| | Work and Heat Transfer Some Important Notes Ww ystem and gain work output from it, ) Our aim is to give heat to the Soheatinput -» +ive (posi! Work output —» tive (positiv + W,, = fpdv = [ pdv AQedu+ aw : Jroeu -usfow Vv O24, ys [edv MUS SIUNDS Wii QUIUtIVI Tr. Mm. nay WB. (A pump forces 1 m/min of water horizontally from an open well to acl tank where the pressure is 0.9 MPa, Compute the work the pump nw. upon the water in an hour just to force the water into the tank agains pressure, Sketch the system upon which the work ix dane hefare and the process, (Ar (If the work done as above upon the water had been used solel: same amount of water vertically against gravity without ¢ pressure, how many meters would the water have heen elevated? tAns, 91, (IE the work done in ( on the water had beon used solely to the water from zero velocity without change of pressure or elevation, ' velocity would the water have reached? If the work had been use accelerate the water from an initial velocity of 10 m/s, what would the velocity have been? a6 (Ans. 42.4 m/s; Solution: (a) Flow rate Im"Yhr. Pressure of inlot water = 1 atm = 0.101925 MPa‘i 1 =(0.9 - 0,101385)210°kPa xm { ) oo = 13,31 kel @) So that pressure will be 0.9 MPa. hips = 0.9 MPa ag x10" “ooo Bat ia( VE -ve) or m= 91,743 m (er 82 The piston of an oil engine, of area 0.0045 m*, moves downwards 75 1 drawing in 0.00028 m? of fresh air from the atmosphere. The pressure in cylinder is uniform during the process at 80 kPa, while the atmosph pressure is 101,925 kPa, the difference being due to the flow resistance in Final volume = 3.875%) 0 kPa So work done = paV = 80 % 00003276 led = 0.027 kd Initial volume =0 Qa An engine cylinder hax a piston of aren 0.12 m? and contains gas a pressure of 1.5 MPa. The gas expands according to a process which represented by a straight line on a pressure-volume diagram. The fit 0.15 MPa. Calculate the work done by the gas on the (Ans 29.7) Iida preiore (gh) = 25 Ra Final volume (V) = 0.207 + 03m Page 16 265 Work and Heat Transfer By: S K Mondal Chapter 3 Peal prewure(p,) #018 MPa As initial prossure too high so the volume is nogleeted.Work dane Area of pV diagram 2 plrap dev 1 Agus + 0.15). 0.03610" ted i ) = 20.7 kd y 3 na A mass of 1.5 kg of alr it compronued In a quasistatic process fr MPa to 0.7 MPa for which pu = constant. The initial density of air ktm. Find'the work done by the piston to. comprom the air (Ans, 251 olution: — For quasi-static process: Work done «= [ndV? Liven pv = vil sinbraniine 1 BY oo mye orm tft sno 08 MP oe as Armens of gas is compressed in quay process from 89 kPa 6 bby pum = comstant, find the work done by the gus system. ‘olution Gi (Amst. 8s nial pressure) = SOKPa Inkl vokime (¥,) =0.1 m® Page 17 91265 Work and Heat Transfer SK Mondal Tonal prone (p,) = 04 MPa = 400 EPH Final vluame(V,) = 0.08 Ac pV relation pW" = € Chapti, both side Inp, +nlny, taking Imp, + nln Vy or aflaV, -InV,] -Inp, —Inp, 1.60944 20397 1.9967 «1.34 _ 800.1 4000.08 “1.764 ts im ae cceaaiay Saee TCR 2 rectangle 0078 m long and 0.08 m higl indicator pring constant la 147 MPa per m. Tbe pump runs et 8¢ inder diameter is 0.18 m and the piston stroke ts © EW at which the piston dous work on the water. (ane 43 bution: Area of indicated diagram (2,) = 0.0753 0.08 m!= 3.75 « 10° m= Spring constant (e)= 147 MPaim me attxe G076KO05 1075*0.08 0.47 Pa 0076 7.95 MPa =7 35x10°kPa 020m 1-020 m astt 2 01S 0s 16 x1.000x60 "Fed 0 = 98.786 ke mT ~~ 98736 mv Power developered by propeller shaft mi= roomy xg] 14.295 MW ‘Thenot rate of working of the reduction gear (5 - 14.235) MW 0.1647 MW pana A fluid, contained in a horizontal cylinder fitted with a frictionless Proof piston, is continuously agitated by means of a stirrer pass through the cylinder cover. The cylinder diameter ix 0.40 m. During ! stirring process lasting 10 minutes, the piston slowly moves ow distance of 0.185 m against the atmosphere. The net work done by | fluid during the process is 2 kJ. The speed of the clectrie motor driv the stirrer is 840 rpm. Determine the torque in the shaft and the pov output of the motor. (Ans. 0.08 mN, 6.92 Page 21 of 265 Work and Heat Transfer By: S K Mondal Solution: seats SAL Sy 4 x0 0.485 m” = AR mt piston moves against constant atmosph ie pressure then work done 101.325 0.061 kd 6.1754 kd t work done by the (uid = 2 lal Not work done by the Motor = 4. core for power of the motor 4.175441 1060 6.96 W rque on the shaft == 6.9660 aw B40 0.0791 wicombustion engine the air is ata pressure of 101.925 kPa, Compre reduces the volume to 1/5 of its original volume, and the la compression is given by po? = constant, If the bore and stroke of cylinder is 0.15 m and 0.25 m, respectively, determine the p absorbed in kW by compression strokes when the engine speed ix vit volume (¥,)= 22 x(0.15)° 0.25 m! 7 = 0.00442 m Initial pressure (p,) = 108925 KPa. Final vohame (V,) = = 0.000884 m? Vee pve = We Alero = 699.41 =700 kPa Work done/ unit stroke ~ unit eylinder(W) (ive work, as work done on the system) Power = WaS00=2°12 yw 60 = 17.95 kW a3 Determine the total work done by @ gas system following an expe raceas aa dhown in Fleurs, process as shown in Figure, ALB & pac 3 < t c OB — v.m* (Ans. 22, jution: Area under AB 40.2) 80 «10° J rer kT0.2 04 05 —> in Area under BC Here 50 bar = 50%1 BY =p, B=t 2° 50 x" x04 —Bo.a1<10" x 08 Se 2 Bn10' «0.4 251MI ost 2o.a1sa0'F ‘Total work = 2.251Md a4 A system of volume V contains a mas m of gas at pressure p a temperature. T Thy: macreseople following relations (3 Where a, b, and R are constants. Obe during a constant-temperature expansion from volume Vi to volume Caleulate the work done by a system which contains 10 kg of this ¢ expanding from 1 m* to 10 m* at a temperature of 293 K. Use the valt a= 15.7x10 Nm!, 61.07% 10" m*, and R= 0,278 kiJieg-K. properties of the system obey Jor) = mer nan expression for the displacement work done by the syst |v =m) = constant (mHeT) (ke Jae T= conatant Page 24 0f 265 Work and Heat Transfer By: S K Mondal Chapte famiGiven m Constant k = 10x 293 x 0,278 kd 16.7 10 Nm‘; b= 1.07 * 204m* w S144 in) a (UNNA4 = 0.0) kl (1883.44 157 0,0) kd Imad 1.15 If a gas of volume 6000 cm! and at pressure of 100 kPa is compr quasistatically according to p¥* = constant until the volume ber 2000 cm', determine the final pressure and the work transfer, quasistatically according to pV* = constant until the volume becom 2000 cm! determine the final pressure and the work transfer, ‘Ans, 900 kPa, ~ 124 olution: Initial volume (V,) = 6000em* 0,006 m* Initial pressure 100 kPa, mn Final volume (¥,) = 2000.¢m° 002 m* a If fimal pressure (0,) ge » ABM 1000.00) say gy (0.003)Mera ~100%0,006) kd WAG The flow energy of 0.124 mimin of system is 18 kW. Find the pressure at (Ans. 8701 If pressure is pi Area is Ay =8.71 MPa WaT can remove heat from the milk at the rate of ‘MiJMh, Heat leaks into the milk from the surroundings at an average of 4.187 Mi/h, Find the time required for cooling a batch of 500 milk from 45°C to 5°C, Take the ¢» of mille to be 4.187 kifleg K. (Ans. 2h it 500 & 4.187 & (45:5) kb 3.740 Nid Net rate of heat removal By Hs (41.87 -4.187)MJ/h 37.683 Mh ime required = 37.683, 2 br. 13 min.20 see. Qa.i8 680 kg of fish at 5°C are to be frozen and stored at - 12°C. The s heat of fish above freezing point is 3.182, and below freezing p 1.717 kJikg K, The freezing point is ~ 2°C, and the latent heat of fe 234.5 kJékg. How much heat must be removed to cool the fish, an per cent of this is Intent hent? (Ans. 186.28 MJ Solution: —Hent tobe removed above frevzing poi = 680 x 9.182 x (5 — (29) kd = 15.146 Md Page 26 of 265, Work and Heat Transfer By: S K Mondal Chapte Heat to be removed Intent heat G80 x 234.5 kd= G80 * 254.6 kd = 159.460 Md Heat to be removed below freezing poit = 680 * LT17 x (-2-(- 12) kd = 11.676 MJ Total Heat = 186.2816 MJ % of Latent heat = 22480 19 = 85,