CLASS XII- 3

UNIT : 2 SOLUTION (05 MARKS )

1. Quick recap of the whole topics 2. Top formulae 3. MCQ
( solved ) 4. MCQ ( Home work ) 5. Numerical problems 6.
Important questions .

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1. Quick recap of the whole topics

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 TOP FORMULAE

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 MCQ :

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MCQ ( Home work )

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 Numerical problems
Osmotic pressure
1. Calculate the osmotic pressure at 170C of an aqueous solution containing 1.75 g of sucrose per 150 ml solution .
( 0.082 atm )
2.The osmotic pressure of a non-volatile solute in C6H6 at 250C is 20.66NM-2.If the solution had a concentration 2 g
/ dm3, what is the molecular wt of the solute ? ( 239.84 )
3.At 270C , 36 g of glucose per litre has an osmotic pressure of 4.92 atm . If the osmotic pressure of solution is
1.5 atm at the same temperature , what should be its concentration ? (0.061 mol/lit )
4.2.5 g of a substance is present in 200 ml of solution showing the osmotic pressure of 60 cm Hg at 15 0C. Calculate
the molecular wt of substance. What will be the osmotic pressure if temperature is raised to 25 0C ? ( 374.38 ,
62.08 cm Hg )
5.Calculate osmotic pressure of a solution by mixing 100 ml of 3.4% solution ( wt/vol ) of urea ( m wt 60 ) and 100
ml of 1.6% ( wt/vol ) of cane sugar ( m wt 342 ) at 200C ( 7.38 atm )
6. A 5% solution ( wt/vol ) of cane suagr is isotonic with 0.877% ( wt/vol ) of urea solution . Find the molecular wt
of urea if m . wt of sugar is 342 ( 59.99 )

Vapour pressure
1. At 300 K the vapour pressure of an ideal solution containing one mole of A and 3 moles of B is 550 mm of Hg.At
the same temperature , if one mole of B is added to this solution , the vapour pressure of solution increases by 10
mm of Hg. Calculate the V.P. of A and B in their pure state. ( 400,600 mm )
2.The vapour pressure of pure water at 250C is 23.62 mm. What will be the vapour pressure of a solution of 1.5 g
of urea in 50 g of water ? ( 23.41 mm )
3.What weight of solute ( m wt 60 ) is required to dissolve in 180 g of water to reduce the vapour pressure to 4/5 th
of pure water ? (150 g )
4.At 500C the vapour pressure of pure water and ethyl alcohol are 92.5 and 219.9 mm of Hg respectively. If 6 g
of non-volatile solute of m wt 120 are dissolved in 150 g of each of these solvent , what will be the ratio of relative
lowering in two solvents ? ( 0.3949 )
5.What wt of non-volatile solute urea needs to be dissolved in 100 g of water in order to decrease the vapour
pressure of water by 25% ? What will be the molality of solution ? ( 111.11 g , 18.52 m )

Elevation of boiling point & depression of freezing point

1.The boiling point of CHCl3 was raised by 0.3230C when 0.5141 g of anthracene was dissolved in 35 g CHCl 3,
Calculate the molecular wt of anthracene, Kb for CHCl3= 3.9Kkg/mol ( 177.42 )
2.What will be the boiling point of bromine when 174.5 mg of octaatomic sulphur is added to 78 g of bromine ? K b
for bromine = 5.2 Kkg/mol and b. Pt of Br 2 = 332.15 K ( 332.195 K )

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3.An aq solution containing 5% by weight of urea and 10% by weight of glucose. What will be its freezing point ? K f
of water is 1.86 KKg/mol (-3.040C)
4.A mixture which contains 0.550 g of camphor and 0.090 g of an organic solvent melts at 161 0C . The solute
contains 93.75% C and 6.25% H by weight. What is the molecular formula of the compound ? K f for camphor is
37.50C mol-1kg , the m.pt of camphor is 2090C ( C10H8)

Vant Hoff factor :

1. A decinormal solution of potassium ferrocyanide is 50% dissociated at 300K , calculate osmotic pressure of the
solution, Given R = 8.314 JK-1mol-1 ( 7.483X103 Nm-2 )
2.Calculate the osmotic pressure of 20% ( wt / vol ) anhydrous CaCl 2 solution at 00C assuming 100% ionisation.
(121.14 atm )
3.The degree of dissociation of Ca(NO3)2 in a dilute aq solution containing 7 g of salt per 100 g of water at 1000C is
70%. Calculate the vapour pressure of solution. ( 746.27mm )

Important questions

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 In text questions

1.Give one example each for (a) gas in liquid type solution (b) solid solution
2.Methanol and water are completely miscible but water and benzene are immisible . Explain.
3.Why do we prefer molality over molarity ?
4.Why does the molality of the solution remains unchanged with temperature ?
5.State Henrys law with mathematical form .
6.List the factors on which the Henrys law constant depends .
7.How does the temperature affect the solubility of a gas in liquid ?
8.Why are the aquatic species more comfortable in cold water rather than warm water ?
9.What do you mean by vapour pressure of liquid ?
10. What are the factors on which the vapour pressure of a liquid depends ?
11.Two liquids X and Y boil at 1100C and 1400C respectively. Which of them has higher vapour pressure at 50 0C ?
12.State Raoults law for a solution containing two miscible volatile liquids.
13.State Raoults law for a solution in which the solvent alone is volatile .
14.How is relative lowering of vapour pressure is related to molefraction of solute ?
15.State the conditions under which the Raoults law holds good.
16.What are ideal liquid solutions ?
17. Draw a labelled diagram to express the relationships at constant temperature between vapour pressure and mole fraction of ideal solutions .
18. Which of the mixture containing the following pairs is / are expected to obey Raoults law (i) n-hexane n-heptane (ii) chloroform acetone
19.When does a solution deviate from ideal behaviour ?
20.What type of nonidealities exhibited by (i) acetic acid pyridine (ii) Cyclohexanol-water mixture ?
21. Give an example of a solution where A-B interaction is greater than A-A or B-B interaction.
22.When two liquids X and Y are mixed the solution becomes hot . When pair of liquids Y and z are mixed , the solution becomes cold. Which of
these solutions will exhibit negative deviations from Raoults law ?
23. Why do gases nearly always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised ?
24.Why is the vapour pressure of a solvent lowered by the addition of non-volatile solute ?
25.What happens to the vapour pressure of a liquid when (i) volatile solute dissolves in it (ii) a non-volatile solute dissolves in it .
26.Why do some solutions show positive deviations from ideal behaviour ? Illustrate your answer with diagram.
27.With the help of suitable diagrams , illustrate the two types of nonideal solution..

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28.What is meant by positive and negative deviations from Raoults law and how is the sign H sol realted to positive and negative deviations from
raoults law ?
29.Define azeotropic mixture ?
30.What are different types of azeotropes ? give one example of each.
31.When water and nitric acid are mixed together, a rise in temperature is being observed. What tyoe of azeotropic mixture is obtained ?
32.Ethanol and water solutions show positive deviations from Raoults law . Explain in terms of differences in the structure/polarity of the two
components.
33.Write the mathematical equations relating the relative lowering of vapour pressure with the molality of the solution.
34.Write the expression to calculate the molar mass of a non-volatile solute usuing the relative lowering of vapour pressure.
35.Why is the vapour pressure of glucose solution in water lower than that of pure water ?
36.What do you mean by boiling point elevation ?
37. How is boiling point elevation is realted to molality of the solution ?
38.Define ebulliscopic constant. Giev its SI unit.
39.How is the elevation of boiling point related to the molar mass of solute ?
40.What is freezing point depression ?
41.Write the realationship between the depression of freezing point and concentration of dilute solution.
42.Define molal freezing point depression constant and give its unit.
43.Write the relationship between the depression of freezing pointand molar mass of solute.
44.Name one substance which is used as an antifreeze for water.
45.Why do we keep ice cream in a mixture containing ice and common salt ?
47.Define osmosis.
48.What do you mean by osmotic pressure ?
49.How is the osmotic pressure of a solution related to its concentration ?
50.How is osmotic pressure dependent on the number of moles of a solute ?
51.Name any one inorganic compound which can be used for obtaining semipermeable membrane.
52.A previously dried vegetables and fruits swells up when put into water for some time. Why ? How does the temperature affect this process ?
53.What are isotonic solutions ?
54. Which of the two solutions : 1M glucose and 1M urea has a higher osmotic pressure ?
55.Write the expression for calculating the molecular mass of a solute using the osmotic pressure.
56.why is the osmotic pressure measurements preferred for the determination of molecular mass of proteins ?
57. What is the value of Vant Hoff factor for KCl in dil aq solution ?
58.When is the value of Vant Hoff factor more than one ?
59.How does Vant Hoff factor modify the equation for elevation of boiling point ?
60.Which of the following solution has the lowest freezing point and why ? 0.1 m glucose , 0.1 m KCl, 0.1 m Na 2SO4
61.Explain the following phenomenon (a) hemolysis (b) crenation
62.Why do we observe abnormal molecular masses ?
63.Define Vant Hoff factor.
64. Arrange the following aq solutions each of concentrations 0.1 m , in order of increasing boiling point. Give reason for your answer : barium
phosphate , sodium sulphate , potassium nitrate , glucose
65.sodium chloride and calcium chloride are spread on roadways to melt ice. Explain

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 ANSWER TO MCQ
Set-1
1-b , 2-c , 3-a , 4-d , 5-c , 6-d , 7-a , 8-c , 9-b , 10-d , 11-a , 12-b , 13-c , 14-c 15-d

Set-2
1-a , 2-a , 3-b , 4-d , 5-c , 6-b , 7-d , 8-c , 9-d ,10-a , 11-a , 12-a , 13-d , 14-a , 15-b

Set-3
1-b, 2-a , 3-d , 4-a , 5-d , 6-a , 7-b , 8-a , 9-a , 10-b

Set-4
1-d , 2-b , 3-a , 4-c , 5-a , 6-b , 7-b , 8-c , 9-d , 10-c

Set-5
1-c , 2-b , 3-d, 4-a , 5-a , 6-d , 7-c , 8-c , 9-b , 10-d

Set-6
1-d , 2-d , 3-b , 4-d , 5-a , 6-d , 7-b , 8-a , 9-d , 10-c

Set-7
1-d , 2-d , 3-d , 4-b , 5-c , 6-b , 7-a , 8-b , 9-c , 10-a

Set-8
1-b , 2-c , 3-c , 4-c , 5-a , 6-a , 7-c , 8-b , 9-a , 10-a

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 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

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SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( FOR HOME WORK )

1. Define the following terms:

a) molarity b) molality c) mole fraction d) mass% e) volume % f) parts per million g) azeotrope.
2. What is the effect of temperature on the molarity of the solution ?
3. molality, mole fraction, and mass% are independent of temperature. Why?
4. What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of
a) solid in a liquid b) gas in a liquid ?
5. State Henry's law. Give the mathematical expression for the law.
6. Mention three applications of Henry's law.
7. State Raoult's law for a solution containing two volatile solvents. Give the mathematical
expression for the law.
8. Derive the mathematical expression to show that the relative lowering of vapour pressure of a solution containing a nonvolatile solute and a
volatile solvent is equal to the mole fraction of the solute.
9. Mention the condition where Raoult's law becomes a special case of Henry's law.

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10. What are ideal solutions? Mention the conditions for a solution to behave ideally.Draw a graph of vapor pressure vs mole fraction for an
ideal solution.
11. What are non ideal solutions? Mention the conditions for a solution to behave non ideally.
12. Explain the type of deviation exhibited by a mixture of
a) ethanol and acetone b) acetone and chloroform. c) phenol and aniline. Draw a graph of vapor pressure vs mole fraction in each case.
13. What do you mean by the terms
a) maximum boiling azeotrope b) minimum boiling azeotrope. Give one example each.
14. What are colligative properties? Give four examples.
15. Explain the following colligative properties with suitable graphs. a) elevation of boiling point
b) depression of freezing point.
16. Define Kf and Kb. Give mathematical expression to show that Kf and Kb depends on the nature of the solvent.
17. Define osmosis and osmotic pressure. Why is osmotic pressure method is considered as a better method when compared to other colligative
properties to determine molar mass of the
solute.
18. What is reverse osmosis? Mention one application of the same.
19. What do you mean by abnormal molar mass? How does it occur due to a) association of solute? b) dissociation of solute?
20. What is Van't Hoff factor i? Give its value for a) association of solute. b) dissociation of solute. c) solute which is neither associates nor
dissociates
21. Which is more concentrated? 1 molar or 1 molal solution. Why?
22. What do you mean by the terms
a) isotonic solution. b) hypertonic solution c) hypotonic solution?
23. Account for the following:
a) intravenous injection is given by using 0.9% NaCl (mass/volume) solution.
b) Dried fruits and vegetables swell when kept in fresh water.
c) The tanks used by scuba divers are diluted with helium.
d) Mountain climbers sometimes get symptoms of a condition known as anoxia.
e) Calcium chloride is added to clear the roads covered by snow.
f) Raw mango placed in concentrated salt solution shrivel in to pickle.
g) People suffering from high blood pressure are advised to take minimum quantity of salty food.
h) People taking lot of salty food get affected by edema.
i) Meat is preserved by salting and fruits are preserved by adding sugar.
24. What will happen when a blood cell is placed in
a) solution having NaCl concentration less than 0.9/~(mass/volume)
b) solution having NaCl concentration higher than 0.9/~(mass/volume)?

NUMERICALS FOR HOME WORK

Concentration of solutions (Numerical)

1. A sample of drinking water contains 15 ppm of CHCI 3 (by mass) Express this in % mass.Also find out
the molality of the solution.
2. Concentrated H2SO4 is 49% by mass. Density of the solution is 1.5 g/ cm3. Determine the molality and
molarity of the solution.(Molar mass of H2S04 = 98)
3. Concentated HN03 is 68% by mass. Density of the solution is 1.5 g/ cm3. Calculate the volume of the
solution containing 20 grams of HN03.
4. Na2C03 and NaHC03 mixture containing 1 gram is completely neutralised by 0.1 M HCI. Determine the
volume of HCI needed if the mixture contains equimolar mixture of Na 2C03 and NaHC03.
5. Calulate the molality of 1M solution of NaN0 3.Density of solution is 1.25 g/ cm3. Molar mass of NaN0 3 =
85.
6. Calculate the number of moles of CH 30H in 5 litres of 2 molal solution. Density of the solution is 0.981
g/ cm3
7. Calculate the molality , molarity and mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous
solution of KI is 1.2 g/ cm3
8. I f the solubility product of CuS is 6x10-6. Calculate the maximum molarity of CuS in aqueous solution.
9. Calculate the volume of 80% H2SO4 (D= 1.8 g/ cm3) needed to prepare 1 litre of 20% H 2 S04 (D=1.25
g/cm3.)
10. I f the density of lake water is 1.25 g/ cm3 and contains 92 grams of Na+ ion per Kg of water,
determine the molality of Na+ ion in solution.

Henry's law (Numerical)

I. How many millimoles of N2 gas would dissolve in 1 litre of water at 293K? N2 gas exerts a pressure of
0.987 bar. KH for N2 at 293 K is 76.4 kilo bar.

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2. Partial pressure of ethane over a saturated solution containing 6.56x10 -2 gram of ethane is 1 bar. What
will be the partial pressure of the gas if it contains 5x 10 -2 grams of ethane.
3. Solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195 m. Calculate KH.
4. KH for CO2 in water is 1.67X108 at 298K. Calculate the mass of C02 that can be dissolved in 500 ml
of water at a pressure of 2.5 atmosphere at 298K. ( 1 atm= 1.013 x 10 5 Pa)
5. Air is a mixture gases. It contains 20% by volume of O 2 gas and 79% by volume of N2 gas at 298K.
Water is in equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10 atmospheres. K H for O2 and N2 at 298 K are
3.30x107 mm and 6.51X107 mm respectively. Determine the composition of these gases in water.

Raoult's law and Colligative properties. (Numerical)

1. Vapour pressure of CHCI 3 and CH2Cl2 at 298K are 200 mm Hg and 415mm Hg respectively.
(i) Calulate the vapour pressure of the solution by mixing 25.5 g of CHCI 3 and 40 g of CH2Cl2 at 298K
(ii) mole fraction of each component in vapour phase. (Molar mass CHCI 3 =118.5 CH2CI2 = 85)
2. The vapour pressures of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively at 350K. Find the
composition of liquid mixture if the total pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find the composition in vapour
phase.
3. Calculate the mass of non volatile solute which should be dissolved in 114 g of octane to reduce its
vapour pressure to 80% (Molar mass of solute=40, Molar mass of octane=114)
4. Benzene and naphthalene forms ideal solution at 300K. Vapour pressure of pure benzene and
naphthalene are 50.71 and 32.06 mm Hg respectively at 300K. Find the mole fraction of each components
in vapour phase if 80 g of benzene mixed with 100 g naphthalene.(Moar mass enzene = 78, naphthalene
= 128)
5. Benzene and toluene forms an ideal solution at 300K Vapour pressure of pure benzene and pure
toluene are 160 mm and 60 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the total pressure of the solution under the
following conditions :
a) mixing equal number of moles of benzene and toluene.
b) equal mass of benzene and toluene. Also find the composition of benzene and toluene in vapour phase
in each case.
6. Vapour pressure of solution containing benzene and toluene is (180x+120) mm Hg where x is the mole
fraction of toluene. Find the P0 benzene and p0 toluene respectively.
7. A solution containing 1 mole of X and 3 moles of Y gave a vapour pressure of 550 mm Hg. The same
solution containing 1 mole of X and 4 moles of Y gave a vapour pressure of 560 mm Hg. Find vapour
pressure of pure X and pure Y.
8. Vapour pressure of dilute solution of glucose is 750 mm Hg at 373K. Find the mole fraction and molality
of glucose in solution.
9. Vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300K. Calculate the vapour pressure of 1 molal solute in it.
10. A solution containing 30 g of non volatile solute in 90 g of water has a vapour pressure of 2.8 kPa at
300K. Further 18 g of water added to the solution changed the vapour pressure to 2.9kPa. Calculate the
molar mass of the solute added and vapour pressure of water at 300K.
11. Vapour pressure of pure benzene at 300K is 640 mm Hg. 2.175 g of non volatile solute in 39 g of
benzene gave a vapour pressure of 600 mm Hg. Find the molar mass of solute added.(Molar mass of
benzene=78)
12. A very small amount of solute in 60 ml of benzene gave a vapour pressure of 98.88 mm Hg. Vapour
pressure of pure benzene is 100 mm Hg at this temperature. Find the molality of the solution. If Tf =
0.73K find Kf of benzene.
13. 34.2 g of sucrose and 36 g of glucose dissolved in 81 g of water at 300K find the vapour pressure of
the solution. Vapour pressure of water at 300K= 30 mm Hg. Molar mass of sucrose=342, glucose = 180.
14.Two elements A and B forms two compounds AB2 and AB4 respectively. When dissolved in 20 g of
benzene 1 g of AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3K while 1 g of AB4 decreased the freezing point by
1.3K. Calculate the atomic masses of A and B. Kf of benzene= 5.1 K Kg mole -1
15. At 300K 36 g of glucose in 1 liter solution exerted an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. What would be the
concentration of the solution at 300K if it exerts a pressure of 1.52 bar.
16. 5% solution of sucrose (Molar mass =342) is isotonic with 0.877% solution of urea. Determine the
molar mass of urea.
17. Calculate the freezing point and boiling point of 1M solution of KCI. Density of the solution = 1.04 g/ml
Molar mass of KCI= 74.5 Kb = 0.52 K Kg mole-1 Kf = 1.86 K Kg mole-1 Assume KCl undergoes 90%
dissociation.
18. BaCl2 and KC1 mixed in 1: 1 molal ratio showed a boiling point elevation of 2.6K. Determine the mass
of each solute in 100 g water. Kb = 0.52 K Kg mole-1 Assume that both the solute undergoes 100%
dissociation. ~ o l amr ass KC1 = 74.5 BaC12= 208
19. Kf of benzene is 4.90 K Kg mole-'. 3.26 g of Se in 226 gram of benzene showed a freezing point

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depression of 0 . 1 1 2 ~ ~D.e termine the molecular formula of Se. Atomic mass of Se= 78.8 benzene = 78
20. 1.8 g of glucose in 100 ml is added to 34.2 g of sucrose in 100 ml. Find the osmotic pressure of the
resulting solution. R= 0.0821 1 atm mol-' K-'
21. 2 grams of benzoic acid (molar mass =122) in 25 g benzene gave ATf = 1.62K Kf of benzene is 4.90 K
Kg mole-' Find and O/O association of benzoic acid if it exists as a dimmer.
22. 0.6 ml of acetic acid having density 1.06 g/ml is dissolved in 1 liter of water.ATf =0.02050C. Find the
Van't Hoff factor and dissociation constant of the acid. Molar mass of acetic acid = 60 Kf = 1.86 K Kg
mole-'
23. 5% solution of sucrose has a freezing point of 71K.Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose in water.
Freezing point of water is 273.15K.
24. Which of the following solution in water will have
a) lowest freezing point
b) highest freezing point.
c) lowest boiling point
d) highest boiling point? O.1M NaCI, 0.1 M BaCI2, 0.1 M urea and 0.1 M A12 ( ~ 0 ~ ) ~
25. Calculate the depression in freezing point of water when 10 g of 2-Chloro butanoic acid is added to
250 g of water. Ka = 1 . 4 ~ Kf = 1.86 K Kg mole-' Molar mass of 2-Chloro butanoic acid =122.5
26. 19.5 g of Fluoro ethanoic acid (molar mass =78) is dissolved in 500 g of water. Tf = 1c .Calculate
the Van't Hoff factor and dissociation constant of the acid.
27. Determine the amount of CaC12(i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litres of water such that its osmotic pressure
is 0.75 atm at 300K.

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