Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia: An Exceptional Fusion of Culture and Collective Work

COFFEE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF COLOMBIA
Exceptional Fusion of Nature, Culture and Collective Effort
1
3
Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia (CCLC)
An exceptional territory inscribed

on the World Heritage List
4
Departments
Caldas
Quindo
Risaralda
Valle del Cauca
47 in the main area
51
Municipalities
4 in the buffer area
31 urban centers
858 veredas or villages
24thousand
farms where coffee is
the livelihood of 80
thousand people
Mariana Garcs Crdoba
Minister of Culture
Zulia Mena Garca

Vice-minister of Culture
Alberto Escovar Wilson-White

Director of Heritage, Minister of Culture
Roberto Vlez Vallejo

CEO of the Colombian Coffee Growers Federation
Luis Fernando Samper Gartner

Chief Communications and Marketing Officer, Colombian Coffee Growers Federation
Preparation, review and editing of the nomination file text

Coffee Cultural Landscape
An Exceptional fusion of nature, collective human effort and culture
Mara Del Pilar Fernndez Retamoso
Celina Rincn Jaimes
Csar Augusto Velandia Silva
Lina Mara Rivas Velsquez
Carlos Eduardo Nieto Gonzlez
Regional Center for Coffee Growing and Business Studies, CRECE
Departmental Technical
Committees of Caldas, Quindo, Risaralda and Valle del Cauca
Text preparation, review, updating and editing

Cesar Augusto Velandia Silva
Lina Mara Rivas Velsquez
Centro Grancolombiano del Paisaje Cultural Cafetero,

Universidad La Gran Colombia, Armenia
Director Magda Ins Montoya Naranjo
Gloria Ins Duque Arango

Yonier Castaeda Prez
Researchers
Juanita Valencia Recamn

Eliana Fernanda Ruiz Gaviria
Editorial and printing coordination
Arturo Latorre Ortiz

Photographs and diagramming
Colombian Coffee Growers Federation and Government of Caldas archive

David Bonilla Abreo
Patricia Rincn Mautner
Carolina Aguilar Londoo

Cover design
ISBN
978-958-98008-9-8
CONTENTS
Presentation 10

I. ATTRIBUTES 12
A. Territory 13
B. Social and cultural attributes 16
C. Urban and architectural attributes 20
D. Natural attributes 23
II. LOCATION 26
A. Departments with areas in the CCLC 30
1. Caldas 30
2. Quindo 33
3. Risaralda 36
4. Valle del Cauca 39
B. Areas that make up the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia CCLC 42
Zone A 43
Zone B 43
Zone C 43
Zone D 44
Zone E 44
Zone F 44
III. VALUES 46
A. Universal and exceptional value criteria adopted 47
Criterion V 47
Criterion VI 48
B. Authenticity and integrity 49
C. Attributes of the CCLC 49
D. Exceptional values of the CCLC 51
Value 1. Human, family, generational and historical human effort for the production
of an excellent quality coffee under a sustainable development framework 51
Value 2. Coffee culture for the world 51
Value 3. Strategic social capital built around an institution 56
Value 4. Relationship between tradition and technology to guarantee
product quality and sustainability 58
IV. STATE OF CONSERVATION AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROPERTY 60
A. State of conservation 61
1. 1. Sustainable human effort 61
2. Living traditions 62
3. Strategic social capital 63
4. Environmental sustainability 63
B. Factors affecting the good 65
1. Development pressures 65
2. Environmental pressures 67
3. Natural disasters and disaster response 68
4. Tourism pressures 68
5. Mining 68
6. Weak delimitation and protection of urban and rural land 69
7. Climate variability 70
V. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT 72

A. Property 73
B. Protection measures 74
1. Cultural assets 74
2. Natural assets 77
3. Coffee production 78
C. Origin protection Caf de Colombia 80
D. Management strategies 81
1. Municipal territorial use 81
2. Tourism plans 82
3. Development plans 83
4. Heritage watchers 83
E. Management plan 84
VI. EPILOGUE 92
REFERENCES 95
Illustration Index
Illustration 1: Main and buffer areas of the CCLC in the department of Caldas 32
Illustration 2: Main and buffer areas of the CCLC in the department of Quindo 34
Illustration 3: Main and buffer areas of the CCLC in the department of Risaralda 38
Illustration 4: Main and buffer areas of the CCLC in the department of Valle del Cauca 40
Illustration 5: CCLC Institutional arrangement 2009-2019 90
Map Index
Map 1: Location of the CCLC within Colombia 28
Map 2: CCLCs delimitation territory 29
Map 3: The CCLC in the department of Caldas 31
Map 4: The CCLC in the department of Quindo 35
Map 5: The CCLC in the department of Risaralda 37
Map 6: The CCLC in the department of Valle del Cauca 41
Map 7: Areas that make up the CCLC 42
Table Index
Table 1: Selected attributes 50
Table 2: State of conservation of the CCLCs exceptional values 64
Table 3. Attributes of the CCLC in relation to territorial use 82
Table 4: Strategic objectives and performance indicators of the CCLCs Management Plan 87
Table 5: Conservation indicators of the CCLC 91
Box Index
Box 1: Pre-Columbian Past 19
Box 2: Cultural manifestations in the CCLC 53
Box 3: Executive Order No. 763 of 2009 76
Box 4: Municipalities included in the World Heritage declaration 98
PAISAJE CULTURAL CAFETERO DE COLOMBIA
Excepcional fusin entre naturaleza, cultura y trabajo colectivo
PRESENTATION
10
10
Since 2011, when the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia was inscribed in
Unescos World Heritage List, the CCLCs management plan has implemented a
diffusion strategy that seeks to foster appropriation among those who live within
the landscapes borders. Some of the most notable contributions to achieving
this goal have been a wide range of actions and investments made by the
Ministry of Culture and the Colombian Coffee Growers Federation.
Thanks to a partnership between the Ministry and the Federation, the CCLCs
dossier was published in 2013. The dossier, titled Colombian Coffee Cultural
Landscape: Exceptional Fusion Between Nature, Culture and Collective Effort,
was an updated version of the nomination file sent to Unesco. Although the
dossier was a reference material distributed throughout the CCLCs town halls,
libraries, culture houses, public schools and universities, it was necessary to
create a more accessible version that summarized the dossiers basics and
incorporated data up to 2015.
The permanent development and improvement of information related to

the CCLC is one of the most important diffusion mechanisms. Therefore, this
condensed version of the dossier includes new maps and photographs of the
CCLC. The project has enjoyed the support of the Grancolombiano Center of
the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia in Armenia in terms of information
validation. The Grancolombiano Center is an educational institution that is part
of the Sustainability Observatory of Landscape Heritage.
This publication is a contribution to the content dissemination approved by

Unesco and issued by the Ministry of Culture. Its purpose is not only to be a
reference material, but also to provide reference information for the plans and
programs needed to guarantee the CCLCs conservation and preservation.
Mariana Garcs Crdoba

Minister of Culture
11
I. ATTRIBUTES
12
A. Territory
The Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia (CCLC)
reflects over one hundred years of adapting coffee crops
to the harsh conditions imposed by the Colombian Andes.
It captures the human effort that numerous generations of
coffee growers and their families have invested in the region
to achieve their livelihood through sustainable means. This
effort is reflected in the presence of coffee crops in high
and fractured terrain, in the landscapes symmetrical paths,
low labor mechanization, and the persistence of producers
despite the changing conditions of the global coffee market.
Coffee in the CCLC is grown in 43,035 farms. As a result, coffee

is one of the regions most important sources of income.
While intercropping is common (with crops including corn,
bananas and beans), coffee is the predominant product in
the regions farms, with an average participation of 59%.
Although other regions in Colombia grow coffee, central-
western Colombia has been dedicated for over a decade to
coffee growing. The region accounts for almost one fourth
of total Colombian coffee production, around 23%. This
explains why coffee growing has permeated the social and
cultural life of the regions population.
In order to understand the importance of human effort

in the consolidation of the CCLC, it is essential to analyze
some basic concepts about coffee and coffee production
in the region. The coffee tree is part of the Rubiaceae
family, which comprises more than five hundred genera
and eight thousand species. One of the genera is Coffea,
and within this genera the two most important species are
Coffea Arabica and Coffea Robusta. Arabica is produced
mainly in America and some regions in Africa and Asia at
high altitudes. Robusta is produced mainly in Africa and
Southeast Asia at low altitudes. As will be analyzed in chapter
13
3, coffee produced in the CCLC corresponds to employment in the countrys agricultural sector.
a special category of Arabica coffees known While its true that low labor mechanization
as mild Colombian. These coffees -produced leads to higher production costs, the CCLCs
exclusively in Kenya, Tanzania and Colombia-, coffee growers have been able to transform this
are mountain grown at high altitudes in regions apparent disadvantage into an added value for
near the equator and undergo wet milling post- their product. Manual work allows producers to
harvest processes. This adds up to a mild drink develop their activities in a careful and selective
that is highly valued in world markets. Coffee way, specifically in terms of collecting ripe
production in the CCLC takes place at altitudes cherries. This has granted Caf de Colombia a
between 1,000 and 2,000 meters above sea level special quality that is recognized worldwide.
(masl), with an average altitude in the main area
of 1,540 masl. The labor-intensive nature of coffee production
in the CCLC is also strengthened by the rainfall
The CCLC is located on the steep slopes of patterns that characterize the region. The
the Central and Western mountain ranges of intertropical convergence that takes place twice
the Colombian Andes. This makes steep slope a year generates unique cycles of flowering
coffee growing (at average slopes of nearly and ripening. The fact that there are often
50%) predominant throughout the landscape. flowers, green fruits and ripe fruits at the same
For reasons relating to climate, soil and time, demands selective picking. This, in turn,
hydrography, these slopes and their inhabitants translates into additional human effort in order
have consolidated particular ties with coffee not to compromise quality and future income.
growing.
Technologically advanced coffee growing is the
This feature has far-reaching consequences predominant type of crop in the CCLC. Sun-
on the development of coffee production. It exposed coffee has a major presence in the
has encouraged producers to introduce soil landscapes eastern zone (the department of
conservation techniques to prevent surface Caldas) and shade and partial-shade grown
erosion such as cross-slope planting, selective coffee are prevalent in the CCLCs central and
weeding and appropriate levels of shading. western zones. The shade and partial-shade
Likewise, it has hindered labor mechanization, techniques consist of planting trees besides
giving way to a labor-intensive coffee growing coffee trees in order to block the sunlight. The
system where coffee growers and their need of shading depends on characteristics
families are the central suppliers of labor. including slope, soil quality and rainfall.
Coffee production is, hence, one of the main
labor generators in Colombias countryside, Another particular feature of the CCLC is the
accounting for a significant share of total predominance of small and medium scale
14
production units. This ownership structure, plantations. After nearly two years of permanent
inherited from the colonization period, has been care, coffee plantations are ready to produce
strengthened by land fragmentation processes the first harvest. Coffee growers then select
and by the regions labor-intensive nature. and collect the ripe beans by hand, perform
post-harvest processes, dry the beans and
These two factors generate a production commercialize them through coffee grower
structure with high variable costs that does not cooperatives or private agents.
incentivize the consolidation of large plantations.
The average size of the coffee growing farms The CCLC is, hence, a living landscape, inhabited
located in the landscapes main area is merely by hard working individuals who depend on
5.49 hectares, out of which around 2.8 are coffee growing, not only as a source of income,
grown in coffee. This land ownership structure, but also as a major absorber of family labor.
known as small plot division, reflects a significant Historical, natural and economic factors have
distribution or democratization of rural property constituted a region of smallholders who
(Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Local have built an exceptional social fabric around
Government of Caldas and Corpocaldas, 2006). the production of top quality coffee and the
environment where it is grown.
The small-scale production system is
characterized by family labor: coffee grower
and other members of the family. At certain
times of the production cycle, especially at
harvest peaks, family labor is complemented
with temporal hired labor. Residence in farms,
also related to the land tenure structure, is also
prevalent throughout the CCLC. Small-scale
coffee growers usually live in their farms and
permanently work and monitor every aspect
related to their coffee and to the other products
that supplement their income.
The specialty coffee grown in the CCLC is the

result of the dedication and hard work of coffee
growers and their families. They spend long
hours in activities ranging from the preparation
of seedbeds and seedlings, to preparing the
land, to planting and maintaining their coffee
15
B. Social and cultural attributes

An adventurous and entrepreneurial spirit In addition to this cultural profile, transmitted
characterizes the cultural profile of the coffee from generation to generation, the CCLC
grower. It was inherited from the Antioquia preserves a series of traditions or expressions
colonization process, which determined that are associated to the coffee growing activity
the fundamental character of the regions or to the colonization process. Some of these
inhabitants. The settlers, a group of Antioquian include traditional kitchens, attire, festivals,
entrepreneurs, reached the region in search of crafts and various artistic manifestations
land and economic independence. This process inspired by coffee cultivation (see Box 2).
impregnated their culture with values including
hard work, business acumen and strong family The geographical area where the CCLC is located
ties. These features are still in place today has a long history of human occupations that
and have played a major role in the regions date back before the Antioquia colonization,
dynamism. which began in the late 18th century. For over
4 thousand years, the region has been the
The independent character of labor in the experimentation center for plant domestication
region, personal initiative and entrepreneurial as a result of its beneficial natural conditions
drive determined the landscapes spirit and for agriculture. The first settlers, who arrived in
culture. These features contrast with the the late Pleistocene (about ten thousand years
character of inhabitants of other regions of the ago), began alternating traditional hunting
country, where the hacienda and servitude and gathering activities with agriculture. The
socioeconomic structure were constituted as remains of axes to cut trees, hoes to remove
an economic and cultural standard (Zuluaga, dirt, polished stone crushers containing starch
2007). residue from plants that are found in seasonal
camps and stone tools associated with hunting
The fundamental aspects of the temperament are proof of the above.
of this population are closely related to the
development of coffee growing as an economic Between 3,000 and 2,000 BCE important
activity. They have become symbols of the sociocultural transformations occurred in
regional culture and are the essence of coffee the region. Some of these include population
growing in the CCLC: an export oriented growth, higher levels of interference in the
activity with entrepreneurial vision based on environment due to the expansion of farming
the power of association, family labor, and crop and the increasing number of settlements,
specialization. the adoption of pottery as a technology and
knowledge strongly linked to domestic and
16
ceremonial activities. This dynamic gave way to
the formation of hierarchical political units that
densely populated the region during the first
millennium of the Christian era.
Their vestiges can still be seen in the landscapes

numerous artificial terraces on mountain
slopes. Similarly, finely elaborated gold and
ceramic pieces from the classic Quimbaya style
date back to this period. The pieces were part
of the funerary trousseaus of important political
and religious individuals.
Around year 700 of the Christian era there

was a rapid sociocultural change that, among
other elements, brought about a drastic
transformation in burial customs, iconography,
pottery and metallurgic techniques. This
transformation occurred within a framework
of increasing population growth and political
hierarchization of social organizations. This
gave way to the consolidation of numerous
chieftainships, which later confronted the
European invasion of the 16th century. Amidst
wars and domination strategies, the Spanish
colonizers politically and territorially dislocated
indigenous groups including the Ansermas,
Armas, Carrapas, Irras, Paucuras, Pozos,
Quimbayas and Quindos. In fact, the ferocious
population decline nearly led to the groups
physical annihilation. Survivors, together with
other subordinate groupsdescendants of
African slaves, who came to exploit the regions
gold minesbegan to form new communities,
settlements and territories dependent on the
Spanish rule and controlled from the new towns
or frontier territories.
17
Archeological evidence from the pre-

Columbian period and the traces of the
colonial period on rural and urban architecture
are combined with the typical landscapes and
architecture of the Antioquia colonization. The
CCLC, as we know it today, is an overlay of
cultural elements that reflects the plurality of
the historical processes that have shaped the
current territory.
Regarding archeology, the region houses

important evidence that can serve to increase
knowledge about the pre-Columbian and
colonial past that constitutes a fundamental part
of Colombias archaeological heritage. Despite
the systematic plundering of Pre-Columbian
tombs during the Antioquia colonization which
made the region famous for its archaeological
wealth, research projects and prevention
measures taken against the destruction of
archaeological heritage are currently of
paramount importance for its valuation and
protection.
18
Box 1: Pre-Columbian Past
Museums in the region display part of the archaeological pieces from grave plundering
and information gathered thanks to recent scientific research. As part of their commitment
with recovering archaeological heritage, some of these entities have built inventories of
the collections and projects to register the collections before the Colombian Institute of
Anthropology and History, in compliance with Colombias general law of culture. Some of
the most important collections that exist in the municipalities that comprise the CCLCs main
area are:
The archaeological collection of the Universidad de Caldas Museums Centrepreviously

known as the Anthropologic Museumwhich has housed one of the most important and
representative samples of objects from the Quimbaya region since 1945. The collection
is made up of over 40,000 objects including ceramic pieces, lithic pieces and gold objects
(Tumbaga) characterized by their technique and style. The collection is testimony of the
works of several pre-Hispanic groups that inhabited the region.
The Gold Museum, belonging to the Banco de la Repblica, whichthrough the
Quimbaya Museum in Armenia and the Cultural Zone in Manizalesexhibits numerous
gold and ceramic pieces that demonstrate the technical complexity, and the aesthetic
and symbolical quality of the objects produced by the regions ancestral dwellers (Lpez,
Cano and Gonzlez, 2008).
The Universidad del Quindo has under its custody an important archaeological collection
that stands out in terms of the quality and beauty of the ceramic pieces.
The Eliseo Bolvar Museum in Beln de Umbra, has an updated registry of the collections
pieces before the Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History (ICANH).
The archeological collection donated by Dr. Marino Alzate Ospina to the Aranzazu Town
Hall, located in the cultural center Teatro Pelez.
The Cultural Centre in Salamina has an impressive ceramics collection, consisting mostly
of engraved brown funeral urns associated to the regions earlier formative periods.
In Belalczar, the first floor of the Cristo Rey monument contains an archaeological
collection. The Cultural Centre has a variety of lithic pieces.
The Museo Nacional del Sombrero, in Aguadas, has an indigenous room containing
ethnographic pieces.
The collection of Riosucios Museo de Artes y Tradiciones.
Other collections housed in the cultural centers of Apa, Balboa, La Celia, Marsella,
Palestina, Quincha, and Santuario.
19
C. Urban and architectural

attributes
Initially, early settlers erected temporary it was much easier to connect this vast territory
dwellings that protected them from the rain and by building roads on mountain ridges than by
cold. Their structures were known as ranchos building them through deep canyons. Because
de vara en tierra: a type of gable roof held up the towns were built on mountain edges, settlers
by a Y-shaped structure made out of branches were forced to hang their towns urban layout
and covered with palm leaves and other leaves. on mountain slopes, making house construction
These structures were established as temporary extremely challenging. This is why the value of
buildings, while they explored and colonized urban land peeked and why houses had to be
the territory. Soon after, they began to partition densely grouped together.
forests in order to plant and rear livestock and
simultaneously build houses and towns. This is how, on this undulated high mountain
landscape, towns built in tapia, bahareque and clay
Once the towns were established, inhabitants tile, with doors and windows made out of strong
were assigned plots around the main square, wood, decorated with wood-carving, fretwork
beginning with the founders. This norm was and appliqu began to be built. Porches, patios
based on the grid patterns typical of the Laws and corridors decorated with the flowers, birds
of the Indies of the 16th century. This layout, and wild aromas characteristic of the Antioquia
brought by the settlers from Antioquia, became colonizations towns are what comprise the CCLC
unique in the CCLC because it was adapted to (Sarmiento, 1995).
suit the regions steep slopes and topography.
The initial towns followed a similar pattern: the The CCLC stands out for its particular forms of
main square was set as a central point from housing and human settlements. Up to the 19th
which the adjoining blocks would be delimited century, Colombian traditional architecture was
and the construction sites for important determined by the Spanish influence, namely the
buildings such as the church and Town Hall were southern peninsula and, through it, the Arabic
selected. Subsequently, plots for the settlers culture. This specific space distribution tradition,
were allocated (Tllez, 1980). As in other places and the building materials and techniques, defined
in the Americas colonized by the Spaniards, the CCLCs domestic architecture, which was
the central square and church dictated the initially used during the Antioquia colonization.
development of Antioquia colonization towns. By the late 19th century, regional architecture
was strengthened and redefined as a result of
Locating towns on mountain edges was not a the economic boom produced by the coffee
random decision. It responded to the fact that economy. Traditional architecture was therefore
20
complemented ornamentally, structurally and Guadua is a natural element with special technical
functionally by a series of rich formal expressions, conditions that can be used in highly complex
specifically openwork woodcarving. works and construction management aspects such
as knots and ties. Guadua is one of the regions
Rural housing is another element that defines most representative plant species. The exact area
coffee culture in the world because it highlights and that it occupies in the CCLC is unknown. However,
adds cultural and aesthetic values to the cultivated the use of guadua has been broadly adopted since
landscape. Most houses are made up of two main the origins of the regional settlement because of
areas: the house per se and the space used for its role in construction and tool making.
drying coffee beans known as elba. In modest
homes, these two components are located in one Bahareque is a wall system built over a framework
same space (Saldarriaga Roa, 2006). Because of vertically and horizontally arranged wood
rural homes are harmoniously integrated into and inclined struts covered with a mat of guadua
the surrounding landscape, the landscape can (characterized for its strength and ductility). The
be enjoyed and appreciated from almost any fact that this type of structure has less mass than
point within the house. Its spatial typology comes rammed earth or than walls made out of masonry,
in I-shaped or L-shaped volumes with perimeter brick or stone makes it lighter, more elastic and,
runners that are the epicenters of social life. The hence, more resistant to earthquakes. In light of this
stables, barns, chicken coops, storage rooms condition, bahareque is known as the trembling
and elbas are located in outbuildings. Larger style, reflecting a construction culture that adapted
coffee farms have rooms, dining rooms and to the particularities of its environment. Houses,
special bathrooms for coffee collectors that are churches, town halls, quarters, haciendas, barns,
temporarily hired for the harvest period. stables and all constructions related to coffee
growing and post-harvest processes were built with
All these constructions are traditionally built in bahareque. As carrier material, guadua was used
bahareque and rammed earth and have abundant both in vertical structures (columns) and horizontal
adorning wooden doors, windows, verandas, and inclined structures (roofs and ceilings).
stairs, floors, mezzanines, columns, and roofs.
Houses are clearly identified with a central patio; The coffee sectors prosperity also influenced
roofs are gabled with a blanket of clay tile. The domestic architecture: houses became more
steeply sloped terrain produces a stair step effect spacious and ornate carvings and fretwork
that results in downwardly sloped floors (known as wood began to be used in gates, counter-gates,
bajos). screens, shutters, doors, windows, railings,
capitals and handrails inspired by European
The creative and structural use of bamboo aesthetic vanguard movements such as art
(guadua) is also characteristic of CCLC housing. nouveau and art dco.
21
Rammed earth and bahareque were combined

to build multiple structures including enclosing
walls in front facades (as a safety measure)
and stem walls (in an effort to adapt to sloped
terrain). False bahareque walls were also
used to build wide and light walls that gave an
impression of robustness. In two-story houses
the first floor was usually built with rammed
earth or false bahareque and the second floor
with bahareque.
Churches, hospital chapels, cemeteries,

and some religious schools are some of
the constructions that stand out for their
architecture. Most churches that exist today
were built during the late 19th century or during
the early 20th century, following the historical
eclecticism European style.
In religious architecture, this trend presents

two possible solutions: aesthetics inspired by
classic decoration, such as in the churches
of Aguadas, Pcora, Salamina, and Salento
or the neo-Gothic trend of the churches of
Chinchin, Calarc, Gutica, Marsella, Santa
Rosa de Cabal and Sevilla. Cemeteries such as
the cemetery of Circasia, Marsella (which are
both national assets of cultural interest) and
Salamina also have architectural design traits
of great significance.
22
D. Natural attributes
The balance between the productive landscape
and environmental conservation is fundamental
for maintaining the unique attributes of the
Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia. The
landscape is located in the sub-Andean life
zone (1,100 - 2,350 masl.), which is part of
the tropical section of the Andes mountain
range (according to Holdridges life zones
classification). Because of its location, relief,
climate and soils, this region has numerous
habitats that are of strategic interest for the
conservation of biological diversity (Rodrguez,
Duque and Carranza, 2008). Not only is it one
of the 34 hotspots for the conservation of
life on earth, but also the worlds richest and
most diverse region according to Conservation
International (2009).
A study by the World Bank and the World Nature

Forum on Latin America and the Caribbeans
terrestrial ecoregions highlighted the global
significance of the CCLCs natural wealth (J.
Botero, 1997). Three of the ecoregions that
are analyzed in the study are present in the
landscape: I) paramo, II) Valle del Caucas
humid mountain forest, and III) Valle del
Caucas tropical dry forest. The first two were
declared of global importance. This means
that there are less than seven ecoregions in
the world that enjoy this same type of habitat
(Departmental Coffee Growers Committee of
Caldas, Corpocaldas, CRECE, 2008).
23
The partial inventories undertaken in the

region where the CCLC is located reveal its
high biodiversity. The Andean region enjoys the
largest biodiversity and number of endemic
plants in Colombia (310 families, 1,750 genera,
and 9,313 species). It also houses approximately
6.3% of the worlds total bird species (Rodrguez
and Osorio, 2008). The Regional Autonomous
Coorporation of Risaralda - Carder (Carder et
al., 2004) presents information on the diversity
of species in the ecoregion1: 837 bird species
registered in technical literature, approximately
45% of the countrys bird species; 94 registered
frog species, out of a possible total of 268; 25
terrestrial mammals out of a possible total of
296 species; and 21 registered bat species
registered out of a possible total of 175.
Below are the general attributes of the main

national parks located in the surrounding areas
of the CCLC:
Los Nevados National Natural Park:

located less than 30 kilometers away from
the CCLCs main area, this natural park
has 58,300 hectares on the departments
of Caldas, Risaralda, Quindo and Tolima.
In addition to its role in the conservation
of the endemic species and paramo and
glacier ecosystems, the park supplies the
1 Territory shaped for environmental planning purposes by

92 municipalities from the departments of Caldas, Quindo,
Risaralda, northern Valle del Cauca and northwestern
Tolima.
24
regions main basins. Los Nevados Natural One of the regions most representative plant
Park supplies 50% of the water demand species is the guadua (or giant Bamboo).
of the current population of the coffee Guadua contributes to safeguarding water
growing ecoregion. sources, controlling erosion, and incorporating
organic material into soil. It is also the habitat for a
Tatam National Natural Park: this number of flora and fauna species (Universidad
51,900 hectare park located in the Nacional de Colombia, Gobernacin de Caldas
departments of Risaralda, Valle del Cauca y Corpocaldas, 2006).
and Choc contains one of the three
paramo ecosystems in Colombia that
has not yet suffered anthropic alteration.
The parks ecosystems are in an excellent
state of conservation. It is home to a
diversity of sociocultural groups including
paisa mestizos, paisa peasants and afro-
descendant and indigenous communities
such as the Embera and Cham.
Las Hermosas National Natural Park: with

over 125,000 hectares, the, park is known
for its contribution to water sustainability,
its role in connecting paramo ecosystems
with Andean forests, and because it is
home to species of global significance such
as the Spectacled Bear. Although the park
is situated within the CCLCs main or buffer
areas, it is of vital importance in terms of
the CCLCs environmental sustainability
and conservation of the paramo and cloud
forest ecosystems located in its buffer
zone.
25
II. LOCATION
26
The Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia lies
within the Republic of Colombia, located at 4
south latitude, 12 north latitude and between
67 and 79 west longitude. With a total land
area of 1141,748 km2 and a maritime area of
928,660 km2, Colombia is the only country in
the Southern subcontinent of the Americas
that has coasts on both the Pacific and Atlantic
Oceans.
The CCLC extends through several coffee

producing areas in the foothills of the western
and central mountain ranges of the Andes:
the worlds longest mountain range. As can be
appreciated below, the CCLCs main and buffer
areas include 51 municipalities located in four
different departments.
27
Map 1: Location of the CCLC within Colombia. Source: IGAC
28
Main Area Buffer Area
Map 2: CCLCs delimitation territory. Source: Ministry of Culture, 2015.

The geographical unit upon which the CCLC urban centers) comprise the CCLC. Together,
was defined is the vereda, or village: the they represent the values that make the CCLC
smallest territorial rural divisions in Colombia. unique. See Box 4 page 98.
858 veredas and 31 municipal capitals (or
29
A. Departments with areas in the CCLC
1. Caldas Natural forests and protected areas are some

of the areas of environmental interest that
The department of Caldas annually produces are within Caldas. The former extend over
1,160,053 60 kilo bags at altitudes that range approximately 40,000 hectares and are mostly
from 1,200 to 2,000 masl, under optimal climate located particularly in the axis of the central
and soil conditions for coffee production. The and western Andes. The National Natural
veredas that comprise the CCLC are located at Park Los Nevados (municipality of Villamara)
an average height of around 1,560 masl. and several forest reserves are some of the
departments legally protected areas. These
The department is known for its high areas have management plans that ensure
dependence on coffee production and it is their preservation (Corpocaldas, 2007).
one of Colombias leading coffee growing This exceptional environmental supply has
departments. Within the CCLC, Caldas has consolidated Caldas in the specialty coffee
nearly 18,135 coffee growing farms and 39,492 market due to the excellent quality of the
hectares grown in coffee2 in approximately coffee produced and the consistency of its
51,200 hectares in the main area and 71,400 physical and sensory properties.
hectares in the buffer area (see Map 3).
The starting point for analyzing the architectural
features of the landscape in Caldas is the
research undertaken by Fonseca Martinez
and Saldarriaga Roa (1984). The investigation
was based on a rapid sample of 510 dwellings
with 600 buildings and a detailed sample of 46
dwellings with 52 buildings. The predominant
individual typology is the single axis with two
corridors. The second most predominant
typology is the two axes at a right angle.
Houses with dual corridors are predominant in
this group.
2 Surface updated as of December 31, 2015 by the Colombian

Coffee Growers Federation.
30

7530'0"W
AGUADAS
530'0"N
530'0"N
PCORA
SUPIA
RIOSUCIO
LA MERCED
SALAMINA
FILADELFIA
ARANZAZU CALDAS
ANSERMA
NEIRA
RISARALDA
MANIZALES
SAN JOS
VITERBO
PALESTINA
50'0"N
50'0"N
BELALCAZAR
CHINCHIN
VILLAMARIA
7530'0"W
Map 3: The CCLC in the department of Caldas
31
In the department of Caldas, the CCLC includes Jos, Supa, Villamara and Viterbo in its
areas from the municipalities of Aguadas, buffer area. It also includes the urban areas of
Anserma, Aranzazu, Belalczar, Chinchin, Belalczar, Chinchin, Neira, Pcora, Palestina,
Filadelfia, La Merced, Manizales, Neira, Pcora, Risaralda, Salamina and San Jos.
Palestina, Riosucio, Risaralda, Salamina, San
Main area: Buffer area:

51,278 hectares 71,437 hectares
17 1
municipalities municipality
159 165
veredas veredas
Illustration 1: Main and buffer areas of the CCLC in the department of Caldas
32
2. Quindo Adequate crop management by CCLC
producers is reflected in the age of coffee
The department of Quindowith a surface plantations. As a result of widespread crop
area of 1,845 km2is the smallest continental renovation practices, the average age of
territory in Colombia. It is well known for its technologically advanced crops in Quindos
deeply rooted coffee tradition and natural main area is 4.3 years, with an average density
wealth, represented by exuberant vegetation of 6,000 trees per hectare. The continuous
and ecosystem diversity. renovation of coffee plantations gives way
to the landscapes constant recomposition
The following figures reflect the importance and guarantees the competitiveness and
of coffee in the department of Quindo: 207 continuity of this productive activity.
out of its 267 veredas grow coffee and 11 of
its 12 municipalities are part of the CCLC. As for flora, the region enjoys a wide variety
Quindo is the eleventh leading coffee including native species, orchids, heliconias
growing department in Colombia (out of and platanillos. In terms of fauna, nearly
22 departments), with an estimated annual 380 bird varieties, including eagles, hawks,
production of 384,581 60 kilo green coffee burrowing, caracas, woodpeckers, yellow-
bags (nearly 3% of Colombias total harvest). eared parrots, mountain turkeys and toucans
Coffee production plays a key role in the have been identified. Regarding mammals,
departments rural economy. Quindo is home to the spectacled bear
(endangered specie), the squirrel, the
In Quindo, the CCLC has 20,487 hectares sabanero rabbit, the common opossum, the
grown in coffee and 4,851 coffee growing paramo tapir, the black guarin, the howler
farms in the CCLCs influence area3. 2,660 of monkey, the sloth, and the wild dog among
them are located in the main area with a total others (Gobernacin del Quindo, 2008).
of 10,120 hectares grown in coffee.
The CCLC in the department of Quindo
The remaining area is distributed among includes areas from the municipalities of
other agricultural products such as cocoa, Armenia, Buenavista, Calarc, Circasia,
beans, corn, plantain, sorghum and soy, Crdoba, Filandia, Gnova, Montenegro,
bean. Livestock rearing also has a prominent Pijao, Quimbaya and Salento and the urban
position in the regional economy (namely area of Montenegro.
cattle, goats, sheep and pigs).
3 Main area and buffer rea
33

11
municipalities
58
70 veredas
veredas
Illustration 2: Main and buffer areas of the CCLC in the department of Quindo
34

7530'0"W
FILANDIA
QUIMBAYA SALENTO
CIRCASIA
MONTENEGRO
430'0"N
430'0"N
ARMENIA
CALARC
QUINDO
CRDOBA
BUENAVISTA
PIJAO
GNOVA
7530'0"W
Map 4: The CCLC in the department of Quindo
35
3. Risaralda park. The presence of Cracidae, abundant

hummingbird species, mountain bulls and
The department of Risaralda has an extension eagles has made bird watching the most sought
of 4,140 km2 and is divided into 14 municipalities. after activity of the departments visitors.
Ten of them are located in the CCLCs main
area and two of them in the buffer area. The CCLC in the department of Risaralda is
comprised by areas of the municipalities of
With an annual production of nearly 801,939 Apa, Balboa, Beln de Umbra, Gutica, La
green coffee bags, Risaralda is the 7th largest Celia, Marsella, Pereira, Quincha, Santa Rosa
coffee-producing department in Colombia. It de Cabal and Santuario in the main area and
has a total of 51,000 hectares grown in coffee Dosquebradas and Mistrat in the buffer area.
at altitudes that range from 1,000 to 2,000 It also includes the urban areas of Apa, Beln
masl. Approximately 19,000 coffee growers de Umbra, Marsella and Santuario.
and 25,000 coffee growing farms are located
in Risaralda. 13,765 of these farms are located
in the CCLC, adding up to a total of 20,079
hectares in the main area and 15,773 in the
buffer area. Coffee production in the region is
technologically advanced.
Risaralda enjoys a variety of agroforestry layouts

ranging from shade coffee growing to partial
shade coffee growing and full sunlight exposure
systems. There are also a number of traditional
production systems that are characterized by
the limited adoption of techniques that could
increase crop competitiveness.
In terms of natural heritage, Risaralda is not

only home to the Tatam National Natural Park,
but is also the cradle of the Otn-Quimbaya
Flora and Fauna Sanctuary. Three groups of
Howler Monkeysa species representative
of the national fauna that is at the verge of
extinction, eagles, paramo tapirs, spectacled
bears, deer and a variety of birds reside in the
36

760'0"W 7530'0"W
530'0"N
530'0"N
MISTRAT
GUTICA QUINCHA
BELN DE UMBRA
APA
SANTUARIO
50'0"N
50'0"N
LA CELIA
BALBOA MARSELLA
DOSQUEBRADAS SANTA ROSA DE CABAL

RISARALDA
PEREIRA
760'0"W 7530'0"W
Map 5: The CCLC in the department of Risaralda
37

10 2
municipalities municipalities
180 133
veredas veredas
Illustration 3: Main and buffer areas of the CCLC in the department of Risaralda
38
4. Valle del Cauca coverage, and crop renovation. In terms of
brightness, 55% of coffee production in Valle
The department of Valle del Cauca has an area del Cauca is shade-grown (total or partial).
of 22,140 km2. Traditionally, the area has been The remaining area is grown under direct solar
the countrys leading epicenter of sugarcane exposure. Data from the Coffee Information
production. Recently, however, a growing bio- System (SICA) reveals that the average age of
fuel production sector has been developed technologically advanced crops is of 4.7 years.
in the lower areas of the Cauca River valley. This reflects adequate levels of renovation.
Although coffee at large does not play a very
significant role in the agricultural sector, it has Valle del Cauca enjoys areas in the National
a major socioeconomic impact in the dispersed System of Protected Areas that are strategic for
rural areas of different municipalities where environmental conservation: the Yotoco forest,
between 63% and 91% of households are the Sonso lagoon, the national natural park
devoted to coffee. Los Farallones, the national natural park Las
Hermosas, the national natural park Tatam and
39 out of the 42 municipalities in Valle del the forest reserve Pacfico. The Pacfico reserve
Cauca grow coffee. Together they produce is one of the largest in the country and has an
around 915,311 60 kilo green coffee bags important impact on the CCLCs environmental
annually, meaning 6.45% of Colombias total balance. It is home to a great diversity of natural
harvest. Valle del Cauca has a total of 23,010 forests that play a significant ecological role
hectares grown in coffee. The CCLCs Valle and protect the regions atmospheric dynamic,
del Cauca municipalities are known for their water quality and wild species.
deeply rooted coffee tradition and for having
an important ancestral, architectural, scenic Areas of the municipalities of Alcal,
and cultural legacy that reflects the exceptional Ansermanuevo, Caicedonia, El guila, El Cairo,
values of the CCLC. Riofro, Sevilla, Trujillo and Ulloa in the main
area and Argelia in the buffer area comprise
The main area has a total of 22,274 hectares the CCLC in the department of Valle del Cauca.
distributed in nine municipalities and the buffer It also includes the urban area of El Cairo.
area is comprised by some locations of the
municipality of Argelia.
Regarding the type of coffee production that

takes place in Valle del Cauca, the landscapes
main area presents varying degrees of
technologically advanced crops, vegetation
39

9 1
municipalities municipality
74 91
veredas veredas
Illustration 4: Main and buffer areas of the CCLC in the department of Valle del Cauca
40
760'0"W
50'0"N
50'0"N
EL GUILA
ANSERMANUEVO
EL CAIRO
ARGELIA ULLOA
ALCAL
430'0"N
430'0"N
VALLE DEL CAUCA
CAICEDONIA
TRUJILLO
SEVILLA
RIOFRO
760'0"W
Map 6: The CCLC in the

department of Valle del Cauca
41
B. Areas that make up the Coffee Cultural

Landscape of Colombia CCLC
Zone: A B C D E F
Map 7: Areas that make up the CCLC
42
The CCLCs main area includes 6 zones that are Zone B
deemed the most characteristic of the Coffee Zone B corresponds to rural areas from
Cultural Landscape, as they contain its most the municipality of Quincha, district of
representative attributes. This distribution was Naranjal, in the department of Risaralda.
the result of a cartographic delimitation model The zone is known for its gold production
that identified the most distinctive areas based and for its high potential from an
on a series of interest traits previously defined by archeological heritage perspective. The
the CCLCs regional technical committees (from Guaqueramae and Tapasco indigenous
each of the departments involved). Architects, tribes, relatives of the Ansermas and
anthropologists, economists, historians and the Irras, lived in the region. Indigenous
environmental scientists participated in the populations, and other communities
distribution process. living in the territory, were engaged in
alluvial gold mining and salt extraction
Zone A and commercialization. Zone B produces
This zone is known for the character of its crops including plantain, cassava, panela
landscape and the valuable history of its cane (caa panelera), blackberries, and
indigenous population. It is also comprised asparagus.
by Afro-Colombians, who were initially
linked to mining. When the Antioquia Zone B has 826 hectares in the CCLCs
colonization reached these territories in main area and 1,552 hectares in the buffer
the 19th century, different plots of land area. The coordinates of its most central
were demarcated. Over time, they led point are: N 5 20 2.00 W 75 42 39.00.
to interesting cultural expressions. Zone
A corresponds to the municipalities of
Riosucio and Supa in the department Zone C
of Caldas, including the locality of San Zone C corresponds to rural areas of the
Lorenzo. Indigenous reservations are Central Cordillera of the municipalities
found in this zone, which formerly of Marsella, Pereira and Santa Rosa de
belonged to the Embera community. Cabal in the department of Risaralda and
the municipalities of Aguadas, Chinchin,
It has an area of 1,390 hectares in the Neira, Palestina, Pcora, Salamina and
CCLCs main area and of 6,089 hectares Villamara in the department of Caldas.
in the buffer area. The coordinates of its It includes the historic centers of the
most central point are: N 5 28 18.00 W municipalities of Aguadas and Salamina,
75 40 54.00. declared a national Property of Cultural
Interest.
43
It has an area of 47,406 hectares in the main Zone D has an area of 42,820 ha in the
area of the CCLC and of 60,024 hectares in main area of the CCLC and of 60,495 ha
the buffer area. The coordinates of its most in the buffer area. The coordinates of its
central point are: N 5 17 22,00 W 75 31 most central point are: N 4 27 10,00 W
16,00. 75 41 47,00.
Zone D Zone E
Zone D corresponds to the rural areas Zone E corresponds to rural areas of the
located on the Central Andes mountain municipalities of Riofro and Trujillo in the
range of the municipalities of Armenia, department of Valle del Cauca located in
Calarc, Circasia, Crdoba, Filandia, the central and western Andes mountain
Gnova, Montenegro, Pijao, Quimbaya range. Zone E has the ideal altitude
and Salento in the department of Quindo; conditions for growing coffee: between
rural areas in the municipality of Pereira 1,400 masl and 1,800 masl. Among the
in the department of Risaralda; and the protected natural areas that lie within
municipalities of Alcal, Ulloa, Caicedonia Zone E is the Pacific forest reserve in
and Sevilla in the department of Valle del the municipalities of El Cairo, Riofro and
Cauca. It also includes the urban areas of Trujillo.
Calarc and Montenegro.
Zone E has an area of 4,008 hectares in the
The region of Quindo was inhabited the CCLCs main area and of 8,613 hectares
Quimbayas: one of Colombias most in the buffer area. The coordinates of its
recognized indigenous groups due to their most central point are: N 4 9 35.00 W
artistic and cultural expressions. Because 76 23 41.00.
of its midway position between eastern
and western Colombia, Zone D was
among the routs that Antioquia colonizers Zone F
followed during the colonization in the 19th Zone F corresponds to rural areas of the
century. Coffee production and the coffee municipalities of Anserma, Belalczar,
economy boom gave way to the regions Risaralda and San Jos of the department
steady demographic and economic of Caldas; Apa, Balboa, Beln de Umbra,
development. Currently, a significant La Celia and Santuario of the department
portion of the entire landscapes tourism of Risaralda; and Ansermanuevo, El
is concentrated in the area. guila and El Cairo of the department
of Valle del Cauca, all located in the
44
western Andes. The urban historic center
of the municipality of El Cairo, which was
declared Municipal Heritage of Cultural
Interest, is also part of Area F. The urban
center has a highly homogeneous
architecture.
As a result of its proximity to the western

Andes mountain range, Zone F has an
uneven terrain. Altitudes in the region
range between 1,000 masl and 1,900 masl
and thermal floors are categorized as
warm and intermediate. Zone F enjoys
a significant biodiversity because of its
proximity to the Pacific Ocean.
The municipality of Belalczar is located

in what is known as ansermas country
or lords of salt. The Ansermas, organized
in tribal units, are described as follows
by Albeiro Valencia Llano: these
confederated or semi-independent tribal
units were located in an immense territory
between the Cauca River basins to the
east and the Risaralda River to the west.
The Caramantas tribes were located north
of the ansermas country and the Chocoes
were located west (Gobernacin de
Caldas y Corpocaldas, 2005).
Zone F has an area of 44,670 hectares in the

CCLCs main area and of 70,228 hectares
in the buffer area. The coordinates of its
most central point are: N 5 211,00 W 75
56 29,00.
45
III. VALUES
46
A. Universal and exceptional value
criteria adopted
The nomination of the Coffee Cultural Landscape
of Colombia for Unescos World Heritage List was
based on two criteria that define its universal
exceptional value.
Criterion V
Be an outstanding example of a traditional
human settlement, land-use, or sea use which
is representative of a culture (or cultures),
or human interaction with the environment
especially when it has become vulnerable
under the impact of irreversible change
(Convencin de Patrimonio Mundial, 2008).
The PCC is an exceptional example of a

sustainable and productive cultural landscape;
it is the result of the effort of several
generations of peasant families who, for more
than 100 years, have accumulated knowledge
of how to adapt coffee cultivation to small
plots of land and to the difficult conditions
of their surroundings. They have created a
strong, unparalleled cultural identity, not to
mention having produced one of the finest
coffees in the world. The rural inhabitants of
the zone have developed exceptional models
of collective action forging social, cultural and
productive institutions in the process while, at
the same time, generating innovative natural
resource management practices. Cultural
heritage in the CCLC is directly associated to
living arrangements and to coffee production
like in no other region. The combination of the
47
CCLCs landscape, architecture, components to the territory, to coffee and to the landscape
and distribution make the landscape a unique has been transmitted from generation to
and exceptional territory. generation. The CCLC is known for having
a rural culture with unique characteristics,
The CCLC contains settlements that are rooted in the regions population. This culture,
organized in orthogonal layouts in steep with its social, political, religious and artistic
terrain (vertiginous slopes). The natural and references, is the result of the interplay of
tropical conditions present in the climate, the two phenomena: the historical process of
altitude and the creative methods used to the territorys occupation and exploitation
adapt coffee cultivation to the environments known as the Antioquia colonization4 and the
conditions forged a landscape that is unique development of coffee growing as the regions
in the world. Architecture is the product of a main productive activity.
symbiosis between Spanish cultural patterns
recreated with the materials and indigenous The cultural manifestations, associated directly
culture of the region. The highly ornamental to the CCLC, are not limited to the regional
construction techniques used in urban and culture. Rather, they are strongly related to
rural domestic buildings are the result of this national identity, defining the Colombian
cultural combination. It has generated many imaginary domestically and abroad. These
myths and customs that define the landscapes elements are typified by the Juan Valdez
symbolic value. This is why culture is also a key character, by his aguadeo sombrero a
element contributing to the unity, authenticity traditional style of hat, and by the rawhide
and integrity of the landscape shoulder bag (or carriel) that is still used by
the coffee producers. The importance of coffee
is such that it has given way to a multitude of
Criterion VI artistic expressions ranging from music, to
Be directly or tangibly associated with events painting, writing, and photography. These are
or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, discussed in depth in Chapter 1s section Social
with artistic and literary works of outstanding and Cultural Attributes.
universal significance.
Colombias centennial coffee tradition has

provided the country world recognition and is
the most representative symbol of its national
culture. Coffee defines the way of life of the
regions inhabitants. A rich culture of tangible
and intangible manifestations in direct relation 4 Antioquia, department located in the northern CCLC.
48
B. Authenticity and Integrity
The Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape is The collective social values that constitute the
a genuine example of a centenary process of singularity of the CCLC promote the landscapes
human adaptation to the geological, hydrological, human, active and sustainable development.
climatic and natural conditions of a specific area
that is recognized domestically and abroad as the C. Attributes of the CCLC
Eje Cafetero, or coffee growing axis. The CCLC
displays an extraordinary degree of authenticity The attributes that could be located in a specific
that is free of incongruent contemporary and definable way in a map were selected through
additions to its traditional architectural pattern a weighing system that ranked them according to
and of substantial modifications in the small towns their impact in shaping the landscape and to their
located in its main and buffer areas. Features exceptional universal value.
including traditions, language use and other
forms of intangible heritage have been preserved The CCLCs main and buffer areas were, hence,
thanks to owners and the community at large, defined through this process. They are the most
who have a high sense of social appropriation of representative because they concentrate the
their cultural heritage. main values and attributes that characterize the
landscape. Although the areas are apart, they
Social adaptation to a single land use and the constitute a whole because of the high degree
development of specific cultural and social of homogeneity in terms of their features, the
traditions related to coffee production reflect the relationships between its inhabitants and cultural
CCLCs exceptional universal value. The cohesion heritage.
of these characteristics, and their resistance to
change despite the impact of the temporal coffee
price crises, reveal its high level of integrity.
49
Table 1: Selected attributes

Attribute Description
1. Mountain grown coffee Located at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 masl at the foothills of Colombias Central and Western Andes
mountain range. The CCLCs main area is characterized by an average altitude of 1,540 masl.
2. Slope coffee growing Adaptation of coffee crops to high-sloped areas (greater than 25%). This attribute provides the landscape a
particular shape and design.
3. Age Constituted by coffee crop renovation. Ensured that the landscape is young and alive and contributes to its
permanence.
4. Natural Heritage Coffee production at central-western Colombia is located in the Tropical Andean ecoregion. Because of its
location, relief, climate and soils, it has numerous habitats that are of strategic interest for the conservation of
biological diversity.
5. Water source availability High presence of priority units for water retention and regulation. Water supply is crucial during the coffee
harvest.
6. Coffee institutions and related Existence of institutional and economic networks that affect the CCLCs functioning and dynamics. They
economic networks guarantee the sustainability of the landscape as a heritage site.
7. Architectural heritage The regions inhabitants created the CCLCs heritage. It involves the regional bahareque architecture, which is
embodied in the traditional knowledge implicit in the design and construction of their homes.
8. Archaeological heritage Human presence in the coffee growing axis dates back over 10,000 years. In addition to archaeological, gold and
ceramic remains, our ancestors domesticated food plants and animals.
9. Coffee predominance Expresses the preferential use of land for coffee crops over other products.
10. Concentrated settlement and Another characteristic trait of the CCLCs coffee growing is the predominance of small production units. The
fragmented property structure average farm size in the landscapes main area is of merely 4.6 hectares out of which 2.8 are grown in coffee.
This land tenure structure reflects the significant redistribution or democratization of rural property. This
trait is associated with the regions historical colonization process during the second half of the 19th century
(Minicultura, FNCC, 2009: 8).
11. Smallholding as a
The prevalence of small production units is another element that shapes the coffee growing landscape.
landownership system
12. Influence of modernization The landscapes adaptation to the conditions of modern life such as infrastructure, roads, public services, health
and education.
13. Urban heritage The shape of our towns has been an adaptation to the Spanish grid layout model. This type of urban structures,
high-steeped streets, and orthogonal urban sections are an example of the adaptation of coffee culture to the
particular environmental conditions of the landscapes rugged topography.
14. Coffee production historical Related to the persistence of coffee production and to the unwillingness to change the land use despite the
tradition coffee-growing crisis.
15. Multiple crops The combination of crops that make up patchwork quilt: characteristic feature of the CCLC.
16. Sustainable production and This attribute refers to the conditions that are necessary to produce coffee sustainably and to they way in which
technologies in the coffee the coffee growing community has adapted its traditional ways to better conditions of modern production that
productive chain have less environmental impact (Red Alma Mater et al., 2010: 13-16).
50
D. Exceptional values
The CCLC was inscribed in the World Heritage Value 1. Human, family, generational and historical
List because it is an outstanding example human effort for the production of an excellent
of community adaptation to challenging quality coffee under a sustainable development
geographic conditions: a steep-slope and framework
mountain coffee-growing model. The family The CCLCs most outstanding value has to do
and intergenerational effort of coffee growers, with the human effort of several generations
and the permanent support of their coffee of coffee growers and their families to achieve
institutions, are an exceptional example of their livelihood. This landscape is the result of the
collective action that has proven its economic, respectful interaction of a group of visionaries,
social and environmental sustainability despite who arrived to the region in the late 18th century
the price cycles inherent in coffee production. and identified coffee as a source of income for
their families, with the environment.
Traditional forms of production have been
articulated with the developments of the coffee Thanks to the persistent effort of coffee growers
business, offering the world an excellent quality to produce an excellent quality coffee, coffee
coffee for over a century. The fact that the life and growing became the main engine of development
essence of the region revolve around coffee has in this region of the country. With the support of
generated a rich array of cultural expressions in the Colombian Coffee Growers Federation and
spheres as diverse as music, traditional cuisine its departmental and municipal coffee grower
and architecture. These traditions have all been committees, coffee will endure as a sustainable
transmitted from generation to generation. form of income and regional rural development
in future generations.
Within the veredas, or villages, of the CCLC there
are diverse cultural values that are exceptional Value 2. Coffee culture for the world
in a global context. These values reflect the tight The culture of the CCLCs inhabitants is closely
relationship between humans and nature for linked to the Antioquia colonizers who settled
the production of a superior quality coffee amid in these rugged mountains in the 19th century,
the challenges and opportunities created by the once mining lost its status as the main economic
steep slopes of the Colombian Andes. Below are activity. The process, known as Antioquia
the four values that determine the exceptionality colonization, led a group of entrepreneurial
of the CCLC: individuals to the region from what today is the
department of Antioquia. They sought economic
independence and access to land ownership. The
cultural similarity of the inhabitants of the CCLC
51
is rooted in the territorial occupation and the

paisa identity (inherited from the initial settlers),
which is characterized by pragmatism, hard work,
an entrepreneurial spirit, adventurous spirit
and business acumen. These traits have been
consolidated as one of the main driving forces of
this community (Zuluaga, 2007).
Coffee production became a major labor and

income generating activity. It turned out to be
an attractive option for colonizers because it
required the permanent and intensive use of land
without sacrificing subsistence crops. However,
difficult challenges, including having to transport
the product from isolated regions to external
markets, had to be overcome for its development.
These difficulties forged a civic and community
problem solving spirit and specific activities
that are still in place. An example is arriera,
symbolized by mules carrying coffee through the
steep paths of the CCLC. The expansion of a new
Colombian coffee industry dominated by small
plot owners was gestated. This model differed
from the traditional model of large exploitations
that is predominant in eastern Colombia. Coffee
later became the regions main socioeconomic
development engine (Reina, Silva, Samper y
Fernndez, 2007).
52
Box 2. Cultural manifestations in the CCLC
The importance of coffee growing in the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia has transcended
its economic foundation. A series of traditions and cultural manifestations transmitted from
generation to generation have been forged in the region. Some of these include:
Characters or objects associated to the colonization process or to the coffee growing

activity that have become icons: the muleteer (arriero), the person who with the support of
his mules and oxen helped to clear the way into the new territories during colonization; the
mule, the arrieros inseparable companion who represents the strength and endurance
of a work animal capable of walking through the most rugged and dangerous terrains in
Colombia (L. Botero, 2007); the axe and the machete, tools used to open roads and later
to weed the fields; the Willys Jeep, locally known as the yipao, American vehicle of the
40s and 50s used in World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War, which is still used
massively to transport coffee from farms to markets and to transport people throughout
Colombian rural regions; and Juan Valdez, the character that represents Colombian coffee
growers around the world.
Culinary knowledge: regional culinary knowledge is largely represented by the paisa
or country-style food, by its quantity, preparation methods, presentation, color, and
aesthetics. The regions culinary knowledge is, in turn, a reflection of the self-sufficiency of
its inhabitants, as they incorporate most of the food produced in the coffee growing farm. As
Maca notes (2006), coffee growing has led to unique forms of buying, storing, preparing,
presenting, and portioning food. The cuarteles or alimentaderos are examples of these
traditions.
Myths and legends: myths and legends including the Madremonte, the Patasola, the
Hojarasqun from the Woods, the Mohn and the Putas refer to spirits or diabolical
manifestations that, according to tradition, live in the mountains and appear when provoked.
Although these characters are not directly related to coffee, some of them were recreated
with elements of the paisa imagination based on myths of the Magdalena River Valley.
They persist in the regions rural areas.
Traditional sites: Many of these, such as the fondas camioneras or roadside inns in rural
areas, and cafs in urban areas, were and still are meeting points for economic, social and
recreational activities. The fondas played an intermediary role in the trade circuit between
the small-scale producer and the big cities. The arrieros supplied the fondas, which were
generally located at main crossroads, and used them to rest (Ferro Medina, 2004). The
cafs, on the other hand, are places where people can meet to share, talk business, and
put the world to rights for hours on end, and where the Pasillo, the Tango, and other deep
laments of the heart born of love and spite, fill the air and share the space (Zuluaga, 2007).
53
Traditional festivals: These summarize and preserve the tradition of rosaries, smiles
and sincere welcome to outsiders in Colombian catholic towns (Zuluaga, 2007, p.
18). Some of the main festivals are directly related to coffee: the National Coffee
festivals that take place in Calarc; the Fiesta del Canasto, in Filandia; and the
Fiestas de La Cosecha, in Pereira. Other festivals or fairs that promote traditional
music or folklore, and religious fervor or indigenous and Spanish inheritance
are the Carnaval de Riosucio; the Fiesta de la Guadua, in Crdoba; the Reinado
Nacional del Caf and the Feria de Manizales; the Festival del Pasillo in Aguadas; the
Festival de la Bandola, in Sevilla; the National Duets Competition, in Armenia; the
Concurso Nacional del Bambuco in Pereira; and the Lights Festivals in Quimbaya
and Salamina.
Handicrafts: the sombrero aguadeo and baskets from Filandia; the guadua5 or
bamboo products made in several municipalities in Quindo; items made from
natural fibre-rope in Aranzazu; and edible products, such as conserves, biscuits,
panderos, piononos, corchos (traditional regional cakes), brown sugarloaf and
other sugar cane products from all over the region. All of them are related to the
coffee growing culture.
Traditional dress: represented by the outfit of the pack-mule drivers (arrieros),
including the traditional hat, poncho, and rawhide shoulder bag (carriel)6 . They
are still used by many coffee producers.
In addition to these manifestations, the importance of coffee in both the regional and
national spheres has been an inspiration for novelists, composers, poets, storytellers,
painters, photographers, and many other creators of diverse forms of artistic expression.
(Chalarca, 1998). Some of the artistic manifestation inspired by coffee highlighted by
Chalarca (1998) and Mejia (2007) are:
Literature: novels including The Harvest and The Turbulent Tree by Jos A. Osorio
Lizarazo; Next to the City by Manuel Meja Vallejo; and When the Spirit Passes Alone
by Mario Escobar Velsquez and poetry including Coffea Arabica by Nicols Bayona
Posada, The Romance of Coffee by Guillermo Edmundo Chvez, Song to Coffee by
Ricardo Arango Franco, Coffee by Ismael Enrique Arciniegas, and Coffee Growers
by Salvo Ruiz.
5 Registered in 1806 by Alexander von Humbolt and Amadeo Bonpland as Bambusa guadua. Carl Sigismund
Kunth then named it Guadua angustifolia in 1822. It is a green bamboo common in Colombias warm and
temperate climates with large canes that can measure up to 25 m.
6 The carriel is equivalent to the backpack used by European pastors.
54
Music: Coffee has also inspired regional music in both popular and classical
compositions. Popular pieces include the bambuco style Coffee Tree (music by
Enrique Figueroa and lyrics by Luis Carlos Gonzlez) and Chapolera Peasant by
Luis Carlos Gonzlez, Blood of Coffee by Carlos Botero, the pasillo style Flowers
of Coffee by Ramn Jaramillo, My Coffee Tree by Crescencio Salcedo, and the
Coffee Tree by Gonzalo Vergara. In terms of classical music, the Symphony of
Coffee by Fabio Gonzlez is to be noted.
Painting: Recognized paintings include the series Coffee Collectors of Alipio
Jaramillo, Second Coffee of Gonzalo Ariza, and especially Eduardo Ramrez
Castro, whose series Stories of Coffee: A Visual Chronicle of Caldas, and
Goodbye to Coffee represent the most important work related to coffee culture
(Chalarca, 1998).
Photography: includes Luis A. Ramos and Flix Tisnes Jaramillos photographs of
the 1930s and pieces of Jos Obando.
Film and television: important contributions from this field include the 1925
movie Under the Skies of Antioquia by Arturo Acevedo Vallarino and the 1994
soap opera Coffee with the Scent of Woman. The soap opera pictured coffee
growing Colombia and dialogues based on regional speech. It became a mass hit
and captured both domestic and international audiences.
55
Coffee culture also permeated the regions prosperity. Moreover, CCLC coffee growers are
housing and human settlements. The original also facing high production costs associated to
developments were based on the Spanish the areas intricate geography, which hinders
influence taken to the area by Antioquia settlers. mechanization and generates high demand
They were then adapted to the environments for manual labor. However, coffee grown in
conditions and to the economic boom produced the mountains of the CCLC has been able to
by the coffee economy. The initial constructions maintain its international competitiveness and
were built with the European rammed earth has been positioned as one of the best coffees
(tapia pisada) technique. However, its structural in the world. This has been possible thanks to
rigidity did not resist the frequent and strong coffee growers and the coffee institutions they
seismic movements that characterize the have developed based on collective action.
region. As a result, the technique was modified These institutions have created competitive
and traditional elements of indigenous cultures, advantages that have contributed to position
such as bahareque, were incorporated. This Colombian as the worlds leading producer of
resulted in greater flexibility and dynamism. mild coffee.
In this context, the development of an The institutional model, which revolves around
architecture that was rich in formal expressions the Colombian Coffee Growers Federation
was promoted. The colorful coffee growing and its departmental and municipal coffee
houses are a vivid representation of the natural grower committees, is a unique structure that
wealth of the CCLC: color abounds not only on combines: the representation of coffee growers
facades, but also on the divers elements that (based on the democratic elections of coffee
are held within. The flowers of the ornamental grower representatives for the Federations
plants that decorate the houses balconies and decision-making instances), a regulation,
other spaces are also of bright colors that enrich commercialization and market development
the atmosphere of the house (Zuluaga, 2007). role, and the creation of public goods based on
collective savings. This particular institutional
arrangement has generated political,
Value 3. Strategic social capital built around an economic, and social benefits that transcend
institution those that would have been gained in a free
The CCLCs coffee faces a complex international market and that anyway would have been
environment dominated by what is described difficult to achieve by individual and isolated
in economic literature as the commodity producers subjected to the characteristic
trap: a long-term price decreasing tendency limitations and restrictions of the international
accompanied by high price volatility over short agricultural commodities market (PNUD,
periods of time that results in cycles of crisis and 2004).
56
This model has proven to be effective in in the central-western Colombian region
terms of achieving access to markets through that is known today as the CCLC. On August
the development of an integrated system of 10 1927, just two months after the Colombian
commercialization, storage, quality control, Coffee Growers Federation was created, the
technical assistance, scientific research, Departmental Coffee Growers Committee
technological development, promotion of of Caldas was established. The first of its kind,
coffee origin, and institutional support. Coffee the Committee of Caldas became a model of
institutions and the productive chain have coffee grower participation and gave way to the
aligned their interests and forged a strategic construction of the regions social capital.
social capital for the rural sector that enhances
the benefits gained from association. The organizations that comprise Colombias
coffee institutions have directly contributed
The identity and cohesion of this strategic to the preservation and sustainability of the
social capital is illustrated by the coffee grower CCLC from an economic perspective (through
elections. Every four years, the coffee growing purchase guarantee and price stabilization
sector develops a democratic exercise where initiatives), a social perspective (through the
over 4,620 representatives are elected for provision of public goods), and an environmental
the different coffee grower instances. Coffee perspective (through its natural resource
grower elections have a voter turnout of 65%, conservation policies).
exceeding the turnout of other electoral
processes such as the Presidential and Congress The values of coffee institutions reflect the
elections (Reina, Silva, Samper y Fernndez, values of those who comprise the institutions.
2007). The commitment and sense of belonging Community spirit, familiarity, the ability to
that coffee growers feel towards their face and overcome hardships, dedication,
Federation and committees is demonstrated transparency, honesty, and patience are
by the elections. Not only are they proof of the intangible elements that characterize the
Federations representativeness, but they are its regions inhabitants. The Federation and its
main source of legitimacy. committees are not only a body of legitimacy
and representation in the CCLCs rural areas,
These electoral processes are developed but a decisive factor for future sustainability.
under the frame of a wide democratic No other landscape in the coffee producing
regional structure, illustrating the Federations world has been able to develop an institutional
decentralized nature. A total of 51 municipal framework as the CCLCs.
coffee grower committees and 4 departmental
coffee grower committees are located within
the CCLC. This institutional network was born
57
Value 4. Combining tradition and technology to

guarantee product quality and sustainability
Although nature offers certain advantages for
coffee production in the CCLC -such as rich
volcanic soils, abundant water sources, and
adequate temperature and solar radiation-,
it also presents great challenges. Thanks to
the permanent accompaniment of coffee
institutions, producers have adopted cultural
tasks in order to face the challenges posed
by the environment. Plagues and diseases
that negatively impact coffee crops and the
decrease in productivity associated to the crops
natural cycle and climate change are some of
these challenges.
The continuous adaptation and improvement

of cultivation techniques has been the result
of the development of a circuit of knowledge
surrounding coffee growers and their
productive activity. The circuit is comprised by
several institutions whose objective is to achieve
a competitive and sustainable coffee growing
model that will lead to the improvement of the
quality of life of coffee growing families.
The National Coffee Research Centre

(Cenicaf), with its main headquarters in
Chinchin Caldas, is one of these institutions.
Cenicaf was created in 1938 in order to
develop science and technology to produce
high quality coffee. Its studies cover a wide
variety of issues concerning coffee production
such as agronomic productivity, economic
viability, environmental sustainability, quality
and complementary production systems.
Cenicafs developments are transferred to

producers via the Extension Service: a team
58
of 400 technical specialists that assist coffee one of the 34 global hotspots in terms of the
growers (either in groups or individually) in the preservation of life on earth (Conservation
adoption of technologies that will improve their International, 2009). Its natural wealth is of local
crops while safeguarding the environment. and global importance. As noted by Dinerstein
The team also works on complementary y Olson (J. Botero, 1997), and as was examined
projects such as community organization and in the section Natural Attributes, there are
institutional strengthening. This educational less than seven ecoregions in the world with
effort is complemented by work undertaken that same type of habitat.
at the Manuel Meja Foundation, founded in
Caldas in 1960 to promote formal education Despite the fact that coffee producers, supported
and technical training among coffee producers. by their institutions, have worked persistently to
preserve these universal values, there are risks
Alongside this circuit, coffee growers have associated to economic development, natural
implemented technological innovations that disasters and certain productive activities that
have fostered sustainability and contributed to could harm the landscapes environmental
ensuring that the CCLC continues to be a living, balance. Within this context, the CCLCs
productive landscape that is economically, inscription on the World Heritage Site is a
socially, and environmentally viable. Coffee fundamental tool to strengthen conservation
crop renovation has, for instance, led to young efforts in this mountain ecosystem located in
and highly productive coffee crops, which is central-western rural Colombia. It guarantees
precisely what the landscape needs to remain that barranquillos, ferns, pine martens,
as such. The integrated management of coffee thousands of butterflies and insects, spectacled
berry borer and weeds and ecological wet bears, platanillas, yarumos and hundreds of
milling are examples of innovations that have other species that are part of this rich ecosystem
contributed to environmental conservation and will continue enriching the landscape and
minimized the use of agrochemicals in pest preserving its exceptional traits.
control, avoiding erosion and decreasing water
pollution.
Reaching a balance between landscape

productivity and environmental and biodiversity
conservation is not an easy task. It requires
constant effort and dedication. This is an
essential condition for preserving the CCLCs
unique traits because it is home to a large
number of habitants of strategic interest for
the conservation of the biological diversity
(Rodrguez, Duque and Carranza, 2008). The
region where the CCLC is located is considered
59
IV. STATE OF CONSERVATION

AND FACTORS AFFECTING
THE PROPERTY
60
A. State of conservation
The CCLCs main attributes -including the
architectural heritage of its rural households and
small towns- and the living landscape -where
cultivation and processing take place- are in
an optimal state of conservation. However, the
CCLC is a vulnerable and dynamic landscape.
Its preservation relies on the conservation of all
four exceptional values. This means preserving
its integral and productive character, while
upholding economic, social, environmental
and cultural sustainability.
The state of conservation of the CCLCs rural

dwellings and towns is largely due to the
perseverance of coffee production. It is also
related to the social and cultural values of the
families who are loyal to their coffee culture
and all of its manifestations: from its way of life,
livelihood and expression, to its architecture,
urbanism and natural landscape.
The high degree of authenticity and integrity

of the CCLC is also largely due to its unique
institutional model, both in terms of trajectory
and positive impact. The state of conservation
of the values of the CCLC is explained below.
1. Sustainable human effort

Throughout history, inhabitants of the CCLC
have faced significant challenges related
to commercialization and profitability.
Nevertheless, their management skills and
their ability to adapt and innovate have allowed
61
them to be competitive in international market of life that have given cultural heritage its
as leading suppliers of top quality mild coffee. meaning and adaptation margin to current
Collective action structures developed over conditions also fosters preservation. This last
the past century have allowed a conglomerate factor is what has preserved coffee growing
of rural producers to broaden competitiveness as the center of social, cultural and economic
while nurturing their productive living regional life.
landscape.
The cultural manifestations of the CCLCs
A significant amount of coffee producers from inhabitants have preserved the values and
central-western Colombia have persisted entrepreneurial spirit of the population.
in pursuing coffee growing as their main In rural areas, oral transmission (mostly
economic activity. This continuity has taken colonization related legends) and the use of
place without deteriorating product quality typical coffee growing objects as the machete
or abandoning the crops manual and family still persist today. Ingenuity has allowed the
tradition. The conservation of this value is CCLCs populations to transform everyday
reflected not only in the sheer number of items into truly cultural icons. The yipao,
producers that are still growing coffee, but massively used as means for transporting
also in their attitudes towards the future of people and merchandise is an example.
their activity. When asked whether they would
substitute their coffee crops for alternative Traditional festivals continue to unfold as
products, most coffee producers deny this events where all tangible and intangible
possibility and voice their faith in coffee heritage manifestations are shared and
(PNUD, 2004). Currently, the 51 municipalities enriched over time.
that are part of the CCLC have nearly 35,712
coffee growers. 18,669 of them are located in In the urban and architectural front, the
the landscapes main area and 17,043 in the CCLCs towns have preserved their original
buffer area. structure, although the use of buildings and
public space has shifted. Urban areas have
2. Living traditions spread out in order to incorporate urban
The preservation of the CCLCs main buildings, additions of the modern world such as
homes and towns is directly associated with schools, hospitals, sports centers and social
the regions other cultural manifestations. housing. The expansion of urban centers
Declaring certain urban centers as assets has taken place alongside the main road
of cultural interest facilitates preservation. due the restrictions imposed by the regions
Conserving the manifestations and forms topographic conditions.
62
3. Strategic social capital Accordingly, coffee growing in the CCLC reflects
The coffee growing institutional model, the diversity of the regions environment. The
led by the Colombian Coffee Growers variety of ecosystems, variety of climatic,
Federation and its departmental and topographic and socioeconomic conditions
municipal committees, has worked tirelessly and the different degrees of adoption of
for nearly 90 years to ensure the wellbeing technologies has led to the development
of coffee growing communities and the of diverse coffee production systems: from
competitiveness of their economic activity. To traditional coffee growing under shade, to
achieve this, the Federation provides public semi-technologically advanced crops under
goods and services that add up to an integral semi-shade, to technologically advanced
institutional system. monoculture plantations.
Comprised by 660 democratically elected For decades, Cenicaf -the Colombian Coffee
coffee growing leaders of the CCLC, Growers Federations research arm- has
strategic social capital is the basis of their been recognized domestically and abroad
legitimacy. Leaders are elected every four for stepping out of its labs and reaching the
years to represent the coffee growers of farms of each and every Colombian coffee
their municipality or department. Through grower. Thanks to the development and
this democratic structure, representatives implementation of technologies for washing
participate directly in the design of policies coffee such as Becolsub and Ecomill,
and investment programs and evaluate the Colombian growers are saving more and
performance of coffee institutions. It would be more water. This contributes to the current
hard to find another sector in the world that and future sustainability of coffee production
is so attuned to the interests and concerns of because it ensures reliable supply to domestic
its base. and international buyers who are in line with
the environmental coffee footprint reduction
4. Environmental sustainability strategy.
Coffee growing has been developed as an
activity of small and medium producers
who contribute their effort and daily work
to obtaining a product of excellent quality.
Without abandoning their productive
tradition, coffee growers have adapted coffee
production to the specific conditions of their
surroundings.
63
Top practices suggested by Cenicaf for Colombian 9. Integrated management of coffee berry
coffee growing: borer
1. Establishing production cycles 10. Renovating aged plantations
2. Growing Castillo variety 11. Conservation of the initial plant population
3. Producing colinos in farms 12. Calibrating spraying equipment
4. Using coffee pulp for seedbeds 13. Selectively collecting ripe beans
5. Optimal planting densities according to the 14. Adopting ecological wet milling
production system 15. Calibrating post-harvest equipment
6. Implementing integrated weed 16. Properly drying coffee
management 17. Producing food in coffee plantations
7. Fertilization based on soil analysis 18. Using recording and cost analysis tools
8. Broadcast fertilization
Table 2: State of conservation of the CCLCs exceptional values

Exceptional value State of conservation
Human, family, generational and historical human High level of endurance of coffee growers in coffee
effort for the production of an excellent quality production
coffee
Rooted nature of coffee growing and its manifestations
Coffee culture for the world Conservation of the original structure of towns
Adequate state of conservation of the traditional
architectonical structures in rural and urban areas
Strategic social capital built around an institution Coffee institutions highly committed to the wellbeing
and quality of life of coffee growing families for nearly
ninety years
High level of participation and favorability of coffee
institutions
Relationship between tradition and technology to Persistence of traditional crop cultivation techniques
guarantee product quality and sustainability (they have been combined with productive innovations
that protect the environment)
Preponderance of technologically advanced coffee
growing
Maintenance of natural ecosystems that guarantee the
regions environmental balance
Source: Colombian Coffee Growers Federation
64
B. Factors affecting the good every plantation, allowing growers to
receive a remunerative price regardless of
1. Development pressures whether international prices plummet or
There are a variety of threats and risks that exchange rates fall.
could potentially affect the sustainability of the
CCLC. These are classified according to the Given that economic profitability is
categories included in Unescos Operational a fundamental requirement for the
Guidelines. improvement of the living conditions
of coffee growers and the existence of
a) Price and exchange rate cycles that can incentives that encourage them to stay in the
hamper profitability region producing coffee, these programs
External factors, such as international coffee demonstrate the commitment of coffee
price volatility, and internal factors, such as institutions and of the National Government
rising production costs and the devaluation to protecting the landscape.
of the Colombian peso, present considerable
risks for the profitability of coffee growing. b) Low level of intergenerational transfer
This situation is of special importance for The aging of coffee producers is a major
large-scale high-tech producers, given that challenge for the CCLCs sustainability.
their demand for working capital is higher. Currently, the average age of coffee growers
In view of these conditions, many coffee is 52 and there is a rise on the number of
growers have had to replace coffee for producers over 60 years of age (32% of the
more profitable crops. total coffee producing population). These
figures reveal the low intergenerational
Although the risk has not been entirely knowledge transfer that characterizes
eradicated, it has been reduced significantly Colombian coffee growing.
through the different actions undertaken
by the coffee institutions, supported by A growing number of youth from coffee
the National Government. The strategies producing families in the CCLC are migrating
implemented include the development and to urban centers seeking new income
implementation of innovative programs generating opportunities and proximity
such as the sale of future crop yields to to the modern world. Factors including
guarantee a precise level or a determined access to Information and Communication
range of coffee prices. Another example is Technologiesmostly digital TV and
the Price Protection Contract (PPC), which Internet have incentivized rural youth
guarantees coverage for total production to migrate to urban centers in search of
costs for at least half of each harvest from access to education, information or greater
65
working opportunities. Intergenerational of the original doors and windows, removing

exchange has also been hampered by the ornamental elements from facades and
limited size of landholdings, which prevents reducing the original height of internal
parents from assigning a plot to each child spaces. This gradual deterioration is also
for independent exploitation. due to the disuse of local construction
techniques and the introduction of cheaper,
It is therefore essential to improve quality of life in modular construction elements, which do
the CCLCs rural areas. To this end, connectivity not require specific knowledge for their
plans that include investments in infrastructure installment.
and Internet coverage and speed in the rural
CCLC are a priority for the future. In response, the CCLC, the community and
the related institutions have undertaken
c) Loss of traditional knowledge and techniques management, research, valuation, protec-
The potential loss of traditional knowledge tion, social appropriation and cultural
and techniques threatens the values of heritage recovery strategies (at the national,
the CCLC in terms of its architectural regional and local level). See Chapter V.
heritage. This loss, prompted by the trend
towards modernization, risks the CCLCs
immovable cultural heritage especially d) Profitability of alternative building use
in urban centers. Small towns rarely The rise of economic alternatives, such as
undergo drastic changes that endanger tourism in rural areas of the CCLC and some
the preservation of buildings or places of historic centers, has produced shifts in land
architectural heritage value. In some cases, use and led to land price speculation. This
scant economic dynamism has actually situation threatens the regions architectural
favored the conservation of old buildings. heritage because it creates real estate
However, the scarcity of resources has led to market distortions. In several municipalities,
deterioration due to a lack of maintenance such as Quindo, large ancestral plantations
and conservation. have been transformed to make way for
new recreational and hotel complexes,
The incorporation of techniques and leading to an increase in the price of
materials that are foreign to the local rural land and the proliferation of a new
environment, generated by limited architectonic trend known for producing
understanding of each communitys values, recently-aged antiques, or what experts
is also a threat. In some towns, spatial and denominate fake historicals. This trend
ornamental characteristics have been detracts appreciating the regions authentic
modified, altering the size and proportions architectural heritage.
66
Similarly, land use changes have a negative
impact on the viability of peasant agricultural
activities due to increases in the valuation of
rural land, in terms of their alternative uses,
dictated by the presence of commercial
and hotel establishments. This situation has
forced many peasant families to consider
changing their economic activity or selling
their plots of land.
2. Environmental pressures
Natural resource pollution and the loss of
microbasins and water sources due to the
inappropriate use of pesticides, fertilizers,
and other agro-chemical substances in
agricultural activities (including coffee
growing) are the major environmental threat
faced by the CCLC. Large quantities of water
are required for coffee production. Water
then becomes wastewater containing large
quantities of easily decomposable organic
matter. Discharging this contaminated water
directly into water sources as is the case with
the honey waters has a detrimental impact
on the environment. It reduces oxygen levels
and threatens the survival of aquatic flora
and fauna (fish, crabs, microorganisms, and
plants in various rivers).
In response to this situation, Cenicaf has

destined significant resources to research
initiatives related to cleaner production
technologies that diminish the pressure
on the regions ecosystems. Some of these
include the development of the ecological
wet milling post harvesting and byproduct
67
management system (Belcosub), which who are eager to live authentic experiences in
reduces post harvest pollution by more than the home of the worlds best coffee.
90%. This reflects a significant reduction in
the pollution of water sources and coffee Traditionally, tourism was exclusively propelled
growing ecosystems. by visits to national festivals. In the 1990s,
regional tourism was revitalized, creating new
3. Natural disasters and disaster response diversification opportunities in line with new
A number of natural threats can have a negative reality of the CCLC. These opportunities gave
impact on the environmental, productive and rural inhabitants the possibility to increase
cultural wealth of the CCLC. Corpocaldas their income and improve their quality of
(2007) has identified the following threats: life. However, this came hand in hand with a
loss of authenticity generated by a fervor to
Threat of landslides modernize and standardize their models in
Threat of flooding order to compete with large hotel and service
Threat of flash floods and avalanches chains.
Threat of volcano eruptions
Landslides pose the greatest natural threat as 5. Mining7

they repeatedly damage road infrastructure, According to the report developed by the
communities, and crops. Seismic movements, Heritage Office of the Ministry of Culture
such as the 1999 earthquake, constitute (2015), there are 78 current exploitation titles,
the greatest threat in terms of the regions 60 titles under construction and assembly, and
architectural heritage. The high content of 44 in operation in the CCLC. There are also 2
volcanic ash in the soils of the Colombias coffee temporal authorizations and 87 legalizations.
growing region favors fertility, but increases the There are 185 valid applications (35 of building
risk of landslides in rainy seasons due to the materials and 90 of precious minerals).
porosity of the substratum. Given that slopes
of over 35 are highly susceptible to landslides, According to current legislation, mining
landslides are a major problem in the CCLC activities cannot take place in national natural
because the majority of slopes are between 50 parks (NNP), regional natural parks, protective
and 70. forest reserves (Law 685 of 2001), pramo
ecosystems or Ramsar wetlands (Law 1450 of
4. Tourism pressures
The scenic beauty of the CCLC and the charm of
its culture and its people have attracted a rising 7 Taken from the report on the impact of mining on the Coffee
Cultural Landscape of Colombia, 2011-2015 (Velandia,
number of tourists -Colombian and foreign- 2015). (Unpublished).
68
2010). However, mining titles have been granted
in other categories of embedded protected
areas within the CCLC and surrounding areas
of the NNP Los Nevados, Tatam and Selva de
Florencia. Special monitoring and regulation
from environmental and mining authorities
is required in order to avoid degrading the
environmental balance that guarantees the
preservation of the CCLC.
Although mining titles granted prior to the

inscription of the CCLC in the World Heritage
List have been audited by mining authorities
(Ministry of Mines and Energy, 2012), mining
exploitation, the extraction of building
materials, extractive activities and large-scale
infrastructure projects could have a negative
impact on the CCLCs exceptional universal
value and on the quality of life of its inhabitants.
According to the plane and coordinates listed
on the document that is part of Resolution
2079 of 2011, issued by the Ministry of Culture,
the CCLCs main and buffer areas could face
socio-economic, landscape, cultural and
environmental degradation
6. Weak delimitation and protection of urban

and rural land8
If the territorial use plans of a number of
municipalities that comprise the CCLC were to
be implemented today in terms of parceling and
construction, there would be no guarantees
8 Ministerio de Cultura et al., 2012
69
for the preservation of the values inscribed 7. Climate variability

in Unescos World Heritage List for the Coffee The Colombian Andean region is considered
Cultural Landscape of Colombia. as one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to
climate change. A projected annual increase in
Aspects such as urban and architectural the countrys average air temperature between
heritage or conservation of environmental 1C and 2C, a 15% variation in precipitation
areas of special interest are not envisioned in and an increase in CO2 concentration may
current territorial use plans. On the contrary, lead to changes in biodiversity. As mentioned
many areas are not protected and municipalities previously, environmental sustainability is a
give scant guarantees to their owners. The basic condition for the preservation of the
declaration of the cultural landscape was landscapes unique attributes. As noted by
based on the culture surrounding coffee and J. Botero (1997) based on previous studies of
on coffee growing as the common factor Dinerstein and Olson, the landscapes natural
uniting the CCLCs 51 municipalities. However, wealth is of local and global significance given
the current emphasis of territorial use plans that are less than seven ecoregions with the
dictates that many of the best areas for growing same type of habitat in the world.
coffee will be used for different activities that
will severely modify the landscape in the future. According to the CCLCs Conpes document
The landscapes main attribute, coffee, will (DNP, 2014), the coffee industry is affected
be replaced by tourism, mining and industrial by climatic events such as El Nio and La Nia
activities, fomented by the territorial use plans. phenomena. An example of this were 2010
and 2011s winter waves, where erosion and
It is therefore crucial to ensure that the revision, coffee leaf rust peeked to record levels and
adjustment and reformulation of territorial use productivity dropped.
plans takes into consideration the attributes
and values of the CCLC. To this end, the Ministry During this period, Cenicaf monitored the
of Culture and the Ministry of Housing City and main climate variables through its weather
Territory consolidated a Technical Guide (2014) station network. It presented the following
to encourage municipalities to adopt actions, results:
norms and policies that recognize, value and
enhance the CCLCs values in their territorial Precipitation: rainfall in coffee growing
use and development plans. regions registered a 33% increase above the
historic mean. Some regions experienced
increases between 48% and 57%.
70
Solar brightness 9: solar brightness decreased Temperature: temperature fell 0.8 C
an average of 13%, meaning that coffee compared to the historical average, with
crops did not receive effective sunlight for 83 regional variations reaching 1.3 C. This
days. Sunlight is vital for the development of significantly affected the plants productive
blooms and coffee productivity. environment. 10
9 Increased cloudiness associated with the level of rainfall

recorded produced a decrease in sunlight hours and,
subsequently, in solar energy that plants need for
photosynthesis.
10 Federacin Nacional de Cafeteros (2012). Sostenibilidad en
Accin 2011. Bogota.
71
V. PROTECTION AND
MANAGEMENT
72
A. Property
The CCLC is comprised by a conglomerate of
privately owned urban and rural plots of land.
Through the national legislation on territorial
planning, contained in Law 388 of 1997, the
Colombian State regulates and controls the use of
land in order to preserve the balance of resources
available in the territory, prioritizing public over
private interests. The elements included within
the National Archaeological Heritage are defined
as those movable or immovable assets that
belonged to the colonial period or to cultures
that have disappeared, as well as organic and
human remains related to these cultures[]
the geological and paleontological elements
related to the history of man and its origin [...]
the movable or immovable assets that represent
cultural identity and tradition belonging to the
existing indigenous communities They belong
to the Nation, as the instance that represents all
Colombians.
Through its institutions, the Nation also owns a

series of properties located within the CCLC. These
include buildings housing local administration
offices and infrastructure projects such as
electrification, electricity supply, and roads. The
CCLC includes a combination of both public
and privately owned environmental reserves
or protected areas of different levels. Law 388
on Territorial Planning stimulates municipalities
to acquire these properties (as is the case of
aqueduct buffer zones), in order to avoid possible
conflict of interests with private owners.
73
B. Protection measures
Through Law 45 of 1983, the Colombian State communal lands of ethnic groups, security
became a part of the Unescos Convention zones, the archaeological resources of the
Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and nation, and other property determined by
Natural Heritage, approved by the 17th General law are inalienable, imprescriptible, and
Conference in Paris on November 16 1972. As a unseizable. [Art. 63].
State Party, Colombiabefore the world and The state has the obligation to promote and
represented by Unesco is currently responsible foster the equal access of all Colombians
for five heritage sites on the World Heritage List. to culture by means of permanent
One of these sites is the Coffee Cultural Landscape education and scientific, technical, artistic,
of Colombia (Caldas, Quindo, Risaralda and Valle and professional instruction at all stages in
del Cauca). Inscribed on June 25 2011, the CCLC the process of creating national identity.
was declared national cultural heritage through Culture in its diverse manifestations is the
Resolution 2079 of October 7 2011 of the Cultural basis of nationality. The state recognizes
Heritage National Council and Resolution 2663 the equality and dignity of all those who
of December 22 2012. live together in the country. The state will
promote research, science, development,
The conservation of these properties is and the diffusion of the nations cultural
protected within the existing legal framework values [Art. 70].
for the management of Properties of Cultural Economic and social development
Interests and Natural Assets, which is supported plans will include the promotion of the
in the Constitution. These constitutional sciences and of culture in general. The
guidelines are not contradictable or modifiable state will create incentives for individuals
by any lesser norm. and institutions that develop and foster
science and technology and other cultural
1. Cultural assets manifestations and will offer special
Since the promulgation of the 1991 Political incentives to individuals and institutions
Constitution, Colombia committed itself to that pursue these activities [Art. 71].
treating and preserving Cultural Heritage The Nations cultural heritage is under
through the following guidelines: the protection of the State. The Nations
Colombias ethnic and cultural diversity is archaeological heritage and other cultural
recognized and protected. [Art. 7] resources that shape national identity
The State and individuals have the belong to the Nation and are inalienable,
obligation to protect the nations cultural unseizable, and imprescriptible. The law
and natural assets [Art. 8]. will establish the mechanisms to restore
Property in public use, natural parks, control over those that are in the hands of
74
individuals and will regulate the special rights
that ethnic groups may enjoy when they
occupy territories of archaeological wealth
[Art. 72].
In accordance with articles 70, 71 and 72 of the According to article 4 of Law 1185 of 2008, the
1991 Constitution, the General Law for Culture CCLC is part of Colombias national cultural
(Law 397 of 1997) was promulgated to develop heritage. This law incorporates the category
the nations culture policy; create the Ministry of cultural landscape as one of the constituent
of Culture; and, among other duties, delegate elements of heritage11, subjecting it to a
the management of the Properties of Cultural special protection regime against any kind of
Interest at a national level to the Ministry intervention. Decree 763 of 2009, reaffirmed by
of Culture. Title II of this law, which refers to Decree 1080 of 2015 12 orders the formulation
everything related to national cultural heritage, and compliance of a special management and
was regulated through Law 1185 of 2008. protection plan for the cultural interest asset
and its implementation in the territorial use
plans and the intervention licensing processes.
11 Article 4. Integration of the National Cultural Heritage. National Cultural Heritage is constituted by all tangible properties,
intangible manifestations, products and representations of the culture which are an expression of Colombianess, such as
the Castilian language; the languages and dialects of the indigenous, Creole, and black communities; tradition; ancestral
knowledge; the cultural landscape; customs and habits; as well as movable and immovable material assets of special historical,
artistic, scientific, aesthetic or symbolic interest within the arts, architecture, urban, archaeological, linguistic, sound, musical,
audiovisual, film, testimonial, documental, literary, bibliographical, museum, anthropological. (Law 1185 of 2008, Art. 1, which
modifies Art. 4 of Law 397 of 1997).
12 Decree 1080 of 2015 made a compendium of regulations on culture sanctioned by the Ministry of Culture.
75
Box 3. Executive Order No. 763 of 2009

Article 14 of Decree 763 of April 24 2009:
Special management and protection plans for assets of cultural interest should proceed as
follows:
1. Define the conditions for the articulation of the assets with their physical, architectural,
urban or rural context, with any existing plans and with their socio-cultural environment
from the standpoint of the conservation of their values, the mitigation of risks and the
exploitation of their potential.
2. Specify the preventative and/or corrective actions that are necessary for the protection
and conservation of the assets.
3. Establish the physical conditions of the assets, as well as the conditions for maintenance
and conservation.
4. Establish mechanisms or determining factors that allow the assets recuperation and
sustainability.
5. Generate the conditions and strategies for the communities improved knowledge and
appropriation of the assets, in order to guarantee conservation and transmission to future
generations.
Regionally, the Territorial Planning Law (Law 13 Article 10 of Law 388/1997, establishes the determinants of
388 of 1997) dictates that municipalities the Land-Use Plans as follows:
must formulate territorial planning projects 1. Those related to the conservation and protection of the
environment, natural resources, and the prevention of
in order to promote rational and equitable natural threats and risks.
land regulation, including the preservation 2. The policies, guidelines, and regulations of conservation,
and protection of ecological and cultural preservation and use of areas and buildings considered
National and Departmental Cultural Heritage including
heritage. In other words, it seeks to ensure the historical, artistic, and architectonic, as stated in the
that territorial development is in harmony corresponding legislation.
with the environment and with historic and 3. The marking and location of the basic infrastructure
of the regional and national roads network, ports and
cultural traditions. The law establishes that airports; the water supply system; sanitation; and energy
in the elaboration and adoption of such supply, as well as the guidelines for land-use planning for
plans, municipalities must take into account its buffer zones.
4. The components of land-use planning of the integrated
the policies, guidelines, and regulations on metropolitan development plans, as regards metropolitan
conservation, preservation and use of the areas issues, as well as the general norms established by the
and buildings that are considered National and aims and criteria defined by the metropolitan areas in
the issues regarding municipal land-use planning, in
Departmental Cultural Heritage, including the accordance with Law 128 of 1994 and Law 388 of 1997
historical, artistic and architectonic assets 13.
76
This guideline is developed in the territorial use The State shall plan the management and
plans of municipalities through the declaration use of natural resources to guarantee their
of environmental and cultural conservation sustainable development, conservation,
areas and assets of cultural interest in the restoration, or substitution. Furthermore,
municipal sphere. Additionally, under the the State shall prevent and control factors
general law of culture, local authorities can related to environmental degradation,
declare assets as assets of cultural interest at impose legal sanctions, and demand the
the departmental level. This is the first step reparation of damages caused. The State
to legally protect the declared assets and shall also cooperate with other nations in
integrate them to cultural promotion programs the protection of the ecosystems situated
developed by departments in coordination with within border zones. [Article 80].
other local entities. It is the States duty to ensure the protection
of the integrity of public spaces and of
In terms of archeological heritage, Decree 833 their common use designation, which
(2002) further establishes that infrastructure shall prime over individual interest. Public
projects require the implementation of a entities will enjoy the profits generated by
preventative archeological program. This their urban actions and shall regulate the
includes studies prior to the initiation of the use of these grounds and of the urban air
infrastructure projects that determine the space in defense of the common interest
existence of archeological findings in the [Article 82].
project area. Should it be necessary, the Citizens have the duty to protect the
preventative archeological program, as part cultural and natural resources of the
of the Archeological Management Plan, country and to ensure the conservation
formulates measures to prevent, avoid, or of a healthy environment [Article 95].
mitigate the impact on archeological heritage.
The regulation, protection and conservation of
natural assets is the responsibility of the Ministry
2. Natural assets of the Environment Housing and Territorial
The 1991 Constitution establishes the following Development, which was created through
guidelines for the treatment of natural assets: Law 99 of 1993. In year 2011 the functions of
It is the duty of the State to protect the Environment and Housing were disjointed, and
diversity and integrity of the environment, the Ministry adopted the name of Ministry of
conserve the areas of special ecological Environment and Sustainable Development.
importance, and support education for the
achievement of these ends [Article 79]. In terms of the protection of natural heritage,
Law 99 (1993) establishes that among the
77
Ministrys main functions are the management Food production shall enjoy the special
of the areas that comprise the National Natural protection of the State. To this end, a priority
Park system, natural heritage protection, will be given to the integral development
preservation of the nations diverse ecosystems of agricultural, livestock, fishing, forestry,
and the conservation areas of ecosystem and agro-industrial activities, in addition to
importance. To this end, this ministry has the the construction of physical infrastructure
support of the Special Administrative Unit of projects and land improvement. The State
the National Natural Park System, which is shall also promote research and technology
responsible for the management of national transfer for the production of farm and
natural reserves. These reserves are distributed livestock food and raw materials in order to
in five categories: one unique natural area, forty- increase productivity. [Article 65].
two natural parks, two national natural reserves, The provisions to be developed by
ten flora and fauna sanctuaries, and one parkway. credit entities shall consider the special
This leads to a total of fifty-six natural areas, which conditions of farming and livestock credit,
represent Colombias biodiversity. Los Nevados taking into consideration crop and price
National Natural Park, Tatam National Natural cycles and the inherent risks of the activity
Park, Las Hermosas National Natural Park and and of natural catastrophes [Article 66].
the Otn Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary
are located within the CCLC. Law 101 of 1993 (General Law of Agricultural,
Livestock, and Fishing Development)
3. Coffee production was promulgated as a compliment to
As one of the main activities of Colombias these regulations. It seeks to protect the
agricultural sector, coffee production has development of farming, livestock and fishing
special treatment under the 1991 constitution. activities and to promote the improvement
The constitutions stipulations regarding coffee of the rural producers income and quality of
production are as follows: life. As part of its multiple provisions, the law
It is the duty of the State to promote establishes that the national government shall
agricultural workers progressive access to prioritize the comprehensive development and
land ownership, whether in an individual commercialization of agricultural, livestock,
or associative form. In addition, the State fishing, forestry, and agro-industrial activities.
shall facilitate access to education, health, Additionally, it promotes the access of agro
housing, social security, leisure, credit, and livestock producers to finance and labor
communication,productcommercialization, capital sources, such as subsidized credits (with
and technical and business assistance in special interest rates, amortization deadlines,
order to improve the income and quality of and grace periods), and rural capitalization
life of peasants. [Article 64]. incentives. This law also provides guidelines
78
for the management of the resources coming a permanent purchase guarantee policy that
from farming and livestock tax contributions, provides growers the best possible prices under
including the coffee grower tax contribution. international market conditions.
In its capacity as the representative of The contract also establishes the base
Colombias coffee growing sector, in July 2006, parameters that the FNC should follow for the
the Colombian Coffee Growers Federation, use of the National Coffee Funds resources
hand in hand with the Colombian government, for the protection and encouragement of
subscribed the 10th Administrative Contract of Colombian coffee growing. Some of these
the National Coffee Fund, which is currently parameters include:
being renegotiated. This contract, which
has virtually existed since the creation of Purchase, storage, threshing, transformation,
the National Coffee Fund, establishes the transportation, sale, and other activities
stabilization of coffee grower income as a related to coffee commercialization
priority. This is largely accomplished through domestically and abroad.
79
Programs that foment and incentivize agreement, and participation criteria that
efficient, sustainable, and globally contribute to the improvement of the quality of
competitive coffee growing. life of Colombias peoples.
Research, scientific experimentation,
technology transfer, extension, training, C. Origin protection
crop diversification, and technical
assistance programs. Caf de Colombia
Activities to promote and publicize The recognition of Caf de Colombia in 2007 as
Colombian coffee. a protected denomination of origin, protected
Programs oriented at promoting new geographical indication or certified brand is a
markets, new products, and new forms complementary legal strategy that highlights the
of commercializing coffee and financing position and reputation of Colombian coffee.
existing markets. Additionally, it allows coffee producers to have
Promote and finance the development of higher incomes, while avoiding that third parties
cooperativeactionsbetweencoffeegrowers unjustly profit from Caf de Colombias reputation
as a tool for efficient commercialization in different world markets. These legal tools
and social improvement of the coffee support the sustainability of the CCLC because
growing community. they represent the preservation of the natural and
Support programs that contribute to the human factors that make up the unique features of
development and social and economic Caf de Colombia. In this way, these protective tools
balance of populations in coffee growing constitute, in and of themselves, strategic initiatives
regions. for the landscapes conservation and sustainability.
Build economic and social infrastructure
programs in coffee growing regions. The worldwide recognition of Caf de Colombia
as a specialty product is part of a conglomerate
Finally, it is important to highlight that coffee of similar legal mechanisms in other countries.
production is also protected by policies that Some examples are the certification brands in the
support the development of the Colombian United States and Canada and the denomination
farming and livestock sector, implemented of origin of Caf de Colombia in several South
by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural American countries. Colombian coffee is the only
Development. Created through Decree 2478 coffee in the world that has obtained these sorts of
of 1999, this Ministrys main responsibility is to recognitions, not only in its country of origin, 14
formulate, coordinate and evaluate policies but also in other nations.
that promote the competitive, egalitarian,
and sustainable development of the farming
14 Resolution 4819 of 2005 Superintendence of Industry and
and livestock sectors under decentralization,
Commerce
80
Regarding the CCLC, the project for the The Urban and Territorial Space Direction of
implementation of the regional coffee the Ministry of Housing City and Territory was
designation of origin is already underway in the responsible for evaluating the territorial use
department of Caldas. The logo symbol of the plans. It had the support of the Ministry of
Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia was Culture and was enriched by the work carried
also registered, in an effort to protect its use out by the different departmental workshops
and transfer value to the regions products. and committees.
D. Management strategies More than 500 people participated in

these regional workshops and committees.
Representatives from the 47 municipal planning
15
1. Municipal territorial use norms
The revision of the current state of the territorial authorities, departmental planning authorities,
use plans of the 47 municipalities located within departmental cultural authorities, the CCLCs
the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia was regional autonomous corporations (Carder,
determined through the commitment made Corpocaldas, CRQ and CVC), the Alexander
by the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of von Humboldt Institution, departmental
Housing City and Territory in the Agreement for coffee grower committees, the CCLCs Alma
Prosperity (APP) No. 43 of August 13 2011. The Mater university network, the Sustainability
agreement refers to harmonizing the territorial Observatory of Landscape Heritage, the Ministry
use plans and other local and regional planning of Environment and the Colombian Coffee
instruments with the Coffee Cultural Landscape Growers Federation provided their input.
of Colombias Management Plan.
Different actions were undertaken in order to

identify how the CCLCs attributes are related
to the territorial use plans of the municipalities.
Some of these include analyzing the declarations
attributes and compiling the monitoring,
evaluation and collection documents of the
territorial use plans of the 47 municipalities.
15 Taken from the Guide for the Enactment of the Coffee

Cultural Landscape of Colombia in the Review and
Adjustment of the Territorial Use Plans (POT, PBOT, EOT).
Bogota: Ministerio de Cultura - Federacin Nacional
de Cafeteros, 2014: 27-28 and 29-30. The guide can
be accessed at: http://paisajeculturalcafetero.org.co/
contenido/documentos-del-pcc
81
Table 3: Attributes of the CCLC in relation to territorial use

CCLC evaluated attributes To be evaluated in territorial use plans (in relation to the attri-
Mountain grown coffee 1. Rural use zoning. Identification of areas for agricultural use (type
Coffee predominance of activity and potential use)
Slope coffee growing 2. Delimitation of areas under threat in rural land
Natural Heritage 3. Identification, delimitation and ruling of natural resource protection

Water source availability and conservation areas
Urban heritage 4. Identification, delimitation and ruling of architectural and urban

Architectural heritage heritage protection and conservation areas
Concentrated settlement and fragmented 5. Land classification: delimitation of suburban land relative to total
property structure rural land. Densities in rural land
2. Tourism plans research, product design, promotion and

The tourism industry has been developed at commercialization, service provision and
different degrees in the four departments quality, and attraction of investors (Ministry
that comprise the CCLC. Quindo was the of Commerce, Industry and Tourism, 2008).
pioneer in the process of tourism with the 1997
Quindo Tourism Development Plan: Quindo, Both processes -tourism planning and
tourist destination of the new millennium, development- have had a constant and
which gave way to the Decennial Strategic shared maturity. This has allowed the region,
Quindo Tourism Development Plan. The and especially the department of Quindo,
Caldas Sectorial Tourism Development Plan to gradually adapt to the rising supply and
was developed in Caldas. In Risaralda and demand and react swiftly and promptly to
Valle del Cauca, the respective departmental the new challenges posed by the industrys
tourism development plans were issued. evolution.
The implementation of these Plans gave way In this framework, the inscription of the
to the consolidation of a local tourism industry, CCLC in the World Heritage List is a valuable
through a macro-strategy of regional tourist opportunity to foster sustainable tourism
development, based on planning, market development at the regional level. This
82
planning strategy seeks to guarantee a type of establishments, especially useful for guides
tourism that avoids the impact of mass tourism, and tourist information providers.
but, at the same time, fosters the development
of a competitive tourism. This will provide the 3. Development plans
regions communities a complementary source Regionally, the CCLCs departments have
of income without changing the territorys Development Plans that are valid for the 2012-
productive vocation. This intervention seeks 2015 period. The plans envision strengthening
to consolidate a low impact, high expenditure the landscapes valuation, protection and
tourism model that rather than generating an promotion through the management of the
accelerated increase in the number of visitors, corresponding Culture Departments. Each
increases the average expenditure per visit Development Plan also includes infrastructure
and redistributes it throughout the territory. project and sectorial program coordination
mechanisms in the culture and education
Following the Agreement for Prosperity N. spheres and the approval of the domestic and
43 established in Montenegro, Quindo on international CCLC promotion projects.
August 13 2011, the Regional Tourism Technical
Committee was formed in order to ensure a New departmental and municipal adminis-
unique and inclusive product. The chambers trations are working to define and consolidate
of commerce of Manizales, Pereira, Armenia tools for the protection of the CCLC through
and Sevilla; the tourism local authorities of the the new 2016-2019 development plans.
four departments; the Vice-Ministry of Tourism
through the Tourism Promotion Fund (Fontur); 4. Heritage Watchers
Procolombia and the Colombian Coffee The active participation of social groups in
Growers Federation comprise the committee. decision-making and implementation of State
The team has led to the formulation of projects programs and projects related to valuation
for the Design of the tourism product Routes of and social appropriation is required for the
the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia,16 effective conservation of cultural heritage. For
the entrepreneurial strengthening of tourism this reason, the Ministry of Culture, supported
operators and service providers, training in by Law 720 of 2001, created the Heritage
sectorial technical standards, the Situr, and Watchers Program, where children, youth and
the development of road signs. It enjoys the adults can unite for the common purpose of
brand design and registration of the Routs of identifying, valuing, promoting and enjoying
the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia: a our extensive and diverse cultural legacy. This
symbol of the quality and experience of the program is a participation strategy that aims
to integrate communities interested in working
towards the conservation of cultural heritage
16 http://www.rutasdelpaisajeculturalcafetero.com
83
under a volunteer scheme throughout the recovery and sustainability: proposals

country. The fruits of this effort are captured by aimed at the protection, conservation
the different experiences of organized groups and enjoyment of heritage.
that have opted for devoting a portion of their
time to recovering, disseminating and keeping E. Management Plan
alive our roots and our history. (Ministry of
Culture, 2008). A management plan is a document that dictates
actions upon a territory according to its productive,
This program, which involves 470 heritage environmental, social and cultural possibilities. It
watchers, is open to interdisciplinary sets out the required actions to prevent, mitigate,
academic groups, indigenous communities, control, compensate and correct any negative
afro-Colombian communities, cultural impact caused by the development of a project,
administrators, housewives, historians, construction or activity.
tour guides, teachers, librarians, children,
pensioners, elderly people and others. It A requisite for the inscription of a cultural site
is made up of regional nodes and provides in Unescos World Heritage List is that it has a
different scenarios for communication and management plan, conceived and designed
socialization such as national heritage watchers to give guidelines for the conservation and
meetings, node coordinator meetings, and the development of the site as a heritage of
National Network of Heritage Watchers. These humanity. The CCLCs Management Plan
instruments reflect the effort of watchers and encourages a sense of appropriation among
foment information and experience sharing. the landscapes inhabitants. It also foments
instances that can contribute to the landscapes
These are the lines of work of the Heritage sustainable preservation, in harmony with the
Watchers: economic activities developed in the area.
Knowledge and valuation of cultural
heritage. Includes, among other In this context, the Management Plan sets the
elements, projects for the realization of principles for the landscapes management,
preliminary lists, identification of cultural the economic and social wellbeing of its
heritage, and historical studies on cultural inhabitants, the appropriation of cultural
interest properties. heritage and environmental sustainability.
Cultural heritage training and divulgation:
development of creative projects aimed The CCLCs Management Plan was designed
at raising awareness regarding the based on the core values of the landscape.
importance of heritage. The following six conservation objectives were
Heritage conservation, protection, established17:
84
Objective 1: Promote the competitiveness of In order to achieve this, work in rural
coffee growing life is developed through three spheres:
Ensuring the competitiveness of coffee educational and training processes, projects
growing in the CCLC is one of the necessary that improve community infrastructure, and
conditions to guarantee the permanence the development of productive and tourism
of coffee growers and to preserve this projects that generate added value to the
historic tradition. Competitiveness is only CCLCs communities.
possible by maintaining a young, productive
and profitable coffee industry. In order to Objective 3: Preserve, revitalize and promote
achieve this, its not only necessary to ensure cultural heritage and articulate it to regional
that plantations have young crops as the development
baseline to increase productivity, but its also The regions deeply rooted coffee growing
key to adopt the best practices for cultivation culture is one of the most important
and management to maximize productivity. characteristics of the CCLC. It has transcended
Renovation must go beyond the crop and the productive sphere and permeated the
include actions that promote the inclusion diverse cultural and social traditions and
of young coffee growers in order to preserve manifestations of the regions population,
this productive tradition over time and creating a rich cultural heritage of national
facilitate its adaptation to the environments significance. The management of these
changing conditions. tangible and intangible values is based on
heritage research, valuation, conservation,
Objective 2: Promote the development of the and diffusion. Civil society participation is a
coffee growing community and its surroundings strategic element for these processes.
As demonstrated in the description of the
exceptional values, coffee culture in the CCLC Objective 4: Strengthen social capital
is an activity based on the efforts of a group of One of the factors that has given life and
people who have worked for over 100 years, exceptionality to the CCLC is the social
producing top quality coffee. The improvement capital that coffee growers have built around
of coffee producers quality of life can be coffee production. This capital, comprised
achieved through the economic profitability of by the diverse institutions and coffee grower
their crop and by implementing precise actions participation instances, has given way to
geared at comprehensive social development. the consolidation of coffee production as
the regions leading source of income and
sustainable human development. This is why
17 Table 4: Strategic objectives and performance indicators of
strengthening it constitutes one of the main
the CCLCs Management Plan summarizes the actions that elements of the landscapes preservation.
will support each objective
85
Objective 5: Foster regional integration and

development
The management capacity of coffee institutions
and the commitment of different agents with
the sustainable development of the CCLC
supports the consolidation of local, regional and
national alliances that lead to the coordination
of actions for the landscapes conservation.
Objective 6: Support the productive and

environmental sustainability of the CCLC
The balance between the productive landscape
and environmental conservation is essential
for preserving the unique characteristics of the
CCLC. As a result, the landscapes Management
Plan includes strategies that support the
conservation of its natural resources
through projects that favor biodiversity and
environmental, productive and economic
sustainability
In order to verify the efficiency and effectiveness

of the Management Plan, a series of
monitoring indicators that reflect management
performance and landscape conservation are
in place. Table 4 presents such indicators:
86
Table 4: Strategic objectives and performance indicators of the CCLCs Management Plan
Value Main threats Strategic Indicator Periodicity Strategies Led by Actions
objectives
Human, family, Reduction of 1. Promote the Renovated hectares Annual 1. Achieve Colombian Foment intergenerational
generational coffee coffee industrys Extension Service Annual a young, Coffee Growers knowledge transfer.
and historical production competitiveness coverage productive and Federation Renovate aged coffee crops.
human profitability Number of youth Annual profitable coffee Promote adaptation to
effort for the Low level of participating in industry better practices to increase
production of intergenerational intergenerational profitability.
an excellent knowledge knowledge transfer Implement funding mechanisms
quality coffee transfer programs for coffee production
Change of Land
Use
2. Promote the Investment in coffee- Annual 2. Improve Colombian Support the State in the
development related education the education Coffee Growers implementation of formal and
of the coffee programs and training Federation. comprehensive educational
growing processes in Local options for coffee growing
community and the coffee governments regions.
its surroundings community of the CCLCs Foment relevant productive
departments educational projects.
Develop and implement
training programs
Number of coffee Annual 3. Implement Colombian Support the State in

growers trained in projects that Coffee Growers broadening and maintaining
business improve Federation. access roads and services in
management community Local coffee farms.
infrastructure governments Foment the improvement
of the CCLCs of living conditions in coffee
departments growing households.
Implement community
development projects.
Foster connectivity in coffee
growing regions
Investment in Annual 4. Incentivize the Ministry of Promote productive, cultural

production and development Commerce, and natural values through
community of tourism and Industry, and tourism and productive
infrastructure productive Tourism. projects that integrate coffee
projects that Local growers, communities and
generate value governments interest sites under the notions
to the rural of the CCLCs of sustainability.
Number of products/ Annual population departments. Integrated management and
establishments under Colombian participatory planning.
the brand certification Coffee Growers Integrate projects to the Vice-
program Federation Ministry of Tourisms tourism
policy.
Articulate the actions included
in the tourism sectorial plans
of the CCLCs governorates
87

objectives
Coffee culture Low level of 3. Conserve, Number of regional Annual 5. Foment Ministry of Strengthen regional
for the world intergenerational revitalize and research projects research, Culture. research related to cultural
knowledge promote cultural related to the CCLCs evaluation, and Local and archaeological heritage.
transfer heritage and heritage conservation of governments. Promote the inventor y,
Loss of articulate it cultural heritage Mayoralties and registration, valuation,
traditional to regional Universities of conser vation, dissemination
building development Number of assets of Annual the CCLC and sustainabilit y of
techniques cultural interest with cultural and archaeological
Profitability of projects for heritage
alternative intervention pending
building use or in execution
Seismic
movements
Number of projects or Annual
activities developed by
Heritage Watchers in
the CCLC
Number of properties Annual

of cultural interest
included in municipal
and departmental
inventories and in the
Ministry of Culture
6. Promote social Ministry of Promote appropriate

Number of cultural Annual participation in Culture. intervention in the architectural,
heritage dissemination the evaluation, Local urban and rural heritage and its
activities in the CCLC communication Governments, articulation with the territorial
anddissemination Mayoralties and use and development plans.
of the cultural Universities of Promote socialization,
Number of Annual heritage and the CCLC communication and
archaeological social values of dissemination projects
management plans the CCLC regarding cultural heritage and
developed in the area the social values of the CCLC.
Promote the consolidation of
new heritage watchers and
Number of projects Annual actions
implemented in
preventive archeology
Number of territorial Annual

use plans (POTs) that
include guidelines of
the CCLC
Number of Annual
development plans
that include guidelines
of the CCLC
88
objectives
Strategic Low level of 4. Strengthen Number of coffee Annual 7. Foment the Colombian Strengthen sense of belonging
social capital intergenera- coffees social growers participating coffee grower Coffee Growers of coffee producers and actors
built around tional know- capital in leadership populations Federation involved with coffee institutions.
an institution ledge workshops and coffee leadership and Increase dynamism and
transfer grower encounters participation participation in the multiple
democratic coffee grower
Number of trained Annual instances.
female coffee growers Support projects that favor the
economic, political and social
participation of female coffee
growers
5. Foster Leverage ratio of social Annual 8. Integrate Colombian Leverage institutional

regional investment. Number of the CCLCs Coffee Growers management capacity to
integration and projects coordinated conservation Federation. engage the State and the
development with goals to Ministry of international community in
the Vice Ministry of regional, Culture. the preservation of the CCLC.
Tourism dealing national, and Ministry of Foment partnerships between
with sustainable international Commerce, regional authorities and
tourism; tourism policy Industry and the private sector for the
plans developed by the Tourism economic, social and cultural
department development of the CCLC
Governorships offices
Relationship Pollution of 6. Support Number of hectares Annual 9. Develop Colombian Develop scientific knowledge
between natural the CCLCs devoted to coffee initiatives that Coffee Growers that contributes to further
tradition and resources productive and productive projects have a positive Federation. understanding the interaction
technology Loss of environmental impact on the National Coffee between biodiversity and the
to guarantee microbasins sustainability environment Research productive landscape.
product and water Number of hectares Annual Center Protect and promote the
quality and sources with environmental (Cenicaf). productive value of the coffee
sustainability Landslides improvement and Regional growing regions biodiversity.
conservation projects Autonomous Foster the protection and
Corporations sustainability of water and
forestry resources
Degree of adoption Annual 10. Provide Colombian Develop the research coffee
of technologies timely Coffee Growers agenda to continue offering
that support coffee scientific and Federation. solutions in the short, medium
crop quality and technological National Coffee and long term to changing
sustainability developments Research challenges of coffee production.
that foment the Center Strengthen technology
sustainable use (Cenicaf) validation, interaction and
of the CCLC adoption among coffee
growers, the Extension Service
and scientific research
89
The implementation of the strategies requires Multiple authorities and organizations that
the coordinated work of local, regional and converge in the CCLC actively participate in
national administrations and the participation of the landscapes management following the
academia and the private and community sectors, guidelines of the institutional arrangement
in line with environmental, economic, social and established in the Management and Protection
cultural sustainability development policies. Plan. Some of the participating entities are:
CCLC Institutional Organization (2009-2019)
DIRECTIVE COMMITTEE
Ministry of Culture, local administrations, Academy, Colombian Coffee
Growers Federation
Executive Secretary
REGIONAL TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

Local administrations and one delegate from the CAR, one delegate from the Coffee Grower Committee, one delegate from academia
TECHNICAL TECHNICAL TECHNICAL TECHNICAL

DEPARTMENTAL DEPARTMENTAL DEPARTMENTAL DEPARTMENTAL
COMMITTEE COMMITTEE COMMITTEE COMMITTEE
Caldas Quindo Risaralda Valle del Cauca
Departmental Secretary of Culture; delegate of the Secretary of Development, Tourism; delegate from the CAR; delegate from participant universities,
delegate from the Coffee Grower Committee
Illustration 5: CCLC Institutional arrangement 2009-2019

1769 Agreement of November 13 2009 signed between the Ministry of Culture, the Colombian Coffee
Growers Federation and the local governments of Caldas, Quindo, Risaralda and Valle del Cauca.
90
Table 5. Conservation indicators of the CCLC
Value Indicator Periodicity
Human, family, Number of coffee growers Annual

generational and
historical human effort Number of coffee growers under 40 years of age Annual
for the production of an
excellent quality coffee Average age of the coffee trees Annual
Number of movable, immovable and intangible heritage Annual

Coffee culture for the assets declared Assets of Cultural Interest in the municipal,
world departmental and national spheres
Number of properties included in the Conservation status Annual

monitoring program that are in good conditions
Number of traditional architecture buildings (rural houses Biennial

or coffee growing farms) that are in good conservation
conditions
Number of urban centers that preserve their architectural Biennial

and urbanistic values
Voter turnout in coffee grower elections Quadrennial

Strategic social capital
built around an Number of slates registered for the coffee grower elections Quadrennial
institution
Favourability of coffee institutions Biennial
Numberofhectaresdevotedtocoffeeproductionaccordingto Annual
degree of technology
Relationship between
tradition and technology Number of hectares with environmental improvement Annual
to guarantee product and conservation projects
quality and sustainability
Biodiversity indicators (surface state of ecosystems, specie Subject to the evaluation of
wealth and water scarcity Cenicaf or the
Alexander von Humboldt
Institute
91
VI. EPILOGUE
92
In short, the Coffee Cultural Landscape of
Colombia is an outstanding example of human
adaptation to challenging geographical
conditions, where coffee is grown in steep
mountain ranges with vertiginous slopes. Its
a unique cultural landscape where natural,
economic and cultural features merge. Human,
family and generational effort come together in
this astonishing landscape with the permanent
support of coffee institutions.
These efforts have led to an exceptional

model of collective action that has helped
coffee growers overcome difficult economic
circumstances and survive in a wild and isolated
landscape. Coffee growing in the landscape
has been constituted upon small property,
demonstrating its sustainability in economic,
social and environmental terms. Together, this
has positioned the CCLCs coffee as one of the
worlds best coffees.
The CCLCs managerial processes must rely

on the solidary and respectful participation
of all actors involved. This will contribute to
maximizing social and economic benefits in local
communities and minimize negative impacts.
Institutions, authorities and the community at

large are responsible for advancing actions
that give effect to the Management Plan. They
are also responsible for implementing the
necessary measures to educate and inform
regarding the plans contents and objectives,
articulating community participation and social
appropriation with local development processes
93
through research, dissemination, information We must join efforts to ensure that the CCLCs
and the transfer of environmentally sustainable exceptional universal value is not only enjoyed
knowledge and technologies. Such actions by todays generations, who recognized it as
should be based on the systematic analysis of all a world cultural heritage, but also by future
the factors influencing planning systems in order generations from Colombia and the world.
to elaborate efficient sustainable development
strategies that foster the conservation of the
CCLCs exceptional values.
94
VI. REFERENCES
95
Botero, J. (1997). El crtico estado de nuestras valiosas ecorregiones. Estudios Regionales (7).
Botero, L. (2007). Caf, cultura en movimiento. Suplemento especial Futuro, a raz de los 80 aos de la
Federacin Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia. Diario La Repblica.
CARDER et. al. (2004). Ecorregin Eje Cafetero: un territorio de oportunidades. Pereira: Corporacin ALMA
MATER-FOREC.
Chalarca, J. (1998). Vida y hechos del caf en Colombia. Bogot D.C.: Editorial Comn Presencia.
Comit Departamental de Cafeteros de Caldas; Gobernacin de Caldas; Corpocaldas; CRECE. (2008).
Informe final de ejecucin departamento de Caldas. Estrategias para valorar e institucionalizar el
Paisaje Cultural Cafetero del Eje Cafetero de Colombia. Manizales.
Conservation International. (17 de febrero de 2009). Tropical Andes. Obtenido de Biodiversity Hotspots:
http://www.biodiversityhotspots. org/xp/hotspots/andes/Pages/default.aspx
Corpocaldas. (2007). Plan de Accin Trienal (PAT), 2007- 2009. Manizales. Obtenido de Corpocaldas: http://
www.corpocaldas. gov.co/adminsite/archivos/PAT_2007-2009.pdf
CRQ ; CVC; CARDER. (2006). Ordenamiento y manejo de la cuenca del ro La Vieja. Diagnstico y prospectiva
y zonificacin y metodologa para la formulacin del Plan. Armenia. Armenia.
Departamento Nacional de Planeacin. (2014). Conpes 3803 Poltica para la preservacin del paisaje
cultural cafetero de Colombia. Bogot: DNP.
Direccin de Patrimonio. (2015). Informe sobre el impacto de la minera en el Paisaje Cultural Cafetero de
Colombia 2011 2015. Bogot D.C.: Ministerio de Cultura de Colombia.
Federacin Nacional de Cafeteros. (2012). Sostenibilidad en Accin 2011. Bogot: FNC.
Federacin Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia. (Octubre de 2012). Glosario cafetero. Obtenido de Algrano:
http://www.federaciondecafeteros.org/algrano-fnc-es/index.php/comments/glosario_cafetero_
parte_ii_etapas_del_cultivo/
Ferro Medina, G. (2004). A lomo de Mula. Obtenido de Calarc.net: http://www.calarca.net/arrieria.html
Fonseca Martnez, L., & Saldarriaga Roa, A. (1984). La arquitectura de la vivienda rural en Colombia, vol. 2:
Minifundio cafetero en Antioquia, Caldas, Quindo y Risaralda. Cali: Litocencoa Ltda.
Gobernacin de Caldas; CORPOCALDAS. (2005). Elaboracin de la primera etapa del diagnstico Paisaje
Cultural Cafetero. Programa Rescate y Proteccin del Patrimonio Cultural. Manizales: Universidad
Nacional de Colombia sede Manizales.
Gobernacin del Quindo. (2008). El Quindo, rico en fauna y flora. Recuperado el 23 de abril de 2009, de
http://www.quindio.gov.co/home/categoria.php?id_item=33&id_categoria=236
Gobernacin del Valle; Comit de Cafeteros del Valle del Cauca; Universidad del Valle. (2008). Definicin
de la muestra excepcional del Paisaje Cultural Cafetero en el Departamento del Valle del Cauca.
Cali.
Lpez, C., Cano, M., & Gonzlez, L. (2008). Patrimonio arqueolgico y paisajes culturales: la presencia
humana milenaria en el departamento de Risaralda. Pereira.
Maca, R. (2006). Somos caf, somos dis-tintos. Memorias del II Curso Taller Internacional Ctedra Unesco:
diseo y elaboracin de planes de manejo para paisajes culturales. Manizales: Universidad Nacional.
Meja, J. (2007). El caf y la cultura. LXVII Congreso Extraordinario de Cafeteros, en la celebracin de los 80
aos de la Federacin Nacional de Cafeteros. Medelln: Federacin Nacional de Cafeteros.
96
Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo. (2008). Poltica Nacional de Turismo, Plan Sectorial de Turismo
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Industria y Turismo (). Poltica.
Ministerio de Cultura. (2008). Lineamientos contenidos en la Poltica Cultural para Promover la Apropiacin
Social del Patrimonio. Bogot D.C.: Ministerio de Cultura.
Ministerio de Cultura; Ministerio de Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio; Federacin Nacional de Cafeteros de
Colombai. (2014). Gua para la incorporacin del Paisaje Cultural Cafetero en la revisin y ajuste
de los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT, PBOT y EOT). Bogot D.C.: Ministerio de Cultura -
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PNUD .
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J. E. Osorio y A. Acevedo.
Rodrguez, D., Duque, A., & Carranza, J. (2008). El patrimonio natural del Paisaje Cultural Cafetero en
Risaralda (Colombia). Paisaje Cultural Cafetero, Risaralda, Colombia. Pereira: J. E. Osorio y A.
Acevedo.
Saldarriaga Roa, A. (2006). La vivienda campesina en el paisaje cultural del minifundio cafetero. Memorias
del II Curso Taller Internacional Ctedra Unesco: Diseo y elaboracin de planes de manejo para
paisajes culturales. Manizales: Universidad Nacional.
Sarmiento, J. (1995). De tapias, chambranas, aleros y balcones: patrimonio arquitectnico. Patrimonio y
Memoria Cultural de Caldas. Manizales: Gobernacin de Caldas.
Tllez, G. (1980). La arquitectura y el urbanismo en la poca republicana 1830-40/1930-35, en Manual de
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Gobernacin de Caldas y CORPOCALDAS. (2006). Investigacin Paisaje
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Informe final. Manizales.
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World Heritage Conventin. (17 de febrero de 2009). World Heritage List Statistics. Obtenido de UNESCO:
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/stat
Zuluaga, L. (2007). Paisaje Cultural Cafetero. Recuperado el 14 de diciembre de 2007, de Abril Indiscreto.
Universidad de Pamplona: http://ftp.unipamplona.edu.co/kmconocimiento/Congresos/archivos_
de_apoyo/paisaje%20cultural%20cafetero.pdf
97
Box 4: Municipalities included in the World Heritage declaration

CALDAS QUINDO
Aguadas Armenia
Anserma Buenavista
Aranzzu Calarc
Belalczar Circasia
Chinchin Crdoba
Filadelfia Filandia
La Merced Gnova
Manizales Montenegro
Neira Pijao
Pcora Quimbaya
Palestina Salento
Riosucio
Risaralda
Salamina
San Jos
Supa
Villamara
Viterbo*
RISARALDA VALLE DEL CAUCA
Apa Alcal
Balboa Ansermanuevo
Beln de Umbra Argelia *
Dosquebradas * Caicedonia
Gutica El guila
La Celia El Cairo
Marsella Riofro
Mistrat * Sevilla
Pereira Trujillo
Quincha Ulloa
Santa Rosa de Cabal
Santuario
*Located in the CCLCs buffer area
98
99
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Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia: An Exceptional Fusion of Culture and Collective Work

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COFFEE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF COLOMBIA

Exceptional Fusion of Nature, Culture and Collective Effort

An exceptional territory inscribed

47 in the main area

Zulia Mena Garca

Alberto Escovar Wilson-White

Roberto Vlez Vallejo

Luis Fernando Samper Gartner

Preparation, review and editing of the nomination file text

Text preparation, review, updating and editing

Centro Grancolombiano del Paisaje Cultural Cafetero,

Gloria Ins Duque Arango

Juanita Valencia Recamn

Arturo Latorre Ortiz

Colombian Coffee Growers Federation and Government of Caldas archive

Carolina Aguilar Londoo

V. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT 72

The permanent development and improvement of information related to

This publication is a contribution to the content dissemination approved by

Mariana Garcs Crdoba

Coffee in the CCLC is grown in 43,035 farms. As a result, coffee

In order to understand the importance of human effort

The specialty coffee grown in the CCLC is the

B. Social and cultural attributes

Their vestiges can still be seen in the landscapes

Around year 700 of the Christian era there

Archeological evidence from the pre-

Regarding archeology, the region houses

The archaeological collection of the Universidad de Caldas Museums Centrepreviously

C. Urban and architectural

Rammed earth and bahareque were combined

Churches, hospital chapels, cemeteries,

In religious architecture, this trend presents

A study by the World Bank and the World Nature

The partial inventories undertaken in the

Below are the general attributes of the main

Los Nevados National Natural Park:

1 Territory shaped for environmental planning purposes by

Las Hermosas National Natural Park: with

The CCLC extends through several coffee

Map 1: Location of the CCLC within Colombia. Source: IGAC

Map 2: CCLCs delimitation territory. Source: Ministry of Culture, 2015.

A. Departments with areas in the CCLC

1. Caldas Natural forests and protected areas are some

2 Surface updated as of December 31, 2015 by the Colombian

Map 3: The CCLC in the department of Caldas

Main area: Buffer area:

3 Main area and buffer rea

Main area: Buffer area:

Map 4: The CCLC in the department of Quindo

3. Risaralda park. The presence of Cracidae, abundant

Risaralda enjoys a variety of agroforestry layouts

In terms of natural heritage, Risaralda is not

DOSQUEBRADAS SANTA ROSA DE CABAL

Map 5: The CCLC in the department of Risaralda

Main area: Buffer area:

Regarding the type of coffee production that

Main area: Buffer area:

Map 6: The CCLC in the

B. Areas that make up the Coffee Cultural

Map 7: Areas that make up the CCLC

As a result of its proximity to the western

The municipality of Belalczar is located