
Hand mixing
The concrete batch shall be mixed on a water- tight, non-absorbent platform with a shovel,
trowel or similar suitable implement, using the following procedure.
a) The cement and fine aggregate shall be mixed dry until the mixture is thoroughly
blended and is uniform in color.
b) The coarse aggregate shall then be added and mixed with the cement and fine
aggregate until the coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch,
and
c) The water shall then be added and the entire batch mixed until the concrete appears
to be homogeneous and has the desired consistency. If repeated mixing is necessary,
because of the addition of water in increments while adjusting the consistency, the
batch shall be discarded and a fresh batch made without interrupting the mixing to
make trial consistency test

6.1.3 Placing, compaction and finishing of concrete
Placing of the concrete was the last but one operation, the preparation of test specimens,
before initial set occurred. Before placing the concrete the moulds were cleaned and oiled to
facilitate easy stripping of moulds. The concrete was placed into the moulds using trowels
and compaction was done by machine vibrator, after each layer of concrete to avoid air voids.
The excess of concrete was scrapped from the surface with a trowel. The surface was
smoothened, tamping gently with a trowel to a proper finish.
6.1.4 Curing of concrete
The concrete attains the strength, immediately after setting is completed; however the
strength continues to increase with time. 90 to 95%of the eventual strength is attained in the
first 28 days and hence this 28 days strength is considered as the criterion for design and
called the design strength.
The test specimens are stored in place free from vibrations, in moist air of at least 90%
relative humidity and at a temperature of 27 c +2 c for 24 hours from the time of addition of
water to the dry ingredients.
The specimens were numbered for later identification; these are removed from the moulds
and submerged in curing tanks (containing clean fresh water) for a period of 7 and 28 days.
Hence an environment for proper hydration of cement paste was created for freshly placed
and compacted concrete.
6.2 WORKABILITY:
A theoretical water cement ratio calculated from the consideration discussed above is not
going to give an ideal situation for maximum strength. 100% compaction of concrete is an
important parameter for contributing to the maximum strength. Lack of will result in the air
voids whose damaging effects on strength and durability is equally or more predominant than
the capillary cavities.

The quality of concrete satisfying the above requirements is termed as workable concrete.
The word workability or workable concrete signifies much wider and deeper meaning then
the other terminology consistency often used loosely for workability. The workability
assumes full significance of type of work, thickness of section, extent of reinforcement and
mode of compaction.
6.2.1 Factors affecting workability
Workable concrete is the one which exhibits very little internal friction between particle and
particle or which overcomes the frictional resistance offered by the form work surface or
reinforcement content in the concrete with just the amount compacting efforts forthcoming.
The factors helping concrete to have a more lubricating effect to reduce internal friction for
helping easy compaction are given below.
a) Water content
b) Mix production
c) Size of aggregate
d) Shape of aggregate
e) Surface texture
f) Grading of aggregate
g) Use of admixture
Chapter 7
TESTS ON CONCRETE
*Slump test
*Compressive strength test
7.1 SLUMP TEST

This is a test used extensively at construction site all over the word. The slump test does not
measure the workability at concrete, however it is very useful in detecting the variations in
the uniformity of a mix of given nominal proportions. It is also given on idea of water cement
ratio needed for concrete to be used for different works.
6.1.1 PROCEDURE
i) The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and applied with a light coat
of oil.
ii) The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surface.
iii) The mould is then filled in four layers with freshly mixed concrete, each
approximately to one-fourth of the height of the mould.
iv)Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod (strokes are
distributed evenly over the cross-section)
v) After the top layer is rodded, the concrete is struck off the level with a trowel.
vi) The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly in the
vertically direction.
vii) The difference in level between the height of the mould and that of the highest point
of the subsided concrete is measured.
viii) This difference in height in mm is the slump of the concrete.
Note:
Slump cone
Bottom diameter = 200 mm
Top diameter = 100 mm
Height = 300 mm
7.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Compressive strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to
reduce size, as opposed to tensile, which withstands loads tending to elongate. In other words,
compressive strength resists compression (being pushed together), whereas tensile strength
resists tension (being pulled apart). In the study of strength of materials, tensile strength,
compressive strength, and shear strength can be analyzed independently.

Compressive strength can be measured by plotting applied force against deformation in a

testing machine, such as universal.Compressive strength of concrete: Out of many test
applied to the concrete, this is the utmost important which gives an idea about all the
characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been
done properly or not.
For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm depending

upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works cubical molds of size 15 cm x
15cm x 15 cm are commonly used.
Figure 8.1(a) figure 8.1(b)
This concrete is poured in the mold and tempered properly so as not to have any
voids. After 24 hours these molds are removed and test specimens are put in water for
curing. The top surface of these specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by
putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.
These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28
days curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the
Specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive
strength of concrete.
Some materials fracture at their compressive strength limit; others deform

irreversibly, so a given amount of deformation may be considered as the limit for
compressive load. Compressive strength is a key value for design of structures.
Compressive strength is often measured on a universal testing machine; these range

from very small table-top systems to ones with over 53 MN capacity.[1] Measurements of
compressive strength are affected by the specific test method and conditions of measurement.
Compressive strengths are usually reported in relationship to a specific technical standard.

When a specimen of material is loaded in such a way that it extends it is said to be

in tension. On the other hand, if the material compresses and shortens it is said to be
in compression. An atomic level, the molecules or atoms are forced apart when in tension
whereas in compression they are forced together. Since atoms in solids always try to find an
equilibrium position, and distance between other atoms, forces arise throughout the entire
material which oppose both tension and compression. The phenomena prevailing on an
atomic level are therefore similar.
The "strain" is the relative change in length under applied stress; positive strain
characterizes an object under tension load which tends to lengthen it, and a compressive
stress that shortens an object gives negative strain. Tension tends to pull small sideways
deflections back into alignment, while compression tends to amplify such deflection
into buckling.
Compressive strength is measured on materials, components,[2] and structures.[3]
By definition, the ultimate compressive strength of a material is that value of

uniaxial stress reached when the material fails completely. The compressive strength is
usually obtained experimentally by means of a compressive test. The apparatus used for this
experiment is the same as that used in a tensile test. However, rather than applying a uniaxial
tensile load, a uniaxial compressive load is applied. As can be imagined, the specimen
(usually cylindrical) is shortened as well as spread laterally.
COPRESSIVE STRENGHT = F/A
Where, F = Load applied [N]
A = Area [mm2]

Figure 8.1(c)
Figure 8.1(d)

Figure 8.1(e)
7.2.1 SAFETY & PRECAUTIONS
Use hand gloves while, safety shoes at the time of test.

After test switch off the machine.
Keep all the exposed metal parts greased.
Keep the guide rods firmly fixed to the base & top plate.
Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing.
CHAPTER 8

DETAILS OF DESIGN
STIPULATION FOR PROPORTIONING
Grade designation = M20
Type of cement = OPC 43 grade confirming to IS 8112
Maximum nominal size of aggregate = 20mm
Minimum cement content = 240 kg/m3
Maximum water content = 0.45
Workability = 100mm(slump)
Exposure condition = Moderate
Degree of supervision = Good
Type of aggregate = Crushed angular aggregates
Maximum cement content = 450 kg/m3
TEST RESULTS CONDUCTED IN LABORATORY

Specific gravity of sand = 2.64
Specific gravity of cement = 3.12
Specific gravity of aggregate = 2.75
Sieve analysis
Coarse aggregate = zone-II
Fine aggregate = zone-I
TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

fck = fck+1.65s
= 20+(1.65x4) (s=4; from table no.1 IS 10262-2009)
fck = 26.6 N/mm2
SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO

From table 5 of IS 456, maximum water cement ratio = 0.45
Based on experience , adopt w/c = 0.45
hence O.K
SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT
From table 2 maximum water content = 186 ltr (for 25 to 50 mm
for 20 mm aggregate slump range)
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump =186+(6/100)x186
=197ltr
CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

Water cement ratio = 0.45
Cement content = 197/0.45

= 437.77 kg/m3
From table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement content for severe exposure condition
= 240 kg/m3
437.77 kg/m^3 240 kg/m^3, hence O.K
From table 3,of coarse aggregates corresponding to 20mm size aggregate and fine
aggregate (zone 1) for water cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.60
The volume of coarse aggregate for the water cement ratio of 0.45 = 0.61
Therefore volume of coarse aggregate = 0.61
volume of fine aggregate content = 1- 0.61
= 0.49
MIX CALCULATIONS
a) Volume of concrete = 1 m3
b) Volume of cement = Mass of cement x 1
Specific gravity of cement 1000
= (437.77/3.12) x (1/1000)
= 0.140 m3
c) Volume of water =Mass of water x 1
Specific gravity of water 1000
= (197/1) x (1/1000) =
0.197 m3
d) Volume of all in = a-[b + c]

aggregates = 1-[0.140 + 0.197]
= 0.663 m3
Mass of coarse aggregate = d x volume of coarse aggregate x
specificgravityofcoarse aggregate x 1000
= 0.663 x 0.61 x 2.75 x 1000
= 1284.1 kg
Mass of fine aggregate = d x volume of fine aggregate x specific gravity of
fine aggregate x 1000
= 0.663 x 0.49 x2.64 x 1000
= 778.4 kg
MIX PROPORTIONS
Cement = 437.37 kg/m3
Water = 197 ltr/m3
Fine aggregate = 778.4 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1284.1 kg/m3
Water cement ratio = 0.45
MIX DESIGN = 1 : 1.7 : 2.93

Material Calculation
Casting of cube
Volume of cube =LxBxH
=0.15 x 0.15 x 0.15 m

= 0.003375 m3
QUANTITY REQUAREMENT IN THE PROPORTION (1:1.7:2.93) AND
w/c RATIO = 0.45
Quantity of one cube

Cement = 1.616 kg
Fine aggregate =2.74 kg
Coarse aggregate =4.73 kg
Volume of water =664 m
CHAPTER 9
TEST RESULTS
0% Replacement of plastic
Cube 7 days compressive 28 days compressive
strength (N/mm2) strength (N/mm2)
Cube 1 21.55 26.22
Cube 2 23.11 27.55
Cube 3 22.33 27.77
Average 21.31 27.18
strength(N/mm2)

Cube 1 22.64 27.64
Cube 2 22.98 27.98
Cube 3 21.98 27.22
Average 22.53 27.62
strength(N/mm2)

Cube 1 24.30 28.68
Cube 2 23.98 29.22
Cube 3 24.80 28.34
Average 24.36 28.75
strength(N/mm2)



Cube 1 20.24 25.02
Cube 2 21.68 24.36
Cube 3 21.98 24.19
Average 21.30 24.52
strength(N/mm2)

Cube 1 16.23 19.88
Cube 2 15.88 19.24
Cube 3 15.80 20.40
Average 15.97 19.84
strength(N/mm2)

Cube 1 12.68 15.88

Cube 2 12.89 15.24

Cube 3 12.07 14.90
Average 12.55 15.34
strength(N/mm2)
Average compressive strength of solid and paver blocks
SL.N PLASTI PAVER PAVER AVERAGE AVERAGE

O C BLOCKS BLOCKS CUBECOMPRESSI CUBE
IN % COMPRESSIV COMPRESSIV VE STRENGTH COMPRESSIV
E STRENGTH E STRENGTH @7DAYS E
@7DAYS @28DAYS STRENGTH@2
8
DAYS
1 0 7.5 24.9 21.31 27.18
2 5 7.9 25.21 22.53 27.62
3 10 8.5 25.88 24.36 28.75
4 15 5 20.98 21.20 24.54
5 20 3.5 16.6 15.97 19.84
6 25 2 12 12.55 15.33

PAVER BLOCKS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH @ 7 DAYS (N/mm2)

9
8
7
6 PAVER BLOCKS
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
5
@ 7 DAYS (N/mm^2)
4
3
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25

PAVER BLOCKS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH @ 28 DAYS (N/mm2)

30
25
20 PAVER BLOCKS
15 @ 28 DAYS (N/mm^2)
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
AVERAGE CUBE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH @ 7 DAYS (N/MM2)

30
25
20 AVERAGE CUBE
15 @ 7 DAYS (N/MM^2)
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25

AVERAGE CUBE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH @ 28 DAYS (N/mm2)

35
30
25 AVERAGE CUBE
20 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
@ 28 DAYS (N/mm^2)
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
DISCUSTIONS
As per the above study made so for, we observe that the compressive strength of the cubes
andpaver blocksgo on increasing up to 10%.as the increase in the percentage of waste
plastic, as partial replacement of fine aggregate.After 10% replacement the strength decreases
.Therefore the maximum strength of concrete can be achieved at 10% replacement of sand by
waste plastic .

CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSIONS
10.1 The following conclusions can be drawn from the study
conducted on conventional concrete by using waste plastic.
1) The concrete produced by using waste plastic will result in increase in the
compressive strength of normal concrete up to 10% replacement .After 10%
replacement the strength decreases .
2) The compressive strength of conventional concrete produced by waste plastic is
slightly affected as compared to the compressive strength of conventional concrete
without the addition of waste plastic.
3) The impact strength of conventional concrete produced by waste plastic sand is
slightly affected as compared to the impact strength of conventional concrete
produced by natural sand.
4) The compressive strength of paver blocks also increases up to 10% replacement of
waste plastic.After 10% replacement the strength decreases .
5) The problem of waste plastic disposal can be reduced by replacing sand by waste
plastic to an extent of 10%.

CHAPTER 11
SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDIES

The following experimental work can be taken up in future with respect to normal
concrete by using waste plastic as sand.
It can be used to investigate other properties of concrete with replacement of plastic
To check the other parameters with respect to beam and cylinder .

REFERENCE
S. Vanitha.Natrajanand M. Praba Utilisation of Waste Plastics as a Partial
Replacement of Aggregate in Concrete Blocks Indian Journal of Science and

Technology, Vol 8(12),june 2015
Prvinkumar K, Kaushik Some trends in the use of concrete Indian Scenario.
The Indian concrete Journal. 2003 Dec
YoucefGhernouti, Bahia Rabehi, Brahim Safi and Rabah use of recycled
plasticJournal of International Scientific Publications: Materials, Methods and

Technologies 2009
Sahilverma,SahilaroraReplacement of natural sand in concrete by
polyethylene bottlesInternational research journal of engineering and technology
april 2015
A.Mohdmustafag. kamarudin and Mohammad Effect of plasti waste aggregate
on the properties of concrete2007

M.S.ShettyconcretetechnologyS.Schand publications 7th edition 2010


Plastic in Concrete

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REPLACEMENT OF SAND BY WASTE PLASTIC

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

1.1.2 Functions of concrete

1. It is used in building residential houses, apartments,etc

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

2.1.1 Introduction to Cement

2. It provides strength to concrete on setting and hardening.

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

used extensively in London architecture. It consists of a mixture of calcium silicates (alite,

2.1.2 Manufacture of Cement

Portland cement is manufactured by crushing, milling and proportioning the following

2.1.3 Properties of Cement Compounds

These compounds contribute to the properties of cement in different ways

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

2.2.1Purpose & Uses

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

1. Increases the volume of concrete, thus reduces the cost.

2.3 Coarse Aggregate

2.3.1Maximum size of coarse aggregate:

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

It is advantageous to use greater maximum size of coarse aggregate for concrete

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

2.3.2Grading of Coarse Aggregate

2.3.3 Shape of Coarse Aggregate

2.3.4 Strength of Coarse Aggregate

Material strength of coarse aggregate is indicated by crushing strength of rock,

2. It increases the crushing strength of concrete.

Crushed stone: It is an excellent coarse aggregate provided. It is obtained by crushing

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

IMPORTANCE OF SAND IN CONCRETE

3.2 Properties of Sand

3.3 Functions of Sand

2. It reduces shrinkage and cracking of concrete.

4. It helps in hardening of cement by allowing the water through its voids.

2. It must be free from coatings of clay and silt.

3. It should not contain any organic matter.

4. It should be free from hygroscopic salt.

5. It should be strong and durable and chemical inert.

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

REPLACEMENT OF SAND BY WASTE PLASTIC

Disposal of plastic waste in environment is considered to be a big problem due to its

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

The valorization of waste in civil engineering is an important sector to the products to

6.1Preparation and testing of specimens

6.1.1 Measurement of materials

6.1.2 Mixing of concrete

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

6.1.3 Placing, compaction and finishing of concrete

6.1.4 Curing of concrete

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

6.2.1 Factors affecting workability

7.1 SLUMP TEST

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

7.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

Compressive strength can be measured by plotting applied force against deformation in a

For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm depending

Figure 8.1(a) figure 8.1(b)

Some materials fracture at their compressive strength limit; others deform

Compressive strength is often measured on a universal testing machine; these range

Department of Civil Engineering S.G.B.I.T Belagavi Page

When a specimen of material is loaded in such a way that it extends it is said to be