OUTLINES OF SYLLABI FOR B.Sc.

(BIOINFORMATICS) Ist semester

Paper Subject Name of Paper Marks No. of

Periods/week
I Punjabi/PHC Qualifying Paper 100 2
II Computer Fundamentals Computer Fundamentals 70 6
& Programming in C & Programming in C
Practical 30 6
III Cell Biology Cell Biology 70 6
Practical 30 6
IV Bioinformatics and Bio-Informatics and 70 6
Biological Databases Biological Databases
Practical 30 6

NOTE:
1. Syllabus for the subject of Punjabi/PHC would be qualifying paper.
2. Ordinances for B.Sc. Bioinformsatic-1 would be common for B.Sc.
(Medical/Non-Medical).
 SEMESTER-1
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eNheb
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 Punjab History & Culture
(Special paper in lieu of Punjabi)

Max. Marks : 100 Uni. Exam. : 80

Internal Assessment : 20 Pass marks : 35%
Time Allowed : 3 hours

NOTE : The paper setter should keep in view the topics specified in each paper and not
the title of the paper. Candidates are requested to attempt one question each from
the sections A, B, C and D and the entire section E.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER SETTERS

1. The syllabus prescribed should be strictly adhered to. The paper-setters should keep in
view the topics specified in each paper and no the title of the paper.
2. The questions paper will consist of five sections. A, B, C, D and E. Sections A, B, C
and D will have two questions from the respective sections of the syllabus and will
carry 15 marks each. Section E will consist of 15 short answer type questions which
will cover the entire syllabus and will carry 20 marks in all. There being internal
choice in this section, each short answer type question will carry 2 marks. Candidates
are required to attempt one question each from the sections A, B, C, D and the section
E.
3. The wording of the questions should be simple and easily understandable by average
students. There should be no vagueness.
4. There should be no question based upon quotations.
5. The general standard of the questions should cater to the different intellectual levels
average and below average.
6. Each paper is of 80 marks and of the three hours duration and 20 marks for internal
assessment.

SECTION A

1. Teachings of Guru Nanak.

2. Development of Sikh Institutions : (1) Langar (2) Sangat (3) Manji system
(4) Masand system (5) Harminder Sahib (6) Akal Takht (7) Miri Piri

Section B
3. Compilation of Adi Granth, Martyrdom of Guru Arjan,
4. Causes of Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur, Creation of Khalsa and its impact

Section C
5. Study of Institutions : Dal Khalsa, Gurmatta, Chhota Ghallughara and Wadda
Ghallughara.
6. Ranjt Singhs conquest of Lahore, Personality of Ranjit Singh
 Section D
7. Great Artists of Punjab : Amrita Shergill, Sobha Singh: Folk Music and Dances.
8. Famous Legends of Punjab : Heer Ranjha and Sohni Mahiwal.

SECTION E
Fifteen short answer questions will be set from the entire syllabus. The
candidates will attempt any 10 questions. These questions will be based upon terms,
concepts, institutions within the purview of the syllabus. The answer of these questions will
be of 20-25 words and will carry 2 marks each. Thus, the total marks for these questions will
be 20.

BOOKS SUGGESTED :

1. Fauja Singh (ed) History and Culture of the Punjab, Vol. 11& 111
2. G.S. Chahara, The Advanced History of the Punjab, Vol. 1
3. Ganda Singh and Teja Singh: A Short History of the Sikhs
4. J.S. Grewal, The New Cambridge History of India : The Sikhs of the Punjab,
5. D.S Dhillon, Sikhism : Origin and Development
6. Hari Ram Gupta :History of the Sikhs Vol.-1.
 PAPER-II
Computer Fundamentals & Programming in C

Max. Marks: 70 Lectures to be delivered: 75

Pass Marks: 35% (Each of 45 minutes duration)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER SETTER

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Section A and B will
have four questions from the respective section of syllabus and will carry 12 marks each.
Section C will consist of 11 short-answer type questions which will cover the entire syllabus
uniformly and will carry 22 marks in all.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANDIDATES

Candidates are required to attempt two questions from each section A and B and the
entire section C.
Section - A
1. Computer Fundamentals: History of computers, Generations and types of computers,
Classification of computers on the basis of size and technology, Hardware and Software
concepts, Block Diagram of Digital Computer, Limitations and Capabilities of
computers, RAM, ROM, Storage devices, I/O devices.

2. Operating Systems and Internet: Features of commonly used operating systems e.g.
DOS, Windows, UNIX and LINUX. Introduction to Internet.

3. Problem-Solving with Computers: Problem analysis with example, Algorithms,

Pseudocodes, Decision tables, and Flowcharts, Structured programming concepts, Top
down and Bottom up Approaches, Modular programming concepts.
4. Computer Applications: Applications of computers in bioinformatics.
Section - B
5. Programming in C: Character set, identifiers & keywords, constants & variables, data
types, expressions and statements, arithmetic, logical, relational and bitwise operators
and their precedence order, assignment and conditional operators.
6. Formatted and Unformatted I/O.
7. Control statements: if-else, switch, break, continue & loops, arrays, functions.
8. Pointers, Structure and Unions.
9. Files: File handling.
Suggested Readings:
1. Computer Fundamentals, BPB Publication, by P.K.Sinha.
2. Fundamentals of Computers, PHI Pvt. Ltd., by V. Rajaraman.
4. Let Us C, BPB publications, Yashwant Kanetkar.
5. ANSI C, by Kernigon and Ritchie.
6. Programming in C, Schaum Outline Series, by Gotterfried
 PRACTICALS

Max Marks: 30 Pass Marks: 35%

List of Practicals
1. Read an integer, character, real number and a string and display them with suitable
format.
2. Apply validations on the inputs using control statements.
3. Read a list of numbers and characters with proper validations and count them.
4. Read a list of number with following validations.
(a) Number should be integer.
(b) Each number should be less than 100.
(c) Number should be positive and at the end count the numbers which does not fulfill the
above tests.
5. A program to find largest out of three numbers.
6. A program to search an element from an array.
7. A program to sort elements of an array.
8. A program to calculate Simple and Compound Interest.
9. A program to calculate income tax.

Practical Performance: 22 Marks.

Viva voce: 4 Marks.
Practical Record: 4 Marks.

PAPER -III
Cell Biology

Max. Marks: 70 Lectures to be delivered: 75

Pass Marks: 35% (Each of 45 minutes duration)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER SETTER

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Section A and B will
have four questions from the respective section of syllabus and will carry 12 marks each.
Section C will consist of 11 short-answer type questions which will cover the entire syllabus
uniformly and will carry 22 marks in all.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANDIDATES

Candidates are required to attempt two questions from each section A and B and the entire
section C.

Section - A
 1. General Biology: The nature of life, definition of life, Characteristics of life.
Differences between animals and plants. Principal divisions in Biology, Importance of
Biology.
2. Introduction to Various systems in human body: Digestive system, Respiratory
System, circulatory system, endocrine system, Reproductive system.
3. Introduction to various systems in Plants: Basic anatomy of flowering plants:
Nutrition, Transport, Reproduction.
4. Basics of Cell Biology: Definition of cell, fundamental cell types, differences
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types, cell structure, cell wall, plasma
membrane. Different organelles and their functions. Cell division, cell cycle and its
regulation.
5. Basics of Genetics and Evolution: Mendel's work and experiments, Gene bearer of
heredity and character, chemical basis of heredity, Chromosome structure,
Alternations in structure, Human karyotype.
6. Origin of life, evidences of evolution from plant and Animal and Animal Kingdom.
Modern concept in evolution.
Section - B
7. Basic Molecular Biology - I: Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
8. Chemical structure, hybridization, double helical structures, replication, concepts of
gene and genetic code, transcription and translation, mutations and their implications.
9. Basic Molecular Biology - II: Proteins, Amino acid structure, chemical nature of
residues, levels of protein structure, polypeptide chain folding, concepts of pH, pKI,
buffer aqueous medium. Introduction to enzymes, their types and functions.
10. Lipids: fatty acids, acylglycerols, phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholestrol and
membranes; Isoprenoids, eicosanoids, and their biological implications.
11. Carbohydrates: Monosaccharide, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, proteoglycans
and glycoproteins.
12. General microbiology: A brief history microbiology, Microbes in our lives.
Definition of micro organisms naming classification of microorganisms. The diversity
of microorganisms - Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Viruses, Multicellular Animal.
Microorganisms living in humans and animals, their role, microorganisms used to
produce food and chemicals, Disease causing microorganisms.
Suggested Readings:
1. Microbiology by Pelczar and Chan, McGraw Hill Book Co. 5th Edition (2000).
2. Plant Molecular Biology by Gierson and S. N. Covey, London, Blackie Publication (2nd
Edition).
3. Molecular Cell Biology by Lodish, HF, D. Baltimore, A. Berk, L. Zipursky, P.
Matsudaira, and JE Darnell., Wiley & Sons (2003)
4. Concepts in Biology and Enger & Ross, Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science, 10th Edition
(2002).
5. Biology by Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, Published by Benjamin Cummings Co.
Sixth Edition (2004).
 PRACTICALS

Max Marks: 30 Pass Marks: 35%

List of Practicals
1. Preparation of Media, Cotton Plugging and Sterilization.
2. Dilution and pour plate techniques. Standard plate count.
3. Gram staining, other staining methods.
4. Growth curve of bacteria.
5. Testing of water quality.
6. Antibiotic sensitivity of microbes.
7. Isolation of mutants by UV and chemical mutagenesis.
8. Killing curve.
9. To study cell structure from onion leaf peels.
10. Examination of various stages of mitosis and meiosis.
11. Assay of enzyme activity (amylase).
12. Estimation of proteins by Lowry method, and estimation of sugars.

Practical Performance: 22 Marks.

Viva voce: 4 Marks.
Practical Record: 4 Marks.

PAER- IV
Bioinformatics and Biological Databases

Max. Marks: 70 Lectures to be delivered: 75

Pass Marks: 35% (Each of 45 minutes duration)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER SETTER
The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Section A and B will
have four questions from the respective section of syllabus and will carry 12 marks each.
Section C will consist of 11 short-answer type questions which will cover the entire syllabus
uniformly and will carry 22 marks in all.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANDIDATES
Candidates are required to attempt two questions from each section A and B and the entire
section C.
Section - A
1. Bioinformatics and its significance: Introduction to Bio-informatics, what is bio-
informatics, Why is bio-informatics important?
2. The dawn of sequencing, the biological sequence/structure deficit, Genome projects,
Human Genome Project, Size of human genome.
3. Physical and genetic maps, Mapping and sequencing, the folding problem, The role of
chaperones.
4. Information Network: Introduction, What is the Internet? How do computers find each
other? Facilities used on the Internet,
5. What is the World Wide Web? Web Browsers.
6. The European Molecular Biology network EMBnet.
7. The National Center for Bio-Technology Information NCBI
Section - B
8. Nucleotide Sequences Databases: Reading into Genes and Genomes Prokaryotes:
Small Bugs, simple genes, Eukaryotes: Bigger Bugs, complex genes.
9. Making use of a GenBank Making sense of a GenBank entry of a prokaryotic gene,
making sense of a Gen Bank entry of an eukaryotic mRNA, Making sense of a GenBank
eukaryotic genomic entry. Working with related GenBank entries, Retrieving GenBank
entries without accession numbers.
10. Using a Gene Centric Database Working whole Genome Databases, complete viral
genomes
11. Protein and Specialized Sequence Databases: From Translated ORFs to Mature
Proteins ORFs; Destination for each protein, combinational diversity of folds and
functions. SWISS PROT: Deciphering SWISS PROT entry, General Information about
the entry, Name and origin of the protein.
12. Finding More about Protein: Modified amino acids, Advanced biochemistry sites, bio-
chemical pathways, Protein families.
Suggested Readings:
1. Lean-Michel Chaverive and Cedric Notredame. 2003. Bio-Informatics: A Beginner's
Guide. Wiley-Dream Tech India Pvt. Ltd.
2. Teresa, K. Attwood and David J. Parry-Smith 2001.
Introduction to Bio-Informatics, Pearson Education Asia.
PRACTICALS
Max Marks: 30 Pass Marks: 35%
List of Practicals
1. SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins.
2. Data retrieval and data base search using internet sites.
3. Download a DNA and protein sequence from internet, analyze and comment on it.
5. Reading of a DNA sequencing gel and arriving at the sequence.
6. Downloading the detailed picture of a gene.
7. Zooming in and out along human chromosomes at www.ensemble.org.
8. BLAST SEARCH.
9. Show phylogeny by JALVIEW software.
10. Search on NCBI, SWISSPROT & EMBL.
Practical Performance: 22 Marks.
Viva voce: 4 Marks.
Practical Record: 4 Marks.
 OUTLINES OF SYLLABI FOR B.Sc. (BIOINFORMATICS) IInd semester

Paper Subject Name of Paper Marks No. of

Periods/week
V Biostatistics & Math Biostatistics & Math 70 6
Practical 30 6
VI Biochemistry Biochemistry 70 6
Practical 30 6
VII Bioinformatics Bioinformatics 70 6
Computer Operational Computer Operational
System and Bioinformatics System and Bioinformatics
Practical 30 6

NOTE:
1. Ordinances for B.Sc. Bioinformsatic-1 would be common for B.Sc.
(Medical/Non-Medical).
 SEMESTER-II
PAPER-V
Biostatistics & Math

Max. Marks: 70 Lectures to be delivered: 75

Pass Marks: 35% (Each of 45 minutes duration)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER SETTER

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Section A and B will
have four questions from the respective section of syllabus and will carry 12 marks each.
Section C will consist of 11 short-answer type questions which will cover the entire syllabus
uniformly and will carry 22 marks in all.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANDIDATES

Candidates are required to attempt two questions from each section A and B and the
entire section C.
Section - A
1. An introduction, type of data, collection, classification and tabulation of the primary
data, secondary data, discrete data and continuous data, diagrammatic and graphical
representation of grouped data.
2. Frequency distribution (univariate and biveriate), cumulative frequency distribution and
their graphical representation, histogram, frequency, polygon and ogives.
3. Concept of central tendency or location and their measures, partition value: quartiles,
deciles and percentiles.
4. Dispersion and their measures, relative dispersion, skewness and kurtosis and their
measures.
5. One Sample Hypotheses: One and Two Tailed Hypotheses Concerning the Mean-
Confidence Limits for the Population Mean.
6. Two Sample Hypotheses: Testing for Difference between Two means Confidence
Limits for Population Means Sample Size and Estimation of the Difference between
Two population Means.
Section - B
7. Binomial distribution. Poisson distribution as a limiting form of bionomial distribution
and properties of these distributions.
8. Moments: Moment generating function, cumulant generating function.
9. Geometric distribution and exponential distribution and properties of these distributions.
10. Limits: Sequences, limits of sequences, Series, Limits of Functions
11. Calculus & Differentiation: Calculating gradients of chords first and higher order
derivatives. Applications increasing and decreasing functions, maximum and minimum
points, Derivatives as rates of change.
12. Integration & Differential equations: Finding a function from its derivative, Define
integral, Indefinite integral, Calculation areas, Volumes for bounded regions. Forming
differential equations, First Order differential equation, grown equation, Applications
Suggested Readings:
1. Elementary Probability by S. David.
2. Introductory Probability and Statistical Application by P. L. Meyer.
3. Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics by S. C. Gupta & V. K. Kapoor
4. Statistics: A Beginner's Text, Volume II by B. R. Bhat.
5. Basic Statistics by A.M. Goon, M. K. Gupta and B. Das Gupta.
6. Mathematics for Biosciences by Arya J.C. and Lardner R.W. (1990) Prentice Hall
International, New Delhi.
7. Textbook of NCERT (For class XI and XII), 2006.
8. Statistical Method by S.P. Gupta, Published by Sultan Chand & Co. 31st Edition.

PRACTICALS

Max Marks: 30 Pass Marks: 35%

List of Practicals
1. A program to generate sine series.
2. A program to generate Fibonacci.
3. A program to check whether a number is (a) even or odd, (b) Armstrong no. (c)
Positive negative (d) Prime number.
4. Program to implement create, open, write, read, update operations on a file.
5. Measure of central tendency and dispersion.
6. Moments use of Charlier's Checks and Sheppard's correction.
7. Measures of skewness and kurtosis.
8. Fitting of distribution : (a) Binomial (b) Poisson (c) Geometric (d) Exponential
9. Expectations.

Practical Performance: 22 Marks.

Viva voce: 4 Marks.
Practical Record: 4 Marks.

Paper-VI
Biochemistry
Max. Marks: 70 Lectures to be delivered: 75
Pass Marks: 35% (Each of 45 minutes duration)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER SETTER

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Section A and B will
have four questions from the respective section of syllabus and will carry 12 marks each.
Section C will consist of 11 short-answer type questions which will cover the entire syllabus
uniformly and will carry 22 marks in all.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANDIDATES

Candidates are required to attempt two questions from each section A and B and the
entire section C.
Section - A
1. Water: Structure of Water, Molecular Interactions in liquid water, Solvent properties of
water. The fitness of aqueous environment for living organisms.
2. Carbohydrates: Definition and Classification. Monosaccharide: Structures, Occurrence
and biological importance of common monosaccharide. Stereoisomerism of sugars,
Mutarotation. Reactions: Oxidation, reduction, periodic acid oxidation, reactions with
hydrazine, hydroxylamine & HCN, action of acids and alkalies, Formation of glycosides
and esters, methylation. Important derivatives of monosaccharide: deoxy sugars and
amino sugars. Structure, occurrence & functions of di & tri saccharides. Polysaccharides:
Structure, occurrence and biological importance of starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin,
pectins & proteoglycans.
3. Lipids: What are Lipids, Definition and Classification. Fatty acids: introduction,
classification, nomenclature, structure and properties of saturated and unsaturated fatty
acids. Biological significance of fats Essential fatty acids. Triacylglycerols:
nomenclature, physical and chemical properties. Characterization of Fats: hydrolysis,
saponification value, iodine value, rancidity of fats, Reichert-Meissel number and
reaction of glycerol.
4. Structure and Biological functions of glycerophospholipids (Lecithins, Cephalins,
Phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylionositol, plasmologens), sphingolipids and glycolipids
cerebrosides and gangliosides); structure, properties and functions of soprenoids
(Betacarotene), sterols and prostaglandins.
Section - B
5. Proteins: Introduction, Classification based on solubility, shape, composition and
functions. Physical and chemical properties of Amino acids; Common structural features,
Stereoisomerism and RS system of designating optical isomers, classification &
structures of standard amino acids as Zwitter ion in aqueous solutions, titration of amino
acids, separation of amino acids and essential amino acids.
6. Peptides: Structure of Peptide bond, Merrifield solid phase synthesis of polypeptides.
Protein structure: Levels of structure in protein architecture (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
& Quaternary structures of proteins) & forces stabilizing these structures. Determination
of amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain. Denaturation and renaturation of proteins.
Behavior of proteins in solutions: Salting in & Salting-out of proteins.
7. Nucleic acids: Composition of RNA & DNA, generalized structural plan of nucleic
acids, nomenclature used in writing structure of nucleic acids, features of DNA double
helix and forces stabilizing DNA double helix. A, B & Z DNA. Denaturation and
annealing of DNA. Structure & Roles of different types of RNA. Central dogma of
molecular biology.
8. Porphyrins: Porphyrin nucleus and classification of porphyrins. Important
metalloporphyrins occurring in nature. Detection of porphyrins: Spectrophotometrically
and by fluorescence. Bile pigments: Chemical nature and their physiological
significance.
Suggested Readings:
1. Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry, 3rd edition by David L. Nelson and M. M. Cos
(2000), Macmillan Worth publishers.
2. Biochemistry, 2nd edition by R.H. Garrett & C. N. Grisham (1999), Saunders College
publishing; NY.
3. Fundamentals of Biochemistry by Donald Voet and Judith G Voet (1999), John Wiely &
Sons, NY.
4. Biochemistry, 4th ed. by L. Stryer (1995), W.H. Freeman & Co. NY.
5. Biochemistry, 4th ed. by G. Zubay (1998). Wime Brown Publishers Co., NY.
6. Outlines of Biochemistry by E. E. Conn, P. K. Stumpf, G. Bruening and Ray H. Doi
(1987), John Wiley and Sons.
7. Harper's Biochemistry, 25th ed. by R. K. Murray, P. A. Nayes, D.K. Granner, P. A. Mayes
& V.W. Rodewell (2000), Prentice Hall International.
8. Biochemistry, 2nd ed. by Laurence A. Moran, K.G. Sceringeour, H. R. Horton, R. S. Ochs
& J. David Rawn (1994), Neil Patterson Publishers, Prentice Hall.

PRACTICALS

Max Marks: 30 Pass Marks: 35%

List of Practicals
1. Preparation of percent, molar and normal solutions.
2. Preparation of buffer solutions and determination of their pH.
3. Titration of amino acids and determination of pK.
4. Titration curve of acetic acid and determination of pKa value.
5. Qualitative tests for (A) Carbohydrates (B) Amino acids and Proteins (C) lipids.
6. Determination of acid value, saponifacation value and iodine value of fats.
7. Preparation of casein from milk and determination of its isoelectric point.
8. Separation and identification of amino acids/sugars by paper chromatography.
9. Separation and identification of amino acids by TLC.
10. Verification of Beer-Lambert law.
11. Estimation of blood glucose calorimetrically.

Practical Performance: 22 Marks.

Viva voce: 4 Marks.
Practical Record: 4 Marks.

Paper-VII
Computer Operational System and Bioinformatics
Max. Marks: 70 Lectures to be delivered: 75
Pass Marks: 35% (Each of 45 minutes duration)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER SETTER

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Section A and B will
have four questions from the respective section of syllabus and will carry 12 marks each.
Section C will consist of 11 short-answer type questions which will cover the entire syllabus
uniformly and will carry 22 marks in all.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CANDIDATES
Candidates are required to attempt two questions from each section A and B and the
entire section C.
Section - A
1. Computer Organization: Evolution of computers, stored program concept and Von
Neumann Architecture, Information representation and codes, Building blocks and
computer; Combinatorial Block: Gates, Multiplexes, decoders, encoders etc.
Sequential Building Block: Flip Flop, Registers, Counters, Random access memory;
Register Transfer Language and micro-operations; concept of Bus, data movement
among registers, Language to represent conditional data transfer, data movement
from/to memory, Arithmetic and logical operations along with register transfer.
2. Sequence database: Primary and secondary database. Nucleotide sequence database,
nucleotide sequence flat files. Information retrieval from biological database. The
NCBI, Medline, NCBI bookshelf, Locus link. Sequence format: Genbank, FASTA.
Sequence analysis, Homology, analogy, similarity and identity, Phylogeny, BLAST,
Search tools
Section B
3. Pair vise sequence alignment, Global alignment, local alignment, Scoring functions
and matrices, General gap and gap penalty. Statistical Significance, Protein Structure:
Databases, Classification and Families
4. SP (Sum of Pairs) measure, Star alignment, Tree alignment, Motifs and Profile,
Alignment Representation and applications.
5. Genomes: Complete bacterial genomes, organelle genomes. Bacterial genomics at
TIGR, Exploring the Human Genome, Ensemble project, Human genome browsing
tools
Suggested Readings:
1. M. Morris Mano. Computer System Architecture, Prentice Hall International 3rd ed.,
(1993).
2. P. Pal Choudhary Computer Organization and Design, Pretince Hall of India, (1994).
3. Teresa, K. Attwood and David J. Parry-Smith 2001.
Introduction to Bio-Informatics, Pearson Education Asia.
4. Lean-Michel Chaverive and Cedric Notredame. 2003. Bio-Informatics: A Beginner's
Guide. Wiley-Dream Tech India Pvt. Ltd
PRACTICALS
Max Marks: 30 Pass Marks: 35%
List of Practicals
1. ENTREZ.
2. GENEBANK.
3. EMBL.
4. NCBI
5. MEDLINE.
6. MOTIFS
7. PROFILE.
8. TIGR.

Practical Performance: 22 Marks.

Viva voce: 4 Marks.
Practical Record: 4 Marks.