3 April 2017 Day 1

Session 1: Slag properties

Influence of slag mineralogy on possibilities for use in
alternative applications
Authors: Fredrik Engstrm, Ida Strandkvist, Caisa Samuelsson, Bo Bjrkman
(MiMeR Minerals and Metallurgical Research Laboratory, LULE, Sweden)

Large amount of slags are each year produced by the Swedish steel
industry. When deciding which slags that are suitable in a certain application
the steel slag mineralogy plays a decisive role. This paper deals with some
of the fundamental properties of the minerals found in ordinary steel slags
and how they influence leaching, cementitious properties as well as the
phosphor removal capacity. A number of cases will be shown.

A study on the phase fractional and compositional effect of

slag on the desulphurisation for slag recycling
Authors: Sunghee Lee, Dong Joon Min (Korea Rep/Yonsei university, SEOUL,
South-Korea)

The phase fractional and compositional effect of liquid and solid coexisting
slag on the desulphurization efficiency was investigated for the slag re-use
in hot metal pre-treatment. Depending on the mixing ratio of the re-use slag
and CaO, the changes of the fraction between liquid (Slag melts) and solid
(Ca3SiO5, CaO) and each desulphurization capability of phases were
evaluated by thermodynamic calculation and sulphide capacity
measurement.
In present experimental composition, the sulphide capacity experimental
results indicated that the sulphide capacity is significantly influenced by the
activity coefficient of sulphur in liquid slag. Considering the phase existence
in the hot metal pre-treatment slag, the total amount of desulphurization is
presented by a following equation.
De-S=(%S)CaOXCaO+(%S)C3SXC3S+(%S)slag meltsXslag melts
The De-S derived by thermodynamic model suggests that increasing liquid
phase fraction contribute to the improvement of desulphurization. All of
these results were discussed in terms of slag recycling in detail.

Chromous Capacities of Ferrochromium and Matte Smelting

Slags
Authors: Rauf Hurman Eric (University of the Witwatersrand,
JOHANNESBURG, South Africa)
The experimental data on slag-metal equilibrium for ferrochromium smelting
and on chromium distribution between slag and matte phases encountered
in sulphide smelting of PGM (Platinum Group Metals) and chromium
containing copper nickel concentrates were used to develop chromous
capacities of slags. Due to highly reducing conditions in ferrochromium
smelting and the imposed low oxygen partial pressures in sulphide smelting
of chromium and PGM containing concentrates chromium in the slag was
assumed to be in its divalent state. The slag-metal/matte reaction for
dissolution of chromium into the slag as a cation under reducing conditions
-in contrast to reactions for dissolution of species such as sulphur and
phosphorus into the slag as anions under oxidizing conditions- required the
release of electrons. Thus to maintain charge neutrality the dissolution of
chromium from the metal or the matte phases into the slag as Cr2+ ions
was accompanied by consumption of these electrons by reduction of Fe2+
ions in the slag into metallic Fe which dissolved in the metal/matte phase.
This was supported by the experimental equilibrium data. Hence the slag-
metal/matte reaction defining the chromous capacity involved both O2- and
Fe2+ ions of the slag phase. The calculated chromous capacities were in the
10-8 range for ferrochrome smelting slags and 10-4 range for matte
smelting slags.

Leaching and geochemical modelling of a metallurgical slag

heap
Authors: Mojca Loncnar1, Hans A. Van der Sloot2, Marija Zupancic3, Ana
Mladenovic4 (1SIJ Acroni d.o.o., JESENICE, Slovenia 2Hans van der Sloot
Consultancy, BV LANGEDIJK, Netherlands 3Faculty of Chemistry and
Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, LJUBLJANA, Slovenia
4Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, LJUBLJANA,
Slovenia)

Europe is full of metallurgical waste heaps which have been deposited in the
past. Such heaps represent, on the one hand, a loss of valuable land and a
potential threat to the environment, especially to underground water, but,
on the other hand, they are a mix of valuable resources which could be
returned to the metallurgy sector, as well as to other sectors, predominantly
the building sector. One of the main concerns which hinders the use of these
heaps for resource recovery purposes is insufficient knowledge about their
environmental properties.
In this study, the metallurgical slag heap in the Javornik area, which is
situated just outside the town of Jesenice in north-west Slovenia, was
investigated. Approximately 400 000 tons of metallurgical wastes are
deposited here, mainly slags derived from carbon and stainless steel
production, but also EAF and VOD dust, refractory materials and other types
of metallurgical waste.
Characterization leaching tests were combined with chemical speciation
modelling, which can give detailed insights into the release of contaminants
from such metallurgical slag heaps. In this modelling approach a chemical
speciation fingerprint (CFS) is developed from pH dependent leaching data,
and then used as a basis for the subsequent coupled reactive transport
modelling of laboratory tests and field measurements. This forms the basis
for the projection of the long-term leachate quality of the landfill under
changing exposure conditions such as carbonation, oxidation, and the
ingress of dissolved organic carbon.

Characterisation of steel industry slag suitability as raw

materials for refractory castables
Authors: Marjaana Karhu, Pertti Lintunen, Juha Lagerbom, Tomi Lindroos
( VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, TAMPERE, Finland)

Castable refractory materials are needed in all thermal energy intensive

industries for example in the construction of the furnaces, kilns, incinerators
or reactors. The relevant properties of certain slags to withstand high
temperatures make them possible raw material candidates as aggregate in
the manufacturing of novel refractory castables. Presented study is a part of
the research aiming to the industrial pilot scale demonstration of processing
route for refractory castables based on maximal utilization of secondary raw
materials. Technical requirements for castables are mechanical and
chemical resistance at least up to 1200 C temperature in gaseous
atmosphere. One of the most important factors controlling the properties of
the refractory castables are raw materials particle size distributions, phase
structure and phase characteristics of the castable mixtures and their
reactivity. The goal of the presented work is to characterize ferrochrome slag
and other by-product suitable for raw materials for refractory castables. In
addition, calculations for optimal castable recipes are presented with
optimal particle packing calculations and thermodynamic phase structure
and phase proportions simulations. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),
giving a simultaneous Differential Scanning Calorimetry signal (DSC) were
performed to demonstrate the thermal behaviour. X-ray diffractometer
(XRD) was used for phase structure analysis. The results showed that
ferrochrome slag is the potential option for using as aggregate in refractory
castables. When using ferrochrome slag as aggregate the optimal particle
packing will be reached by selecting binder and fine material with specific
particle size distribution and proportions.

Surface tension studies of molten CaO - Al2O3 oxide jets -

Oscillating Jet Method
Authors: Luckman Muhmood1, Mirco Wegener2, Alex Deev3 (1Kj somaiya
college of engineering, MUMBAI, India 2SOPAT, BERLIN, Germany 3CSIRO,
MELBOURNE, Australia)
Surface tension is of significant importance for heat recovery from slags
when the method incorporates jet formation and breakup. In order to study
the same a uniquely designed cross tube furnace was fabricated. A high-
speed camera arrangement facilitated observations at millisecond scale at
temperatures 1550 1700C. The flow of slag emanating from the crucible
was controlled with the help of a nozzle-plunger system along with suitable
back pressure of argon. Various phenomena like drop formation and pinch
off, drop oscillation and jet breakup was observed. Surface tension of calcia-
alumina slags with composition close to its eutectic was studied using
dynamic methods like oscillating jet as well as elliptical jet technique. The
values were observed to be comparable with existing literature as well as
independent sessile drop measurements. The current paper discusses the
jet technique for surface tension measurements as well as other dynamic
phenomena involved during jet formation.

Session 5: Sustainable alkali activated binders and

inorganic polymers
Geopolymer Concrete in RMC - a Challenge!
Authors: Marcel Bruin, Peter De Vries (Heidelberg Cement Benelux,
MAASTRICHT, Nederland)

Worldwide there is an increasing interest in lowering the carbon footprint of

concrete. Thereby the focus is mainly on reducing the clinker factor in
cement. A possible alternative is an alkaline-activated binder, nowadays
better known as geopolymer binder. Literature shows that a geopolymer
binder can perform extraordinary. However workability of geopolymer
concrete (Geocrete) is hard to control. Traditional admixtures for controlling
workability and open time are not applicable, as the Geocrete system is
different compared with conventional cement-based systems. Delivering
Geocrete on a building site brings great challenges to all parties involved.
Under pressure of a `Green Deal`, contractors in the Netherlands are forced
to invest in `Green` concrete solutions. A Dutch contractor in civil
engineering, Van Hattum and Blankevoort, took the initiative and with
HeidelbergCementBenelux a research program was organized.
Scope of the project: is there indeed an opportunity to achieve an
environmental benefit by lowering the carbon footprint of the geopolymer
concrete compared to the traditional concrete? Is it possible to produce a
fresh geopolymer concrete mix in an ordinary concrete plant, load a truck
mixer, transport it to a jobsite and pour the fresh concrete in a formwork?
In the project concrete elements are produced and mechanical- and
durability tests have been performed. Executing these tests, many further
questions raised; are known test procedures for ordinary concrete also
suitable for Geocrete?
The cast elements are nearly two years in place, located at the Motorway
A10 (Amsterdam) and exposed to the Dutch environment. How do they look
nowadays?
On a software development that aspires to make residue
valorisation easier
Authors: Arne Peys, Yiannis Pontikes (KU Leuven, HEVERLEE, Belgium)

Recent developments show that Fe-rich slags are a valuable precursor for
the synthesis inorganic polymers. However, the novelty and wide range of
possible compositions of the slag render the experimental work in different
research groups or even in different projects of the same research group
seem inconsistent and chaotic. Furthermore, there is a pushing demand
from a range of metallurgical industries for a good valorisation route for
their residues. Therefore, an overview needs to exist that relates the
composition and thermal history of the slags to their reactivity. Or, even
more important, a tool needs to exist that relates the slag and inorganic
polymer synthesis conditions to the engineering properties and durability of
the resulting binder. The latter is very important to be able to tune the
properties of the inorganic polymer for the desired application. To ease the
collection of a reproducible database that can be used to model the
influences of the wide range of input variables in the inorganic polymer mix-
design, a software tool was developed. This tool can be used to build your
own database, as well as to design the right binder for your application
using an existing database.

Investigating the properties of iron in inorganic polymers with

57Fe Mssbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: Alexios P. Douvalis1, Silviana Onisei2, Arne Peys2, Wouter Crijns2,
Yiannis Pontikes2 (1Department of Physics, IOANNINA, Greece 2KU Leuven,
HEVERLEE, Belgium)

Inorganic polymers (IP) are considered very promising materials as green

binders, alternative to ordinary Portland cement, due to their lower CO2
footprint. The most studied category of IP is the aluminosilicates with minor
or moderate CaO content, while Fe-silicates with no Al in their composition
are investigated to a much lesser extent. As a result, the mechanisms and
role of Fe in the formation of IP and in their subsequent physical and
mechanical properties are still not clarified. Significant information for
resolving many of these aspects can be drawn by applying 57Fe Mssbauer
spectroscopy studies on these materials. Here, we investigate the properties
of iron in synthetic slags and follow its behaviour during the formation of IP.
Starting from binary FeOx-SiO2 and ternary FeOx-CaO-SiO2 oxides, the
mixtures were heated in inert atmosphere and after water quenching the
melt, the semi-vitreous materials were mixed with a Na-silicate activating
solution to form the IP after curing at room temperature. 57Fe Mssbauer
spectroscopy studies indicated that the majority of iron in all slag samples
appears as Fe2+, resident in both crystalline and amorphous/glass phases,
while in the corresponding IP a significant amount of these ions is
transformed to Fe3+ states. The kinetics of Fe2+ to Fe3+ transformation is
further investigated in experiments with frozen Na-silicate activating
solution samples.

The Effect of Slag Composition on its Performance in the

Production of Alkali Activated Slag Binders
Authors: Peter Keeley1, Neil Rowson2, David Deegan1, Tim Johnson1
(1Tetronics International, SWINDON, United Kingdom 2University of
Birmingham, BIRMINGHAM, United Kingdom)

Tetronics Internationals thermal plasma technology is widely used for a

variety of industrial applications including precious and valuable metal
recovery from waste materials like spent catalysts and electronic wastes
and the treatment of hazardous wastes such as air pollution control
residues. The major product from these processes by mass is a vitreous slag
known as Plasmarok. This material displays pozzolanic activity and can be
used for the production of alkali-activated slag (AAS) concretes having high
compressive strengths. The variety of industrial applications producing
Plasmarok results in a slag of varying compositions. The research
presented in this paper explores the effect of the changing composition on
the physical and structural characteristics Plasmarok and the resulting
properties of the alkali-activated concrete. Increasing the Si/Al ratio of an
AAS concrete increases its compressive strength however high SiO2 content
in the slag reduces its solubility in alkaline solutions reducing its ability to
form a high strength gel phase. The effect of processing and mix design i.e.
particle size, compaction and acitvating solution addition on the properties
of the AAS concretes have also been explored which can mitigate any
changes in the strength of the AAS concrete due to the variation in the
Plasmarok composition.

Resistance of alkali activated slag to carbonation: study in

accelerated and natural conditions
Authors: Marija Nedeljkovic (Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Geosciences, Th, DELFT, Netherlands)

In global greenhouse gas emission, about 7% of the total CO2 emission is

due to Portland cement production. One of the alternatives to cement based
materials is alkali activated materials (AAMs) that could contribute to more
sustainable concrete structures. AAMs are based on alkali activation of by-
products, mainly the fly ash and blast furnace slag. It is very important to
know their long-term performance so that they can be applied in concrete
structures to make it not only more sustainable but also more durable. In
this paper, resistance of alkali activated slag pastes (AAS) exposed to
accelerated and natural carbonation up to 365 days was investigated. The
carbonation resistance of the samples was evaluated by X-Ray Diffraction
(XRD), Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry
(MIP) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, the mechanical
properties of carbonated samples are tested. The findings show that the
strength of the samples did not decrease under accelerated carbonation,
when compared to the strength of the samples exposed in natural
conditions. The minerology of the samples in these two different carbonation
exposures did not alter either. The results from TGA and XRD measurements
indicated that the AAS was highly resistant to the carbonation and the gel
pores that are dominant in the system make it difficult for CO2 to diffuse
within the exposure period. The analysis of AAS pastes by SEM shows that
the homogeneous and dense microstructure was developed during 365 days
of exposure. The carbonation depth was not detected by phenolphthalein
indicator.

Aerated concrete based on packing density optimised AAM

Authors: Alexander Wetzel, Bernhard Middendorf (University of Kassel,
KASSEL, Germany)

An ultra-high performance concrete without Portland cement was gained by

optimizing an alkali-activated system (AAM) based on ground granulated
blast furnace slag and silica fume. Due to an increase of the workability by
adding silica fume to a certain amount and by using a high concentration of
alkali activators, a very low water/binder ratio down to 0.175 could be
realized. Resulting from this low water/binder ratio a high compressive
strength of 200 MPa after 56 days and a very low capillary porosity of less
than 1 vol.% was achieved. Based on this formulation an aerated concrete
was developed. Usually, a foam concrete aerated by using aluminium
powder or paste needs to be autoclaved to achieve a certain strength. This
aerated geopolymer concrete develops a strength of 3 MPa with a density of
about 600 kg/m3 without any special curing. The heat resistance was tested
up to 950C and no spalling was observed keeping a residual strength of
more than 50 %. The pore structure was analysed by -CT and it was found
that the pore structure is different from cement based aerated concretes.
4 April 2017
Session 2: Slag solidification and energy recuperation
Crystallisation behaviour of liquid CaO-SiO2-FeO-MnO slags in
moist gas atmospheres
Authors: Juncheng Li1, Debashish Bhattacharjee2, Xiaojun Hu3, Dianwei
Zhang4, Sridhar Seetharaman1, Zushu Li1 (1University of Warwick,
COVENTRY, United Kingdom 2Tata Steel Research & Development,
ROTHERHAM, United Kingdom 3University of Science and Technology
Beijing, BEIJING, China 4Shougang Research Institute of Technology
(Technical Centre), BEIJING, China)

To help maintain the sustainability of steel industry, we are developing a

novel process to recover both energy (in the form of syngas) and valuable
metal elements contained in steelmaking slags by reacting molten slags
with moisture. In this paper, the crystallisation behaviour of the synthetic
molten CaO-SiO2-FeO-MnO slags in reaction with moisture was investigated
with the aim of crystallisation control of target metal oxides. A hot stage-
equipped confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to in-situ
observe the crystal precipitaion on the surface of the slag liquid in moisture.
The continuous cooling transformation (CCT) and time temperature
transformation (TTT) diagrams have been created from the precipitaion
behaviour of crystals on cooling in the temperature range of 1100 C to
1600 C. The microstructure of the reacted slags was analysed by a
scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive
spectrometer (EDS) and the phases present in the slag were characterised
by X-ray diffraction (XRD). This study advances understanding of the
crystallisation behaviour of magnetically susceptible compound (e.g.
magnetite Fe3O4) and non-magnetic compound (e.g calcium silicate) in
different slag blends under experimental conditions (temperature range and
moisture atmosphere).

Effect of Al2O3 addition on the crystallization of a high

basicity BOF slag: perspectives for slag valorisation and
energy recovery
Authors: Chunwei Liu, Muxing Guo, Lieven Pandelaers, Bart Blanpain,
Shuigen Huang (KU Leuven, HEVERLEE, Belgium)

Recycling of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag for added value applications
and waste heat recovery makes a substantial contribution to environmental
protection and to the sustainability of steel industry. Improved
understanding of the crystallization behavior of BOF slag provides the basis
for slag engineering and subsequent valorization. The effect of Al2O3
additions on the solidification/crystallization of BOF slags was studied in-situ
using a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). Continuous Cooling
Transformation (CCT) and Time Temperature Transformation (TTT) curves
were constructed. The precipitated crystals were identified using Electron
Probe Micro-analysis (EPMA). The critical cooling rate to obtain a fully
amorphous slag was determined based on the CCT curve. Furthermore, the
potential for heat recovery in the course of slag solidification was calculated
based on the TTT curve. The present data allows to judge the feasibility to
recycle the slag as a precursor for construction materials, while recuperating
energy during slag solidification.

Converting hot slag into value-added materials by

modification methods
Authors: Yu Li, Daqiang Cang (State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy
(University of Science and Technolog, BEIJING, China)

Large amounts of metallurgical slag, which contain high content of CaO

or/and Fe2O3, have been discharged during industry process. Utilization of
such Ca-rich or/and Fe-rich solid waste has become a key factor for
sustainable and ecological development of metallurgical industry. Ceramics
is the third largest silicate materials in outputs followed cement and
concrete. Building ceramics had reach annual production of 10 billion square
meters, consuming above 0.3 billion tons of raw materials in China last year.
Producing building ceramics from solid waste has become a significant
research areas.
As traditional ceramics is a SiO2-Al2O3-K2O(Na2O) ternary system from
clay, feldspar and quartz, content of CaO and Fe2O3 in raw materials is
required to less than 3wt.% and 1wt.% respectively, which restricted
utilization of slag to a little proportion in ceramics. A new silica-calcia based
ceramics (Si-Ca ceramics) with a SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-Fe2O3-MgO system was
put forward for efficiently utilizing such Ca-rich or/and Fe-rich slags in the
paper. Si-Ca ceramics, composed of pyroxene and anorthite as main
crystals, showed different crystallization and densification process with
traditional ceramics with increasing sintering temperature. Not only steel
slag, blast furnace slag, refining slag, but also red mud, ferroalloy slag and
tailing were successfully converted into Si-Ca ceramics. Proportion of steel
slag in raw materials of ceramics could reach 30-50wt.%, and the fired
ceramics have excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance solidification
of heavy metal and mechanical properties. Si-Ca building ceramics from
steel slag and from tailing has respectively realized industrialized
production.

Effect of clay minerals on viscosity and copper entrainment

losses in smelting slags
Authors: Leandro Voisin, Julio Ossandn, Camila Pizarro (University of Chile,
SANTIAGO, Chile)
Clay minerals such as illite and montmorillonita are hydrous
aluminum/magnesium phyllosilicates that are usually present in the gangue
that is associated with sulphide copper ores, follow the concentrate that is
generated during the froth flotation, and their presence has a significant
effect on some transport phenomena properties of the slag that is formed
together with matte at the equilibrium during the smelting stage of the
copper pyrometallurgical process.
Slag is mainly an oxide phase rich in iron and silicon that during the
operation should be relatively liquid, have minimum solubility for copper
and low immiscibility with matte, these characteristics are strongly related
with its composition affecting its density and viscosity which turn to be
unpredictable because, even under controlled operational conditions,
additional iron and minor alkali metals from clay minerals and dissolution of
refractory bricks are also collected by the slag making complex the
operation.
In this study, the relation between entrainment of copper and slag viscosity
was investigated by taken experimental laboratory tests of equilibrium and
rheometry using industrial fayalite based slags from two Chilean smelters
with Teniente Converter and Flash Outokumpu technologies, respectively.
Slags were doped with different amounts of clay minerals and melted at
1300C under controlled partial pressure of oxygen. Samples were
quenched and characterized by using SEM, XRD, XRF and ICP techniques.
Results were used to elaborate mass balances and a viscosity predictive
model as a function of illite and montmorillonite contents in the feed to the
smelting stage that clarify the entrained copper.

Session 6: From aggregates to engineered

microstructures
Ceramic nanomaterials on different matrices towards a
healthier indoor environment
Authors: George Kiriakidis1, Vassilis Binas1, Yiannis Pontikes2 (1FORTH &
Dept. of Physics, University of Crete, HERAKLION, Greece // 2KU Leuven,
LEUVEN, Belgium)

Buildings are intended to provide protection to their occupants from

hazardous atmospheric conditions and support their activities. Since
buildings are major capital investments, the prospect of the occupants
experiencing the adverse health effects of poor air quality and/or thermal
comfort conditions strongly contradict the aforementioned basic buildings
function. Especially in the case of large scale structures which host large
number of occupants like office buildings or schools, several studies link
indoor environmental quality not only to human health problems, but also to
decreasing productivity. This highlights indoor climate (air quality/comfort
temperature) as essential qualities these buildings must feature. In the past
decades a large number of studies have identified the presence of many
polluting chemical substances in indoor environments (buildings, homes).
One solution to this problem is by utilizing materials that promote Photo-
Catalytic oxidations, a technique generally accepted as an effective way to
tackle the pollutant emission problem and comfort levels for indoors. This is
explored in this work, where data on a range of pollutants and
coating/substrates combinations are presented, including inorganic polymer
matrices with varying pore structure. The work is concluding with a
presentation of large scale applications (tunnel in Stalida, Heraklion, Crete)
where these materials have been employed.

Lightweight waste-containing geopolymers for novel

applications
Authors: Rui Novais, M. Seabra, Joo Labrincha (University of Aveiro, AVEIRO,
Portugal)

The production of lightweight geopolymer concrete has become a hot topic

in recent years, due to the increasing awareness regarding the
unsustainability of Portland cement. The geopolymers potential for
structural applications has long been recognized, yet they present other
interesting properties (e.g. high temperature stability, heavy metal
adsorption capacity) that may allow their use innovative applications.
Applications as thermal insulating material, pH buffering, wastewater
treatment are forecasted. In this study porous biomass fly ash-containing
geopolymers exhibiting tailored thermal conductivity were produced using
blowing agents. The influence of blowing agent and solid-to-liquid content
on the fresh and hardened properties of the produced geopolymers was
evaluated. Geopolymers exhibiting very low apparent density (0.4 g/cm3)
and thermal conductivity (0.08 W/m.K) were produced, which demonstrates
their potential as thermal reinforcement insulating materials. Furthermore
unexplored biomass fly ash was used as a partial replacement of benchmark
metakaolin in geopolymers production, which reduces the geopolymers
production cost while preventing the wastes landfilling.

Engineered Stone Made of Modified BOF Slag

Authors: Yao-Hung Tseng, Kang-Shou Liao (China Steel, KAOHSIUNG, Taiwan)

Modified BOF slag is superior to natural aggregate in physical properties and

production quality as it is utilized for production of artificial stone. In the
research, artificial stone with area up to 100100 cm2 made of modified
BOF slag is present. By choosing an appropriate ester as a binder and
optimizing the size distribution of modified BOF slag particles for reducing
the amount of the binder being used, an artificial stone modified of modified
BOF slag was successfully produced. The artificial stone is consisted of
95.2% modified BOF slag with particle size less than 1.7mm. It is believed
that the high filling percentage of modified BOF slag in the artificial stone
would result in a compact structure with excellent physical properties.
Indeed, the water absorption(<0.3%), compressive strength(121.7 MPa) as
well as flexural strength(41.6 MPa) are superior to commercial artificial
stone, which indicates the modified BOF slag made artificial stone is more
competitive.

CO2 Capture at High Temperature Using Slag Derived

Lithium Silicates
Rosa-Maria Ramirez-Zamora1, Brenda Alcantar-Vazquez2 (1Universidad
Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, CIUDAD DE MEXICO, Mexico //2Instituto de
Ingenieria, CIUDAD DE MEXICO, Mexico)

Alkali-based ceramics such as Li4SiO4 are particularly promising for CO2

capture due to its high CO2 uptake, sorption/desorption stability and rapid
sorption-desorption kinetics. The use of waste materials such as fly ash and
rice husk ash as precursors for CO2 sorbents is receiving increasing interest
due to their availability and low cost. Therefore, the aim of this work is to
prepare Li4SiO4-based sorbents from iron and steel slags, as the source of
SiO2, for CO2 capture. These prepared sorbents were characterized by X-
RDRX, N2 adsorption/desorption, FTIR and SEM. The CO2 capture was
evaluated using Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) at different
temperatures. Besides, the regeneration properties were evaluated by
Temperature Programmed Carbonation (TPC) and Temperature Programmed
Decarbonation (TPDC) using a Belcat-B from Bel Japan equipped with a TCD
detector. Sorbents were kept in contact with a gas stream containing a 5%
CO2 mole fraction, and were subjected to a 5 C/min temperature ramp. The
results indicate that the maximum CO2 capture on the slags-derived lithium
silicates was 1.9 mmol of CO2 per gram at 650C. Overall, the slags-derived
lithium silicates sorbents showed a CO2 capture capacity and recyclability
comparable to those of other high-temperature sorbents.

Session 7: Slags in a circular economy

Sustainable utilisation of EAF slag by successful research and
optimised operational practice
Dirk Mudersbach1, Susanne Schler1, Hans-Peter Markus2, Matthias Knoll3
(1Max Aicher Umwelt GmbH, MEITINGEN, Germany// 2Lech-Stahlwerke
GmbH, MEITINGEN, Germany // 3Lech-Stahlwerke, MEITINGEN, Germany)

Slags from metallurgical processes are widely used in Europe and worldwide
in different fields of application, e.g. in the building industry or as fertilizers.
About 90% of ferrous slags produced in Europe are used for building
purposes. These by-products have to be improved to ensure their
sustainable use. A prerequisite for the use of these slags is that they meet
the requirements for technical and environmental aspects given in the
standards. For the future use of e.g. EAF slags, targets such as preservation
and protection of the environment, protection of human health as well as
sustainable use of natural resources have to be taken into account. The
treatment of liquid EAF slags by changing their chemical and mineralogical
composition outside of the steel production process, will lead to interesting
new properties of the newly formed products and thus guarantee their use
in the future. Moreover, dust and sludges from off-gas cleaning of
metallurgical processes are becoming promising resource for coating and
alloying elements. The very important element Zn for surface coating is
enriched in the EAF dust, due to the recycling of Zn coated scrap. On the
other hand, Zn might run short in the future, so that complete recovering of
Zn from dusts and sludges is necessary. Thereby interesting side effects are
supported by the direct internal dust recycling, it has been proved that the
slag foaming can be enhanced. Finally it can be shown that recovery of
valuable elements from residues of EAF steelmaking is becoming more
important.

Laboartory scale extraction and further transformation of the

iron component of red mud
Authors: Hannian Gu1, Justin Hargreaves2, JiaQian Jiang3, Jose Luis Rico4
(2Chinese Academy of Sciences, GUIYANG, China// 1University of Glasgow,
GLASGOW, United Kingdom // 3Glasgow Caledonian University, GLASGOW,
United Kingdom // 4Universidad Michaocana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo,
MORELIA, Mexico)

In this presentation, we will outline a laboratory based study of the selective

extraction of the iron component of a high iron content red mud and its
further transformation to higher value products. Those products targetted
specifically include ferrate (VI) solutions as well as ferrites. The extraction
undertaken has been based upon the use of oxalic acid, folowed by
precipitation of ferrous oxalate. As will be discussed, the ferrous oxalate
intermediate has then been subjected to various parallel conversion steps to
yield the desired products. Comparisons set against the use of red mud in its
raw state, as well as more traditional routes towards the intended products,
will be presented.

The NoWASTE Strategy of Georgsmarienhtte - An Illusion or

Reality?
Authors: Henning Schliephake1, David Algermissen2, Marija Cancarevic1,
Tobias Zehn1, Tim Rekersdrees1 (1Georgsmarienhtte GmbH,
GEORGSMARIENHTTE, Germany// 2FEhS Institute, DUISBURG, Germany)

EAF slag is predominantly used in road construction and earthworks in

Germany. In the long term, however, alternatives are required which enable
us to utilize the slag also in other fields of application and recycle it in the
plant.
With a crude steel production of nearly one million tons Georgsmarienhtte
ranks among the bigger electric steel plants in Germany and is the first
mover regarding energy management, environmental protection and slag
utilization. Since many years the company has participated in various public
and internal research projects relating to in-plant ways of recycling for by-
products to close the recovered material cycle entirely and to create
products with a higher intrinsic value from the slag.
This comprises the provision of evidence that calcareous slag produced in
the secondary metallurgy can be used in the electric arc furnace while partly
substituting the primary resource lime, the use of biochar to reduce the
CO2-emissions, ways of using the energy potential of steel slag or the
creation of totally new products from EAF-slags and other by-products. In
this regard, a context the production of a high-quality raw material for the
cement industry must be mentioned; when producing it metal contained in
the slag is simultaneously recovered.
These projects belong to the ongoing activities of Georgsmarienhtte GmbH
to reconcile the economic and ecological challenges at the location
Germany and underline our intention to be the first electric steel plant in
Europe which has managed to implement the internal NoWASTE Strategy by
comprehensive research and development activities.

Critical metal extraction from municipal solid waste

incineration ashes and the impact on a circular economy
Author: Karin Willquist1, Inge Johansson1, Hanna Angel2, Lovisa Harfeldt2,
Karin Karfeldt Fedje3 (1SP Sveriges tekniska Forskningsinst, LUND, Sweden//
2Lund University, LUND, Sweden// 3Renova, GOTHENBURG, Sweden)

For a sustainable metal-dependent industry, the life time of metals should

be prolonged in a circular economy. However, with the current material
usage it is inevitable that a large quantity of low metal concentrated waste
ends up in the municipal solid waste streams. This paper discusses the pilot-
scale experience from Sweden being in the forefront for using waste for
energy to create value from this waste and the potential environmental
and momentary benefits these strategies entails. We presents results of
locked in levels and values of Zn, Cu and critical element in ashes from ten
waste-to-energy plants in Sweden (approximately 180 MEuro per year), the
environmental and monetary benefits (based on an extensive literature
review of 58 cases) of extracting Zn, Cu and Mg with focus on fly ash instead
of primary materials and summarize the results from pilot testing in
Sweden. Attempts to unlock these metals from fly ash are performed in a
pilot plant study at a waste-to-energy-plant in south western Sweden giving
a 65% Zn recovery yields and an estimated carbon footprint of 6.2 ton CO2
equivalents per 1000 ton Zn produced. Herein we highlight environmental
impact (water and carbon footprint) of not unlocking this potential from fly
ash, which we discuss can partly be related to the negative impact of
primary mining.
Use of metallurgical slag for the removal of B and As from
highly contaminated water resources in two Mexican regions:
mechanisms and efficiency
Authors: Rafael Schouwenaars, Myriam Sols-Lpez, Elizabeth Diane Isaacs-
Pez, Bertha Mara Mercado-Borrayo, Rosa Mara Ramrez-Zamora
(Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, CIUDAD DE MEXICO, Mexico)

This works summarises a series of recent studies in which the slag produced
in a basic oxygen furnace and an electric arc furnace were used to remove
arsenic and boron from naturally contaminated water resources. One case
corresponds to the area of Zimapn in the state of Hidalgo, which shows the
highest concentration of As in ground water measured in Mexico (0.23 mg/l
of As(III) and 1.26 mg/l of As(V)) while the other refers to the residual water
of Los Humeros geothermal field, which contains 580 mg/l of B(OH)4 and
5.8 mg/l of As(OH)4. Scarcity of alternative water resources imposes the
need for developing economical treatment processes to allow its use as
drinking water and for irrigation.
Using factorial designs and response surface analysis for process
optimisation, removal efficiencies of 99% could be achieved in laboratory
solutions and naturally contaminated water. The work was performed
initially under the hypothesis that the slags would act as adsorbents for the
metalloid contaminants, as is suggested by some available literature
sources. However, the low specific area of the pulverised slag particles
contradicts this possibility. Extensive SEM observations on the original slag
particles, particles exposed to blank treatment and the ones used for
metalloid removal in laboratory solutions show that the removal mechanism
consist of the selective leaching of some of the phases present in the slag
and the redeposition of insoluble precipitates on the same, either as thin
crusts on the particle surface or as well-formed pyramidal and needle-like
microcrystals.

Feasibility study and criteria for EAF slag utilisation in

concrete products
Authors: Ioanna Papayianni, Eleftherios Anastasiou ( Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki, THESSALONIKI, Greece)

Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slags (EAFS) are by-products of the steel industry
activated mainly in the countries of Southern Europe, such as Greece, where
it is the only type of slag produced. According to the literature, long term
research and pilot applications, the benefits for construction from the use of
EAFS as aggregates and Ladle Furnace Slag (LFS) as supplementary
cementitious materials have been shown. In many specific concrete
infrastructure projects, considerable technical advantages resulted from the
use of steel slags. This fact, in combination with low cost and environmental
footprint, renders concrete with steel slags an attractive alternative,
particularly for the local economy.
However, the existing regulative frames for concrete do not cover the uses
of EAFS as aggregates and LFS as cementitious material. This means that
safety issues in construction are not covered and the promotion of steel slag
in the construction market is difficult. In the past, many failures have been
reported in concrete with steel slags, such as delayed expansion due to free
CaO or MgO content, susceptibility to frost or ecotoxicity leachates from
steel slags. Therefore, it seems necessary that certain limits should be
imposed to the steel slags characteristics and
5 April 2017 Day 3
Session 3: Clean slag production and metal recovery
ARCFUME: Metal recycling and deep-cleaning of slags
Authors: Maria Swartling, Matej Imris, Bror-Magnus Heegaard (SCANARC
Plasma Technologies, HOFORS, Sweden)

Every year large volumes of metal containing residues are generated and
landfill disposal is still a common way to manage these residues. However,
environmental constraints of today make it more difficult and expensive to
continue this landfill process. Therefore, it is of great interest to investigate
ways of reprocessing these residues; it would save landfill costs, create an
additional income from the recovered metals and save resources for future
generations.
SCANARCs ARCFUME submerged plasma technology has a demonstrated
capability for processing commercial hazardous and non-hazardous
residuals and to recover the contained values. The process is very flexible
and provides a wide range of options when designing a metallurgical
process, making it one of the best choices for selective extraction of metals.
This paper presents the concept of ARCFUME submerged plasma furnace,
with emphasis on applications of metal recycling and deep-cleaning of
industrial residues.

Selective recovery of phosphorus and manganese from

steelmaking slag by carbothermic reduction
Authors: Dongjun Shin1, Xu GaO2, Shigeru Ueda2, Shin-ya Kitamura2
(1Tohoku University, SENDAI, Japan// 2Institute of Multidisciplinary Research
of Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, SENDAI, Japan)

Steelmaking slag contains promising resource such as phosphorus,

manganese and iron. Many researchers have studied to separate
phosphorus and manganese from steelmaking slag as secondary resources.
For this purpose, the selective leaching process, and the multi-step
sulfurization and oxidation process have been proposed by our group. On
the other hand, for the recovery of iron and phosphorus from slag,
carbothermic reduction is commonly used and many researches have been
conducted. However, the separation of phosphorus and manganese was not
paid attention. In this study, carbothermic reduction was used to separate
phosphorous and manganese selectively from steelmaking slag by adjusting
basicity. The synthesized slag of CaO-SiO2-FeO system with graphite was
heated at 1773K for given time and the compositions of separated slag and
metal were analyzed. The results showed that as the decrease in basicity
reduction rate of phosphorus was enhanced but that of manganese was
suppressed. As a result, by using the slag with basicity of 0.75, selective
reduction of phosphorous before the start of the reduction of manganese
was able to be achieved. In this presentation, the influence of temperature
and total Fe content on the reduction behavior would be also discussed.

Thermodynamic prediction of chromium reduction behaviour

from slag
Authors: Yanling Zhang, Tuo Wu, Shuai Zhang, Jintao Gao (University of
Science & Technology Beijing, BEIJING, China)

Cr is an important alloying element for many kinds of metal materials.

During the smelting/refining processes of these materials, the deep
reduction of chromium oxides from slag is expected due to the
environmental problems caused by possible release of toxic Cr6+. In this
work, the reduction behaviors of chromium oxides from CaO-SiO2-
FeO/Al2O3/MgO based slag when equilibrating with different metal melts
were thermodynamically evaluated. The effects of influencing factors such
as temperature, slag compositions, and metal melt components like Cr, C,
Si, and Al on the distribution ratio of Cr between slag and metal phase were
predicted by using the multi-phase equilibrium modules of FactSage
Software. In addition, the activity coefficient of Cr in metal phase with
varying components was calculated based on RedlichKister polynomial,
which tends to give useful information on selecting effective reducing
reagents. Further, the existing phase states of Cr in residue slag after
reduction under varying situations were thermodynamically analyzed. That
is the theoretical support for the subsequent solidification/inert treatment of
Cr-bearing residues.

Metallothermic production of cement extender from

manganese waste slags
Authors: Wesley Banda, Herman Lagendijk (Mintek, RANDBURG, South
Africa)

The slag produced in the manganese ferroalloy industry is classified as a

hazardous product due to its MnO content (25-30 wt. %). This paper
addresses the processing of the manganese waste slags for possible use as
a cement extender. The manganese waste slag treatment was achieved
through metallothermic reduction, where silicon, ferrosilicon and/or
aluminium were used as reductants for the reduction of MnO from the slag
in a bench-scale dc electric furnace to produce a commercial
silicomanganese alloy. In addition, small amounts of slag modifiers were
added during the smelting and the slag was granulated upon tapping from
the furnace. The SiMn alloy produced met the ASTM specifications and the
modified granulated slag met the Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
specifications (EN-197).
A high-level techno-economic evaluation was conducted on six conceptual
flowsheets for a plant modifying 355 kt/annum of waste slag. Because of
different MnO levels in the starting waste slag, it was found that dumped
HCFeMn could be processed profitably by remelting and slag treatment in an
EAF. Silico-manganese slag would need to be modified in the molten state
after it has been tapped from the submerged-arc furnace, using a ladle/ladle
furnace, for the waste slag processing to become economically viable. In
addition, it is more profitable to use silicon and FeSi than aluminium as the
reductant and rather modify alumina levels in the slag as required through
the addition of bauxite.

Investigation on the mechanisms of bio-processing vanadium

slags
Authors: Willie Nheta, Joelle Ntita (University of Johannesburg,
JOHANNESBURG, South Africa)

Due to depletion of high grade ore deposits and reinforcement of

environmental regulations, many mines have resorted to use mine waste as
a secondary source of metals. This minimises waste disposal and at the
same time generates revenues. Vanadium slag is one of the by-products of
steelmaking operations and between 25 000 and 30 000 tons are produced
annually by the South African industry. This calls for alternative vanadium
recovery from the slag that would be efficient and environmentally less
hazardous. Bioleaching is a viable and sustainable method that will meet
these requirements. This study focuses on the recovering of vanadium from
the slags using the microorganisms and on the reaction mechanisms. The
bioleaching process was mimicked by leaching with acids under a
temperature of 25oC, 2% percent solids, concentration of 150mM and an
agitation of 150rev/min for 120minutes. It was found that the dissolution of
vanadium from the raw slag while leaching with gluconic, citric and oxalic
acid was 2.5, 3.4 and 6.1% respectively. Further studies will include
choosing bacteria that produces oxalic acid, investigate the leaching process
and the reaction mechanisms.

Slag design for zero waste metallurgy of marine manganese

nodules
Authors: David Friedmann, Bernd Friedrich (RWTH Aachen University,
AACHEN, Germany)

Polymetallic deep-sea manganese nodules may offer a decreased

dependency of raw material imports for Germany and the EU. Currently, five
European countries hold exploration licences for these nodules in
international waters in the equatorial Pacific. The nodules may be used as a
resource for industrially important metals such as Cu, Ni, Mn as well as for
technology metals like Co, Mo, V and Zn. The research presented here deals
with the development of a sustainable, zero-waste (pyro-)metallurgical
process to treat polymetallic nodules. The current project at IME is
conducted in close cooperation with the German Federal Institute for
Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR).
Direct reduction smelting in a laboratory (submerged) electric arc furnace
(SAF) is demonstrated, whereby a careful slag design is proposed to achieve
high metal recovery rates. In the first slag reduction stage a FeNiCuCo alloy
is won, whereas the manganese is concentrated in the slag. In the second
stage, ferro-manganese is directly produced from the resulting slag in an
SAF at high temperatures. The final slag is aimed to be high in calcium-
silicates to be usable e.g. as cement-additions and virtually free of the
heavy metals found in nodules. FactSage models support the slag design
for the entire process.

Session 4: Sustainable cements with slag

Electrical arc furnace slag - A potential substitute for Portland
cement clinker and granulated blast furnace slag?
Author: Andreas Ehrenberg (FEhS Institut fr Baustoff-Forschung,
DUISBURG, Germany)

Steel production based on scrap or DRI becomes more and more important.
Worldwide its share in steel production is 28%. The EAF slag output is about
0.126 t per ton. Typical EAF slag contains 20-30 M.-% CaO, 10-15 M.-% SiO2
and 20-30 M.-% total Fe. The slag is cooled in pits and it is used mainly as a
road making material.
Resulting from the intentions of the steel industry to develop new slag
markets as of the cement industry to reduce the clinker content FEhS-
Institute investigated possibilities to transform EAF slag into a (latent)
hydraulic material and to recover the metal.
In a first step the oxidised metal was reduced. In a second step the slag was
chemically modified in order to achieve a clinker like or a blast furnace slag
like composition.
One result was that combining steps 1 and 2 in one vessel increases
enormously slag viscosity, if no additional heat is used. Such a viscous slag
cannot be handled sufficiently, basic conditioning materials remain partly
unsolved and metal separation is hindered.
Therefore 2 separate processes are unavoidable. The reduced slag was
sintered together with basic correction materials according to a normal
clinker burning process. Reduced EAF slag which was modified by adding
SiO2 was water granulated.
The cementitious properties of both materials were comparable to clinkers
and granulated blast furnace slags with similar chemistry. A critical point is
the high MgO content. Another topic is the high amount of correction
materials being necessary to form clinker phases.
Slag cements: green, strong and cool!
Authors: Marcel Bruin (Heidelberg Cement Benelux, MAASTRICHT,
Nederland)

As sustainability and durability of concrete are becoming increasingly

important, there is a need for cements with additional properties and
characteristics. CEM III cements are composed mainly of GGBS. Slag has
latent hydraulic properties that are activated by Portland clinker. Already
since decades slag cements are the most commonly used cements in the
Netherlands (66-88% slag) and in Belgium (36-65% slag), mainly in Ready
mix- and Pre-cast concrete. Recently, new special slag cements have been
developed to contribute to the durability and sustainability ambitions of the
construction sector:
CEMIII/A52,5N:
This cement is an alternative to CEM I, reducing its CO2-footprint by 50%.
The new cement has several beneficial properties such as lighter colour,
early strength development comparable to CEM I, higher final strength, high
fineness, resistance against chloride and sulphate ingress and is in line with
ASR guidelines. This cement can be considered as a solution for the precast
high end industry. With this cement SCC can be produced but also high- and
ultra-high strength concrete. Concretes based on this cement are durable,
especially under marine conditions.
COOL80:
This is a CEM III/B with almost 80% slag. Concrete structures are designed to
withstand stresses due to loads. Nevertheless, reinforced concrete always
contains cracks. Cracks are often induced by thermal stresses which are
caused by heat released upon cement hydration. Therefore, a Cool
cement, characterized by a low heat release, will minimize thermal stresses.
Experiences with Cool 80 demonstrate that it is an ideal solution for
example in mass concrete applications.

Utilisation of activated GGBS for non-reinforced concrete

applications
Authors: Ludovic Andre1, Laurent Steger1, Diane Achard2, Laurent Froutin1,
Martin Cyr3 (1Ecocem Materials Ltd., PARIS, France // 2Ecocem France, AIX-
EN-PROVENCE, France // 3LMDC, Universit de Toulouse, INSA, UPS,
TOULOUSE, France)

Non-reinforced concrete precast industry needs high production rates, thus

it uses high reactivity binders mainly composed of ordinary Portland cement.
Moreover, it is a particularly technical sector, where concrete does not
match with EN 206 standard, using low water/binder ratio with specific
particular size distribution of aggregates and practicing immediate
demoulding. Those particularities do not leave a lot of space for the use of
Supplementary Cementitious Materials, which could reduce environmental
impact of this industry and even improve the durability of final products.
A solution could be the partial replacement of Portland cement by GGBS
activated by several chemical compounds, including chlorides. Chlorides are
well known in non-reinforced concrete industry for being an accelerator of
Portland cement, but it is also one for GGBS. Moreover, by combining
chlorides with other activators and eventually with a higher curing
temperature, it is possible to double or triple the compressive strength of
50/50 OPC/GGBS-based binders during the first two days.
This paper aims to present the potential of bi or tri activating methods of
GGBS for typical non-reinforced concrete applications. A specific and
reproducible laboratory method has been developed to get close of dry
concrete industrial process. Finally, castings of blocks, kerbs and pavers
were successfully done in industrial precast conditions.

Effect of cooling water chemistry on hydration of granulated

blast furnace slag
Authors: Romain Trauchessec1, Lys Chaouche1, Ccile Diliberto1, Patrice
Reeb2, Andr Lecomte1, Samyr El-Bedoui3, Klaus-Jrgen Arlt2 (1Universit
de Lorraine Institut Jean Lamour, VILLERS LES NANCY, France // 2Dillinger
Httenwerke, DILLINGEN/SAAR, Germany // 3Cerema, TOMBLAINE, France)

Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) is mainly ground as additive for

cement and concrete. GBFS can also be used without grinding and addition
as binder of granular mixtures employed for road construction. GBFS
reactivity depends on the slag composition as well as the granulation
process which generates amorphous slag by quenching with water. GBFS
contains a part of this cooling water and it could impact its reactivity.
Indeed, this industrial water is used in closed circuit and its chemical
composition changes over time due to interactions with the slag. For two
blast furnaces from the same factory, this study presents the chemical
composition of the cooling water. It is compared to the composition of the
interstitial water of GBFS after hydration during 1, 14 and 28 days in distilled
water (Water/Slag ratio = 0.3). These experiments show a link between the
sodium, potassium and chlorine concentrations in the cooling water and the
interstitial solution. This relation is confirmed by tests using higher
Water/Slag ratio or slag rinsed in order to eliminate the cooling water.
Consequences on GBFS reactivity are studied by saturation indexes
calculation, electronic microscope observations and x-ray diffraction
measurements. The results indicate a moderate effect of the cooling water
on GBFS hydration.

Innovative materials for passive fire protection of concrete

Authors: Konstantinos Miltiad Sakkas, Dimitrios Panias (National Technical
University of Athens, ATHENS, Greece)
An essential element of concrete structures design is to ensure that the
structural elements will not fail due to the high temperatures, which may be
developed during a fire. For this problem, several methods of passive fire
protection have been developed. However there is always a need for
developing a new material with improved fire resistance properties and low
cost. The geopolymerization technology seems to be very attractive in
developing effective fire resistant materials. The slag that was used for the
process of the geopolymerization was provided by the metallurgical plant of
the Greek company LARCO G.M.M.S.A. that treats laterites to produce
ferronickel. Then two different geopolymers were produced, which differ in
their synthesis. The mechanical, physical and thermal properties of the
produced materials were measured and their technical data are presented.
The results indicate that the produced materials have adequate mechanical,
physical and thermal properties similar or superior than the commercial
available fire resistant materials. Then, the materials were tested for their
resistance under high temperatures according to E.F.N.A.R.C guidelines.
From the tests it is concluded that these geopolymers perform well under
various fire scenarios without yielding or spalling, according to the standard
fire temperature curves. Also they can withstand all requirements
concerning both the temperature in the interface of the concrete and
material and the temperature at the back surface of concrete. Further, it is
shown that they are very cost-effective materials, taking into account that
the basic raw material is a by-product not used otherwise.

Posters
Session 1
Bai Xuefeng, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Study on
the recycling of hot decarburization slag in dephosphorization converter
Gao Xiaoxiao, ECOCEM, Study of the blue/green colour of blast furnace
slag based materials
Hodge Harrison, University of Queensland, Bauxite residue sinter phase
transformations
Migas Piotr, AGH-University of Science and Technology, High-
temperature rheometry of selected metallurgical slags and precipitated fine
solids
Tripathi Gaurav, KU Leuven, Effect of static and dynamic experimental
conditions on the dissolution behavior of alumina in BOF slags

Session 2
Tyagi Dr Youva, GREENCEM BV, Solidification and stabilisation of waste
wood to produce enriched green concrete for environmental protection and
waste minimisation through Mechalithe Technology

Session 3
Cnockaert Vincent, Ghent University, Metal droplet entrainment by
solid particles in slags: a phase field experimental approach
 Franois Elise, KU Leuven, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy; One
Step Closer to On-line Quality Control of Slags?
Michaux Simon, University of Liege, Comparison of electrodynamic
fragmentation and crushing of converter slag and EOL bricks
Mulaba-Bafunbiandi Antoine Floribert, University of Johannesburg,
Microorganisms assisted dissolution of smelter and matte-slag products
Mulaba-Bafunbiandi Antoine Floribert, University of Johannesburg,
Assessment of froth flotation in the view of replacing electric furnace to
reduce nickel loss in the flash furnace slag in a series plant circuit
Tzevelekou Theofani, Hellenic Research Centre for Metals S.A,
Coproduction development of mineral wool and low nickel-FeNi by feeding of
ALUFLUX
Wang Lijun, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Recovery of
iron, vanadium, manganese, chromium, and titanium from vanadium slag by
molten salt electrolysis
Pizarro Camila, University of Chile, Determination of the behaviour of
valuable metals during the controlled cooling of copper smelting slags to
clarify their recovery by grinding and flotation
Voisin Leandro, University of Chile, CFD predictive model to determine
the sedimentation and coalescence of entrained copper during controlled
cooling process of copper smelting slag

Session 4
Arino-Montoya David, KU Leuven, Increasing the Fe2O3/Al2O3 ratio in
ordinary Portland cement clinker, aiming to incorporate higher contents of
bauxite residue
Diliberto Ccile, Universit de Lorraine, Modulation of coefficient by
addition of ground blast furnace granulated slag
Ehrenberg Andreas, FEhS Institut fr Baustoff-Forschung, Granulated
blast furnace slag lab-scale investigations vs. reality
Hertel Tobias, KU Leuven, Pozzolanic activity of thermally treated
bauxite residue in blends with ordinary Portland cement
Keulen Arno, Eindhoven University of Technology, Physical and
chemical performance of treated MSWI bottom ash (fine fraction) as sand
replacement in concrete
Kriskova Lubica, KU Leuven, Synthesis of a hydraulic binder from a Ca-
Si based metallurgical residue through high temperature post-treatment
Manolova Emanuela, Aurubis Bulgaria, Characteristics of iron-silicate
fines as replacement material in cement concrete
Manolova Emanuela, Aurubis Bulgaria, Utilisation of iron-silicate fines
as replacement of fine aggregates in cement concrete pavements
 Pontikes Yiannis, KU Leuven, Synthesis and characterisation of calcium
sulfo-ferroaluminate cement clinker prepared with bauxite residue as raw
material
Sarkkinen Minna, Kajaani University of Applied Sciences, Dolomite Filler
as Supplementary Cementitious Material in Cold-Agglomerated Briquetting
Tyagi Dr Youva, GREENCEM BV, Use of toxic waste as aggregate to
produce eco-friendly concrete without reinforcement in sludgy areas for
minimising waste and atmospheric CO2 using Mechalithe technology

Session 5
Adesanya Elijah, University of Oulu, Effect of fine grinding on the
properties of alkali activated ladle slag
Arnout Lukas, KU Leuven, Effect of the activating solutions chemistry
and volume, on the processing and properties of Fe-Si-Ca-rich inorganic
polymers
Beersaerts Glenn, KU Leuven, Monitoring early-age crack formation in a
Ca-Fe-Al-rich inorganic polymer
Chen Boyu, KU Leuven, Effects of Ca-rich slag addition on fayalite slag-
based inorganic polymers
Gijbels Katrijn, UHasselt/KU Leuven, Mechanical properties of alkali-
activated materials based on blast furnace slag and calcium sulphate
dihydrate
Hallet Vincent, KU Leuven, The influence of activating solution on the
kinetics and compressive strength of an iron-rich slag paste
Katsiki Antigoni, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Activation of fayalite slag
towards inorganic polymers
Khalifa Ahmed Zohair, KU Leuven, Alkali activation of synthetic gamma
di-calcium silicate with pure calcined natural clays
Li Zhenming, Delft University of Technology, Autogenous shrinkage of
alkali-activated slag-fly ash pastes
Lopez Gonzalez Leonardo Pavel, KU Leuven, Mechanical performance of
inorganic polymer-based mortars with glass fibre reinforced polymer bars
Petrica Petrica, KU Leuven, Recycling of iron-rich inorganic polymers
Peys Arne, KU Leuven, The use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in the analysis
of iron-silicate inorganic polymers
Thapa Vishojit Badadur, University of Luxembourg, Mechanical
characterisation of alkali activated clay-based geopolymer binder made out
of gravel wash mud
Uppalapati Siva, KU Leuven, Autogenous shrinkage and strength
development of alkali-activated slag/fly ash mortar blends
 Van De Sande Jorn, KU Leuven, Glass forming ability of slags in the
FeOx SiO2 CaO system and properties of the inorganic polymers made
thereof
Vandevenne Niels, Hasselt University, The effect of Cs and Sr on the
mechanical properties of blast furnace slag inorganic polymer for
radioactive waste immobilisation
Zornoza Emilio, University of Alicante, Initial approach to the alkaline
activation of ground granulated SiMn slag
Nedeljkovic Marija, Delft University of Technology, Pore structure
characterization of sodium hydroxide activated slag paste

Session 6
Denissen Jos, KU Leuven, On the foaming kinetics for the synthesis of
porous inorganic polymers
Rincon Romero Acacio, University of Padova, Novel inorganic gel
casting process for the manufacturing of glass-ceramic foams
Kriskova Lubica, KU Leuven, Effect of activating solution on the
synthesis and properties of porous Fe-Si-Ca-rich inorganic polymers
Li Yu, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, Converting steel
slag into Si-Ca based building ceramics

Session 7
Borra Chenna Rao, Delft University of Technology, A brief review on
recovery of cerium from glass polishing waste
Horckmans Liesbeth, VITO, Upgrading of secondary lead smelting
residue to secondary iron ore
Jordens Jeroen, KU Leuven, Networks of infrastructure zerowaste cluster
Wang Fei, KU Leuven, Reaction mechanism study on carbothermal
reduction of chromite