Convection Group Cooler Bag Report

HEC 3521 Process Heat Transfer
HEC 3521 PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER

ASSIGNMENT
INSULATED COOLER BAG
By:
Cassandra Sia (4315715)
Lau Jia Poh (100065562)
Rochester Wong (4328116)
Sandra Sim (4317599)

Lau Jia Poh (100065562)
Sandra Sim (4317599) 1
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Lau Jia Poh (100065562)

Lau Jia Poh (100065562)
Executive Summary
This report discussed about three different types of cooler bags that built from three
different types of considered insulated materials. These cooler bags are built to act as an
insulator to keep the canned drink as cold as possible. Good insulator is needed to prevent
and reduce the rate of heat transfer from surrounding to the canned drink.
These cooler bags have been made of fiberglass, egg carton material and rubber foam
mat. These materials are enclosed by a layer of hard interlining which potentially to hold the
cooler bags in stable position. The design of these cooler bags is taken account into the
reasonable pricing, appearance, and reliability to the experiment. It is essential to provide a
good insulated cooler bag as most of the heat will not be dissipated out from the canned
drink. Generally, the cooler bags are designed in cylindrical shape as one dimensional heat
transfer is only needed in this project. The heat transfer required here is mainly convection
where heat is transferred only limited in liquid or gases.
Based on the experiment, the result has shown that fiberglass cooler bag has the best
insulator ability as the gradient of the fiberglass is the stiffest as shown on the graph which
compared to the stiffness of gradient of foam and egg carton material. Fiberglass cooler bag
is able to keep the canned drink as cold as before compared to foam and egg carton material.
Among the three different types of materials, fiberglass bag has the least rate of heat transfer
between surrounding and the canned drink. However, improvements can be done on the
cooler bags to ensure better cooling effect cooler bags without the limitations on time
constraints.

Lau Jia Poh (100065562)
Acknowledgements
Firstly, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our lecturer, Ms. Elaine Yeu
for the continuous support, immense knowledge, patience and motivation throughout the
whole assignment. Her guidance had helped us in all the time of research and the process of
making the insulated cooler bags. We could not have imagined having a better lecturer and
mentor.
Our sincere thanks also go to lab officers of Swinburne University of Technology

Sarawak, who was willing to lend us the lab equipment such as thermocouples, thermometers
and such. Without their help and guidance during the period of this project, we would have
never been able to test our products to determine the materials which would make the best
insulator.
We would also like to thank our fellow group mates for the stimulating discussions
while putting in a vast amount of effort and for all the fun we had while producing the cooler
bags. Last but not least, we would like to thank our parents their continuous support and their
supply of funds that is required for this project.

Lau Jia Poh (100065562)
Table of Contents
Section Page
Title Page 1
Advertisement Poster 2
Executive Summary 3
Acknowledgments 4
Table of Contents 5
1.0 Theory 6
2.0 Tools/Equipment/Materials 8
3.0 Detailed Design Documentation
3.1 Assumptions 9
3.2 Material Properties 10
2.3 Design Considerations 12
2.4 Approach 14
2.5 Design Conclusions 15
4.0 Experiment Procedure 17

5.0 Results
5.1 Calculations 19
5.2 Graphs 47
6.0 Engineering Drawings 50

7.0 Answers to Problems 53
8.0 Discussion 62
9.0 Conclusions 64
10.0 References 65
11.0 Appendices
11.1 Appendix 1: Photos 68
11.2 Appendix 2: Tabulated Data of the Results 77
11.3 Appendix 3: MatLab Codes for Question 16(b) 80

Lau Jia Poh (100065562)
1.0 Theory
Cooler bag is designed based on the application of theory of thermal insulation.
Cooler bag is designed to maintain the temperature of the canned drink as cold as possible for
a certain period of time. Cooler bag with good insulator material is able to reduce and
prevent the rate of heat transfer via the wall. The presence of the flow of heat is due to the
difference of temperature where heat flows from high temperature to low temperature region.
In this experiment, one-dimensional, steady-state heat conduction is mainly discussed

for the heat transfer of cooler bag. The equation of one-dimensional, steady state heat
conduction is proposed as
q =-k T
dT
q=kA
dx
where the negative sign shows that positive flow of heat occurs in the opposite temperature
gradient. In the equation, q is the heat flux, q is the rate of heat flow, T and
dT is the difference in temperature, A is the total surface area where conduction exists,
dx is the length between the two different temperatures. The thermal conductivity, k is the
measure of certain material that conducts heat with the presence of temperature gradient as
q dx
k=
A dT
The thermal resistance of conduction affect the heat flow through the insulated plane wall as
L T
Rt , cond= =
kA q x
where L is the length of plane wall, qx is the rate of heat flow. The thermal resistance is
essential as the bigger the value of R, the harder the heat to flow via the wall. A good cooler
bag needs materials with high thermal resistance to prevent the heat to flow out instantly.

Lau Jia Poh (100065562)
Besides, the thermal contact resistance has also impact on the heat flow as there is a
temperature gradient or drop between the layers of material composite walls.
R}t , =c {T} over {{q} rsub {x} rsup {
Based on the Newtons Law of Cooling,
q x =UA T
T
as q x =
Rtotal
1
R total=
UA
where U is the total heat transfer coefficient. It is the total of heat resistance that travels
along the contact solid from one to another.

Lau Jia Poh (100065562)
2.0 Tools/Equipment/Materials
Cooler Bag A Cooler Bag B
1. Basic cross stitch fabric 1. Basic cross stitch fabric
2. Foam 2. Egg carton material
3. Aluminium cupboard sheet 3. Aluminium cupboard sheet
4. Interlining 4. Interlining
5. Velcro patch 5. Velcro patch
6. Nylon strap (handle) 6. Nylon strap (handle)
7. Quick release buckles 7. Quick release buckles
Cooler Bag C
1. Basic cross stitch fabric
2. Fiberglass
3. Aluminium cupboard sheet
4. Interlining
5. Velcro patch
6. Nylon strap (handle)
7. Quick release buckles

Lau Jia Poh (100065562)
3.0 Detailed Design Documentation
3.1 Assumptions
1. The heat convection and heat conduction coefficient is constant throughout the
experiment.
2. The density of the materials used in each of the cooler bags remain the same
regardless of any temperature change.
3. The eggs trays were soaked and is later crushed to fill the spaces of the cooler bag.
The soaked and crushed egg trays are assumed to be completely packed. There is no air space
or gap in between the crushed and soaked egg trays. 100% thermal conduction occurred
throughout the egg trays.
4. The thermometer and thermocouple have the same efficiency for temperature
detection with 0% of percentage error.
5. The temperature of the environment and ambient is the same regardless of the weather
changes such as rainy, cloudy or sunny day.
6. Humidity is constant throughout the test run for the three cooler bags.
7. The dimensions of the cooler bags are done without any errors.
8. During the reading time of the thermometer, an amount of time will be needed to read
the readings, thus it is assumed that the temperature will not change while the recording is
under progress.
9. The inner surface and outer surface of the cooler bag is assume to have the same
temperature for all the cooler bags.

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Sandra Sim (4317599) 10
3.2 Material Properties
The ultimate goal of the cooler bag was to reduce the heat transfer from the
surroundings into the canned drink to keep the drink cool as long as possible. Thus, after a
long process of discussions and research, a few types of insulators were selected to carry out
the duty of keeping as much heat out as possible. A total of 3 cooler bags consisting of 3
different types of insulator materials were made for this assignment.
We used a basic cross stitch fabric to be made as the bag for all 3 cooler bags. The
cross stitch fabric was chosen because it easily sourced, light and durable enough for use. The
cross stitch fabric also looked neat and presentable.
We had also used a layer of interlining (inner lining fabric) which was the material
typically used as an extra lining between the ordinary lining of the fabric of tailored
garments, curtain and others. A good example of its use would be its application in the collars
of mens formal shirts. It is rather a rather thin material but is strong and hard. The purpose of
adding this material to the insulated cooler bags was to strengthen the cooler bags and
prevent it from collapsing.
The 3 main insulators used in this project included rubber foam mat, egg carton
material and fiberglass. For cooler bag A, the main thermal insulators chosen for this bag was
a padding of a few layers of rubber foam mat. The rubber foam mat is an air-filled matrix
structure. Its properties include lightweight, low water absorption and weather as well as
chemical resistance (Timco Rubber 2016). The rubber foam mat is also soft, flexible and
easily fabricated as it can be cut to sheets of the suitable size and moulded to any shape
required.

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Sandra Sim (4317599) 11
For cooler bag B, we had selected the recycled egg carton material which is
manufactured from the combination of various materials such as recycled paper and moulded
pulp. In order to use the egg trays as insulator materials, they are crumpled up and moulded
into the required shape. This process creates lots of air pockets in the moulded egg pulp. Air
itself is already a good insulator so we decided that any product that is capable of trapping air
would make a good insulator.
For cooler bag C, we had decided to go with fiberglass as the insulating material. The
fiberglass is a type of fibre reinforced plastic created from millions of really tiny fibres that
are woven into a fabric (Higgins Insulation 2015). As an insulator, the fiberglass slows the
spread of heat and cold by trapping thousands of little pockets of air between these fibres
(Gromicko & Shepard n.d.). The fibreglass is also not absorbent. This means it will not
absorb and retain warmer water vapour (moisture) from the surrounding air when exposed to
humidity in the air. In addition, the fiberglass is also non-combustible and extremely durable
(Owens Corning n.d.).

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2.3 Design Considerations
When designing an insulated cooler bag to allow users to enjoy cool drink even at the
hot outdoors, it is necessary to reduce the rate of heat transfer as effectively as possible. In
order to achieve this, the thickness of the insulator and the type of materials used should be
carefully considered. Other than that, the portability of the cooler bag and also the user-
friendliness of the bag should be taken into account too.
By having a thicker insulator of the cooler bag means that more heat is being trapped
in the bag. This is because the layers of insulator will act as a barrier or a resistance for heat
to escape. The thicker it is, the harder it will be for heat to be escaped to the cooler
surroundings. Thus, the slower it is for heat to pass through. A cylindrical shape cooler bag
could also prevent heat lost as heat could only be dissipated in one-dimension only.
In order to effectively reduce heat flows being dissipated by conduction, an insulator

made of a very small amount of solid material or of discontinuous fibres is required so that
heat could be trapped (Knauf Insulation 2016). Based on Woodford (2015), by allowing an
air gap between the can and the inner layer of the cooler bag could help minimising heat lost
as convection heat flow losses less heat compared to conduction.
According to Kurtus (2014), better insulators are normally those materials that are
less dense as less dense materials are loosely packed. These loosely packed atoms helps in
minimising the rate of transfer of energy as the atom does not transfer energy as effective as a
denser material. A dense material increases the rate of heat energy being transfer due to the
atoms that are closely packed together in the material could enhance the the heat transfer
from a material to the others. The common insulators that are used are materials such as fiber
glass, wool, cotton, straw, paper, polystyrene foam, polyester as well as cellulose are the
examples of good insulator (Thermaxx Jackets 2011).

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When considering the type of materials used, one should also take into account of the
price and the source of these materials. Generally, cheaper materials which have greater
performance will be suitable as this could reduce the commercial price of the cooler bag
itself. It is also an advantage if the materials are easily sourced so that they came in
abundance and will not be costly.
In addition, it is also crucial to design the cooler bag in such a way that it is light-
weighted and portable to enable users to carry around the cooler bag easily. Hence, materials
that are light are preferable. The size of the cooler bag should be considered as to enable
users to carry it wherever they want. For example, the size of the Tupperware water bottle
holder will be a suitable size as it will not be too bulky to bring around and has straps that
could be easily handle for kids too.
In order to enhance the marketability of the cooler bag, an attractive appearance

should be presented too. Although the function and quality of the cooler bag is the first thing
customers considered, the appearance will also affect their decisions as people nowadays
prefer something that are stylish and pretty.

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2.4 Approach
These cooler bags are aimed at preventing and reducing the transfer of heat energy
from the surrounding to the wall of canned drinks where the drinks are able to be kept cold as
long as possible. Good insulation of materials was chosen to be applied to this project to
achieve the objective. Therefore, three different types of insulators materials were used in this
project to build the cooler bags. These three different types of materials were used to build
cooler bags and comparison has been done between these three cooler bags to select the best
insulator material.
The cooler bags were mainly made from fiberglass, egg carton material and rubber
foam mat. Basically, cross stitching has been used to firm the layers of coolers bags. Layers
and layers of stitching are used to secure the layers to prevent the materials from separating
into pieces. Rubber foam mat and egg carton material have air space structure which allow air
to store heat energy. This enables the material to act as a good insulator to reduce heat
transfer between the canned drink and the surrounding. Moreover, fiberglass has also millions
of tiny air pockets as fiberglass is practically formed from millions of tiny fibres which are
able to reduce spreading of heat energy from the canned drink to the surrounding.
These cooler bags were mainly designed with respect to three aspects which are thick
layers of insulators, light weight of insulators, and less usage of solid materials. Thick layers
of insulators are used to prevent the escaping of heat energy to the surrounding. Light weight
of insulators is able to increase the ability to store the heat energy as it has loose packed
atoms that reduced the rate of heat transfer. As compared to closely packed atoms, heat
energy will be transferred among the atoms in a fast speed as distance between the atoms is
shorter.

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2.5 Design Conclusions
The thickness of the cooler bags are 2 cm. The cooler bags were all made with thick
insulated walls to ensure that the surrounding heat is unable not enter the inside of the cooler
bags easily. The thicker the walls of the bags, the longer the time for the cans inside the bag
to reach thermal equilibrium with the environment. Hence, the more efficient the function of
the cooler bags are.
The types of material used to assemble the three cooler bags were rubber foam mat,
aluminium cupboard sheet and egg trays. These materials were chosen to be the material used
for production was due to the materials ability to prevent heat from dissipating into them.
Hence, cooler bags made from rubber foam mat, aluminium cupboard sheet and egg trays are
good materials used to insulate the can drinks.
The design of the cooler bags were designed to be in the shape of large water bottles.
The inside of the cooler bags were shaped to be cylinder forms so that the can drinks can be
placed inside the bags easily without being unstable. The cylindrical shape of the inside of the
bags also allows the user to remove the can drinks easily. Hence, the designated cooler bags
was really convenient to use.
The purpose of adding the handles to the cooler bags was for portability. Without the
handles, is difficult to carry the three cooler bags at once, with the addition of the handles, the
user can carry three bags at once and is a convenience for transportation purposes.
The materials (rubber foam mat, aluminium cupboard sheet and egg trays) was not
only chosen for the purpose of its ability in terms of insulation but also because of the fact
that the materials are easily stored. These materials can be stored in containers or the original
plastic bags if the user have not completely finish the cooler bags in one day. Thus, the
materials can be stored easily and can be used again for the next day to continue the
production of the bags. The materials are also environmentally friendly. Any broken pieces of
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these materials which were accidentally left on the floor (indoor or outdoor) will not harm the
environment. The materials are also easily sourced. They can be found anywhere in the
market at affordable prices.

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4.0 Experiment Procedure

We tested the 3 cooler bags to determine which cooler bag could keep the water in the
canned drink cold for the longest amount of time. The materials required and the testing
procedures are as follows.
Materials Required
1. 4 empty soda cans
2. Cold water
3. Thermocouples
4. Thermometers
5. Stopwatch
6. 3 cooler bags
7. Laptop
Procedures
1. The Temperature Data Logger software (EasyLog USB) was downloaded into the
computer.
2. Each thermocouple was wired up and plugged into the computer to set up and start the
Data Logger. The data logger was set to record the temperature in intervals of 2 minutes.
3. The thermocouples was then carefully labelled based on their respective placement
locations which was the inner surface which was in contact with the soda can, the outer
surface which was exposed to the ambient of the cooler bag and inside the water in the soda
can.
4. Four empty soda cans that was already washed and cleaned was filled with approximately
330 ml of cold water with temperature around 5 6C.

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3. The outer walls of the 3 of the soda cans were wiped dry and inserted into the 3 cooler
bags.
4. The fourth can was left outside and would serve as a control.
5. The thermocouples were placed into the inner surface and outer surface as well as inside
the water in the soda can of the cooler bags.
6. The cooler bags were closed and sealed tightly and strapped on using the nylon strap.
7. A thermometer was inserted into Cooler Bag C which has fiberglass as the insulator and
the control soda can due to the insufficient amount of thermocouples.
8. The temperature of the water in Cooler Bag C and control can was taken manually every
10 minutes.
9. All the results were downloaded from the Data Logger and saved into the computer.
Results obtained manually from the thermometer readings were also recorded on the data
table prepared.
10. The graph of temperature versus time for all four soda cans were plotted. Temperatures of
all four soda cans were graphed on one set of axes and were shown using different lines,
dashes and symbols to distinctly represent each soda can.

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5.0 Results
5.1 Calculations
16. (a) Express the differential equation and the boundary conditions for steady one
dimensional heat conduction through the cooler bag:
Assumptions:
1. Steady-state
2. One dimensional heat conduction
3. Heat loss from the top and bottom wall is negligible
4. Liquid and room temperatures is assumed to be t=0s
The heat equation for cylindrical coordinates (r , , z) can be expressed as:
1 T 1 T T T
r r
kr (
+ 2
r r
k ) + (k
z z ) ( )
+ q = c p
t
According to the assumptions taken above, the heat transfer thus therefore becomes:
1 T
r r
kr
r(=0 )
T
r
kr(r
=0 )
Boundary conditions are:

T ( r 1 ) =T s ,1
T ( r 2 ) =T s ,2
(b) Obtain a relation for the variation of temperature in the cooler bag by solving the
differential equation:
Integrating the differential equation of the heat transfer equation:

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T
r =C1
r
T C 1
=
r r
Integrating to second order:

T ( r )=C1 ln r +C2
Substitute the boundary conditions:

T s ,1=C 1 lnr 1+C 2 (1)
T s ,2=C 1 ln r 2+C 2 (2)
Equation (1) minus (2):

r1
T s ,1T s , 2=C1 ln
r2
T s ,1 T s ,2
C1 =
r1
ln
r2
Substitute C1 into equation (2):
T s ,1T s , 2
T s ,2= ln r 2 +C2
r1
ln
r2
T s ,1T s , 2
C2 =T s ,2 ln r 2
r1
ln
r2
Substitute C1 and C2 into the original equation to obtain the temperature

distribution equation:

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T s ,1 T s ,2 T T s ,2
T ( r )= ln r +T s , 2 s , 1 ln r 2
r1 r1
ln ln
r2 r2
T s ,1T s ,2 r
T ( r )= ln +T s ,2
r1 r2
ln
r2
COOLER BAG A: RUBBER FOAM MAT
Ts,1 Ts,2 Ts,3 T
Foa Aluminiu
m m
cardboar
k1 d sheet
k2
r1 r2 r3
Figure 1: Composite wall view of Cooler Bag A
Based on the general equation:

T ( r )=C1 ln r +C2
T C 1
=
r r

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For this case:

T 1 ( r )=C 1 ln r+ C2
T 2 ( r )=C 3 ln r +C 4
From experiment:
T s ,1=12.97 , T s ,3 =14.24 ,T =28.16
l=245 mm=0.245 m
r 1=35 mm=0.035 m
r 2=53 mm=0.053 m
r 3=55 mm=0.055 m
W W
k 1=1.39 k 2=235
mK mK
At the boundary conditions:

At constant surface temperature:
At r 3=0.055 m , T 2 ( r )=T s ,3 =14.24
T 2 ( r )=C 3 ln r +C 4
14.24 =C3 ln ( 0.055 m )+C 4
14.24 =2.9 C 3+ C4 (1)
Boundary at r 2 :
k1
d T1
dr |
r =r 2
=k 2
dT2
|
dr r =r 2

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C1 C
k1 =k 2 3
r2 r2
1.39C 1=235 C 3(2)
T 1 ( r )=T 2 ( r )
C1 ln r +C 2=C3 ln r +C 4
C1 ln 0.053+C 2=C 3 ln0.053+C 4
2.94 C1 +C 2=2.94 C3 +C 4( 3)
Constant surface temperature:
At r 1=0.035 m ,T 1 ( r )=T s ,1=12.97
T 1 ( r )=C 1 ln r+ C2
12.97 =C 1 ln ( 0.035 m ) +C 2
12.97 =3.35 C1 +C 2(4)
Insert equations (1) (4) in a matrix and by using Matlab to obtain the results for the
unknowns. The codes are attached in the appendix.
[ ][ ] [ ]
0 0 2.9 1 C 1 14.24
1.39 0 235 0 C 2 0
=
2.94 1 2.94 1 C 3 0
3.35 1 0 0 C4 12.97
The values of the unknowns obtained were

C1 =3.10

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C2 =23.34
C3 =0.02
C 4=14.29
The temperature distribution is obtained as

T 1 ( r )=3.10 lnr +23.34 where 0.035 r 0.053 m
T 2 ( r )=0.02 lnr +14.29 where 0.053 r 0.055 m
COOLER BAG B: EGG TRAY CARTON
Ts,1 Ts,2 Ts,3 T

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Egg Aluminiu
tray m
k1 cardboar
d sheet
k2
r1 r2 r3
Figure 2: Composite wall view of Cooler Bag B

T ( r )=C1 ln r +C2
T C 1
=
r r
For this case:

T 1 ( r )=C 1 ln r+ C2
T 2 ( r )=C 3 ln r +C 4
From experiment:
T s ,1=12.74 ,T s ,3 =14.81 , T =28.16
l=245 mm=0.245 m
r 1=35 mm=0.035 m
r 2=53 mm=0.053 m

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r 3=55 mm=0.055 m
W W
k 1=0.21 k 2=235
mK mK

At r 3=0.055 m , T 2 ( r )=T s ,3 =14.81
T 2 ( r )=C 3 ln r +C 4
14.81=C 3 ln ( 0.055 m ) +C 4
14.81=2.9C 3 +C 4(1)
Boundary at r 2 :
k1
d T1
dr |
r =r 2
=k 2
dT2
|
dr r =r 2
C1 C
k1 =k 2 3
r2 r2
0.21C 1=235 C 3(2)
T 1 ( r )=T 2 ( r )
C1 ln 0.053+C 2=C 3 ln0.053+C 4
2.94 C1 +C 2=2.94 C3 +C 4( 3)
At r 1=0.035 m ,T 1 ( r )=T s ,1=12.74

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T 1 ( r )=C 1 ln r+ C2
12.74 =C1 ln ( 0.035 m ) +C 2
12.74 =3.35 C 1+C 2(4)
[ ][ ] [ ]
0 0 2.9 1 C 1 14.81
0.21 0 235 0 C 2 0
=
2.94 1 2.94 1 C 3 0
3.35 1 0 0 C4 12.74

C1 =5.0483
C2 =29.6519
C3 =0.0045
C 4=14.8231

T 1 ( r )=5.0483 ln r +29.6519 where 0.035 r 0.053 m
T 2 ( r )=0.0045 lnr +14.8231 where 0.053 r 0.055 m
COOLER BAG C: FIBERGLASS

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Ts,1 Ts,2 Ts,3
Aluminiu
Fibr
m
e
cardboar
Glas
d sheet
s k1
k2
r1 r2 r3
Figure 3: Composite wall view of Cooler Bag C

T ( r )=C1 ln r +C2
T C 1
=
r r
For this case:

T 1 ( r )=C 1 ln r+ C2
T 2 ( r )=C 3 ln r +C 4
From experiment:
T s ,1=10.85 , T s ,3=14.41 , T =28.16
l=245 mm=0.245 m
r 1=35 mm=0.035 m
r 2=53 mm=0.053 m

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r 3=55 mm=0.055 m
W W
k 1=0.04 k 2 =235
mK mK

At r 3=0.055 m , T 2 ( r )=T s ,3 =14.41
T 2 ( r )=C 3 ln r +C 4
14.41=C 3 ln ( 0.055 m ) +C 4
14.41=2.9C 3 +C 4(1)
Boundary at r 2 :
k1
d T1
dr |
r =r 2
=k 2
dT2
|
dr r =r 2
C1 C
k1 =k 2 3
r2 r2
0.04 C 1=235 C3 (2)
T 1 ( r )=T 2 ( r )
C1 ln 0.053+C 2=C 3 ln0.053+C 4
2.94 C1 +C 2=2.94 C3 +C 4( 3)
At r 1=0.035 m ,T 1 ( r )=T s ,1=10.85

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T 1 ( r )=C 1 ln r+ C2
10.85=C 1 ln ( 0.035 m ) +C 2
10.85=3.35 C1 +C 2(4 )
[ ][ ] [ ]
0 0 2.9 1 C 1 14.41
0.04 0 235 0 C 2 0
=
2.94 1 2.94 1 C 3 0
3.35 1 0 0 C4 10.85

C1 =8.6828
C2 =39.9373
C3 =0.0015
C 4=14.4143

T 1 ( r )=8.6828 lnr + 39.9373 where0.035 r 0.053 m
T 2 ( r )=0.0015 lnr +14.4143 where 0.053 r 0.055 m
(c) Plot the temperature distribution along the cooler bag thickness:
Cooler Bag A
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16
f(x) = 306.97x - 1.77

14
R = 0.97
12
10
8
Linear ()
6
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Graph 1: Temperature distribution along thickness Cooler Bag A.
Cooler Bag B
16
14 f(x) = 306.97x - 1.77

R = 0.97
12
10
8
Linear ()
6
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Graph 2: Temperature distribution along thickness Cooler Bag B.
Cooler Bag C

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16
f(x) = 306.97x - 1.77

14
R = 0.97
12
10
8
Linear ()
6
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Graph 3: Temperature distribution along thickness Cooler Bag C.
(d) Evaluate the rate of heat transfer from the soda drinks through the three (3) insulated
cooler bags that you design:
COOLER BAG A: RUBBER FOAM MAT
Boundary at r 3 ,T s , 3
k 2
dT2
dr |
r=r3
=h(T s ,3 T )
C3
k 2 =h(T s ,3T )
r3
0.02
235 =h( 14.2428.16)
0.055
W
h=6.14
m2 K
Formulae for heat transfer rate:

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T
q=
Rtot
r2
ln
r1
Rcond =
2 lk
1
Rconv =
h(2 rl)
From r 1 to r 2 :
0.053
ln
0.035 K
R 1= =0.19
2 ( 0.245)(1.39) W
From r 2 to r 3 :
0.055
ln
0.053 K
R 2= =0.0001
2 ( 0.245)(235) W
From r 3 by convection:
1 K
R 3= =1.92
6.14 ( 2 ) (0.055)(0.245) W
Therefore, rate of heat transfer:

T s , 1T s ,3 12.97 14.24
q= = =0.60 W
R tot (0.19+ 0.0001+1.92)
COOLER BAG B: EGG CARTON MATERIAL

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k 2
dT2
dr | r=r3
=h(T s ,3 T )
C3
k 2 =h(T s ,3T )
r3
0.0045
235 =h(14.8128.16)
0.055
W
h=1.44 2
m K

T
q=
Rtot
r2
ln
r1
Rcond =
2 lk
1
Rconv =
h(2 rl)
From r 1 to r 2 :
0.053
ln
0.035 K
R 1= =0.19
2 ( 0.245)(1.39) W
From r 2 to r 3 :
0.055
ln
0.053 K
R 2= =0.0001
2 ( 0.245)(235) W

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1 K
R 3= =8.20
1.44 ( 2 )(0.055)(0.245) W

T s , 1T s ,3 12.74 14.81
q= = =0.25 W
R tot (0.19+ 0.0001+ 8.20)
COOLER BAG C: FIBERGLASS
k 2
dT2
dr | r=r3
=h(T s ,3 T )
C3
k 2 =h(T s ,3T )
r3
0.0015
235 =h(14.4128.16)
0.055
W
h=0.47
m2 K

T
q=
Rtot
r2
ln
r1
Rcond =
2 lk
1
Rconv =
h(2 rl)
From r 1 to r 2 :

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0.053
ln
0.035 K
R 1= =0.19
2 ( 0.245)(1.39) W
From r 2 to r 3 :
0.055
ln
0.053 K
R 2= =0.0001
2 ( 0.245)(235) W
1 K
R 3= =25.13
0.47 ( 2 )(0.055)(0.245) W

T s , 1T s ,3 10.8514.41
q= = =0.14 W
R tot (0.19+ 0.0001+ 25.13)
17. Based on the experimental results acquired and make your assumptions, determine the
convection heat transfer coefficient from exterior wall of soda canned drinks to the ambient.
Remark: The calculations of the h value are shown in q16 (d).
Cooler Bag A: Rubber Foam Mat
W
h=6.14
m2 K
Cooler Bag B: Egg Carton Material
W
h=1.44
m2 K
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Cooler Bag C: Fiberglass
W
h=0.47 2
m K
18. The soda canned drinks is assume initially at a uniform temperature of TC (the
temperature that you measure at t=0s). The soda can is placed in a room at TC (the room
temperature that you measured). If the heat transfer coefficient from the soda can to ambient
is h W/m2C (find from question 17), determine how long it will take for the average
temperature of the drink to rise to 12C.
Ans:
dT
sinceq out = c p
dt
t
V c p 12
dt= q dT
0 out T i
V c p
t= (12 T i )
q out
Water at average temperature of 10 and 0.000325 m .

3
kg J
=999.8 , c p=4192
m 3
kg K
For cooler bag A, Foam:
kg
999.8 ( 0.000325 m3 ) 4192 J
( )
m 3
kg K
t= ( 12 7 )=11351 s=189 min
0.60 W

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For cooler bag B, Egg Carton Material:
kg
999.8 ( 0.000325 m3 ) 4192 J
( )
m
3
kg K
t= ( 12 5 )=38139 s=635 min
0.25 W
For cooler bag C, Fiberglass:
kg
999.8 ( 0.000325 m3 ) 4192 J
( )
m 3
kg K
t= ( 12 6.5 )=53512 s=891 min
0.14 W
19. Determine the difference equations at the surface of a soda canned drinks (assume
axisymmetric cylindrical geometry), along the insulation thickness and at the insulated
surface with convective boundary condition. Assume uniform soda (liquid) temperature and
steady-state conditions.
Since Cooler bag A, B and C are of same dimensions, the thickness of the wall of all three of
the cooler bags is the same. The only difference is the value of thermal conductivity, k of
each material (foam, fibreglass and egg trays).
The total thickness of the wall of the cooler bag = 20mm = 0.02m
Assume that the distance between each nodes is 0.005m, r = 0.005m
Therefore there are a total of 5 nodes, iTotal = 5.
r i=1=r 1=35.0 mm=0.035 m By applying energy balance equation:
E in - Eout + Egen = E st
r i=2=44.0 mm=0.044 m
Ein= 0
r i=3=r 2 =53.0 mm=0.053 m

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r i=4 =54.0 mm=0.054 m
r i=5=r 3 =55.0 mm=0.055 m
i=1 i = 2-18 i = 19 i = 20
i = 21
Ts,1 Ts,2 Ts,3 T
r1 r r2 r3
Material used Aluminium cardboard sheet, kD
Figure : Composite wall view of Cooler Bag with alternative materials
Cooler bag A-Foam
kA = 1.39W/mK
kD = kAluminium = 235 W/mK
T= Tcontrol for outer wall = 28.14oC
h = 6.14 W/m2K
=0
At i=2 18 , E
q1 +q 2,1=0
r T i1T i r T i+1 T i
(
k A 2 L r i
2 )
(
r (
)+ k A 2 L r i+
2
( )
r
)=0

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r T i1T i r T i+1T i
( r i
2
( )
r
)+ r i+
2
(
r( )=0 )
ri 1 r r 1 r 1
( r 2
1
) (
T i1 i T i + i + T i+1 i + T i=0
r 2 r 2 r 2 ) ( ) ( )
( 2r2
r
ri
) T +(
2 r + r 2r r
2r i1 ) T +(
2r + r
2r )
Ti i
i
i
i +1 =0
( ) 2 r i
r
T =
i
2 r i r
2r [(
T i1+
2r i + r
2r
T i +1 ) ( ) ]
Ti=
[( 2 r i r
2r
T i1+
2r i + r
) (
2r
T i+ 1 ) ]
( 2rr ) i
r r
ri r i+
2 2
Ti= T i1 + T i+1
2r i 2r i
At i=19, E =0
q 2,1+ q2,2=0
T i1T i T i+1T i
k A 2 L r i ( r
2 )( r )
+ k D 2 L r i +
r
2 ( )( r
=0)
r r
(
k A r i
2
( )
T i1T i ) +k D r i +
2 (
( T i+1T i ) =0 )
r r r r
(
k A r i
2 )
T i1k A r i
2 (
T i +k D r i+
2 )
T i+1k D r i +
2
T i =0( ) ( )
[ (
k A r i
r
2 ) (
k D r i +
r
2
T i=k A r i
r
2 )]
T i1 k D r i +
r
2
T i+1 ( ) ( )
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Ti=
[( ) ( ) ]
k A ri
r
2
T i1 +k D r i+
r
2
T i+1
[ ( ) ( )]
k A r i
r
2
+k D r i +
r
2
Ti=
[
k A r i
r
2 ] T i1 +
[
k D ri +
r
2 ] T i +1
[
k A r i
r
2 ] [
+ k D r i+
r
2 ] [
k A ri
r
2
+ k D ri + ] [
r
2 ]
At i=20, E =0
q 2,2+ q3,1=0
k D 2 L r i ( 2
( )
r
)+k D 2 L r i+
2
(
r ( )=0 )
T i1T i r T i+1T i
(r 2r )(
i
r
)+ r i+
2( (
r )
)=0
( r r 12 )T ( r r 12 )T +( rr + 12 )T ( rr + 12 )T =0
i
i1
i
i
i
i+1
i
i
2r i r 2 r i + r 2r i r 2 r i+ r
( 2r
T i1 + ) ( 2r
T i+
2r
T i +1=0 ) ( )
( ) 2 r i
r
T =
i
2 r i r
2r [(
T i1+
2r i + r
2r ) (
T i +1 ) ]
Ti=
[( 2 r i r
2r
T i1+
2r i + r
) (
2r
T i+ 1 ) ]
2r
( r) i

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r r
ri r i+
2 2
Ti= T i1 + T i+1
2r i 2r i
At i=21, E =0
q3, 1+ qconv =0
T i1T i
(
k D 2 L r i
r
2 )( r )
+h 2 L r i+
r
2 (( T T i ) =0)
(
k D r i
r
2 () T T
r ) (
i 1 r
+h r + ) ( T T )=0
2
i
i i
kD r r
r (
r i
2
( )
T i1T i ) + h r i +
2 (
( T T i )=0 )
kD r k r r r
r (
r i
2 )
T i1 D r i
r 2 (
T i+ h r i +
2 ) (
T h r i +
2
T i=0 ) ( )
[ (
k D
r
r i
r
2
h r i+
r
2) (
k
T i = D r i
r
r
2 )]
T i1h r i+
r
2
T ( ) ( )
Ti=

[ ( ) ( ) ]
kD
r
r i
r
2
T i1+ h r i +
r
2
T
[ ( ) ( )]
kD
r
r i
r
2
+ h ri +
r
2
kD
Ti=
r
r i 2
r
[ T i1+
]
h r i+
r
2
T
( )
kD kD
r
r i 2
r
[
+h r i +
r
2 ] ( r
r i 2
r
)
+h r i+
r
2 [ ] ( )

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Cooler bag B-Egg tray
kB = 0.21W/mK
h = 1.44 W/m2K
=0
At i=2 18, E
r T i1T i r T i +1T i
(
k B 2 L r i
2
() r
)+ k B 2 L r i +
2
( ( r )
)=0
r r
ri r i+
2 2
Ti= T i1 + T i+1
2r i 2r i
At i=19, E =0
T i1T i T i+1T i
(
k B 2 L r i
r
2 )( r )
+k D 2 L r i +
r
2( )( r
=0)
Ti=
[
k B r i
r
2 ] T i1 +
[
k D ri +
r
2 ] T i+1
[
kB ri
r
2 ] [
+ k D r i+
r
2 ] [
k B r i
r
2 ] [
+k D r i +
r
2 ]
At i=20, E =0
(
k D 2 L r i
2
() r
)+k D 2 L r i+
2
( (
r
)=0 )
r r
ri r i+
2 2
Ti= T i1 + T i+1
2r i 2r i

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At i=21, E =0
T i1T i
(
k D 2 L r i
r
2 )( r ) (
+h 2 L r i+
r
2 )
( T T i ) =0
kD
Ti=
r
r i
r
2 [ T i1+
] h r i+
r
2
T
( )
kD kD
r
r i 2
r
[+h r i +
r
2 ] ( r
r i 2
r
) +h r i+
r
2 [ ] ( )
Cooler bag C-Fiberglass
kC = 0.04W/mK
h = 0.47 W/m2K
=0
At i=2 18, E
r T i1T i r T i +1T i
(
k C 2 L r i
2
( ) r
)+k C 2 L r i+
2 (
(
r )
)=0
r r
ri r i+
2 2
Ti= T i1 + T i+1
2r i 2r i
At i=19, E =0
T i1 T i T i +1T i
(
k C 2 L r i
r
2 )( r ) (
+ k D 2 L r i +
r
2 )( r ) =0

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Ti=
[
kC ri
r
2 ] T i1+
k D r i+[ r
2 ] T i+1
[
k C r i
r
2 ] [
+k D r i +
r
2 ] [
k C r i
r
2
+ k D ri + ] [
r
2 ]
At i=20, E =0
(
k D 2 L r i
2
( ) r
)+k D 2 L r i+
2
( (
r
)=0 )
r r
ri r i+
2 2
Ti= T i1 + T i+1
2r i 2r i
At i=21, E =0
T i1T i
(
k D 2 L r i
r
2 )( r )+h 2 L r i+(r
2 )
( T T i ) =0
kD
Ti=
r
r i
r
2 [ T i1+
] h r i+
r
2
T
( )
kD kD
r
r i 2
r
[+h r i +
r
2 ] ( r
r i 2
r
) +h r i+
r
2 [ ] ( )
20. Solve the equations in question 19 and determine the temperatures along the cooler
bag thickness by using MATLAB, Mathematica or MS Excel.
Cooler Bag A
MatLab Code

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Graph

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Temperature distribution from first to last node
Cooler Bag B
MatLab Code

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Graph
Temperature distribution from first node to last node:
Cooler Bag C

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MatLab Code
Graph

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Temperature Distribution from first node to last node:

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5.2 Graphs
Inner Wall Temperature

25.00
20.00
15.00
Fiberglass
Temperature(oC) Egg Trays Foam
10.00
5.00
-
4/21/16 8:24 4/21/16 9:36 4/21/16 10:48 4/21/16 12:00 4/21/16 13:12
Time
Graph 4: Graph of the inner wall temperatures of the 3 cooler bags.

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Outer Wall Temperature

35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
Foam
Temperature (oC) Fiberglass Egg Trays
15.00
10.00
5.00
-
4/21/16 8:24 4/21/16 9:36 4/21/16 10:48 4/21/16 12:00 4/21/16 13:12
Time
Graph 5: Graph of the outer wall temperatures of the 3 cooler bags.

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Water Temperature
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
Foam
Temperature Egg Trays
(oC) Fiberglass
6.00
4.00
2.00
-
Time
Graph 6: Graph of the water temperatures of the 3 cooler bags.

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6.0 Engineering Drawings

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7.0 Answers to Problems

1. What three things do you think heat depends on?
Thermal energy
Heat is described as thermal energy in transit. Therefore, there could only be heat when the
object itself contains a higher amount of thermal energy compared to the surroundings or
other objects (The Concord Consortium 2013).
Temperature
Temperature refers to the amount of thermal energy stored in a matter. Heat only transfers
from the object with higher temperature to an object with lower temperature. The temperature
difference is the driving force for heat transfer. The larger the temperature gradient, the higher
the rate of heat transfer (Scienceideas.org n.d.).
Material
Materials that are classified as good conductors such as metals like aluminium or iron allows
heat to flow through them faster. On the other hand, insulator materials such as wool or
Styrofoam conduct heat very slowly. Rate of heat conduction in materials also depend on the
materials thickness, area and thermal conductivity, k, of the material itself (The Physics
Classroom 2013).
2. How do you think heat and temperature are related? Do you think temperature is the same
thing as heat?
Heat and temperature are related as Q = cm T where c is the specific heat and m is
the mass. Temperature and heat are different concepts. Heat is the energy formed from the
particular motion of the substances. Heat depends on three factors which are velocity of the
particles, the numbers of substances, and the type of substances in an object. However,
temperature is the measure of average energy formed from the particular motion of

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substances. Temperature does not depend on any factors which listed as above. (Haby J. n.d.)
(Nave R. n.d.)
3. Does matter still have heat energy, even in the coldest environment you can imagine?
According to (The TEAK Project n.d.), even in the coldest environment, there is still a
small amount of heat energy which is merely measurable that exists as heat energy is said to
be present in all matter.
4. Does any of the energy of the sun reach the earth by conduction or convection?
Yes. Both conduction and convection process does transfer energy to the earth. In
order for a conduction process to occur, a medium is required. However, not all medium will
gives a good conduction of heat. Wood is a bad example of medium for conduction while
metals like aluminium are a good medium for conduction process. The medium for the sun to
transmit the energy to earth is the neighbouring molecules in the air. Air is also a poor
conductor of heat. Most of the conduction process occurs at the earths surface (Introduction
to the atmosphere 2016). On the other hand, heat energy is transferred through convection by
transmitting stacks of air molecules in fluids such as the atmosphere. On the earths equator is
warmer than the poles, thus the air will be less dense and eventually rises, causing the denser
air at the poles to sink. Hence, a convection process occurred (Introduction to the atmosphere
2016).
5. Define emissivity and absorptivity. What is Kirchhoffs law of radiation?
Emissivity
Emissivity refers to the amount of thermal radiation emitted by the surface of a material.
Emissivity is defined as the energy radiated from the materials surface over the radiant
exitance from a blackbody (a perfect emitter) at similar temperature, wavelength and viewing
conditions (National Physical Laboratory 2014). The emissivity of a surface typically

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depends on the material and the nature of its surface. Therefore, a metal with smooth polished
surface would have a lower emissivity as compared to a roughened and oxidized metal
surface. Not only that, the surface temperature and wavelength as well as angle also may
affect the emissivity value of a surface (Cengel, Cimbala & Turner 2012 p 970).
Absorptivity
Absorptivity refers to the fraction of thermal irradiation absorbed by the surface of a material.
Unlike emissivity, the absorptivity of a material is independent of surface temperature.
Instead, the absorptivity depends on the temperature of the source where the incident
radiation is originating from. Absorptivity would be higher in dull or rough surface as
compared to shiny surfaces (Cengel, Cimbala & Turner 2012 p 970).
Kirchhoffs Law of Radiation
Kirchhoffs Law states that the absorptivity of any material has to be equals to its emissivity
at every wavelength, direction and temperature in thermodynamic equilibrium ( = ). It
implies that good absorbers are good radiators. Kirchhoffs law also deduced that the
emissivity cannot exceed one as real bodies radiate less effectively than a black body while at
equilibrium (Cengel, Cimbala & Turner 2012 p 972).
6. Can all three modes of heat transfer occur simultaneously (in parallel) in a medium?
Practically, three modes of heat transfers can be conducted simultaneously.

Conduction and convection can occur simultaneously as hot fluid is transported to cold fluid
via an inverting barrier. This can be discussed as the heat is received from the wall via
convection and radiation, and then conduction is carried out to the next wall surface, then
convection and radiation is conducted again to release the heat from the wall surface.
(Kothandaraman C.P. 2006)

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7. Can a medium involve (a) conduction and convection, (b) conduction and radiation,
or (c) convection and radiation simultaneously? Give examples for the yes answers.
(a) No. A medium cannot involve conduction and convection simultaneously.
(b) Yes. Conduction and radiation could occur simultaneously in a semitransparent solid
medium but not along with convection or across an opaque solid (Cengel, Y, Cimbala, J &
Turner, R 2012). For example, the hot surface on the ceiling.
(c) Yes. Convection and radiation can occur simultaneously too. This is because heat transfer
takes place when a solid surface loses heat or gains heat from the surrounding ambient
(SOM, SK 2008). For example, the human body radiates heat to the surrounding.
8. What are the best absorbers of thermal radiation? What are the worst emitters of
thermal radiation?
Best absorbers of thermal radiation are such like matt black materials whereas silver
based materials are terrible absorbers of thermal radiation. Materials with matt black surfaces
tends to be the worst emitters while materials with shiny and silvery surfaces are very good
emitters of thermal radiation (Dople 2001, pg. 106).
9. List at least three different products, devices or structures for which engineers applied
their understanding of heat transfer principles in designing systems or choosing materials for
the purpose of temperature regulation.
Homes can get rather chilly during winters in and hot during summers. Therefore,
engineers had developed fiberglass insulators to act as a barrier to heat flow and is essential
to keep homes warm in winters and cool during summers. Fiberglass is able to slow
movement of heat by trapping thousands of little air pockets between millions of tiny fibres
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that is woven into a fabric mesh (Mosher 2013). Fibreglass insulators have higher R-values
which is capable to form an air barrier, which can eliminate some of the costs arising from
electricity bills and other home modifications (U.S. Department of Energy n.d.).
Air conditioners are one of the most revolutionary temperature regulation devices in
this century. Air conditioners can only regulate a rooms temperature with the help of the
evaporator and condenser coils in them. Engineers had selected copper, steel or aluminium to
manufacture these coils because these metals conduct heat easily. As the coolant in the air
conditioner flows, the blower fan draws hot room air in and is absorbed by the coolant which
passes over the evaporator coil. The coil carries that heat outdoors, and releases it into the air
outdoors instantly cooling the room (Yourairexperts.com 2015). The condenser coil does its
part when the warm refrigerant gas re-enters into the condenser coils. The condenser has
plenty of coils that increase the amount of time the coolant is in the path of blowing air,
giving it plenty of time to release the heat it absorbed from the home before continuing its
cycle back to the evaporator coils (Yourairexperts.com 2015).
Heat sinks are generally designed to cool down the heat generated by electronic or
mechanical devices. Fan cooled heat sinks are commonly used in computers to dissipate heat
generated by graphic processors and central processing units (ComputerHope.com, n.d). Heat
leaves the heat sink through the fluid in motion to maintain the temperatures low to protect
the components from burning or melting (Aavid Thermalloy, nd). The fans also ensure a
steady air flow moving through the fins. These heat sinks are often made out of copper or
aluminium due to its high thermal conductivity and excellent heat absorption properties.
10. What materials make good insulators? Discuss the properties of the material.
Fiberglass fabrics are good insulators. Fiberglass fabrics have good chemical
resistance. Fibreglass fabrics will not decay or rot when in contact with the chemical such as
acids. Besides, fibreglass fabrics have also good thermal properties. Good thermal properties
enable the material to sustain significant amount of heat where fiberglass has high thermal
conductivity. Moreover, fiberglass has high thermal endurance where it cannot be burned and
is not affected by the surrounding temperature. (Properties of Fiberglass Fabrics n.d.)
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11. If you were going to make an insulated cooler bag to keep your soda canned drinks at
cool temperature as long as possible, which materials would work best? Why do you think
these materials worked best? Did you expect these materials to work best? Why or why not?
Foam It contains billions of trapped bubbles. This property hinders heat conduction as their
molecules are far apart making it difficult for other molecules to collide with them
(Thermaxx Jackets 2011).
Fiber glass It is made of fine woven silicon strands of glass powder and also tiny shards of
glasses which can effectively reduce the rate of heat transfer (Thermaxx Jackets
2011).
Egg trays - They are made up of various materials such as molded pulps or celluloses. These
celluloses are a good form of insulation as it is a compact of materials which is
excellent in minimizing fire damage (Thermaxx Jackets 2011).
These materials work best as insulator as they have the properties that can trap heat to
ensure the canned drinks are keep cool. After conducting the testing of cooler bags made of
the above materials, it proves that the cooler bag with fiber glass as the insulator is the best at
keeping the drinks cool after 3 hours. We have not expect fiber glass to be the best insulator
as we thought molded egg trays may perform better due to its thickness of mold we made.
12. How are insulators useful? When might you use one? When might you not?
Insulation is important in process heat transfer studies because it is used to reduce the
amount of heat loss to the environment (Thermal insulation materials, technical
characteristics and selection criteria 2016). For example, I will use ice boxes with good
insulations when I go for fishing to store the fishes that I caught. Hence, the fish stored in the
ice boxes can be stored for a longer period of time without getting spoilt. In other cases such
as when I am cooking, insulation materials such as wooden pots are not advisable to use

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because I want the food to be cooked as soon as possible. Thus, avoiding insulating material
as the cooking utensil is a good practice to ensure maximum heat transfer from the fire to the
conducting pot.
13. Discuss the parameters that affect the rate of heat conduction through the insulated
cooler bag.
The parameters that might affect the rate of heat conduction through the insulated
cooler bag includes the type of insulator material used. Each material has their own thermal
conductivity values. The material with a higher thermal conductivity value transfers heat
more rapidly (The Physics Classroom 2013). For the purpose of making insulated cooler
bags, we made sure the material chosen are materials with relatively low thermal
conductivity. Materials with trapped air pockets interspersed between solid fibres such as
foam and fiberglass are good insulators compared to solid pure metals such as aluminium and
brass.
The thickness of the cooler bag also affects the rate of heat conduction. It could be
deduced that the thicker the insulation is, the lower the rate of heat transfer. This is because,
the thicker the insulation material, the further the distance heat must travel (Holzner 2011).
Therefore, it is likely that not all the heat can make it all the way through the insulation
material. Not only that, heat would also escape or penetrate more rapidly through a thin
material than a thick material (Holzner 2011).
Furthermore, rate of heat conduction in the cooler bag is also dependent on the
surface area of the bag. More heat would be absorbed by a larger surface than through a
smaller area material of the same composition and thickness (Holzner 2011). This is because
each individual particle that is on the surface of the object would be involved in the heat
conduction process. A wider surface contains more particles that is able to conduct heat
which speeds up the heat transfer process (The Physics Classroom 2013).

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14. Define thermal conductivity and explain its significance in heat transfer. Is the
thermal conductivity of the material you choose for your cooler bag design, in general,
constant or does it varies with temperature?
Thermal conductivity is the measure of transferring of heat energy via a solid through
conduction. Materials with high thermal conductivity will conduct heat faster than a material
that has lower thermal conductivity. Conductivity of solids and liquids are generally
depending on the variation of temperature. Firstly, thermal conductivity of fibreglass does not
vary with temperature as room temperature has only little effect on the thermal conductivity.
Secondly, the thermal conductivity of paper (egg carton material) does not get affected by the
temperature difference from the surrounding which shown from the table. Lastly, the thermal
conductivity of rubber foam mat is constant throughout any temperature. (Thermal properties
of metal, conductivity conversion 2016) (Ethylene vinyl acetate n.d.)
Materials Thermal Thermal Conductivity Thermal

Conductivity at 25C at 125C (W/m K) Conductivity at
(W/m K) 225C (W/m K)
Fiberglass 0.04 - -
Rubber foam mat 0.34 - -
Paper (Egg 0.05 - -
Carton)
Table 1: Thermal Conductivity for different materials at different temperatures (Engineering
ToolBox (n.d.).
15. What geometry would you recommend for cooler bag so that the heat transfer from
the soda canned drinks to ambient can assume to be one dimensional?
Cylindrical geometry.
*Questions 16 to 20 are included in the Calculations section of the report from pages 19 to
46.

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21. What is the difference between the analytical and experimental approach to heat
transfer? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
According to Cengel, Cimbala, & Turner (2012), Analytical approach is to study heat
transfer process by analysis or calculations while experimental approach is to study the
process through testing and taking measurements.
The advantages of analytical approach are it is fast and inexpensive compare to

experimental approach while its disadvantage is the results obtained may be dependent on the
accuracy of the assumptions and idealizations made in the analysis rather than the reality
(Cengel, Cimbala & Turner 2012).
For experimental approach, it enables us to deal with actual physical system with the
desired quantity being measured within the limits of experimental errors. However, the
system that is being analyzed using this approach may not exist and it is expensive, time-
consuming and mostly unfeasible too (Cengel, Cimbala & Turner 2012).

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8.0 Discussion
The constant of the boundaries (C1, C2, C3 and C4) are calculated using MatLab in
matrix form. With the constants obtained, the temperature distribution along the layers of the
cooler bag is achieved. Excel was used to plot the graph of temperature distribution against
radius of the cooler bag. The first radius value was set to a value which makes the
temperature to almost zero, so it can be compared to the initial temperature of the control
which was about 2oC. The outer temperature of cans which was Ts,3 was around 14.24 oC to
14.81oC and the ambient temperature is 28oC.
By comparing the Ts,3 of the bags and the control (which was 25.54 oC), it can be
proved that the control (without any cooler bag) is the fastest to reach ambient temperature.
The other 3 cans with the support of the insulators in the cooler bags still have a long duration
of time to go before they reach ambient temperature. Thus, it is effective to say that the cooler
bags are functioning quite well. Cooler bag A made of foam has a heat transfer rate of -0.6 W,
cooler bag B made of egg trays has a heat transfer rate of -0.25 W and cooler bag C made of
fiberglass has a heat transfer rate of -0.14 W.
It was observed that cooler bag C has the least amount of heat entering the cooler bag.
Thus, the canned drink inside cooler bag is insulated in a better level as compared to the ones
in cooler bags A and B. The effectiveness of the cooler bags increases from cooler bag A, B
to C. Cooler bag C also has the lowest convection heat transfer coefficient which has the
value of h = 0.47 W/(m2.K). The results of the cooler bags might not be as effective as the
cooler bags sold in the market due to some possible errors. Improvements and suggestions to
fix the errors are stated below.
Possible Errors
1. The thermometer used might not be as sensitive as the thermocouple. During the test
run, our group is lack of two thermocouples, so the temperature of the control experiment is
measured using a thermometer manually.

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2. The temperature of the inner and outer surface of the cooler bags might be slightly
different from each other.
3. Changes in the temperature of the surroundings will also affect the results of the test
run and data. During the beginning of the test run, the weather is a bit cloudy and it suddenly
changes to sunny in the middle of the test run of the cooler bags. Hence, there is slight
changes in the ambient temperature which had occurred.
4. The cooler bags are sew by human hand, the bags are handmade and the effectiveness
of the bags might not function as effective as the ones in the market. The bags sold in market
is sew and crafted by machines with very low errors which makes them more effective than
the cooler bags that were crafted by this group.
Improvements
1. The thermocouple might be more sensitive as compared to the thermometer as a

thermocouple can record the temperature reading digitally without making any human errors
or parallax errors which a thermometer might encounter. Thus, it is advisable to use
thermocouples to measure and record the temperature readings rather than using
thermometer.
2. It is better to use two thermocouples to measure the temperature of the surface of the
cooler bags, one thermocouple for the inner surface while the other thermocouple for the
outer surface of the cooler bags.
3. It is encouraged to go online and check the weather report for the changes in climate
before carrying out the test run for the cooler bags as the changes in ambient temperature will
affect the results in calculation. If the changes in ambient temperature is small, then we can
neglect the temperature changed in ambient. If the changes in ambient temperature is too
great, it is advisable to carry out the test run again on other days to reduce errors in the
following results and calculations.

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9.0 Conclusions
In conclusion, the objective that was firstly targeted was successfully achieved for this
assignment. The cooler bag that is made from the best insulator was able to be built and
designed. The cooler bag is aimed at keeping the canned drink as cold as possible in a
specified period of time under the condition of hot weather via applying the knowledge of
heat transfer that was taught by Ms Elaine. After carrying out a meticulous testing process,
the fiberglass cooler bag was found to be the best insulator cooler bag amongst the three
cooler bags as this cooler bag was able to transfer the least heat via the wall of insulator in the
three hours experiment time. Fiberglass cooler bag has the least temperature difference of
10C whereas rubber foam mat and egg carton material cooler bags have 12C and 10.5C
temperature difference respectively. Also, the fiberglass cooler bag had the lowest heat
transfer rate at only 0.14 W.

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10.0 References
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<http://www.aavid.com/solutions/fan-heatsink>.
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<https://www.americanfloormats.com/content/product/file/document/Rubber%20Gym
%20Mats%20-%20Spec%20Sheet.pdf>.
Cengel, Y, Cimbala, J & Turner, R 2012, Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences, McGraw-
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Comparing Fiber Glass and Cellulose Insulation n.d., Owens Corning, viewed 19 April
2016, <https://www.rfmcinc.com/pdf/insulationcomp.pdf>.
Ethylene vinyl acetate n.d., Make It From, viewed 19 May 2016,

<http://www.makeitfrom.com/material-properties/Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate-EVA>.
Glasswool Insulation / Fibreglass Insulation n.d., Higginsinsulation.com.au, viewed 19 April,

2016, <http://higginsinsulation.com.au/glasswool-fibreglass-insulation/>.
Gromicko, N & Shepard, K n.d., Fiberglass Insulation: History, Hazards and Alternatives,
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hazards-alternatives.htm>.
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Holzner, S 2011, Understanding Heat Conduction and the Factors that Affect It,
Dummies.com, viewed 19 April 2016, <http://www.dummies.com/how-
to/content/understanding-heat-conduction-and-the-factors-that.html>.
Knauf Insulation 2016, The Science of Insulation Explained, Knaufinsulation.com.au, viewed

17 April 2016, <http://www.knaufinsulation.com.au/en-au/more/insulation-explained.aspx>.
Kothandaraman C.P. 2006, Fundamental of heat and mass transfer, P.S.G College of
Technology Combatore, viewed 20 May 2016, <https://books.google.com.my/books?
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YQuwUIKzAC#v=onepage&q=can%20three%20modes%20of%20heat%20transfer
%20occurs%20simultaneously&f=false>.
Kurtus, R 2014, Thermal Insulation, School-for-champions.com, viewed 18 April 2016,
<http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/thermal_insulation.htm#.VxZM3s5URAZ>.
Mosher, M 2013, Insulation, Yourhome.gov.au, viewed 13 April, 2016,
<http://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/insulation>.

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Nave R. n.d., Specific Heat, Hyperphysics, viewed 20 May 2016, <http://hyperphysics.phy-

astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/spht.html>.
Physics Resources Database n.d., Physics.usyd.edu.au, viewed 16 May 2016,

<http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/db/d0005e.htm>.
Properties of Fiberglass Fabrics n.d., Lweco Specialty Products, viewed 19 May 2016,
<http://www.lewcospecialtyproducts.com/reinforcement-fabrics/Properties-of-Fiberglass-
Fabrics>.
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<http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/radiation-surface-absorptivity-d_1805.html>.
Rates of Heat Transfer 2013, Physicsclassroom.com, viewed 9 April 2016,

<http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/thermalP/Lesson-1/Rates-of-Heat-Transfer>.
SOM, SK 2008, INTRODUCTION TO HEAT TRANSFER, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., viewed
13 April 2016, <https://books.google.com.my/books?
id=cjqEvYnqmqIC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=can+a+medium+involve+conduction+and+c
onvection+simultaneously&source=bl&ots=iCB-
_oVdl5&sig=5FDf2H_GDBoGwPGL2wcbFWS9M1c&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepa
ge&q=can%20a%20medium%20involve%20conduction%20and%20convection
%20simultaneously&f=false>.
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Background-Info-Thermal-Energy.pdf>.
The Concord Consortium 2013, Heat Transfer Conduction, The Concord Consortium, viewed
5 April 2016, <https://concord.org/sites/default/files/projects/eee/solar-house/EEE-Ch2.2-
sim-teacher.pdf>.
The TEAK Project, n.d., Heat Transfer Lesson Plan, Rochester Institute of Technology, p. 7,
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%20Transfer%20Lesson%20Plan.pdf>.
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d_162.html>.
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conductivity-d_429.html>.
Thermal properties of metal, conductivity conversion 2016, Engineers Edge, viewed 19 May
2016, <http://www.engineersedge.com/heat_transfer/thermal_conductivity.htm>.
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Thermaxx Jackets 2011, 5 Most Common Thermal Insulation Materials, Thermaxx Jackets,
viewed 14 April 2016, <http://www.thermaxxjackets.com/5-most-common-thermal-
insulation-materials/>.
Timco Rubber 2016, Foam Rubber Properties, Timcorubber.com, viewed 13 April 2016,
<http://www.timcorubber.com/rubber-materials/foam-rubber/properties.htm>.
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April 2016, <http://energy.gov/energysaver/types-insulation>.
Water thermal properties n.d., The Engineering ToolBox, viewed 21 May 2016,
<http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-thermal-properties-d_162.html>.
What Are Evaporator and Condenser Coils and How Do They Help Cool Your Home? 2015,
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What is emissivity and why is it important? 2014, National Physical Laboratory, viewed 5
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<http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/heatsink.htm>.
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<http://www.explainthatstuff.com/heatinsulation.html>.
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Lecture Notes on Blackboard, Swinburne University of Technology, 5 April 2016, viewed 13
April 2016.

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11.0 Appendices
11.1 Appendix 1: Photos
These photos were taken throughout the manufacturing process of the cooler bags.
Figure 4: The materials required to start out the fabrication process of the cooler bag.
Figure 5: Main insulators of Cooler Bag A includes aluminium sheet and rubber foam mat.
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Figure 6: Cassandra marking the length of the Figure 7: Rochester cutting the rubber foam
rubber foam mat to be cut. mat based on the markings and dimensions.
Figure 8: Sandra measuring and marking the Figure 9: Jia Poh cutting the cross stitch
length of the basic cross stich fabric to be cut. fabric according to the measure length.

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Figure 10: The rubber foam mat is all rolled up into many layers
Figure 11: The aluminium cupboard sheet was rolled into a single layer which was later sewn
onto the bag.
Figure 12: The aluminium cupboard sheet and rubber foam mat rolled into many layers is
fitted into the bag.
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Figure 13: Cassandra measuring the Figure 14: Cassandra doing some basic
appropriate length that should be cut off the sewing to mend the torn aluminium cupboard
interlining. sheet.
Figure 15: The main insulation material for Cooler Bag B was fiberglass.

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Figure 16: The fiberglass was carefully cut into the appropriate height and length based on
the height and diameter of the canned drink.
Figure 17: The fiberglass was properly wrapped around the canned drink.
Figure 18: Circular caps were made from the leftover rubber foam mat to cover the canned
drink in the insulated cooler bags.

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Figure 19: These caps can now be fitted in the insulated cooler bags to slow the heat transfer.
Figure 20: The main insulation material for Cooler Bag C was egg tray.
Figure 21: Before the egg tray was complety dried, it was moulded into the required shape

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Figure 22: The molded egg tray was left to dry completely in this position and shape.
Figure 23: The bag was sewn neatly and Velcro straps were added to the opening of the bag
to ensure the bag can be closed tightly.
Figure 24: The Velcro straps along with aluminium cupboard sheet is now sewn neatly.

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Figure 25: The final product of the insulated cooler bags complete with nylon strap handles.
Figure 26: The thermocouples that were wired up and to be plugged in to the computer to set
up the data logger and start the temperature recording process.
Figure 27: Group members filling the all 4 soda cans with as much cold water as possible.

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Figure 28: Thermocouples inserted into the water and inner surface of the cooler bag.
Figure 29: The cooler bags sealed tightly except for Cooler Bag C which temperature was
measured manually using a thermometer.
11.2 Appendix 2: Tabulated data of the results

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Temperature, T(oC)Ambient
Water Temperature, Inner Wall Outer Wall
Ts,1 (oC) Temperature, Ts,2 (oC) Temperature, Ts,3 (oC)
Time
Fiberglass
Fiberglass
Egg Trays
Egg Trays
Egg Trays
Fiberglass
Foam
Foam
Foam
25.0
4/21/2016 9:09 7.00 6.50 5.00 11.50 9.50 10.25 27.50 23.50 20.00
0
25.0
4/21/2016 9:11 7.00 6.50 5.00 10.50 9.50 9.75 27.00 23.50 22.50
0
25.0
4/21/2016 9:13 7.50 6.50 5.00 10.00 9.50 9.25 27.00 23.50 24.00
0
26.0
4/21/2016 9:15 8.00 6.00 5.50 10.50 9.50 9.00 26.50 23.50 24.50
0
26.0
4/21/2016 9:17 8.00 6.50 6.00 10.00 9.50 9.00 26.00 23.50 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:19 8.00 6.50 6.00 10.50 9.50 9.25 25.50 23.00 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:21 8.50 7.00 6.00 10.50 10.00 9.50 25.50 23.50 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:23 8.50 6.50 6.00 10.50 10.00 9.25 25.00 23.00 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:25 8.50 7.00 6.50 10.50 10.00 9.50 25.00 23.00 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:27 8.50 7.00 6.50 10.50 10.00 9.50 25.00 23.00 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:29 9.00 7.50 7.00 11.00 10.50 10.00 25.00 23.50 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:31 9.00 7.50 7.00 11.00 10.50 10.00 25.00 23.00 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:33 9.00 7.50 8.00 11.00 10.50 10.00 25.00 23.00 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:35 9.50 8.00 8.00 11.00 11.00 10.25 25.00 23.00 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:37 9.50 8.00 8.00 11.00 11.00 10.25 25.00 23.00 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:39 10.00 8.00 9.00 11.50 11.00 10.25 25.00 23.50 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:41 10.00 8.50 9.00 11.50 11.50 10.75 25.00 23.50 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:43 10.00 8.50 9.00 11.50 11.50 10.75 25.00 23.00 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:45 10.00 9.00 9.00 11.50 11.50 11.00 25.00 23.50 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:47 10.00 9.00 9.00 12.00 11.50 11.25 25.00 23.00 25.00
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:49 10.50 9.00 9.00 12.00 12.00 11.25 25.00 23.50 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:51 10.50 9.50 9.00 12.00 12.00 11.50 25.00 23.50 25.00
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:53 10.50 9.50 9.00 12.00 12.00 11.50 25.00 23.50 24.50
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:55 10.50 10.00 9.00 12.50 12.50 12.25 25.00 23.50 25.00
0
27.0
4/21/2016 9:57 11.00 10.00 9.00 12.50 12.50 12.00 25.00 23.50 24.50
0
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27.0
4/21/2016 9:59 11.00 10.00 9.00 12.50 12.50 12.00 25.50 23.50 25.00
0
4/21/2016 27.0
11.00 10.00 9.00 12.50 12.50 12.00 25.50 23.50 25.00
10:01 0
4/21/2016 27.0
11.00 10.50 9.00 12.50 13.00 12.50 25.00 24.00 25.00
10:03 0
4/21/2016 27.0
11.50 10.50 9.00 12.50 13.00 12.25 25.50 23.50 25.00
10:05 0
4/21/2016 27.0
11.50 10.50 9.00 13.00 13.00 12.50 25.50 24.00 25.50
10:07 0
4/21/2016 27.0
12.00 11.00 9.00 13.00 13.50 12.75 25.50 24.00 25.50
10:09 0
4/21/2016 27.0
12.00 11.00 9.00 13.00 13.50 12.75 26.00 24.00 25.50
10:11 0
4/21/2016 27.0
12.00 11.50 9.00 13.00 13.50 13.00 25.50 24.00 25.50
10:13 0
4/21/2016 27.5
12.00 11.50 10.00 13.00 13.50 13.00 25.50 24.00 25.00
10:15 0
4/21/2016 27.5
12.00 11.50 10.00 13.50 13.50 13.25 26.00 24.00 25.50
10:17 0
4/21/2016 28.0
12.50 11.50 10.00 13.50 14.00 13.25 25.50 24.00 25.50
10:19 0
4/21/2016 28.0
12.50 12.00 10.00 13.50 14.00 13.50 25.50 24.00 25.50
10:21 0
4/21/2016 28.0
12.50 12.00 10.00 13.50 14.00 13.50 25.50 24.00 25.50
10:23 0
4/21/2016 28.0
12.50 12.00 10.00 13.50 14.50 13.75 26.00 24.00 25.50
10:25 0
4/21/2016 28.0
13.00 12.50 10.00 14.00 14.50 14.00 26.00 24.00 25.50
10:27 0
4/21/2016 28.0
13.00 12.50 10.00 14.00 14.50 14.00 26.00 24.00 25.50
10:29 0
4/21/2016 28.0
13.00 12.50 10.00 14.00 14.50 14.00 26.00 24.00 25.50
10:31 0
4/21/2016 28.0
13.00 12.50 10.00 14.00 15.00 14.25 26.00 24.00 26.00
10:33 0
4/21/2016 28.0
13.00 13.00 10.00 14.50 15.00 14.75 26.50 24.50 26.00
10:35 0
4/21/2016 28.0
13.00 13.00 11.00 14.00 15.00 14.50 26.00 24.50 26.00
10:37 0
4/21/2016 28.0
13.50 13.00 11.00 14.50 15.00 14.50 26.50 24.50 26.00
10:39 0
4/21/2016 28.0
13.50 13.50 11.00 14.50 15.00 14.75 26.50 24.50 26.00
10:41 0
4/21/2016 28.5
13.50 13.50 11.00 14.50 15.50 15.00 26.50 24.50 26.00
10:43 0
4/21/2016 28.5
13.50 13.50 11.00 14.50 15.50 15.00 26.50 24.50 26.00
10:45 0
4/21/2016 28.5
13.50 14.00 11.00 14.50 15.50 15.25 26.50 24.50 26.00
10:47 0
4/21/2016 28.5
14.00 14.00 12.00 15.00 15.50 15.25 26.50 24.50 26.00
10:49 0
4/21/2016 28.5
14.00 14.00 12.00 15.00 15.50 15.25 26.50 24.50 26.00
10:51 0
4/21/2016 28.5
14.00 14.00 12.00 15.00 16.00 15.50 26.50 24.50 26.50
10:53 0
4/21/2016 28.0
14.00 14.00 12.00 15.00 16.00 15.50 26.50 24.50 26.50
10:55 0
Lau Jia Poh (100065562)
Sandra Sim (4317599) 84
4/21/2016 29.0
14.00 14.50 12.00 15.00 16.00 15.75 26.50 24.50 26.50
10:57 0
4/21/2016 29.0
14.50 14.50 12.00 15.50 16.50 16.00 27.00 24.50 26.50
10:59 0
4/21/2016 29.0
14.50 14.50 12.00 15.50 16.50 16.00 27.00 24.50 26.50
11:01 0
4/21/2016 29.0
14.50 15.00 12.00 15.50 16.50 16.25 27.00 25.00 26.50
11:03 0
4/21/2016 29.0
14.50 15.00 12.00 15.50 16.50 16.25 27.00 24.50 26.50
11:05 0
4/21/2016 29.0
14.50 15.00 13.00 15.50 16.50 16.25 27.00 24.50 26.50
11:07 0
4/21/2016 29.0
14.50 15.00 13.00 15.50 17.00 16.50 27.00 25.00 26.50
11:09 0
4/21/2016 29.0
15.00 15.50 13.00 16.00 17.00 16.75 27.00 25.00 26.50
11:11 0
4/21/2016 29.0
15.00 15.50 13.00 16.00 17.00 16.75 27.00 25.00 26.50
11:13 0
4/21/2016 29.0
15.00 15.50 13.00 16.00 17.00 16.75 27.00 25.00 27.00
11:15 0
4/21/2016 29.0
15.00 15.50 13.00 16.00 17.00 16.75 27.00 25.00 27.00
11:17 0
4/21/2016 29.0
15.00 15.50 13.00 16.00 17.00 16.75 27.00 25.00 26.50
11:19 0
4/21/2016 29.0
15.50 16.00 13.00 16.50 17.50 17.25 27.50 25.00 27.00
11:21 0
4/21/2016 29.0
15.50 16.00 13.00 16.00 17.50 17.00 27.50 25.00 27.00
11:23 0
4/21/2016 29.0
15.50 16.00 13.00 16.50 17.50 17.25 27.50 25.00 27.00
11:25 0
4/21/2016 29.0
15.50 16.00 13.00 16.50 17.50 17.25 27.50 25.00 27.00
11:27 0
4/21/2016 29.0
15.50 16.50 13.50 16.50 17.50 17.50 27.50 25.50 27.00
11:29 0
4/21/2016 29.5
15.50 16.50 13.50 16.50 18.00 17.75 27.50 25.50 27.00
11:31 0
4/21/2016 29.5
16.00 16.50 13.50 16.50 18.00 17.50 28.00 25.50 27.00
11:33 0
4/21/2016 29.5
16.00 16.50 13.50 17.00 18.00 17.75 28.00 25.50 27.50
11:35 0
4/21/2016 29.5
16.00 16.50 13.50 17.00 18.00 17.75 28.00 25.50 27.50
11:37 0
4/21/2016 29.5
16.00 17.00 14.00 17.00 18.00 18.00 28.00 25.50 27.50
11:39 0
4/21/2016 29.5
16.00 17.00 14.00 17.00 18.50 18.25 28.50 25.50 27.50
11:41 0
4/21/2016 29.5
16.00 17.00 14.00 17.00 18.50 18.25 28.50 26.00 28.00
11:43 0
4/21/2016 30.0
16.50 17.00 14.00 17.00 18.50 18.00 28.50 26.00 28.00
11:45 0
4/21/2016 30.0
16.50 17.00 14.00 17.00 18.50 18.00 28.50 26.00 28.00
11:47 0
4/21/2016 30.0
16.50 17.50 15.00 17.50 18.50 18.50 28.50 26.00 28.00
11:49 0
4/21/2016 30.0
16.50 17.50 15.00 17.50 19.00 18.75 28.50 26.00 28.00
11:51 0
4/21/2016 30.0
17.00 17.50 15.00 17.50 19.00 18.50 28.50 26.00 28.00
11:53 0
Lau Jia Poh (100065562)
Sandra Sim (4317599) 85
4/21/2016 30.0
16.50 17.50 15.00 17.50 19.00 18.75 28.50 26.00 28.00
11:55 0
4/21/2016 30.0
17.00 17.50 15.00 17.50 19.00 18.50 28.50 26.00 28.00
11:57 0
4/21/2016 30.0
17.00 18.00 15.00 18.00 19.50 19.25 28.50 26.00 28.00
11:59 0
4/21/2016 30.0
17.00 18.00 15.00 18.00 19.50 19.25 29.00 26.00 28.00
12:01 0
4/21/2016 30.0
17.00 18.00 15.00 18.00 19.50 19.25 28.50 26.00 28.00
12:03 0
4/21/2016 30.0
17.00 18.00 15.00 18.00 19.50 19.25 28.50 26.50 28.00
12:05 0
4/21/2016 30.0
17.00 18.00 15.00 18.00 19.50 19.25 28.50 26.50 28.50
12:07 0
4/21/2016 30.0
17.50 18.50 15.00 18.00 19.50 19.25 29.00 26.50 28.50
12:09 0
28.1
Average 12.97 12.74 10.85 14.24 14.81 14.41 26.56 24.44 25.96
6
Table 2: Results obtained during the testing of the cooler bag.

Lau Jia Poh (100065562)
Sandra Sim (4317599) 86
11.3 Appendix 3: MatLab Codes for Question 16 (b)
Cooler Bag A: Rubber Foam Mat

a =[0 0 -2.9 1 ; 1.39 0 -235 0 ; -2.94 1 2.94 -1; -3.35 1 0 0];
b = zeros(4,1);
c = [14.24; 0; 0; 12.97];
b=inv(a)*c
Cooler Bag B: Egg Carton Material
a =[0 0 -2.9 1 ; 0.21 0 -235 0 ; -2.94 1 2.94 -1; -3.35 1 0 0];
b = zeros(4,1);
c = [14.81; 0; 0; 12.74];
b=inv(a)*c
Cooler Bag C: Fiberglass

a =[0 0 -2.9 1 ; 0.04 0 -235 0 ; -2.94 1 2.94 -1; -3.35 1 0 0];
b = zeros(4,1);
c = [14.41; 0; 0; 10.85];
b=inv(a)*c

Lau Jia Poh (100065562)
Sandra Sim (4317599) 87

Convection Group Cooler Bag Report

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HEC 3521 Process Heat Transfer

HEC 3521 PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

Lau Jia Poh (100065562)

Rochester Wong (4328116)

Sandra Sim (4317599)

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

Our sincere thanks also go to lab officers of Swinburne University of Technology

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

4.0 Experiment Procedure 17

6.0 Engineering Drawings 50

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

In this experiment, one-dimensional, steady-state heat conduction is mainly discussed

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

R}t , =c {T} over {{q} rsub {x} rsup {

Based on the Newtons Law of Cooling,

along the contact solid from one to another.

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

3.0 Detailed Design Documentation

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3.2 Material Properties

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

2.3 Design Considerations

In order to effectively reduce heat flows being dissipated by conduction, an insulator

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

In order to enhance the marketability of the cooler bag, an attractive appearance

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

2.5 Design Conclusions

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

4.0 Experiment Procedure

1. 4 empty soda cans

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

The heat equation for cylindrical coordinates (r , , z) can be expressed as:

Boundary conditions are:

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

Integrating to second order:

Substitute the boundary conditions:

T s ,2=C 1 ln r 2+C 2 (2)

Equation (1) minus (2):

Substitute C1 into equation (2):

Substitute C1 and C2 into the original equation to obtain the temperature

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

COOLER BAG A: RUBBER FOAM MAT

Ts,1 Ts,2 Ts,3 T

Figure 1: Composite wall view of Cooler Bag A

Based on the general equation:

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

For this case:

At the boundary conditions:

At r 3=0.055 m , T 2 ( r )=T s ,3 =14.24

14.24 =C3 ln ( 0.055 m )+C 4

14.24 =2.9 C 3+ C4 (1)

Cassandra Sia (4315715)

1.39C 1=235 C 3(2)

C1 ln 0.053+C 2=C 3 ln0.053+C 4

Constant surface temperature:

At r 1=0.035 m ,T 1 ( r )=T s ,1=12.97